493:(Prasad). Because Venkatesan's first language was Telugu, and he could not correctly pronounce Tamil words, his dialogue was in Telugu. According to Guy, Irani was initially unsure if the German sound recording equipment would record the Tamil language; to assuage his doubts, he had some actors speak and sing in Tamil, with Venkatesan in Telugu. Because the equipment had already been used to record Hindi, he had other actors speak that language; the equipment recorded each language clearly. Owing to the use of multiple languages, sources including Film News Anandan,
38:
372:
607:
361:
841:
855:
566:
by Birgit Meyer stipulate that the nationalistic songs featured in the film had nothing to do with the main plot, while Randor Guy states during that period, "Historical accuracy wasn't as important as the music. It wasn't uncommon for the deities to sing modern poems or nationalist songs." Baskaran
303:
Vidhyadhari is the daughter of
Vijayavarman, the king of Thejavathi. His minister wants the princess to marry his son but she refuses. Annoyed, the minister sets out to find another potential husband for Vidhyadhari. In the forest, the minister finds an illiterate
593:
raga, for the film. Another song which
Rajalakshmi performed, "Manmada Baanamadaa", became immensely popular, and was described by Guy as "the emotional outburst of love by the heroine". Another song, "Indhiyargal Nammavarkkul Eno Veen Sandai", spoke about the
308:
sitting on a tree and cutting into the branch on which he is sitting. The minister persuades the cowman to come to the palace and has
Vidhyadhari marry him. When Vidhyadhari realises she has been cheated, and is married to a farmhand, she prays to the goddess
257:
day. It was the only South Indian film to be produced and released that year. Despite numerous technical flaws, it received critical acclaim, with praise for
Rajalakshmi's singing performance, and became a major commercial success. The success of
729:; when characters opened their mouths there was no sound, and when dialogue or song was heard, artistes remained silent. He said the public did not care about technical niceties and flocked to see the film. Film critic and journalist
739:, noted that he was awestruck by the costumes used. He praised Rajalakshmi's performance and her dancing but criticised her singing, saying that she had to go see a doctor to get her vocal cords fixed. The Tamil newspaper
582:
handles"), also known as "Raattinamam ... Gandhi Kai
Bhanamaam ...", was sung by T. P. Rajalakshmi, and was unrelated to the story of Kalidas; the song extolled the charkha (spinning wheel), a Gandhian symbol of
1494:
458:
was her first sound film. Supporting roles were played by
Thevaram Rajambal, T. Susheela Devi, J. Sushila, and M. S. Santhanalakshmi. The sound was recorded by German technicians using German-made equipment.
2037:
1100:
678:, Rajalakshmi's daughter Kamala stated that during the film's release, "people in Madras used to stand outside theatres for a distance of about 4-5km to witness acting in her first
905:
sound film was believed to have been released on 15 September 1931, which would make it the first South Indian sound film released. However, film journalist
Rentala Jayadeva proved
2993:
2411:
505:, Sowmya Dechamma states that Telugu dialogues were included in the film, apparently to "increase its market potential in the two important language markets of southern India."
2143:
1138:
2945:
1052:
1706:
1504:
3001:
1180:
558:
publicity songs. Film News
Anandan stated Reddy was "probably pleased to add on anything artistic that came his way. Relevance was hardly an issue." The 2008 book
2306:
3031:
749:
on 29 October 1931, two days prior to its theatrical release, where the reviewer, in contrast to
Krishnamurthy's comments, appreciated Rajalakshmi's singing.
2969:
1386:
2905:
1432:
804:
783:, advertisements, and an image of the cover of the songbook. As of December 2002, Film News Anandan had preserved several photographs related to the film.
1554:
2371:
1610:
2047:
1361:
2473:
2220:
1988:
471:; it was completed in eight days, using either 6,000 feet (1,800 m) or 10,000 feet (3,000 m) of film, as sources differ. Film historian
1090:
1952:
2977:
2937:
2929:
2338:
1644:
765:
was the only South Indian film to be produced and released in 1931. No print or gramophone record of the film is known to survive, making it a
1838:
2178:
1737:
210:. While Rajalakshmi spoke Tamil, Venkatesan spoke only Telugu due to his lack of fluency in Tamil, and Prasad spoke only Hindi. Despite its
714:
said the film succeeded because it was a "novelty for the audience to witness an audio visual with dialogues and songs of their language".
2403:
587:. Rajalakshmi also performed two of Tyagaraja's compositions, "Enta Nerchina" and "Suraragadhara", the latter of which was based on the
37:
2133:
1773:
1458:
1913:
1288:
1148:
1170:
489:
primary language was Tamil, the film's actors spoke a variety of languages, including Tamil (Rajalakshmi), Telugu (Venkatesan) and
922:
While French film historian Yves
Thoraval claims that Kalidasa lived during the fourth century, historian Selvaraj Velayutham and
1062:
3099:
2434:
2073:
1714:
3124:
2883:
2833:
2810:
2787:
2761:
2712:
2689:
2643:
2602:
1686:
2514:
3074:
1231:
3104:
3064:
2258:
3129:
3119:
625:, where it was proclaimed that the film was the "first talkie to be screened in the city with Tamil and Telugu songs".
3114:
3059:
2742:
2466:
2316:
1396:
633:) based theatre Kinema Central (now known as the Murugan Theatre) on 31 October 1931, during the festive occasion of
652:
to Kinema Central, throwing rose petals, breaking open coconuts, and burning incense. The posters of the film read,
3084:
1351:
598:
and the need for unity among Indians. Guy described "Manmada Baanamadaa" as the "first hit song of Tamil Cinema".
645:
347:
Other supporting roles were played by Thevaram Rajambal, T. Susheela Devi, J. Sushila and M. S. Santhanalakshmi.
1422:
1567:
776:
2380:
1600:
3134:
3109:
3094:
1314:
1998:
2985:
819:
595:
276:
230:
3144:
3089:
3069:
2921:
897:
2210:
672:
as a side attraction. It starred Rajalakshmi, and the gypsy dancer Jhansi Bai. In a 2015 interview with
434:. Irani produced the film under Imperial Movi-Tone. P. G. Venkatesan was chosen to play the title role.
414:, his former assistant, to direct the first South Indian sound film, which would later become the first
3139:
1236:
936:
2876:
2616:
1962:
2348:
1651:
501:
the first Tamil sound film; Guy instead called it India's first multilingual film. In the 2010 book
3079:
2953:
1849:
555:
517:
222:
2188:
1783:
1747:
1468:
200:, Thevaram Rajambal, T. Susheela Devi, J. Sushila, and M. S. Santhanalakshmi in supporting roles.
2734:
2594:
682:. She was welcomed with a roar here. Her name was announced from speakers installed on roads and
450:, she was the "automatic choice to play the heroine." Before this, Rajalakshmi had acted in many
649:
589:
964:
M. L. Narasimham in 2006 that it used 6,000 feet (1,800 m). However, Anandan's 2004 book
2634:
Gokulsing, K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal (2013). "The Civil Disobedience Movement and cinema".
407:
291:. Because no print, gramophone record, or songbook of the film is known to survive, it is a
3023:
3017:
2869:
2802:
2569:
1984:
1905:
528:, that all of the songs were in Tamil. Birgit Meyer contradicted Baskaran in her 2009 book
521:
2076:[Features of Tamil cinema: The first heroine of Tamil films, T. P. Rajalakshmi!].
532:, stating that the film had Telugu songs, a view that was supported by Sowmya Dechamma in
8:
3054:
2722:
2254:
927:
730:
567:
noted that this marked the "beginning of cinema being used as an instrument of political
391:
305:
214:
theme, the film featured songs from much later time periods, such as the compositions of
2681:
2343:
2215:
1499:
986:
876:
825:
771:
706:
674:
584:
575:
181:
661:
2856:
2829:
2806:
2783:
2779:
2757:
2738:
2708:
2685:
2661:
2639:
2622:
2598:
2577:
1908:[Tamil cinema's first successful woman: The skylark who drove away despair].
1769:
1682:
1308:
1284:
813:
799:
644:
When the film reels were taken to Madras, thousands of people gathered at the city's
472:
443:
328:
270:
264:
193:
157:
68:
2444:
2268:
2083:
1702:
1391:
950:
1872:
1870:
1207:
2771:
2704:
2518:
2302:
2013:
869:
540:
419:
211:
177:
2861:
2612:
2263:
2078:
1867:
1562:
1241:
992:
735:
711:
579:
548:
439:
415:
403:
226:
215:
173:
165:
143:
58:
2074:"தமிழ் சினிமா முன்னோடிகள்: தமிழ்த் திரை உலகின் முதல் கதாநாயகி டி.பி.ராஜலஷ்மி!"
3048:
2961:
2726:
2626:
2581:
2439:
931:
902:
790:
741:
683:
288:
2665:
1906:"தமிழ் சினிமாவின் முதல் சாதனைப் பெண் : வறுமை துரத்திய ஒரு சாதகப் பறவை!"
2673:
998:
860:
494:
435:
340:
197:
2477:
2893:
1418:
846:
544:
451:
411:
192:, hence its namesake; it featured P. G. Venkatesan in the title role and
161:
48:
2850:
2618:
Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001
253:
was released with high expectations on 31 October 1931, coinciding with
3009:
2653:
1454:
780:
638:
568:
447:
446:
was chosen to play the female protagonist; according to film historian
394:
384:. The top still depicts Rajalakshmi and Venkatesan as their characters.
169:
2517:. International Film Festival of India. pp. 32–33. Archived from
1326:
1324:
957:
used 10,000 feet (3,000 m) of film, while Film News Anandan told
606:
2825:
2375:
2311:
2183:
2138:
2042:
1993:
1957:
1928:
1742:
1605:
1463:
1427:
1356:
1143:
1095:
766:
551:
371:
292:
218:
2533:
2213:[Today is the day the first Tamil sound film was released].
779:
was established in 1964. The only remaining artefacts include a few
206:, principally in Tamil, contained additional dialogue in Telugu and
2545:
2495:
2158:
1321:
1256:
934:
state that he lived in the third century. Edwin Gerow, writing for
726:
431:
427:
398:
335:
315:
243:
189:
185:
20:
2822:
Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry
789:
was a major breakthrough in Rajalakshmi's career, and made her a "
775:
stated in 2014 that the film had "turned to dust" long before the
560:
Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry
287:
was a major breakthrough for Rajalakshmi's career, and made her a
794:
757:
The arrival of sound in South Indian cinema, with the release of
630:
1681:] (in Tamil). Chennai: Nakkheeran Publications. p. 12.
360:
1707:"Book Review: A Valuable Source Book about Tamil Movie History"
1175:
634:
464:
254:
238:
2701:
Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema
1782:] (in Tamil). Chennai: Sivagami Publishers. Archived from
442:—appeared in a comic role as a temple priest. Theatre artiste
2283:
1171:"'Bhaktha Prahladha': First Telugu talkie completes 81 years"
490:
207:
1057:
982:
310:
152:
2589:
Dechamma C. C., Sowmya; Prakash, Elavarthi Sathya (2010).
1084:
1082:
1080:
704:
1.5 crore in 2021 prices) according to a 2013 estimate by
1805:
1803:
1801:
793:". Other films based on the life of Kālidāsa include the
660:). An earlier attempt at producing a Tamil sound film, a
313:
for a remedy. Kali appears before her, names her husband
1289:"Tamil Cinema History – The Early Days (1916–1936)"
1028:
761:, triggered a migration of theatre artists into cinema.
2574:
The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema
1077:
940:, states that Kalidasa flourished in the fifth century.
526:
The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema
479:"was produced in a hurry, and was technically flawed."
233:. The sound was recorded using German-made technology.
1882:
1820:
1818:
1798:
1519:
2611:
2591:
Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, Ideology
2588:
2539:
1876:
1195:
968:
gives its final length as 10,000 feet (3,000 m).
534:
Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, Ideology
503:
Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, Ideology
2721:
2633:
2551:
2501:
2164:
2098:
2023:
1625:
1495:"Tamil cinema's first heroine – TP Rajalakshmi"
1330:
1262:
1217:
1115:
836:
805:
National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada
1815:
629:was first released theatrically at the Madras (now
574:The patriotic song "Gandhiyin Kai Rattiname" ("The
262:spawned other films based upon Kalidasa, including
2261:['Kalki −2': Kalidas – Film Review].
2038:"South India's first heroine stormed male bastion"
2891:
2235:
2127:
2125:
2110:
1768:
1283:
1016:
909:was actually released on 6 February 1932, making
686:, as a talkie was something new for the people."
319:and endows him with phenomenal literary talents.
3046:
2754:The Complete Works of Kālidāsa Volume One: Poems
2259:"'கல்கி' −2: காளிதாஸ் – திரைப்பட விமர்சனம்"
2211:"இன்று தமிழின் முதல் பேசும் சினிமா வெளியான நாள்"
1775:Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru
966:Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru
1091:"Blast from the Past: Mahakavi Kalidasu (1960)"
1053:"Tamil Talkies completes 80 years today !"
2176:
2122:
2067:
2065:
2877:
2658:Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema
2253:
1459:"Blast from the Past – Miss Kamala 1938"
719:Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema
664:short (identified by S. Theodore Baskaran as
516:featured fifty songs composed and written by
2401:
2071:
1672:
1492:
1295:. Archived from the original on 11 July 2000
2062:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
692:was commercially successful, grossing over
617:An advertisement announcing the release of
180:, and the first sound film to be made in a
2884:
2870:
2819:
2369:
2289:
2177:Krishnamachari, Suganthy (25 April 2008).
1934:
1735:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1349:
1213:
1136:
1088:
36:
1899:
1897:
1488:
1486:
1381:
1379:
696:75,000 and easily covering its budget of
2796:
2568:
2474:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
2402:Balachandran, Logesh (18 October 2014).
2370:Rangarajan, Malathi (12 December 2002).
2131:
2035:
2019:
1983:
1888:
1809:
1599:Vincent, Pheroze L. (25 November 2009).
1525:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1268:
1201:
1034:
605:
247:(1931) and was completed in eight days.
241:on the sets of India's first sound film
1950:
1780:Tamil film history and its achievements
1598:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1531:
1493:Balachandran, Logesh (13 August 2015).
283:In addition to its commercial success,
3047:
2770:
2698:
2301:
1894:
1736:Narasimham, M. L. (8 September 2006).
1701:
1631:
1483:
1376:
1137:Narasimham, M. L. (9 September 2012).
1132:
1130:
1121:
1047:
1045:
1043:
725:as a "crude experiment" that had poor
2865:
2751:
2672:
2432:
2179:"Celebrations ... in and on AIR"
2134:"A reel revolution from 85 years ago"
2104:
1938:
1903:
1824:
1417:
1364:from the original on 13 February 2014
1336:
1089:Narasimham, M. L. (14 January 2016).
1022:
142:
2636:Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas
2414:from the original on 20 October 2014
2146:from the original on 1 November 2016
1839:"Tamil Cinema 75 – A Look Back"
1613:from the original on 29 October 2013
1585:
1435:from the original on 29 October 2013
977:For "Enta Nerchina", B. Kolappan of
873:, the first South Indian silent film
621:was published on 30 October 1931 in
168:. It is notable for being the first
2652:
2404:"First Rani of South Indian Cinema"
2241:
2116:
1836:
1552:
1453:
1350:Rangarajan, Malathi (10 May 2012).
1127:
1040:
658:"Tamil Telugu talking singing film"
147:
13:
2820:Velayutham, Selvaraj, ed. (2008).
2699:Pillai, Swarnavel Eswaran (2015).
2347:. 5 September 2014. Archived from
2036:Kolappan, B. (20 September 2013).
1103:from the original on 17 April 2019
990:. In contrast, V. Balakrishnan of
949:According to Sri Lankan historian
184:. It was based on the life of the
14:
3156:
2844:
2621:. Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust.
2615:; Narayana Swamy, T. S. (2007) .
2540:Ganesan & Narayana Swamy 2007
2433:Patel, Bhaichand (5 April 2015).
2223:from the original on 1 April 2021
2072:Balakrishnan, V. (18 July 2015).
1951:Lakshmi, K. (12 September 2004).
1916:from the original on 5 March 2016
1877:Dechamma C. C. & Prakash 2010
1555:"The first talking Tamil picture"
1229:
1183:from the original on 4 April 2017
1061:. 31 October 2011. Archived from
2552:Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998
2502:Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998
2165:Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2013
2132:Poorvaja, S. (1 November 2016).
2024:Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2013
1331:Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998
1263:Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998
1218:Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998
853:
839:
745:printed a favourable review for
733:, in his review of the film for
648:and followed the reel box along
543:, it featured compositions from
370:
359:
2561:
2507:
2476:. 28 April 1957. Archived from
2459:
2426:
2395:
2363:
2331:
2295:
2247:
2203:
2170:
2029:
1977:
1944:
1830:
1762:
1729:
1695:
1666:
1637:
1447:
1411:
1223:
971:
943:
916:
539:Although the film was based on
497:, and Guy have refused to call
2776:L.V. Prasad : a monograph
2731:Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema
1395:. 19 July 2013. Archived from
1163:
924:Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema
889:
777:National Film Archive of India
610:Pre-release advertisement for
1:
3100:Films directed by H. M. Reddy
2570:Baskaran, Sundararaj Theodore
2219:(in Tamil). 31 October 2013.
1650:. 8 July 2012. Archived from
1553:Guy, Randor (November 2006).
1009:
823:(1966), and the Kannada film
654:Tamil Telugu pesi paadu padam
410:. In the same year, he chose
350:
3125:Indian black-and-white films
2660:. Chennai: Amra Publishers.
1837:Guy, Randor (October 2012).
996:says the song is set in the
981:says the song is set in the
596:Indian independence movement
231:Indian independence movement
7:
3075:1930s Telugu-language films
2372:"A pioneer speaks ..."
1879:, p. 13, introduction.
1645:"The story so far ..."
1566:. p. 5. Archived from
832:
710:. Film producer and writer
639:Civil Disobedience Movement
562:by Selvaraj Velayutham and
524:mentions in his 1996 book,
426:, based on the life of the
10:
3161:
3105:Films set in ancient India
3065:1930s Tamil-language films
2515:"8th National Film Awards"
2267:(in Tamil). Archived from
2082:(in Tamil). Archived from
1738:"A leader and a visionary"
668:), was screened alongside
601:
380:Two surviving stills from
18:
3130:Indian multilingual films
3120:Indian biographical films
2900:
1313:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
913:the first to be released.
752:
657:
221:, publicity songs of the
196:as the female lead, with
121:
113:
99:31 October 1931
90:
76:
64:
54:
44:
35:
30:
3115:Hindu mythological films
3060:1930s biographical films
2467:"State Awards for films"
882:
811:(1959), the Telugu film
556:Indian National Congress
508:
463:was shot in Bombay (now
223:Indian National Congress
16:1931 film by H. M. Reddy
3085:1931 multilingual films
2797:Thoraval, Yves (2000).
2752:Rajan, Chandra (1997).
2735:Oxford University Press
2595:Oxford University Press
1675:தமிழ் சினிமா 80 பாகம்-1
1387:"Talking about talkies"
1237:Encyclopædia Britannica
937:Encyclopædia Britannica
817:(1960), the Tamil film
721:, Randor Guy described
666:Korathi Dance and Songs
646:central railway station
637:and coincided with the
547:, such as those by the
545:much later time periods
406:wanted to venture into
322:
298:
19:For the 2019 film, see
2307:"Romancing the screen"
1989:"Music for the people"
1679:Tamil Cinema 80 Part-1
895:Until September 2012,
803:(1955), which won the
614:
151: The Servant of
2986:Barrister Parvateesam
1985:Baskaran, S. Theodore
1953:"Cinema and politics"
1673:Balabharathi (2012).
1352:"Tryst with the past"
791:bankable singing star
609:
402:(1931), its director
390:After the success of
289:bankable singing star
3135:Indian musical films
3110:Films shot in Mumbai
3095:Films about Kalidasa
2799:The cinemas of India
2723:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish
2678:Aesthetic Formations
2257:(16 November 1931).
2255:Krishnamurthy, Kalki
1965:on 15 September 2016
1711:Ilankai Tamil Sangam
1601:"Romancing the reel"
1423:"The Rani of Cinema"
564:Aesthetic Formations
530:Aesthetic Formations
522:S. Theodore Baskaran
430:poet and playwright
343:as the temple priest
334:P. G. Venkatesan as
2970:Chaduvukunna Bharya
2756:. Sahitya Akademi.
2576:. East West Books.
2351:on 5 September 2014
2292:, pp. 113–114.
2050:on 13 February 2014
1717:on 17 February 2012
1179:. 7 February 2013.
1139:"Wake up, industry"
928:Ashish Rajadhyaksha
731:Kalki Krishnamurthy
438:—who later founded
408:South Indian cinema
156:) is a 1931 Indian
144:[kaːɭidaːs]
3145:Lost musical films
3090:1931 musical films
3070:1930s Indian films
2994:Tenali Ramakrishna
2906:Prince Vijay Kumar
2892:Films directed by
2682:Palgrave Macmillan
2521:on 12 October 2013
2344:The Indian Express
2319:on 3 December 2014
2216:Hindu Tamil Thisai
2191:on 29 October 2013
2001:on 16 January 2014
1987:(6 January 2002).
1904:Nagarajan, Chola.
1855:on 17 January 2014
1500:The Times of India
1471:on 25 January 2013
1399:on 22 January 2014
1151:on 18 January 2014
987:Udayaravichandrika
877:List of lost films
826:Kaviratna Kalidasa
772:The Indian Express
707:Hindu Tamil Thisai
675:The Times of India
615:
225:, and songs about
182:Dravidian language
85:Imperial Movi-Tone
3140:Lost Indian films
3042:
3041:
2835:978-0-415-39680-6
2812:978-0-333-93410-4
2789:978-81-224-0504-0
2763:978-81-7201-824-5
2714:978-93-5150-212-8
2705:SAGE Publications
2691:978-0-230-60555-8
2645:978-0-415-67774-5
2604:978-0-19-806795-5
2435:"Southern sirens"
2305:(17 March 2011).
1770:Film News Anandan
1703:Sri Kantha, Sachi
1688:978-93-81828-40-3
1648:The Sunday Indian
1507:on 15 August 2015
1457:(27 March 2009).
1285:Film News Anandan
1065:on 5 January 2012
1037:, pp. 88–89.
814:Mahakavi Kalidasu
807:, the Hindi film
800:Mahakavi Kalidasa
717:In his 1997 book
549:Carnatic musician
520:. Film historian
473:Film News Anandan
467:) on the sets of
444:T. P. Rajalakshmi
329:T. P. Rajalakshmi
271:Mahakavi Kalidasu
265:Mahakavi Kalidasa
216:Carnatic musician
194:T. P. Rajalakshmi
158:biographical film
131:
130:
69:T. P. Rajalakshmi
3152:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2839:
2816:
2793:
2772:Sastry, K. N. T.
2767:
2748:
2718:
2695:
2669:
2649:
2630:
2608:
2585:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2443:. Archived from
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2408:Deccan Chronicle
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2383:on 2 August 2016
2379:. Archived from
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2315:. Archived from
2303:Rangan, Baradwaj
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2187:. Archived from
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2046:. Archived from
2033:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1997:. Archived from
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:. Archived from
1948:
1942:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1848:. Archived from
1846:Anna Nagar Times
1843:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1750:on 8 August 2011
1746:. Archived from
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1713:. Archived from
1699:
1693:
1692:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1654:on 2 August 2016
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:on 1 August 2015
1572:
1559:
1550:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1503:. Archived from
1490:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1467:. Archived from
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1421:(22 June 2011).
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1392:Deccan Chronicle
1383:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1347:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1227:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1147:. Archived from
1134:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1049:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1003:
975:
969:
963:
951:Sachi Sri Kantha
947:
941:
920:
914:
898:Bhakta Prahladha
893:
863:
858:
857:
856:
849:
844:
843:
842:
820:Mahakavi Kalidas
703:
699:
695:
659:
488:
374:
363:
277:Mahakavi Kalidas
178:Telugu languages
164:and produced by
155:
149:
146:
141:
106:
104:
72:P. G. Venkatesan
40:
28:
27:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3080:1931 lost films
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
2922:Bhakta Prahlada
2896:
2890:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2813:
2803:Macmillan India
2790:
2764:
2745:
2715:
2692:
2646:
2613:Ganesan, Sivaji
2605:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2447:on 29 June 2015
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2300:
2296:
2290:Velayutham 2008
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2271:on 2 April 2017
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2070:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1949:
1945:
1937:, p. 158;
1935:Velayutham 2008
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1786:on 8 April 2017
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1491:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1419:Raman, Mohan V.
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1348:
1337:
1329:
1322:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1282:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1244:on 11 July 2015
1228:
1224:
1214:Velayutham 2008
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1006:
976:
972:
961:
948:
944:
921:
917:
907:Bhakta Prahlada
894:
890:
885:
870:Keechaka Vadham
859:
854:
852:
845:
840:
838:
835:
755:
701:
697:
693:
604:
590:Sankarabharanam
511:
486:
388:
387:
386:
385:
377:
376:
375:
366:
365:
364:
353:
325:
301:
150:
139:
126:
109:
102:
100:
93:
86:
81:
79:
71:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2946:Sita Swayamvar
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2846:
2845:External links
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2817:
2811:
2794:
2788:
2768:
2762:
2749:
2743:
2727:Willemen, Paul
2719:
2713:
2696:
2690:
2670:
2650:
2644:
2631:
2609:
2603:
2586:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:, p. 460.
2544:
2542:, p. 241.
2532:
2506:
2504:, p. 202.
2494:
2483:on 18 May 2016
2458:
2425:
2394:
2362:
2339:"In reel time"
2330:
2294:
2282:
2264:Ananda Vikatan
2246:
2234:
2202:
2169:
2167:, p. 129.
2157:
2121:
2109:
2107:, p. 105.
2097:
2086:on 31 May 2017
2079:Ananda Vikatan
2061:
2028:
2026:, p. 129.
2022:, p. 75;
2012:
1976:
1943:
1941:, p. 105.
1927:
1893:
1881:
1866:
1829:
1814:
1797:
1761:
1728:
1694:
1687:
1665:
1636:
1624:
1584:
1563:Madras Musings
1530:
1518:
1482:
1446:
1410:
1375:
1335:
1333:, p. 254.
1320:
1267:
1265:, p. 253.
1255:
1230:Gerow, Edwin.
1222:
1220:, p. 254.
1206:
1194:
1162:
1126:
1124:, p. 103.
1114:
1076:
1039:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
993:Ananda Vikatan
970:
942:
915:
887:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
874:
865:
864:
850:
834:
831:
754:
751:
736:Ananda Vikatan
712:G. Dhananjayan
603:
600:
510:
507:
440:Prasad Studios
404:Ardeshir Irani
379:
378:
369:
368:
367:
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
352:
349:
345:
344:
338:
332:
331:as Vidhyadhari
324:
321:
300:
297:
227:Mahatma Gandhi
166:Ardeshir Irani
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
96:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
82:
77:
74:
73:
66:
62:
61:
59:Ardeshir Irani
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3157:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:Gharana Donga
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:Mathru Bhoomi
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2780:Wiley Eastern
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2744:0-19-563579-5
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:Meyer, Birgit
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:. Routledge.
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2440:The Asian Age
2436:
2429:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2244:, p. 54.
2243:
2238:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2119:, p. 58.
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2020:Baskaran 1996
2016:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1891:, p. 42.
1890:
1889:Baskaran 1996
1885:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1827:, p. 97.
1826:
1821:
1819:
1812:, p. 89.
1811:
1810:Baskaran 1996
1806:
1804:
1802:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1634:, p. 15.
1633:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1528:, p. 88.
1527:
1526:Baskaran 1996
1522:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1216:, p. 3;
1215:
1210:
1204:, p. 36.
1203:
1202:Thoraval 2000
1198:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1035:Baskaran 1996
1031:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
989:
988:
984:
980:
974:
967:
960:
956:
952:
946:
939:
938:
933:
932:Paul Willemen
929:
925:
919:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
892:
888:
878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
866:
862:
851:
848:
837:
830:
828:
827:
822:
821:
816:
815:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
773:
768:
764:
760:
750:
748:
744:
743:
742:Swadesamitran
738:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
708:
700:8,000 (worth
691:
687:
685:
684:autorickshaws
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
655:
651:
650:Wall Tax Road
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
608:
599:
597:
592:
591:
586:
581:
577:
572:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
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457:
453:
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445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:India's first
383:
373:
362:
348:
342:
339:
337:
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3024:Niraparadhi
2894:H. M. Reddy
2654:Guy, Randor
2054:13 February
1859:13 February
1754:18 February
1632:Sastry 1993
1455:Guy, Randor
1368:13 February
1299:13 February
1122:Pillai 2015
847:Film portal
680:pesum padam
585:nationalism
412:H. M. Reddy
162:H. M. Reddy
55:Produced by
49:H. M. Reddy
45:Directed by
3055:1931 films
3049:Categories
3010:Sati Seeta
2150:1 November
2105:Meyer 2009
1939:Meyer 2009
1825:Meyer 2009
1721:20 January
1232:"Kalidasa"
1155:18 January
1069:20 January
1023:Rajan 1997
1010:References
656:(English:
569:propaganda
448:Randor Guy
395:sound film
351:Production
170:sound film
140:pronounced
103:1931-10-31
78:Production
2826:Routledge
2729:(1998) .
2627:297212002
2582:243920437
2376:The Hindu
2312:The Hindu
2195:15 August
2184:The Hindu
2139:The Hindu
2043:The Hindu
2005:15 August
1994:The Hindu
1958:The Hindu
1743:The Hindu
1617:25 August
1606:The Hindu
1511:15 August
1464:The Hindu
1428:The Hindu
1357:The Hindu
1144:The Hindu
1096:The Hindu
979:The Hindu
959:The Hindu
767:lost film
662:four-reel
623:The Hindu
552:Tyagaraja
541:mythology
293:lost film
219:Tyagaraja
122:Languages
3032:Pratigya
3018:Nirdoshi
2774:(1993).
2676:(2009).
2666:52794531
2656:(1997).
2572:(1996).
2487:2 August
2412:Archived
2387:2 August
2242:Guy 1997
2221:Archived
2144:Archived
2117:Guy 1997
1920:2 August
1914:Archived
1772:(2004).
1658:2 August
1611:Archived
1577:1 August
1475:23 April
1433:Archived
1362:Archived
1309:cite web
1293:Indolink
1287:(1998).
1248:4 August
1181:Archived
1107:17 April
1101:Archived
833:See also
829:(1983).
727:lip sync
469:Alam Ara
432:Kalidasa
428:Sanskrit
399:Alam Ara
280:(1966).
268:(1955),
244:Alam Ara
229:and the
190:Kalidasa
186:Sanskrit
65:Starring
21:Kaalidas
2914:Kalidas
2852:Kalidas
2525:2 March
2451:29 June
2418:30 June
2227:1 April
1790:8 April
1439:19 June
1403:19 July
1187:4 April
955:Kalidas
911:Kalidas
795:Kannada
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690:Kalidas
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631:Chennai
627:Kalidas
619:Kalidas
612:Kalidas
602:Release
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172:in the
148:transl.
135:Kalidas
114:Country
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31:Kalidas
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781:stills
753:Legacy
635:Diwali
580:Gandhi
554:, and
482:While
465:Mumbai
454:, and
420:Telugu
306:cowman
255:Diwali
239:Bombay
127:Telugu
2481:(PDF)
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1778:[
1677:[
1571:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1002:raga.
883:Notes
797:film
578:that
509:Music
491:Hindi
487:'
422:film
416:Tamil
208:Hindi
188:poet
174:Tamil
125:Tamil
117:India
2857:IMDb
2830:ISBN
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1058:Sify
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