Dravidian languages

7784: 1054:. This term, it is true, has sometimes been used, and is still sometimes used, in almost as restricted a sense as that of Tamil itself, so that though on the whole it is the best term I can find, I admit it is not perfectly free from ambiguity. It is a term which has already been used more or less distinctively by Sanskrit philologists, as a generic appellation for the South Indian people and their languages, and it is the only single term they ever seem to have used in this manner. I have, therefore, no doubt of the propriety of adopting it. 8346:... More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ... 908: 6368:(SOV). Accordingly, the subject comes first in the sentence (it can at most be preceded by circumstantial determinations of time and place) and the predicate always at the end of the sentence. As is characteristic of SOV languages, in the Dravidian languages, attributes always come before their noun, subordinate clauses before main clauses, main verbs before auxiliary verbs, and postpositions are used instead of prepositions. Only in the North Dravidian languages has the rigid SOV word order been relaxed. 4600: 8391:... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ... 4802:, Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium." Krishnamurti further states that South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including Pre-Telugu) split around the 11th century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time. Kolipakam et al. (2018) give a similar estimate of 2,500 BCE for Proto-Dravidian. 16475: 5167: 6488:

in Telugu and Malayalam the number of Indo-Aryan loanwords is large. In Brahui, which was strongly influenced by its neighboring languages due to its distance from the other Dravidian languages, only a tenth of the vocabulary is of Dravidian origin. More recently, like all the languages of India, the Dravidian languages also have words borrowed from English on a large scale; less numerous are the loanwords from Portuguese.

193: 164: 16463: 4813:), grammatical features in Marathi, Gujarati, and Sindhi and Dravidian like kinship systems in southern Indo–Aryan languages. Proto-Dravidian could have been spoken in a wider area, perhaps into Central India or the western Deccan which may have had other forms of early Dravidian/pre-Proto-Dravidian or other branches of Dravidian which are currently unknown. 1842:), grammatical features in Marathi, Gujarati, and Sindhi and Dravidian like kinship systems in southern Indo–Aryan languages. Proto-Dravidian could have been spoken in a wider area, perhaps into Central India or the western Deccan which may have had other forms of early Dravidian/pre-Proto-Dravidian or other branches of Dravidian which are currently unknown. 6095:

same way as personal pronouns. The personal and reflexive pronouns reconstructed for Proto-Dravidian are listed in the table below. In addition, there are special developments in some languages: The south and south-central Dravidian languages have transferred the *ñ initial sound of the 1st person plural inclusive to the 1st person singular (cf. Malayalam

1853:, they included 214 million people, about 21% of India's total population of 1.02 billion. In addition, the largest Dravidian-speaking group outside India, Tamil speakers in Sri Lanka, number around 4.7 million. The total number of speakers of Dravidian languages is around 227 million people, around 13% of the population of the Indian subcontinent. 5130:, lack retroflex consonants, their presence in Indo-Aryan is often cited as evidence of substrate influence from close contact of the Vedic speakers with speakers of a foreign language family rich in retroflex consonants. The Dravidian family is a serious candidate since it is rich in retroflex phonemes reconstructible back to the 5153:. Although each of the innovative traits in Indic could be accounted for by internal explanations, early Dravidian influence is the only explanation that can account for all of the innovations at once; moreover, it accounts for several of the innovative traits in Indic better than any internal explanation that has been proposed. 6372:

dative case. In all Dravidian languages except Malayalam, a verbal predicate agrees with a nominative subject. Kui and Kuwi developed a system of congruence between object and verb. In some Dravidian languages (Old Tamil, Gondi) even a nominal predicate takes personal endings. Examples of simple sentences from Tamil:

5441:). The five-vowel system with phonemic length is largely preserved in the descendant subgroups, but there are some notable exceptions. The Nilgiri languages (except Kota but including Kodagu) developing a series of central vowels which formed from vowels near retroflex and alveolar consonants. The short 6487:

Today's Dravidian languages have, in addition to the inherited Dravidian vocabulary, a large number of words from Sanskrit or later Indo-Aryan languages. In Tamil, they make up a relatively small proportion, not least because of targeted linguistic puristic tendencies in the early 20th century, while

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The demonstrative pronouns also serve as personal pronouns of the 3rd person. They consist of an initial vowel expressing the distance and a suffix expressing number and gender. There are three levels of distance: the far distance is formed with the initial vowel *a-, the middle distance with *u- and

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McAlpin (2003) notes that no exact conditioning can be established for the first two changes, and proposes that distinct Proto-Dravidian *q and *kʲ should be reconstructed behind these correspondences, and that Brahui, Kurukh-Malto, and the rest of Dravidian may be three coordinate branches, possibly

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Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family". Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on a proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some

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before the advance of the Indo-Aryan languages. Though some scholars have argued that the Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations from the Iranian plateau in the fourth or third millennium BCE or even earlier, reconstructed proto-Dravidian vocabulary suggests that the family

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Personal pronouns occur in the 1st and 2nd person. In the 1st person plural there is an inclusive and exclusive form, that is, a distinction is made as to whether the person addressed is included. There is also a reflexive pronoun that refers to the subject of the sentence and is constructed in the

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of any single language. The vast majority of modern Dravidian languages generally have some voicing distinctions amongst stops; as for aspiration, it appears in at least the formal varieties of the so-called "literary" Dravidian languages (except Tamil) today, but may be rare or entirely absent in

5145:, which has the same function as in Dravidian. Some linguists explain this asymmetrical borrowing by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan languages were built on a Dravidian substratum. These scholars argue that the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Indic is 1659:

There are different proposals regarding the relationship between these groups. Earlier classifications grouped Central and South-Central Dravidian in a single branch. On the other hand, Krishnamurti groups South-Central and South Dravidian together. There are other disagreements, including whether

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Dravidian languages are mostly located in the southern and central parts of south Asia with 2 main outliers, Brahui having speakers in Balochistan and as far north are Merv, Turkmenistan and Kurukh to the east in Jharkhand and as far northeast as Bhutan, Nepal and Assam. Historically Maharashtra,

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A simple sentence consists of a subject and a predicate, which can be either a verb or a noun. There is no copula in Dravidian. The subject is usually in the nominative case, but in many Dravidian languages, in a sentence expressing a feeling, perception or possession, the subject is also in the

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script and suggested, based on computer analysis, an underlying agglutinative Dravidian language as the most likely candidate for the underlying language. Knorozov's suggestion was preceded by the work of Henry Heras, who suggested several readings of signs based on a proto-Dravidian assumption.

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A computational phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family was undertaken by Kolipakam, et al. (2018). They support the internal coherence of the four Dravidian branches South (or South Dravidian I), South-Central (or South Dravidian II), Central, and North, but is uncertain about the

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language is not itself attested in the historical record. Its modern conception is based solely on reconstruction. It was suggested in the 1980s that the language was spoken in the 4th millennium BCE, and started disintegrating into various branches around the 3rd millennium BCE. According to

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is consistent with the hypothesis that Dravidian formerly occupied much of North India but was displaced by the invading Indo-Aryan languages, and the presence in the Indo-Aryan languages of certain linguistic features, such as retroflex consonants, is often attributed to Dravidian substrate

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The individual Dravidian languages have different gender systems. What they have in common is that the grammatical gender (genus) always corresponds to the natural gender of the word. In addition to individual special developments, there are three main types in which the categories "male" or

936:, states that the spoken languages of present-day Kerala and Tamil Nadu were similar, terming them as "Dramiḍa". The author does not consider the "Karṇṇāṭa" (Kannada) and the "Āndhra" (Telugu) languages as "Dramiḍa", because they were very different from the language of the "Tamil Veda" ( 6270:'he, this one') has only survived in a few languages spoken today, the yonder distance u- has mostly become obsolete instead a- and i- are used. Interrogative pronouns are formed analogously to the demonstrative pronouns and are characterized by the initial syllable *ya- (e.g. Kota 6406:

by infinite verb forms. These include the infinitive, the verbal participle, which expresses a sequence of actions, and the conditional, which expresses a conditionality. Relative clauses correspond to constructions with the so-called adnominal participles. Examples from Tamil:

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Most languages lie in between. Voicing contrasts are quite common in all registers of speech in most Dravidian languages. Aspiration contrasts are less common, but relatively well-established in the phonologies of the higher or more formal registers, as well as in the standard

5922:'mother' non-masculine, without this being apparent from the pure form of the word. However, many nouns are formed with certain suffixes that express gender and number. For Proto-Dravidian, the suffixes *-an and *-anṯ could be used for the masculine singular (cf. Tamil 6103:< *yan). The differences between the forms for the inclusive and exclusive we are partly blurred; Kannada has completely abandoned this distinction. The languages of the Tamil-Kodagu group have formed a new exclusive 'we' by adding the plural suffix (cf. Tamil 4888:

agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish, "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book

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Some authors deny that North Dravidian forms a valid subgroup, splitting it into Northeast (Kurukh–Malto) and Northwest (Brahui). Their affiliation has been proposed based primarily on a small number of common phonetic developments, including:

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script. However, the report lacks the detail of a full archaeological study, and other archaeologists have disputed whether the oldest dates obtained for the site can be assigned to these potsherds. The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the

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It is generally accepted that Dravidian – with no identifiable cognates among the world's languages – was India's most widely distributed, indigenous language family when Indo-European speakers first intruded from the north-west 3,000 years

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and a population resident in peninsular India. They conclude that one of these two groups may have been the source of proto-Dravidian. An Indus valley origin would be consistent with the location of Brahui and with attempts to interpret the

5264:, of the "literary" languages (other than Tamil): Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam. However, in colloquial or non-standard speech, aspiration often appears inconsistently or not at all, even if it occurs in the standard spelling of the word. 4721:. (In his 2000 book, Cavalli-Sforza suggested western India, northern India and northern Iran as alternative starting points.) However, linguists have found McAlpin's cognates unconvincing and criticized his proposed phonological rules as 5969:

The nominative is always the unmarked base form of the word. The other cases, collectively called oblique, are formed by adding suffixes to a stem that can either be identical to the nominative or formed by certain suffixes (e.g. Tamil

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in the fourth or third millennium BCE, or even earlier, the reconstructed vocabulary of proto-Dravidian suggests that the family is indigenous to India. Despite many attempts, the family has not been shown to be related to any other.

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Namita Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha P. Majumder (December 2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India",

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Proto-Dravidian used only suffixes, never prefixes or infixes, in the construction of inflected forms. Hence, the roots of words always occurred at the beginning. Nouns, verbs, and indeclinable words constituted the original word

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with Brahui being the earliest language to split off. A few morphological parallels between Brahui and Kurukh-Malto are also known, but according to McAlpin they are analysable as shared archaisms rather than shared innovations.

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Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. In general, a sentence can contain only one finite verb. The Dravidian languages have no conjunctions; subordinate clauses are formed just like

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Because of shared sound changes that have happened over the years in the majority of the Tamil dialects, the numbers 1–5 have different colloquial pronunciations, seen here to the right of their written, formal

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lacks symbols for voiced and aspirated stops. At the other end, Brahui is exceptional among the Dravidian languages in possessing and commonly employing the entire inventory of aspirates employed in neighboring

5982:). Several oblique suffixes can be reconstructed for Proto-Dravidian, which are composed of the minimal components *-i- , *-a- , *-n- and *-tt-. In many languages, the oblique is identical to the genitive. 4954:

are pockets of Dravidian languages in central India, spoken by people who may have migrated from south India. They do have myths about external origins. The Kurukh have traditionally claimed to be from the

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Sivanantham, R.; Seran, M., eds. (2019). Keeladi: an Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the Banks of the River Vaigai (Report). Chennai: Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu. pp. 8–9,

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The South Dravidian languages distinguish between masculine (human, masculine), feminine (human, non-masculine) and neuter (non-human) in the singular, and only between human and non-human in the plural.

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or grammatical) borrowing from Indo-Aryan, whereas Indo-Aryan shows more structural than lexical borrowings from the Dravidian languages. Many of these features are already present in the oldest known

10145:, p. 97"It is widely suspected that the extinct and undeciphered Indus Valley language was a Dravidian language, but no confirmation is available. The existence of the isolated northern outlier 6456:

Word roots seem to have been monosyllabic in Proto-Dravidian as a rule. Proto-Dravidian words could be simple, derived, or compound. Iterative compounds could be formed by doubling a word, cf. Tamil

10950:; Reprinted London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd., 1913; rev. ed. by J.L. Wyatt and T. Ramakrishna Pillai, Madras, University of Madras, 1961, reprint Asian Educational Services, 1998, 9214: 6258:

the near distance with *i-. The same deictic elements also occur in local ('here', 'there') and temporal adverbs ('now', 'then'). The original threefold distinction of the distance (e.g. Kota

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Although in modern times speakers of the various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, in earlier times they probably were spoken in a larger area. After the

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ancestor. He supported his argument with a detailed comparison of non-Sanskrit vocabulary in Telugu, Kannada and Tamil, and also demonstrated that they shared grammatical structures. In 1844,

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These forms are derived from "one (less than) ten". Proto-Dravidian *toḷ/*toṇ (which could mean 9 or 9/10) is still used in Tamil and Malayalam as the basis of numbers such as 90 and 900,

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All other Dravidian languages maintain only a two-way distinction between dentals and retroflexes, largely the result of merging the alveolars with the dentals or retroflexes, or via

16266: 9162: 5010:, and arrived in the area from the west only around 1000 CE. Sound changes shared with Kurukh and Malto also suggest that Brahui was originally spoken near them in central India. 4647:), but with all typologically similar language families of the Old World. Nonetheless, although there are no readily detectable genealogical connections, Dravidian shares several 5633:

All non Tamil-Malayalam languages (including modern spoken Tamil) developed a voicing distinction for plosives, if loans are included, all of them have a voicing distinction.

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These constructions are not possible for subordinate clauses with a nominal predicate, since no infinite forms can be formed for a noun. Here one gets by with the so-called

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Proto-Dravidian case suffixes can be reconstructed for the three cases accusative, dative and genitive. Other case suffixes only occur in individual branches of Dravidian.

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has reported only languages with more than 10,000 speakers, including 17 Dravidian languages. In 1981, these accounted for approximately 24% of India's population. In the

1875:. The total number of speakers of Telugu, including those whose first language is not Telugu, is around 85 million people. This branch also includes the tribal language 10852: 10802: 4998:) loanwords in Brahui suggests that the Brahui migrated to Balochistan from central India less than 1,000 years ago. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, 4666:

language group, and there have been several attempts to establish a genetic relationship in the past. This idea has been popular amongst Dravidian linguists, including

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Webb, Edward (1860). "Evidences of the Scythian Affinities of the Dravidian Languages, Condensed and Arranged from Rev. R. Caldwell's Comparative Dravidian Grammar".

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There are two numbers and four different gender systems, the ancestral system probably having "male:non-male" in the singular and "person:non-person" in the plural.

5256:. While aspirates are particularly concentrated in the Indo-Aryan element of the lexicon, some Brahui words with Dravidian roots have developed aspiration as well. 9076: 894:

before the spread of the Indo-Aryan languages. Though some scholars have argued that the Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations from the

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The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation are unclear, partially due to the lack of

11767: 10739: 8281:... together with the evidence of archaeology would seem to suggest that the original Dravidian-speakers entered India from Iran in the fourth millennium BC ... 5247:, like Proto-Dravidian, does not phonemically distinguish between voiced and voiceless or unaspirated and aspirated sounds, even in formal speech; in fact, the 840:

and the Caribbean to work on plantations, and to East Africa to work on British railroads. There are more-recent Dravidian-speaking diaspora communities in the

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Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia",

9037: 7027: 5279:, though some are found in etymologically native words as well, often as the result of plosive + laryngeal clusters being reanalysed as aspirates (e.g. Telugu 5449:/ɯ~ɨ~ə/ and also became phonemic in Tulu and Malayalam, mostly caused by loaning words with rounded /u/. Brahui has slightly poorer vowel system, where short 4678:, and Mikhail Andronov. The hypothesis is, however, rejected by most specialists in Uralic languages, and also in recent times by Dravidian linguists such as 7873:, a work on Tamil grammar and poetics preserved in a 5th-century CE redaction, whose oldest layers could date from the late 2nd century or 1st century BCE. 9106: 4943:

in northern India. Southern India has remained majority Dravidian, but pockets of Dravidian can be found in central India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.

4820:. Narasimhan et al. (2019) argue that the ASI component itself formed in the early 2nd millennium BCE from a mixture of a population associated with the 9274: 5765:

Telugu and the North Dravidian languages distinguish between masculine and non-masculine in the singular, and between human and non-human in the plural.

5343:. The latter is found primarily among the South and South Central languages, where many languages merged the singular proto-Dravidian alveolar plosive 8836:

Kolipakam, Vishnupriya; Jordan, Fiona M.; Dunn, Michael; Greenhill, Simon J.; Bouckaert, Remco; Gray, Russell D.; Verkerk, Annemarie (21 March 2018).

6472:"always coming". A special form of reduplicated compounds are the so-called echo words, in which the first syllable of the second word is replaced by 5711:

The Dravidian languages have two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked, the plural is expressed by a suffix. The plural suffixes are

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A grammar of the Teloogoo language, commonly termed the Gentoo, peculiar to the Hindoos inhabiting the northeastern provinces of the Indian peninsula

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The main (and probably original) dichotomy in tense is past:non-past. Present tense developed later and independently in each language or subgroup.

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The smallest branch is the Central branch, which has only around 200,000 speakers. These languages are mostly tribal, and spoken in central India.

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Andronov, Mikhail S. (1971), "Comparative Studies on the Nature of Dravidian-Uralian Parallels: A Peep into the Prehistory of Language Families".

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The Central Dravidian and many South Central Dravidian languages distinguish only between masculine and non-masculine in both singular and plural.

4963:. The same tradition has existed of the Brahui, who call themselves immigrants. Holding this same view of the Brahui are many scholars such as L. 4729:, and the theory has had no effect on studies of the language. In 2012, Southworth suggested a "Zagrosian family" of West Asian origin including 6440:(usually an infinite form of 'to say'), through which the nominal subordinate clause is embedded in the sentence structure. Example from Tamil: 15464: 9936: 9884: 5966:

Case is expressed by suffixes and more loosely connected postpositions. The number of cases varies between four (Telugu) and eleven (Brahui).

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The second-smallest branch is the Northern branch, with around 6.3 million speakers. This is the only sub-group to have a language spoken in

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In Proto-Dravidian there are only two tenses, past and not past, while many daughter languages have developed a more complex tense system.

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Researchers have tried but have been unable to prove a connection between the Dravidian languages with other language families, including

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as Dravidian. On the other hand, reconstructed Proto-Dravidian terms for flora and fauna provide support for a peninsular Indian origin.

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Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian Population History",

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research into the Dravidian languages. It is thought that the Dravidian languages were the most widespread indigenous languages in the

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Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out."

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Infinite verb forms depend on either a following verb or a following noun. They serve to form more complex syntactic constructions.

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In languages with words for one starts with ok(k)- it was taken from *okk- which originally meant "to be united" and not a numeral.

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stated that (one of) the language(s) may have been Dravidic. Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researchers

993:, which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established Dravidian as one of the major language groups of the world. 6365: 5681:

In a sentence, however complex, only one finite verb occurs, normally at the end, preceded if necessary by a number of gerunds.

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population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming

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Heggarty, Paul; Renfrew, Collin (2014), "South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages", in Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.),

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Historically Maharashtra, Gujarat and Sindh also had Dravidian speaking populations from the evidence of place names (like

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region, is sometimes suggested to have been Dravidian. Already in 1924, after discovering the Indus Valley Civilisation,

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Several geneticists have noted a strong correlation between Dravidian and the Ancestral South Indian (ASI) component of

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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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The Dravidian verb is formed by adding tense, mood and personal suffixes to the root of the word. Thus the Tamil word

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The major word classes are nouns (substantives, numerals, pronouns), adjectives, verbs, and indeclinables (particles,

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precise relationships of these four branches to each other. The date of Dravidian is estimated to be 4,500 years old.

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The verb stem can be modified by stem-forming suffixes in many Dravidian languages. Thus Malto derives from the stem

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The next-largest is the South-Central branch, which has 78 million native speakers, the vast majority of whom speak

1690:. This development is, however, also found in several other Dravidian languages, including Kannada, Kodagu and Tulu. 16505: 16339: 15592: 15222: 14461: 12193: 11709: 11310: 8202:

Edwin Bryant, Laurie L. Patton (2005), The Indo-Aryan controversy: evidence and inference in Indian history, p. 254

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allegedly marked with Indus signs has been considered by some to be significant for the Dravidian identification.

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as being strong evidence for a proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation. The discovery in

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4,000–6,000 BCE. However, the general consensus is that such deep connections are not, or not yet, demonstrable.

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The three types are illustrated by the forms of the third-person demonstrative pronouns of the three languages:

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Dravidian languages show extensive lexical (vocabulary) borrowing, but only a few traits of structural (either

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make up around 98% of the speakers, with 75 million, 44 million and 37 million native speakers, respectively.

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preceding a noun (as in "one person"), as opposed to when it is a noun (as in "How many are there?" "One").

5019: 4761: 3043: 2620: 2247: 229: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5332:. Currently the three-way coronal distinction is only found in Malayalam and the various languages of the 1687: 1680: 1673: 1669: 16349: 16251: 15690: 15585: 15449: 15443: 15228: 14501: 14419: 14392: 14096: 14086: 7862:, including a description of potsherds dated to the 6th century BCE inscribed with personal names in the 5654: 5236: 3773: 2740: 2688: 2251: 1363: 16500: 16453: 16018: 15015: 14676: 14473: 14271: 14131: 14101: 14091: 14081: 13787: 13552: 13468: 13347: 12660: 11818: 11291: 5457:

merged with other vowels due to the influence of Indo-Aryan languages, leaving only long counterparts.

2531: 1517: 1318:, since the dates for the forms with -r- are centuries later than the dates for the forms without -r- ( 912: 10210: 10202: 9237:"Welcome to Nionkairali.com – Indian Malayalees in Japan- Japan malayalees, Malayali, Keralite, Tokyo" 1033: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16274: 16196: 16191: 15847: 15833: 15608: 15427: 15234: 15210: 15185: 15158: 15141: 14151: 14106: 14076: 14049: 13620: 13575: 13443: 12918: 12819: 12776: 12711: 12676: 11500:

Steever, Sanford B. (2020), "Introduction to the Dravidian Languages", in Steever, Sanford B. (ed.),

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there is a Toda-Kota branch or whether Kota diverged first and later Toda (claimed by Krishnamurti).

397: 205: 109: 98: 11479:

Sreekumar, P. (2009), "Francis Whyte Ellis and the Beginning of Comparative Dravidian Linguistics",

9944: 16241: 16186: 15957: 15787: 15676: 15474: 15281: 14918: 14906: 14738: 13800: 13793: 13609: 12706: 11747: 11120:(1965). "Характеристика протоиндийского языка" [Characteristics of Proto-Indian language]. 9895: 9236: 7917: 7783: 7069: 5131: 4794: 4714: 4656: 4631:. Comparisons have been made not just with the other language families of the Indian subcontinent ( 3099: 2708: 2656: 2652: 2195: 2191: 2183: 1856:

The largest group of the Dravidian languages is South Dravidian, with almost 150 million speakers.

616: 392: 208: 136: 86: 9471:

Mouton, The Hauge. at p. 22 contains a bibliography of articles supporting and opposing the theory

5235:

contrast. The situation varies considerably amongst its daughter languages and often also between

16055: 15950: 15900: 15879: 15870: 15752: 15669: 15629: 14479: 14404: 13807: 13757: 13473: 13148: 12323: 12201: 11752: 11733: 11580: 11155: 9858: 9713: 5177: 5123: 4799: 4773: 4679: 4636: 4632: 4608: 4004: 3952: 3518: 2660: 1834:

Gujarat and Sindh also had Dravidian speaking populations from the evidence of place names (like

1187: 974: 667: 416: 9916:

A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery

16211: 16206: 15971: 15943: 15934: 15893: 15493: 15341: 15136: 14912: 14865: 14495: 14412: 14071: 14055: 13863: 13764: 13627: 13603: 13362: 13111: 12839: 12834: 12333: 11799: 10357:"An essay on the Brahui grammar: after the German of the late Dr. Trumpp, of Munich University" 9296: 7767: 7033: 5276: 5228: 5224: 5127: 4640: 3610: 3506: 2573: 1530: 824:, Dravidian speakers were exploited by the colonial empires and sent as indentured servants to 740:

The Dravidian languages with the most speakers are (in descending order of number of speakers)

359: 349: 320: 224: 15131: 11572: 8310: 16363: 16236: 16216: 15964: 15759: 15697: 15539: 15437: 15126: 14929: 14719: 14708: 14670: 14277: 14251: 14156: 14146: 13829: 13745: 13596: 13518: 13215: 13187: 13094: 12979: 12969: 12872: 11962: 11794: 7943: 4979: 4915: 4485: 4304: 4292: 4244: 4068: 4032: 3936: 3745: 3630: 1932: 1429: 1016:

Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" for this family of languages, based on the usage of the

631: 330: 325: 15240: 14965: 11669: 11136:

Kolichala, Suresh (2016). "Dravidian Languages". In Hans Henrich Hock; Elena Bashir (eds.).

10066:

Ideology and status of Sanskrit : contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language

5267:

In the languages in which aspirates are found, they primarily occur in the large numbers of

16344: 16334: 16324: 16174: 16028: 15841: 15725: 15514: 15271: 15079: 15052: 15035: 15003: 14901: 14615: 14540: 14467: 14246: 14223: 14195: 14126: 14037: 13818: 13352: 13192: 13131: 12829: 12701: 12249: 12059: 11929: 11691: 11457: 11347: 11034: 10356: 9915: 9817: 9714:"Dravidian language family is approximately 4,500 years old, new linguistic analysis finds" 9514: 8849: 7831: 7677: 7037: 5690:

Verbs are intransitive, transitive, and causative; there are also active and passive forms.

5316:

Dravidian languages are also historically characterized by a three-way distinction between

4987: 4652: 4076: 3757: 3737: 3733: 3321: 3261: 3127: 3095: 3087: 3009: 2933: 2804: 2704: 2366: 2299: 2207: 1850: 1551: 887: 879: 727: 354: 15399: 10845:"Kannada inscription at Talagunda of 370 CE may replace Halmidi inscription as the oldest" 8998: 7906:, is the first known literary work. The earliest Telugu inscription, from Erragudipadu in 8: 16391: 16164: 16149: 16084: 15808: 15718: 15711: 15662: 15620: 15291: 15195: 15095: 15084: 15046: 15025: 14923: 14882: 14657: 14639: 14633: 14608: 14601: 14594: 14507: 14490: 14229: 13895: 13882: 13726: 13583: 13264: 13259: 13089: 13074: 13014: 12716: 11982: 11897: 11892: 11757: 11196: 11030: 7893: 7683:

The stem *īr is still found in compound words, and has taken on a meaning of "double" in

5630:

The *ṯ developed into a trill (with *r being a tap) in South and South Central Dravidian.

5483: 5049: 5029: 4862: 4777: 4757: 4737: 4689:

produced a detailed proposal of a genetic relationship between Dravidian and the extinct

4497: 4399: 4379: 4264: 4124: 4088: 4064: 4028: 3996: 3968: 3960: 3928: 3861: 3801: 3717: 3079: 2969: 2965: 2921: 2672: 1397: 946: 891: 545: 265: 11461: 11351: 9518: 8853: 5137:

In addition, a number of grammatical features of Vedic Sanskrit not found in its sister

4869:

of a late Neolithic (early 2nd millennium BCE, i.e. post-dating Harappan decline) stone

16125: 16079: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15205: 15200: 15190: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15147: 15116: 15111: 15064: 15058: 15009: 14954: 14877: 14761: 14725: 14686: 14628: 14435: 14430: 14141: 13900: 13869: 13835: 13823: 13782: 13657: 13325: 13106: 13084: 13079: 13047: 12959: 12589: 12511: 12396: 12029: 11967: 11917: 11884: 11789: 11762: 11519: 11407: 11368: 11266: 11009: 9679:

p.234, Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad

9530: 9526: 9421: 9386: 9351: 8870: 8837: 8815: 8337: 8012: 7673: 5478: 5321: 4558: 4419: 4232: 4220: 4160: 3976: 3889: 3857: 3837: 3566: 3550: 3313: 3233: 2973: 2941: 2885: 2644: 2259: 860: 660: 621: 260: 15302: 15265: 10079:

The Brahui language, an old Dravidian language spoken in parts of Baluchistan and Sind

7910:, is dated 575. The first literary work is an 11th-century translation of part of the 7838:, dating from the 2nd century BCE. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the 6420:(to-the-shop go-then eggs get-come) 'Go to the shop and bring eggs.' (verb participle) 1346:

The Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Most scholars agree on four groups:

154: 16329: 16306: 16301: 16279: 16221: 15999: 15922: 15815: 15216: 15121: 15101: 15040: 15020: 14731: 14692: 14663: 14651: 14588: 14534: 14512: 14485: 14425: 14398: 14217: 14178: 14168: 14136: 14009: 13935: 13917: 13911: 13813: 13731: 13645: 13424: 13225: 13143: 13100: 13069: 13059: 13004: 12989: 12648: 12401: 12310: 12173: 12099: 12064: 12034: 12009: 11977: 11947: 11942: 11912: 11826: 11647: 11628: 11609: 11557: 11538: 11505: 11434: 11415: 11393: 11373: 11295: 11271: 11230: 11223: 11204: 11182: 11163: 11141: 11105: 11083: 11064: 11040: 11016: 10993: 10986: 10970: 10951: 10942: 10918: 10899: 10747: 10691: 10376: 9995: 9613: 9425: 9066: 9027: 8941: 8875: 8466: 8427: 8368: 8329: 8222: 8159: 7954: 7938: 7722: 7142: 6426:(he lie if-saying mother will-beat) 'If he lies, mother will beat him.' (Conditional) 5605: 5498: 5488: 5333: 5232: 5007: 4628: 4620: 4537: 4473: 4427: 4423: 4407: 4387: 4375: 4344: 4312: 4256: 4212: 4192: 4116: 4112: 4056: 3988: 3920: 3893: 3845: 3781: 3769: 3682: 3542: 3475: 3432: 3404: 3376: 3083: 2929: 2901: 2680: 2640: 2632: 1705: 1604: 1436: 921: 636: 626: 495: 364: 183: 76: 15307: 15296: 15276: 13614: 8341: 5351:; subsequently, in some of these languages, the trill evolved into the alveolar tap 16291: 16284: 16231: 16159: 16154: 16111: 16104: 16034: 15978: 15916: 15822: 15794: 15780: 15766: 15683: 15655: 15643: 15636: 15524: 15384: 15374: 15369: 15323: 15317: 15286: 15179: 15074: 14998: 14936: 14888: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14795: 14784: 14768: 14703: 14698: 14681: 14622: 14516: 14448: 14359: 14326: 14294: 14190: 14162: 14111: 14032: 14016: 14002: 13984: 13977: 13963: 13923: 13905: 13889: 13875: 13697: 13680: 13331: 13304: 13254: 13246: 13220: 13177: 13137: 13121: 12999: 12994: 12974: 12964: 12952: 12824: 12801: 12721: 12549: 12534: 12429: 12421: 12411: 12406: 12371: 12277: 12234: 12229: 12160: 12150: 12132: 12107: 12089: 12084: 12074: 12054: 12039: 12019: 12014: 11952: 11907: 11675: 11488: 11465: 11363: 11355: 11261: 11253: 11060: 10384: 10368: 10169: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9522: 9413: 9378: 9343: 9062:

India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East: Policies, Politics and Challenges

8865: 8857: 8807: 8798:

McAlpin, David W. (2003). "Velars, Uvulars and the Northern Dravidian hypothesis".

8321: 7912: 7889: 7827: 7771: 7147: 7045: 6319:

The negation is expressed synthetically by a special negative verb form (cf. Konda

5582: 5473: 5468: 5329: 5317: 5138: 5003: 4999: 4983: 4956: 4753: 4726: 4718: 4690: 4686: 4663: 4576: 4505: 4465: 4453: 4324: 4284: 4272: 4236: 4144: 4092: 4020: 3964: 3908: 3873: 3865: 3825: 3805: 3662: 3638: 3622: 3602: 3570: 3534: 3392: 3349: 3301: 3221: 3075: 3051: 2961: 2945: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2636: 2512: 2504: 2492: 2465: 2287: 2255: 2203: 2199: 1713: 1709: 1492: 1298:

Based on what Krishnamurti states (referring to a scholarly paper published in the

978: 780:

are spoken in isolated pockets in eastern India. Kurukh is also spoken in parts of

723: 551: 280: 270: 15364: 15312: 14304: 12295: 10040:

The Orāons of Chōtā Nāgpur: their history, economic life, and social organization.

9128: 6491:

Dravidian words that have found their way into English are "orange" (via Sanskrit

5240:

less formal registers, as well as in the many "non-literary" Dravidian languages.

5149:, that is, native Dravidian speakers learning and adopting Indic languages due to 1198:

Joseph (1989: IJDL 18.2:134–42) gives extensive references to the use of the term

16479: 16118: 16069: 16023: 15906: 15801: 15773: 15732: 15649: 15519: 15394: 15379: 15348: 15069: 15030: 14895: 14841: 14713: 14575: 14341: 14336: 14201: 14116: 13997: 13990: 13970: 13952: 13857: 13840: 13639: 13511: 13488: 13458: 13429: 13419: 13398: 13314: 13291: 13274: 13269: 13199: 13182: 13126: 13116: 13042: 13032: 12984: 12939: 12913: 12887: 12852: 12814: 12539: 12521: 12496: 12381: 12366: 12287: 12267: 12211: 12145: 12079: 12044: 12024: 11957: 11869: 11849: 11831: 10932: 10206: 9922: 9840: 9676: 8935: 8460: 8362: 8262: 7907: 7897: 7812: 7800: 7688: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7117: 7092: 5505: 5493: 5376: 5253: 5150: 4936: 4909: 4901: 4667: 4644: 4624: 4616: 4332: 4184: 4164: 4152: 4132: 4044: 3948: 3885: 3813: 3765: 3702: 3690: 3654: 3598: 3590: 3578: 3562: 3526: 3522: 3452: 3440: 3424: 3412: 3384: 3059: 2909: 2889: 2684: 2668: 2408: 2211: 2162: 2109: 2086: 2067: 1964: 1924: 1887: 1872: 1846: 1808: 1788: 1738: 1650: 1636: 1626: 1611: 1599: 1580: 1504: 1496: 1465: 1455: 1444: 1415: 1388: 1352: 986: 982: 970: 954: 907: 895: 867: 793: 777: 761: 741: 696: 611: 305: 290: 285: 275: 255: 70: 11701: 9760: 9748: 4599: 1210:

first as the name of a people, then of a country. Sinhala BCE inscriptions cite

1136:" with the indigenous name of the Tamil language, the likely derivation being "* 772:, and account for the overwhelming majority of speakers of Dravidian languages. 16296: 16064: 15577: 15529: 15389: 15358: 15329: 14960: 14846: 14829: 14779: 14774: 14645: 14582: 14352: 14346: 14266: 14261: 14207: 14184: 13929: 13751: 13708: 13691: 13685: 13663: 13651: 13534: 13502: 13463: 13403: 13367: 13319: 13299: 13064: 13054: 12947: 12908: 12892: 12636: 12569: 12564: 12554: 12467: 12434: 12376: 12346: 12224: 12168: 12122: 11972: 11902: 11864: 11385: 11080:

The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity

10936: 10915:

Ancient India: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200

7816: 7792: 7684: 7665: 7122: 7112: 7082: 6391:(to-him anger it-came) 'He became angry.' (subject in dative, verbal predicate) 5694: 5693:

All of the positive verb forms have their corresponding negative counterparts,

5531: 5248: 5244: 5146: 5045: 4940: 4905: 4854: 4790: 4675: 4568: 4363: 4348: 4340: 4148: 4100: 4036: 3829: 3789: 3674: 3670: 3491: 3364: 3357: 3317: 3305: 3289: 3257: 3225: 3147: 3103: 3055: 3005: 2957: 2937: 2925: 2768: 2712: 2664: 2628: 2607: 2550: 2539: 2520: 2485: 2450: 2443: 2393: 2378: 2359: 2339: 2331: 2267: 2187: 2171: 2128: 2121: 2102: 2000: 1876: 1857: 1818: 1778: 1748: 1642: 1585: 1535: 1508: 1408: 1392: 1097: 1087: 950: 863: 825: 773: 765: 745: 510: 300: 295: 11470: 10372: 9417: 7869: 5739:'hands') and the combination of these two *-(n)k(k)aḷ common in SD (cf. Tamil 436: 16489: 15413: 15353: 15335: 14851: 14835: 14789: 14546: 14366: 14331: 14321: 14299: 14256: 14121: 13702: 13634: 13357: 13309: 13172: 13037: 12867: 12726: 12579: 12488: 12461: 12386: 12361: 12351: 12239: 12178: 12049: 11874: 11784: 11218: 11117: 11052: 11044: 10962: 10751: 10380: 10352: 9404:

Burrow, T (1944). "Dravidian Studies IV: The Body in Dravidian and Uralian".

9184: 8080: 7902: 7839: 7808: 7107: 7102: 5647: 4975: 4947: 4876: 4706: 4671: 4648: 4172: 3209: 3131: 3107: 3039: 2993: 2764: 2716: 2431: 2385: 1798: 1546: 1460: 1422: 1001: 966: 942:), but states that some people would include them in the "Dramiḍa" category. 849: 821: 757: 756:, all of which have long literary traditions. Smaller literary languages are 592: 577: 572: 567: 525: 515: 500: 315: 310: 250: 245: 13544: 11257: 10946: 10938:

A comparative grammar of the Dravidian, or, South-Indian family of languages

10803:"Experts Question Dates of Script in Tamil Nadu's Keeladi Excavation Report" 10173: 7787:

The oldest known Tamil-Brahmi inscription, near Mangulam in Madurai district

7711:("two people", in Tamil) and "ippattu" (ipp-hattu, double ten", in Kannada). 6385:(he my father) 'He is my father.' (subject in nominative, nominal predicate) 16467: 16201: 16009: 15743: 14310: 12597: 12574: 12472: 12257: 12183: 11377: 11283: 11275: 11109: 9992:

The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

9736: 9211:"Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot" 8879: 8333: 7885: 7863: 7843: 5042:

1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian.

4951: 4926: 4880: 4858: 4842: 4826: 4749: 4741: 4581: 4542: 4461: 3325: 3265: 3135: 2840: 2828: 2558: 2500: 2477: 2416: 2401: 2347: 2323: 2303: 2231: 2098: 1972: 1164:- and further, with the intrusive, 'hypercorrect' (or perhaps analogical) - 933: 833: 817: 719: 641: 587: 582: 557: 505: 441: 11492: 10388: 10199: 5302: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5092: 5084: 5076: 5065: 5059: 5053: 1328: 1320: 1312: 1304: 1288: 1280: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1240: 1232: 1224: 1212: 1200: 1170: 1154: 1146: 1138: 1130: 1108: 1095: 1078: 1070: 1049: 1043: 1031: 1021: 128: 12681: 12559: 12391: 12341: 12219: 11097: 9505:

Renfrew, Colin (October 1989). "The Origins of Indo-European Languages".

8937:

Language Shifts Among the Scheduled Tribes in India: A Geographical Study

5773:

Gender system types illustrated with third-person demonstrative pronouns

5642:

The most characteristic grammatical features of Dravidian languages are:

5285: 5261: 5141:

appear to have been borrowed from Dravidian languages. These include the

4991: 4870: 4850: 4352: 3678: 3468: 3237: 3163: 3091: 3035: 2897: 2836: 2788: 2784: 2700: 2562: 2481: 2424: 2343: 2271: 2235: 2223: 2136: 2075: 2038: 2016: 1984: 1944: 938: 928: 875: 871: 841: 809: 797: 700: 535: 465: 45: 11679: 11359: 9534: 8861: 8661: 5934:'younger brother'), *-aḷ and *-i for the singular feminine (cf. Kannada 5907:

There is no consensus as to which of these three types is the original.

991:

Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages

768:, these languages cover the southern part of India and the northeast of 16376: 16095: 16045: 15911: 13957: 12529: 12140: 10082: 9023:

Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory

8819: 8325: 7983: 7859: 7835: 5191: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4866: 4551: 4300: 4260: 4188: 4120: 4060: 4024: 3992: 3956: 3924: 3897: 3797: 3753: 3729: 3710: 3646: 3626: 3538: 3495: 3428: 3400: 3372: 3071: 2913: 2860: 2616: 2215: 789: 734: 718:

Dravidian is first attested in the 2nd century BCE, as inscriptions in

712: 476: 12737: 9390: 9355: 9334:

Tyler, Stephen (1968). "Dravidian and Uralian: the lexical evidence".

8969:"Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues −2001" 6379:(he me asked) 'He asked me.' (subject in nominative, verbal predicate) 2856: 13022: 12478: 11859: 7881: 7823: 7804: 7696: 7669: 7087: 6403: 6397:(to-him a son) 'He has a son.' (subject in dative, nominal predicate) 5661: 5558: 5340: 5325: 5025: 4960: 4356: 4180: 4140: 4012: 3901: 3821: 3698: 3650: 3586: 3514: 3499: 3483: 3448: 3420: 3380: 3297: 3217: 3175: 3159: 3119: 3067: 3047: 3022: 2997: 2981: 2949: 2877: 2848: 2832: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2724: 2692: 2648: 2524: 2473: 2420: 2397: 2351: 2291: 2179: 2175: 2079: 2034: 2012: 1976: 1865: 1768: 1700: 1401: 1184:- alternation is a common enough phenomenon in Dravidian phonology". 1116: 997: 962: 883: 829: 769: 753: 704: 471: 148: 122: 118: 49: 10984:

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994),

10027:

The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration

8811: 7013:, in parallel to *yān; some languages like Tamil retain both forms, 6285:, in parallel to *yān; some languages like Tamil retain both forms, 5166: 890:

suggest that Dravidian languages were spoken more widely across the

16474: 12641: 12544: 12506: 12356: 12069: 11997: 11122:

Predvaritel'noe soobshchenie ob issledovanii protoindiyskikh textov

10669: 10667: 10665: 10333: 9608:

Stolper, Matthew W. (2008). "Elamite". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).

9456:

Proceedings of the Second International Conference of Tamil Studies

9382: 9347: 7851: 7664:

This is the same as the word for another form of the number one in

7041: 6344:

Verbal compounds can be formed in Dravidian, for example the Tamil

6080: 6020: 5755:"non-male" as well as "human" and "non-human" play a central role: 5272: 5268: 5220: 3202: 3171: 2989: 2844: 2752: 2728: 2624: 1936: 1883: 1278:, fourth to seventh centuries CE) (1989: 134–138). It appears that 1065: 1017: 801: 708: 520: 446: 431: 421: 53: 11243: 11138:

The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide

9771: 9754: 9553: 9541: 9297:"Dr Veerendra Heggade in Dubai to Unite Tuluvas for Tulu Sammelan" 8975:. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. 7028:

wikt:Appendix:Cognate sets for Dravidian languages § Numerals

5910:

The gender is not explicitly marked for all nouns. Thus in Telugu

1222:- denoting Tamil merchants. Early Buddhist and Jaina sources used 15612: 12809: 11854: 11131:] (in Russian). Moscow: Institute of Ethnography of the USSR. 9903:

Harappan language...prevailing theory indicates Dravidian origins

8755: 7979: 7975: 7855: 7796: 7692: 7097: 6041: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5336:, all of which belong to the Tamil–Kannada branch of the family. 5034: 4995: 4730: 4612: 3341: 3281: 3241: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3155: 3111: 3013: 3001: 2977: 2868: 2852: 2820: 2800: 2776: 2720: 2307: 2279: 2239: 1940: 1861: 1758: 1440: 958: 853: 749: 426: 16053: 11125:Предварительное сообщение об исследовании протоиндийских текстов 10662: 10650: 10638: 10626: 10614: 10602: 10578: 10527: 10515: 10491: 10479: 10180: 8838:"A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family" 8495: 8493: 4705:

hypothesis was supported in the late 1980s by the archaeologist

192: 163: 15704: 15553:

Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.

15534: 15432: 13027: 12613: 12117: 12004: 11937: 11225:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth

10568: 10566: 10160:

Elfenbein, Josef (1987). "A periplus of the 'Brahui problem'".

9694: 7880:) inscription excavated at the Pranaveshwara temple complex at 5941: 5668: 5142: 4784: 4745: 4586: 4563: 4547: 4512: 4493: 4415: 4395: 4371: 4320: 4280: 4252: 4228: 4208: 4156: 4108: 4084: 4052: 4016: 3984: 3944: 3916: 3881: 3853: 3833: 3793: 3761: 3725: 3706: 3618: 3594: 3558: 3530: 3487: 3460: 3329: 3309: 3269: 3245: 3229: 3179: 3167: 3139: 3063: 3031: 2881: 2812: 2796: 2792: 2772: 2760: 2676: 2581: 2566: 2543: 2458: 2439: 2374: 2355: 2311: 2275: 2263: 2227: 2219: 2117: 2094: 2042: 1980: 1952: 1080: 845: 785: 562: 540: 530: 11671:

A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family

10872: 10870: 10721: 10719: 10309: 10297: 10263: 10261: 6432:(he said truth) 'What he says is true.' (adnominal participle) 5684:

Word order follows certain basic rules but is relatively free.

4662:

Dravidian languages display typological similarities with the

11987: 9871:

most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously

9789: 9639: 9565: 9315: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8673: 8490: 8423:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti, Volume 2

8403: 8401: 8399: 7876:

Kannada's earliest known inscription is the lion balustrade (

4717:

was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the

4655:, which have been attributed to the influence of a Dravidian 4571:(Balaghat, Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Mandla and Seoni districts) 3337: 3277: 3253: 3249: 3198: 3151: 3123: 3115: 2985: 2824: 2808: 2780: 2736: 2732: 2315: 2283: 2243: 2020: 2008: 1992: 1988: 1262:- were used as variants to designate a country in the south ( 781: 11337: 10590: 10563: 10539: 10503: 9742: 9589: 8835: 8541: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8121: 12653: 12501: 12112: 11992: 10983: 10867: 10770: 10716: 10467: 10443: 10431: 10395: 10285: 10258: 9682: 8529: 5671:, adverbs, interjections, onomatopoetic words, echo words). 4698: 4694: 3333: 3273: 3143: 2816: 2319: 2295: 1956: 1668:

In some words, *k is retracted or spirantized, shifting to

837: 813: 10216: 9474: 9099:"Countries where Tamil is official language தமிழ் நாடுகள்" 8767: 8685: 8553: 8396: 8291: 8289: 1230:- to refer to a people of south India (presumably Tamil); 10740:"Gondi manuscript translation to reveal Gondwana history" 10704: 10688:

Colloquial Tamil : the complete course for beginners

10419: 10407: 10107:

Ceylon & Indian History from Early Times to 1505 A.D.

9777: 9627: 8940:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 26–27. 8779: 8721: 8719: 8589: 8118: 8108: 8106: 5716: 4982:

has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a

4736:

Dravidian is one of the primary language families in the

4594: 11606:

The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India

11554:

The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics

10825: 8260: 5074:

having unconditioned retroflexes. Some sample words are

13537:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant) 11535:

Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics

10551: 9486: 8999:"India – Census of India 2011 – LANGUAGE ATLAS – INDIA" 8649: 8601: 8565: 8286: 8032:

Tamil also has different forms for honorific pronouns:

6348:'to bring' is composed of an infinite form of the verb 5996: 5947: 10455: 10248: 10246: 10233: 10231: 10112: 9406:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

8743: 8731: 8716: 8704: 8613: 8172: 8103: 8063: 8061: 5460:

The following consonantal phonemes are reconstructed:

4990:. However, it has been argued that the absence of any 916:(1906), map of the distribution of Dravidian languages 16451: 11140:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 73–107. 10321: 10273: 9892:

Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Edition

9610:

The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum

9577: 8625: 7974:

Earlier fragmentary finds have been claimed, e.g. at

7721:

was also used to refer to the number nine in ancient

6447:(I he -like-that thinking) 'I think he's a good man.' 6364:

Characteristic of the Dravidian languages is a fixed

6050: 5935: 5746: 5734: 11646:, Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture, 10213:. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 June 2008 10136: 10124: 9001:. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India 8915: 8637: 8577: 8505: 8214: 8184: 7725:

texts but was later completely replaced by the word

7714:

The Kolami numbers 5 to 10 are borrowed from Telugu.

6062: 6035: 6008: 6002: 5953: 5929: 5917: 5911: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5728: 5722: 4725:. Elamite is generally believed by scholars to be a 874:

coast and clear signs of Dravidian phonological and

11573:"Early Sources for South Asian Substrate Languages" 11537:, University of California Press (published 1991), 11448:——— (2011), "Rice in Dravidian", 10243: 10228: 9855:"Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley" 9651: 9059:Rajan, S. Irudaya; Saxena, Prem (10 October 2019). 8058: 8039: 8033: 7032:The numerals from 1 to 10 in various Dravidian and 6414:(him to-come tell) 'Tell him to come.' (infinitive) 6068: 6056: 6029: 6014: 5990: 5977: 5971: 5923: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5740: 5328:places of articulation as well as large numbers of 11222: 11008: 10985: 10042:by Sarat Chandra Roy, Rai Bahadur; Alfred C Haddon 8517: 7986:, but have not been conclusively established (see 7807:, have lengthy literary traditions. Literature in 7009:for the 1SG pronoun back formed from 1P inclusive 6281:for the 1SG pronoun back formed from 1P inclusive 6074: 5946:'girl') and *-ar for human plurals (cf. Malayalam 5013: 764:. Together with several smaller languages such as 11731: 10192: 7900:(450 CE). A 9th-century treatise on poetics, the 7822:The earliest known Dravidian inscriptions are 76 16487: 15607: 11533:Thomason, Sarah Grey; Kaufman, Terrence (1988), 11390:A Guide to the World's Languages: Classification 11312:A Dravidian solution to the Indus script problem 11129:A Preliminary Report on the Study of Proto Texts 11104:. Bombay: Indian Historical Research Institute. 10896:A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages 10788: 9441:Zvelebil, Kamil (2006). Dravidian Languages. In 9437: 9435: 8452: 8306: 8304: 5381:Proto-Dravidian had five short and long vowels: 1704:lists several unclassified Dravidian languages: 11532: 10339: 9026:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 92–116. 8458: 8360: 1114:(found in the Sri Lankan (Ceylonese) chronicle 11006: 10345: 9833:Pot route could have linked Indus & Vaigai 9612:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–82. 9559: 9547: 4733:, Brahui and Dravidian as its three branches. 1300:International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 15593: 13574: 13560: 12753: 11717: 11039:, by Campbell, A. D., Madras: College Press, 10961: 10351: 9670:History and Archaeology, Volume 1, Issues 1–2 9595: 9432: 8419: 8301: 5297: 5291: 4895: 4740:proposal, which would link most languages in 1731:Speakers of Dravidian languages, by language 668: 16437:Families with more than 30 languages are in 15563:Families with more than 30 languages are in 12784: 11698:(2nd ed., 1984) in a searchable online form. 11518: 11154: 10876: 10800: 10725: 10673: 10656: 10644: 10632: 10620: 10608: 10596: 10584: 10572: 10545: 10533: 10521: 10509: 10497: 10485: 10473: 10449: 10437: 10413: 10401: 10315: 10303: 10291: 10267: 10222: 10186: 9989: 9783: 9700: 9688: 9645: 9571: 9480: 9321: 8927: 8831: 8829: 8773: 8761: 8698: 8679: 8667: 8499: 8407: 8364:Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent 8356: 8354: 8141: 8129: 5280: 4832: 4785:Proto-Dravidian and onset of diversification 1042:The word I have chosen is 'Dravidian', from 13451: 12687:Meitei associate official language movement 11102:Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture 10967:Language Classification: History and Method 9934: 9058: 7815:is more recent. Recently old literature in 5355:or underwent other sound changes (Tulu has 5308: 4939:of the masses started, which resulted in a 2336:2,980,000 (claimed, possibly much greater) 15600: 15586: 13567: 13553: 12760: 12746: 11724: 11710: 11504:(2nd ed.), Routledge, pp. 1–44, 11447: 11428: 9795: 9706: 9663: 9633: 8267:, vol. 10, Academy of Tamil Culture, 8256: 8254: 7998: 7996: 7920:(9th century). The first literary work is 6309:and the suffix of the 1st person singular 675: 661: 11478: 11469: 11367: 11265: 11195: 11135: 10801:Charuchandra, Sukanya (17 October 2019). 10776: 10710: 10159: 10109:By L. H. Horace Perera, M. Ratnasabapathy 9807: 8869: 8826: 8559: 8535: 8351: 8210: 8208: 8112: 5840:Type 2: Telugu (South Central Dravidian) 5207:Learn how and when to remove this message 1128:almost certainly provide a connection of 985:was related to these languages. In 1856, 12800: 11641: 11622: 11603: 11116: 10988:The History and Geography of Human Genes 10931: 10893: 10831: 10557: 10461: 10425: 10279: 10053:Origin and Spread of the Tamils By V. R. 9965: 9894:. Vol. 11. Elsevier. Archived from 9492: 9371:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8800:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8749: 8737: 8725: 8710: 8655: 8631: 8619: 8607: 8595: 8583: 8571: 8295: 8153: 7782: 5227:languages of South Asia, lacked both an 4598: 906: 699:spoken by 250 million people, mainly in 27:Language family mostly of southern India 12767: 11499: 11406: 11308: 11282: 11217: 10118: 10058: 10014: 9607: 9583: 9504: 8933: 8921: 8891: 8889: 8797: 8643: 8511: 8251: 8215:Steven Roger Fischer (3 October 2004). 8178: 8067: 7993: 7707:(20 in Telugu), "iraṭṭi" ("double") or 168:Distribution of the Dravidian languages 14: 16488: 11644:Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction 11570: 11384: 11176: 11082:, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 11077: 10327: 10252: 10237: 9403: 8895: 8785: 8205: 8190: 7703:(20, literally meaning "double-ten"), 6301:'I come' is composed of the verb stem 4879:surmised that the symbols represent a 4752:into a family with its origins in the 4595:Proposed relations with other families 1120:) and then goes on to say, "The forms 15581: 13548: 12741: 11705: 11668:Vishnupriya Kolipakam et al. (2018), 11551: 11096: 11029: 10912: 10894:Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (2003), 10737: 10685: 10142: 9977: 9937:"Significance of Mayiladuthurai find" 9657: 9333: 9139:from the original on 24 November 2019 9109:from the original on 24 December 2018 8547: 8523: 7916:. The earliest Malayalam text is the 7892:, dated to 370 CE which replaced the 5701: 5445:phoneme (mostly word finally) became 1294:- which could be its Sanskritization. 11431:Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia 11318:, World Classical Tamil Conference, 11051: 11033:(1816), "Note to the Introduction", 10855:from the original on 9 November 2020 10813:from the original on 29 January 2020 10738:Singh, S. Harpal (20 January 2014). 10130: 9882: 9368: 9277:from the original on 2 February 2021 9079:from the original on 13 October 2022 9040:from the original on 13 October 2022 9019: 8979:from the original on 6 February 2012 8886: 7850:released a report on excavations at 6292: 5706: 5189:adding citations to reliable sources 5160: 1238:- was a southern non-Aryan country; 902: 13033:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam) 11696:A Dravidian etymological dictionary 11057:Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 11007:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2000), 9808:Mahadevan, Iravatham (6 May 2006). 9052: 9013: 6445:nāṉ avaṉ nallavaṉ eṉṟu niṉaikkiṟēṉ. 5873:Type 3: Kolami (Central Dravidian) 4918:into north-western India, starting 1645:(Kumarbhag Paharia, Sauria Paharia) 24: 12692:Meitei classical language movement 11662: 11325:from the original on 2 August 2020 10094:Ancient India; Culture and Thought 9852: 9527:10.1038/scientificamerican1089-106 9165:from the original on 5 August 2020 8158:. Random House India. p. 72. 8023:may also be represented as ḻ or r̤ 7949:Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew 7746:*100 = 90) as well as the Kannada 6334:'to hide' the reflexive verb stem 5370: 2145:South-Central Dravidian languages 1679:In some words, *c is retracted to 870:. Dravidian place names along the 25: 16522: 12697:Meitei linguistic purism movement 11692:Dravidian Etymological Dictionary 11685: 11591:from the original on 3 March 2016 10690:. London: Routledge. p. 45. 9303:from the original on 3 March 2016 9267:"Where Malayalees once held sway" 9191:from the original on 14 June 2021 8479:from the original on 9 April 2023 8440:from the original on 9 April 2023 8426:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1118. 8381:from the original on 9 April 2023 8271:from the original on 9 April 2023 8261:Tamil Literature Society (1963), 8235:from the original on 9 April 2023 8154:Phuntsho, Karma (23 April 2013). 8091:from the original on 9 April 2023 7934:Dravidian Linguistics Association 7848:Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department 5916:'elder brother' is masculine and 4685:In the early 1970s, the linguist 4437:Unclassified Dravidian languages 1341: 1008:, with a major revision in 1984. 1006:Dravidian Etymological Dictionary 16473: 16461: 11429:Southworth, Franklin C. (2005), 10837: 10794: 10782: 10758:from the original on 9 July 2020 10731: 10679: 10153: 10099: 10087: 10071: 10045: 10032: 9935:Subramanian, T.S. (1 May 2006). 9724:from the original on 18 May 2018 8026: 8017: 8005: 7676:("a") and when the number is an 6418:kaṭaikku pōyi muṭṭaikaḷ koṇṭuvā. 5800:Type 1: Tamil (South Dravidian) 5660:Most Dravidian languages have a 5165: 4841:(3300–1900 BCE), located in the 191: 162: 11552:Trask, Robert Lawrence (2000), 11525:Dravidian Comparative Phonology 10886: 10019: 10008: 9983: 9971: 9959: 9928: 9908: 9876: 9846: 9824: 9801: 9601: 9498: 9469:Comparative Dravidian Phonology 9461: 9448: 9397: 9362: 9327: 9289: 9259: 9247:from the original on 7 May 2021 9229: 9203: 9177: 9151: 9129:"History of the Tamil Diaspora" 9121: 9091: 8991: 8961: 8791: 8413: 8196: 7987: 7791:Four Dravidian languages, viz. 7005:Tamil-Telugu made another word 6507:" bound logs"), "mango" (Tamil 6277:Tamil-Telugu made another word 5176:needs additional citations for 5014:Dravidian influence on Sanskrit 4925:, and the establishment of the 4603:Language families in South Asia 1723: 1481:(Telugu-Kui, or South Dravidian 1356:(Tamil–Tulu, or South Dravidian 926:The 14th-century Sanskrit text 11674:, Royal Society Open Science. 11642:——— (1990), 11623:——— (1975), 11162:, Cambridge University Press, 10992:, Princeton University Press, 10969:, Cambridge University Press, 9185:"Vienna Malayalee Association" 8465:, Cambridge University Press, 8462:The Cambridge World Prehistory 8147: 8073: 7968: 7826:inscriptions on cave walls in 6535:Some Dravidian word equations 6366:subject–object–verb word order 6079:'of the elder sister', Ollari 6007:'this village'); *-Vn (Telugu 1712:(both of Tamil-Malayalam) and 652:Portal:Dravidian civilizations 388:History of Dravidian languages 13: 1: 11392:, Stanford University Press, 11229:, London: Thames and Hudson, 11011:Genes, Peoples, and Languages 10340:Thomason & Kaufman (1988) 8898:"Proto-Dravidian Agriculture" 8320:(3), Springer India: 125–35, 8051: 7819:has been discovered as well. 7778: 6451: 6424:avaṉ poy coṉṉāl ammā aṭippāḷ. 5070:) with about 88 words in the 4929: 4919: 4767: 1190:states in his reference book 973:descended from a common, non- 11414:, Harvard University Press, 11288:Deciphering the Indus script 11203:, Harvard University Press, 11078:Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), 10965:; Poser, William J. (2008), 9830:M.T. Saju (5 October 2018), 8903:. University of Pennsylvania 7346:*nāl, *nālnk(k)V, *nānk(k)V 6081: 6075: 6067:'of the bull'); *-in (Tamil 6063: 6057: 6042: 6021: 6015: 6003: 5954: 5942: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5735: 5723: 5717: 5421:. There were no diphthongs; 5309: 5156: 5020:Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit 4890:Deciphering the Indus Script 4521:Extinct Dravidian languages 3244:, especially in cities like 2051:Central Dravidian languages 1686:Word-initial *v develops to 722:script on cave walls in the 711:, with pockets elsewhere in 230:Ancient history of Sri Lanka 7: 16511:Pre-Indo-European languages 11481:Historiographia Linguistica 9914:Subramanium 2006; see also 9596:Campbell & Poser (2008) 8040: 8034: 7927: 7021: 6089: 6069: 6051: 6036: 6030: 6009: 5997: 5991: 5978: 5972: 5948: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5747: 5741: 5729: 5727:'mouths'), *-ḷ (cf. Telugu 5462: 5363:, and Hill-Maria Gondi has 5359:as reflexes, Manda-Kui has 5303: 5286: 5117: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5077: 5066: 5060: 5054: 3774:Thiruvananthapuram district 2252:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1898:official languages of India 1329: 1321: 1313: 1310:itself appeared later than 1305: 1289: 1281: 1265: 1257: 1249: 1241: 1233: 1225: 1213: 1201: 1171: 1155: 1147: 1139: 1131: 1109: 1096: 1079: 1071: 1050: 1044: 1032: 1022: 75:One of the world's primary 10: 16527: 16257:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric 11768:list by number of speakers 11292:Cambridge University Press 8842:Royal Society Open Science 7025: 6237: 6219: 6201: 6183: 6165: 6147: 6129: 6028:Dative: *-(n)k(k)- (Tamil 5637: 5374: 5017: 4899: 4896:Northern Dravidian pockets 4818:South Asian genetic makeup 4697:(present-day southwestern 2590:South Dravidian languages 1908:North Dravidian languages 919: 913:Linguistic Survey of India 866:of the family is known as 16425: 16362: 16315: 16265: 16145: 16138: 16093: 16044: 16008: 15933: 15869: 15832: 15742: 15619: 15548: 15507: 15484: 15423: 15412: 15256: 14989: 14978: 14946: 14873: 14864: 14753: 14570: 14559: 14526: 14388: 14379: 14287: 14045: 14031: 13945: 13740: 13722: 13673: 13591: 13582: 13576:Primary language families 13528: 13501: 13484: 13442: 13412: 13391: 13384: 13340: 13290: 13283: 13245: 13238: 13208: 13165: 13013: 12938: 12929: 12901: 12880: 12861: 12791: 12775: 12669: 12626: 12606: 12588: 12520: 12487: 12454: 12447: 12420: 12332: 12309: 12286: 12248: 12210: 12192: 12159: 12131: 12098: 11928: 11883: 11840: 11817: 11808: 11740: 11471:10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9 10373:10.1017/S0035869X00019262 9418:10.1017/s0041977x00072517 7310:nāl, nālku, nāṉkŭ, nālŭ 7068: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7053: 6359: 6049:Genitive: -*a/ā (Kannada 5896: 5882: 5872: 5856: 5849: 5839: 5823: 5799: 5298: 5292: 5281: 4978:population of Pakistan's 4839:Indus Valley civilisation 4833:Indus Valley Civilisation 4822:Indus Valley civilization 4711:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza 1879:spoken in central India. 1048:, the adjectival form of 398:Elamo-Dravidian languages 206:Indus Valley Civilisation 161: 147: 135: 117: 92: 82: 71:Linguistic classification 69: 59: 39: 34: 14393:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan 11604:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973), 11571:Witzel, Michael (1999), 11156:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju 11124: 9921:4 September 2006 at the 9810:"Stone celts in Harappa" 9772:Narasimhan et al. (2019) 9755:Narasimhan et al. (2019) 9467:Zvelebil, Kamil (1970), 8361:Dhavendra Kumar (2004), 8081:"Definition of Dravidic" 7961: 7918:Vazhappally copper plate 7770:(in Brahui's case, from 5989:Accusative: *-ay (Tamil 5646:Dravidian languages are 5347:with the alveolar trill 5219:Proto-Dravidian, unlike 4781:is indigenous to India. 1896:Languages recognized as 1090:cites the forms such as 822:colonial period in India 796:is mostly spoken in the 617:Tulu Nadu state movement 393:Proto-Dravidian language 209:Keezhadi excavation site 16506:Agglutinative languages 16434:have no living members. 16317:East and Southeast Asia 15560:have no living members. 12202:Sri Lankan Creole Malay 11734:languages of South Asia 11694:. Burrow and Emeneau's 11528:, Annamalai University. 11502:The Dravidian Languages 11258:10.1126/science.aat7487 11177:Kuiper, F.B.J. (1991), 11160:The Dravidian Languages 10211:Encyclopædia Britannica 10174:10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 9994:. Oxford. p. 183. 9883:Cole, Jennifer (2006). 9839:9 February 2019 at the 9443:Encyclopædia Britannica 9271:Daily News and Analysis 9020:Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). 8550:, pp. 7–12, 23–31. 6389:avarukku kōpam vantatu. 6352:'to hold' and the verb 6061:'of the thief', Brahui 5961: 5124:Indo-European languages 4967:H. Horace Perera and M. 4680:Bhadriraju Krishnamurti 3953:Pathanamthitta district 3519:Chamarajanagar district 1479:South-Central Dravidian 1192:The Dravidian languages 1188:Bhadriraju Krishnamurti 1011: 612:Kannada language rights 417:Dravidian folk religion 65:250 million (2020) 15540:Unclassified languages 15494:list of sign languages 14462:Northeastern Tasmanian 11584:(extra number): 1–76, 11309:Parpola, Asko (2010), 11179:Aryans in the Rig Veda 10913:Avari, Burjor (2007), 10029:Debate by Edwin Bryant 9925:by I. Mahadevan (2006) 9890:. In Brown, K. (ed.). 8420:Amaresh Datta (1988). 7788: 7768:Indo-Iranian languages 7034:Indo-Iranian languages 6519:), "mongoose" (Telugu 6503:), "catamaran" (Tamil 6484:"books and the like". 5995:'elephant', Malayalam 5952:'two persons', Kurukh 5277:Indo-Iranian languages 5225:Indo-Iranian languages 5128:Indo-Iranian languages 5032:, the language of the 4774:comparative linguistic 4604: 1672:in Kurukh and Brahui, 1296: 1062: 917: 360:Dravidian architecture 350:Dravidian civilization 225:History of South India 15515:Constructed languages 13519:Proto-South Dravidian 11493:10.1075/hl.36.1.04sre 11201:Early Tamil Epigraphy 11015:, North Point Press, 10898:, Otto Harrassowitz, 10686:Asher, R. E. (2002). 10055:Ramachandra Dikshitar 9990:Edwin Bryant (2003). 9885:"The Sindhi language" 9560:Cavalli-Sforza (2000) 9548:Cavalli-Sforza (2000) 8764:, pp. 21, 33–34. 8156:The History of Bhutan 8038:(human singular) and 7944:Dravidian nationalism 7786: 7044:and Iranian language 7036:(here exemplified by 6527:) and "curry" (Tamil 6305:, the present suffix 5132:Proto-Dravidian stage 4916:Indo-Aryan migrations 4760:and the emergence of 4756:sometime between the 4713:, who suggested that 4602: 4069:The Nilgiris District 4033:The Nilgiris District 3631:The Nilgiris District 1302:), the Sanskrit word 1196: 1040: 910: 632:Dravidian nationalism 14062:Binanderean–Goilalan 11197:Mahadevan, Iravatham 11031:Ellis, Francis Whyte 10941:, London: Harrison, 10205:9 April 2023 at the 10200:Dravidian languages. 9820:on 4 September 2006. 9675:9 April 2023 at the 9562:, pp. 157, 160. 9550:, pp. 157, 159. 8934:Ishtiaq, M. (1999). 7766:are borrowings from 6233:(he/she/it) himself 6073:'of the king', Toda 5185:improve this article 5050:retroflex consonants 4988:Indo-Aryan languages 4980:Balochistan province 4959:, more specifically 4653:Indo-Aryan languages 3758:Kanyakumari district 3738:Tirunelveli district 3734:Kanyakumari district 3128:United Arab Emirates 3010:United Arab Emirates 2805:United Arab Emirates 888:Indo-Aryan languages 880:retroflex consonants 355:South Indian culture 16496:Dravidian languages 16075:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 15859:Northwest Caucasian 15854:Northeast Caucasian 15344:(Maku-Auari/Jukude) 15247:Tequiraca–Canichana 15090:Harákmbut–Katukinan 13853:Northwest Caucasian 13847:Northeast Caucasian 13771:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 12769:Dravidian languages 12717:Pure Tamil movement 12273:Southern Nicobarese 11680:10.1098/rsos.171504 11520:Subrahmanyam, P. S. 11462:2011Rice....4..142S 11433:, RoutledgeCurzon, 11360:10.1038/nature08365 11352:2009Natur.461..489R 10877:Krishnamurti (2003) 10726:Krishnamurti (2003) 10676:, pp. 260–265. 10674:Krishnamurti (2003) 10657:Krishnamurti (2003) 10645:Krishnamurti (2003) 10635:, pp. 233–235. 10633:Krishnamurti (2003) 10623:, pp. 230–233. 10621:Krishnamurti (2003) 10611:, pp. 227–230. 10609:Krishnamurti (2003) 10597:Krishnamurti (2003) 10587:, pp. 218–226. 10585:Krishnamurti (2003) 10573:Krishnamurti (2003) 10546:Krishnamurti (2003) 10536:, pp. 215–217. 10534:Krishnamurti (2003) 10524:, pp. 210–212. 10522:Krishnamurti (2003) 10510:Krishnamurti (2003) 10500:, pp. 207–210. 10498:Krishnamurti (2003) 10488:, pp. 213–215. 10486:Krishnamurti (2003) 10474:Krishnamurti (2003) 10450:Krishnamurti (2003) 10438:Krishnamurti (2003) 10414:Subrahmanyam (1983) 10402:Krishnamurti (2003) 10342:, pp. 141–144. 10316:Krishnamurti (2003) 10304:Krishnamurti (2003) 10292:Krishnamurti (2003) 10268:Subrahmanyam (1983) 10223:Krishnamurti (2003) 10189:, pp. 27, 142. 10187:Krishnamurti (2003) 9901:on 6 January 2007. 9798:, pp. 255–256. 9784:Krishnamurti (2003) 9743:Reich et al. (2009) 9703:, pp. 501–502. 9646:Krishnamurti (2003) 9572:Krishnamurti (2003) 9519:1989SciAm.261d.106R 9507:Scientific American 9481:Krishnamurti (2003) 9322:Krishnamurti (2003) 9159:"Irish Census 2016" 9105:. 1 February 2015. 9065:. Springer Nature. 8862:10.1098/rsos.171504 8854:2018RSOS....571504K 8788:, pp. 138–141. 8774:Krishnamurti (2003) 8762:Krishnamurti (2003) 8699:Krishnamurti (2003) 8680:Krishnamurti (2003) 8670:, p. 2, footnote 2. 8668:Krishnamurti (2003) 8500:Krishnamurti (2003) 8408:Krishnamurti (2003) 8314:Journal of Genetics 8218:History of Language 8142:Krishnamurti (2003) 8130:Krishnamurti (2003) 7894:Halmidi inscription 7890:Shivamogga district 6734:ondï, orï, ōr, onï 6536: 6430:avaṉ coṉṉatu uṇmai. 6395:avarukku oru makaṉ. 6377:avar eṉṉaik kēṭṭār. 6040:'for work', Kolami 5774: 5655:subject–object–verb 5030:Indo-Aryan language 4863:Iravatham Mahadevan 4778:Indian subcontinent 4762:Proto-Indo-European 4758:Last Glacial Period 4709:and the geneticist 4522: 4498:Malappuram district 4445:Number of speakers 4438: 4400:Malappuram district 4380:Malappuram district 4265:Coimbatore district 4125:Coimbatore district 4089:Malappuram district 4065:Coimbatore district 4029:Coimbatore district 3997:Coimbatore district 3969:Viluppuram district 3961:Coimbatore district 3929:Coimbatore district 3862:Malappuram district 3802:Coimbatore district 2741:Andaman and Nicobar 2591: 2254:. Outside India in 2153:Number of speakers 2146: 2059:Number of speakers 2052: 1916:Number of speakers 1909: 1827: Others (2.3%) 1398:Malayalam languages 947:Francis Whyte Ellis 892:Indian subcontinent 806:Iranian Balochistan 697:family of languages 689:Dravidian languages 383:Dravidian languages 238:Dravidian dynasties 186:culture and history 178:Part of a series on 16340:Austronesian–Ongan 16139:Proposed groupings 14966:Tarascan/Purépecha 14455:Northern Tasmanian 14213:South Bougainville 14174:North Bougainville 13048:Suriyani Malayalam 12627:Prestige language- 12263:Central Nicobarese 11252:(6457): eaat7487, 10659:, p. 253–258. 10647:, p. 244–253. 9273:. 5 October 2005. 8896:Southworth, F. C. 8538:, pp. 75, 90. 8326:10.1007/BF02717908 8221:. Reaktion books. 8013:P. S. Subrahmanyam 7789: 7674:indefinite article 6534: 5940:'daughter', Malto 5772: 5702:Nominal morphology 5126:, including other 4605: 4520: 4436: 4420:Ernakulam district 4233:Kozhikode district 4161:Kasaragod district 3890:Ernakulam district 3858:Kozhikode district 3838:Kasaragod district 3567:Kozhikode district 3314:Kasaragod district 3234:Kasaragod district 2974:Vikarabad district 2689:Thiruvananthapuram 2598:Number of speakers 2589: 2144: 2050: 2028:Kurambhag Paharia 1907: 1104:Avantisundarīkathā 1076:is the Tamil word 1064:The origin of the 918: 691:(sometimes called 622:Telugu Desam Party 18:Dravidian language 16501:Language families 16449: 16448: 16358: 16357: 16350:Sino-Austronesian 16134: 16133: 15609:Language families 15575: 15574: 15525:Language isolates 15503: 15502: 15408: 15407: 14974: 14973: 14860: 14859: 14555: 14554: 14502:Western Tasmanian 14420:Eastern Tasmanian 14375: 14374: 14097:East Geelvink Bay 14027: 14026: 13718: 13717: 13542: 13541: 13535:extinct languages 13497: 13496: 13469:Kumarbhag Paharia 13438: 13437: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13234: 13233: 13161: 13160: 13157: 13156: 12848: 12847: 12735: 12734: 12649:Perso-Arabization 12622: 12621: 12443: 12442: 11653:978-81-8545-201-2 11627:, Leiden: Brill, 11511:978-1-138-85376-8 11440:978-1-134-31777-6 11421:978-0-674-05992-4 11399:978-0-8047-1894-3 11346:(7263): 489–494, 11301:978-0-521-43079-1 11236:978-0-500-05052-1 11210:978-0-674-01227-1 11147:978-3-11-042715-8 11118:Knorozov, Yuri V. 11022:978-0-86547-529-8 10999:978-0-691-18726-6 10976:978-0-521-88005-3 10924:978-1-134-25162-9 10905:978-3-447-04455-4 10779:, pp. 90–95. 10318:, pp. 40–41. 10306:, pp. 36–37. 10068:by Jan E M Houben 9796:Southworth (2005) 9701:Krishnamurti 2003 9689:Krishnamurti 2003 9648:, pp. 45–47. 9634:Southworth (2011) 9619:978-0-521-68497-2 9574:, pp. 44–45. 9324:, pp. 38–42. 9072:978-981-13-9224-5 9033:978-90-5356-035-8 8947:978-81-208-1617-6 8682:, pp. 19–20. 8562:, pp. 86–89. 8502:, pp. 43–47. 8165:978-81-8400-411-3 8144:, pp. 20–21. 8011:reconstructed by 7988:§ Literature 7955:Dreaming of Words 7939:Dravidian peoples 7661: 7660: 7525:enma, eṇma, eḍma 7002: 7001: 6575:*onṯu, *oru, *on 6515:, via Portuguese 6482:pustakam-kistakam 6412:avarai varac col. 6293:Verbal morphology 6255: 6254: 5905: 5904: 5745:'trees', Kannada 5707:Number and gender 5627: 5626: 5334:Nilgiri Mountains 5307:, Adilabad Gondi 5217: 5216: 5209: 4592: 4591: 4518: 4517: 4434: 4433: 4428:Thrissur district 4424:Kottayam district 4376:Palakkad district 4345:Balaghat district 4305:Nilgiris district 4257:Palakkad district 4213:Palakkad district 4193:Nilgiris district 4117:Palakkad district 4113:Thrissur district 4057:Palakkad district 3989:Palakkad district 3921:Palakkad district 3894:Kottayam district 3770:Kottayam district 3683:Amravati district 3543:Nilgiris District 3433:Nilgiris district 3405:Nilgiris district 3377:Nilgiris district 2587: 2586: 2142: 2141: 2048: 2047: 1630:(Brahui-Kurukh) 1571:Central Dravidian 1437:Kannada languages 1286:- was older than 1276:Daśakumāracarita- 1102:'s Sanskrit work 922:Dravidian studies 903:Dravidian studies 707:, and south-west 685: 684: 637:Dravidian parties 627:Tamil nationalism 496:Dravidian peoples 365:Dravidian studies 173: 172: 77:language families 16:(Redirected from 16518: 16478: 16477: 16466: 16465: 16464: 16457: 16417:Proto-Euphratean 16143: 16142: 16051: 16050: 16019:Great Andamanese 15602: 15595: 15588: 15579: 15578: 15421: 15420: 15375:Huaorani/Waorani 15259:(extant in 2000) 15223:Esmeralda–Yaruro 14994:Andoque–Urequena 14987: 14986: 14871: 14870: 14677:Plateau Penutian 14568: 14567: 14543:(Northern Daly?) 14386: 14385: 14272:Northwest Papuan 14236:Trans–New Guinea 14102:East New Britain 14077:Central Solomons 14043: 14042: 13788:Great Andamanese 13738: 13737: 13589: 13588: 13569: 13562: 13555: 13546: 13545: 13449: 13448: 13389: 13388: 13288: 13287: 13243: 13242: 12936: 12935: 12919:Attapady Kurumba 12820:Maundadan Chetti 12798: 12797: 12789: 12788: 12782: 12781: 12762: 12755: 12748: 12739: 12738: 12722:Sanskrit revival 12712:Punjabi Movement 12677:Bengali movement 12452: 12451: 11819:Great Andamanese 11815: 11814: 11726: 11719: 11712: 11703: 11702: 11657: 11638: 11625:Tamil Literature 11619: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11590: 11577: 11567: 11548: 11529: 11515: 11496: 11475: 11473: 11456:(3–4): 142–148, 11444: 11425: 11403: 11381: 11371: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11324: 11317: 11305: 11279: 11269: 11240: 11228: 11214: 11192: 11173: 11151: 11132: 11113: 11093: 11074: 11061:Aditya Prakashan 11048: 11026: 11014: 11003: 10991: 10980: 10949: 10933:Caldwell, Robert 10928: 10909: 10880: 10874: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10780: 10777:Mahadevan (2003) 10774: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10714: 10711:Mahadevan (2003) 10708: 10702: 10701: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10582: 10576: 10570: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10465: 10459: 10453: 10447: 10441: 10435: 10429: 10428:, pp. 2, 6. 10423: 10417: 10411: 10405: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10355:(January 1887). 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10256: 10250: 10241: 10235: 10226: 10220: 10214: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10157: 10151: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10075: 10069: 10062: 10056: 10049: 10043: 10036: 10030: 10023: 10017: 10012: 10006: 10005: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9947:on 30 April 2008 9943:. Archived from 9932: 9926: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9889: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9866: 9857:. Archived from 9850: 9844: 9843:, Times of India 9828: 9822: 9821: 9816:. Archived from 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9623: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9502: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9465: 9459: 9458:Madras. 267–277. 9452: 9446: 9439: 9430: 9429: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9241:nihonkairali.com 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9213:. Archived from 9207: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8902: 8893: 8884: 8883: 8873: 8833: 8824: 8823: 8795: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8598:, p. xxiii. 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8560:Sreekumar (2009) 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8536:Sreekumar (2009) 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8386: 8358: 8349: 8348: 8308: 8299: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8276: 8258: 8249: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8212: 8203: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8181:, pp. 1, 3. 8176: 8170: 8169: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8116: 8113:Kolichala (2016) 8110: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8045: 8043: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7991: 7972: 7924:(12th century). 7762:Words indicated 7745: 7744: 7740: 7563:oṉpatŭ ombadŭ 7051: 7050: 6537: 6533: 6266:'he, this one', 6262:'he, that one', 6114: 6113: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5981: 5976:'tree', oblique 5975: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5775: 5771: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5733:'trees', Ollari 5732: 5726: 5720: 5463: 5429:are treated as * 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5312: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5243:At one extreme, 5212: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5169: 5161: 5139:Avestan language 5120: 5112: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5080: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5041: 5004:Iranian language 4971:Ratnasabapathy. 4970: 4966: 4957:Deccan Peninsula 4934: 4931: 4924: 4921: 4754:Fertile Crescent 4727:language isolate 4719:Fertile Crescent 4691:Elamite language 4523: 4519: 4466:Surguja district 4439: 4435: 4325:Wayanad district 4285:Wayanad district 4237:Wayanad district 4201:Attapady Kurumba 4145:Dakshina Kannada 4093:Wayanad district 4021:Wayanad district 3965:Madurai district 3866:Wayanad district 3826:Dakshina Kannada 3806:Madurai district 3623:Wayanad district 3603:Wayanad district 3571:Wayanad district 3535:Wayanad district 3302:Dakshina Kannada 3222:Dakshina Kannada 3052:Dakshina Kannada 2962:Jogulamba Gadwal 2592: 2588: 2505:Surguja district 2147: 2143: 2053: 2049: 1910: 1906: 1845:Since 1981, the 1826: 1816: 1806: 1796: 1786: 1776: 1766: 1756: 1746: 1736: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1671: 1493:Telugu languages 1484: 1359: 1332: 1324: 1316: 1308: 1292: 1284: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1236: 1228: 1216: 1204: 1174: 1158: 1150: 1142: 1134: 1112: 1101: 1084: 1074: 1060: 1053: 1047: 1037: 1025: 981:discovered that 979:Christian Lassen 878:influence (e.g. 677: 670: 663: 195: 175: 174: 166: 157: 143: 131: 32: 31: 21: 16526: 16525: 16521: 16520: 16519: 16517: 16516: 16515: 16486: 16485: 16484: 16472: 16462: 16460: 16452: 16450: 16445: 16444: 16421: 16412:Paleo-Laplandic 16407:Pre-Finno-Ugric 16354: 16311: 16275:Greater Siangic 16261: 16247:Uralic–Yukaghir 16197:Ibero-Caucasian 16192:Elamo-Dravidian 16130: 16089: 16040: 16004: 15929: 15865: 15848:North Caucasian 15828: 15738: 15677:Paleo-Sardinian 15615: 15606: 15576: 15571: 15570: 15544: 15530:Mixed languages 15499: 15480: 15415: 15404: 15258: 15252: 15107:Katembri–Taruma 14981: 14970: 14942: 14856: 14749: 14562: 14551: 14522: 14371: 14283: 14242:Turama–Kikorian 14152:Lower Mamberamo 14107:East Strickland 14035: 14023: 13941: 13729: 13724: 13714: 13669: 13578: 13573: 13543: 13538: 13524: 13512:Proto-Dravidian 13503:Proto-languages 13493: 13480: 13434: 13408: 13372: 13336: 13279: 13230: 13204: 13153: 13043:Judeo-Malayalam 13009: 12931: 12925: 12897: 12876: 12857: 12844: 12793: 12771: 12766: 12736: 12731: 12707:Nepali movement 12665: 12661:Sanskritisation 12629: 12628: 12618: 12602: 12584: 12516: 12497:Arabi Malayalam 12483: 12439: 12416: 12328: 12305: 12282: 12244: 12206: 12188: 12155: 12127: 12094: 11924: 11879: 11836: 11810: 11804: 11736: 11730: 11688: 11665: 11663:Further reading 11660: 11654: 11635: 11616: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11575: 11564: 11545: 11512: 11441: 11422: 11400: 11386:Ruhlen, Merritt 11328: 11326: 11322: 11315: 11302: 11237: 11211: 11189: 11170: 11148: 11126: 11090: 11071: 11023: 11000: 10977: 10925: 10906: 10889: 10884: 10883: 10875: 10868: 10858: 10856: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10832:Zvelebil (1973) 10830: 10826: 10816: 10814: 10799: 10795: 10787: 10783: 10775: 10771: 10761: 10759: 10736: 10732: 10724: 10717: 10713:, pp. 5–7. 10709: 10705: 10698: 10684: 10680: 10672: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10643: 10639: 10631: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10607: 10603: 10595: 10591: 10583: 10579: 10571: 10564: 10558:Zvelebil (1990) 10556: 10552: 10544: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10520: 10516: 10508: 10504: 10496: 10492: 10484: 10480: 10472: 10468: 10462:Zvelebil (1990) 10460: 10456: 10448: 10444: 10436: 10432: 10426:Zvelebil (1990) 10424: 10420: 10412: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10350: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10290: 10286: 10280:Zvelebil (1990) 10278: 10274: 10266: 10259: 10251: 10244: 10236: 10229: 10221: 10217: 10207:Wayback Machine 10197: 10193: 10185: 10181: 10158: 10154: 10141: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10104: 10100: 10092: 10088: 10076: 10072: 10063: 10059: 10050: 10046: 10037: 10033: 10024: 10020: 10013: 10009: 10002: 9988: 9984: 9976: 9972: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9948: 9933: 9929: 9923:Wayback Machine 9913: 9909: 9898: 9887: 9881: 9877: 9864: 9862: 9853:Rahman, Tariq. 9851: 9847: 9841:Wayback Machine 9829: 9825: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9770: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9727: 9725: 9712: 9711: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9677:Wayback Machine 9668: 9664: 9656: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9620: 9606: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9582: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9558: 9554: 9546: 9542: 9503: 9499: 9493:Zvelebil (1990) 9491: 9487: 9479: 9475: 9466: 9462: 9453: 9449: 9440: 9433: 9402: 9398: 9367: 9363: 9332: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9306: 9304: 9295: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9278: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9250: 9248: 9235: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9218: 9217:on 7 April 2021 9209: 9208: 9204: 9194: 9192: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9168: 9166: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9142: 9140: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9112: 9110: 9097: 9096: 9092: 9082: 9080: 9073: 9057: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9034: 9018: 9014: 9004: 9002: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8982: 8980: 8967: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8887: 8834: 8827: 8812:10.2307/3217749 8796: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8750:Zvelebil (1990) 8748: 8744: 8738:Zvelebil (1990) 8736: 8732: 8726:Zvelebil (1990) 8724: 8717: 8711:Zvelebil (1990) 8709: 8705: 8697: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8666: 8662: 8656:Zvelebil (1990) 8654: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8632:Caldwell (1856) 8630: 8626: 8620:Zvelebil (1990) 8618: 8614: 8608:Zvelebil (1990) 8606: 8602: 8596:Zvelebil (1990) 8594: 8590: 8584:Caldwell (1856) 8582: 8578: 8572:Zvelebil (1990) 8570: 8566: 8558: 8554: 8546: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8498: 8491: 8482: 8480: 8473: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8406: 8397: 8384: 8382: 8375: 8359: 8352: 8309: 8302: 8296:Andronov (2003) 8294: 8287: 8274: 8272: 8259: 8252: 8238: 8236: 8229: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8119: 8111: 8104: 8094: 8092: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8044:(human plural). 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7994: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7930: 7908:Kadapa district 7898:Hassan district 7846:. In 2019, the 7781: 7754:pronunciations. 7742: 7738: 7737: 7699:. For example, 7567: 7437:sāruṅg, hāruṅg 7387:saiyuṅg, hayuṅ 7210:iraṇṭŭ, reṇḍŭ 7070:Proto-Dravidian 7030: 7024: 6560:Proto-Dravidian 6454: 6362: 6327:'he did not'). 6295: 6111:'we (excl.)'). 6092: 6055:'to be', Gondi 6046:'to the house') 5964: 5721:'cows', Brahui 5709: 5704: 5640: 5379: 5377:Proto-Dravidian 5373: 5371:Proto-Dravidian 5213: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5182: 5170: 5159: 5151:elite dominance 5039: 5022: 5016: 5002:, is a western 4968: 4964: 4937:Sanskritisation 4935:, a process of 4933: 1100 BCE 4932: 4923: 1500 BCE 4922: 4912: 4910:Brahui language 4902:Kurukh language 4898: 4835: 4809:from Dravidian 4795:Proto-Dravidian 4787: 4770: 4715:Proto-Dravidian 4703:Elamo-Dravidian 4668:Robert Caldwell 4659:on Indo-Aryan. 4597: 4185:Mysore district 4165:Kannur district 4155:districts) and 3949:Kollam district 3886:Idukki district 3832:districts) and 3766:Kollam district 3703:Kodagu district 3655:Mysore district 3599:Kannur district 3591:Kodagu district 3563:Kannur district 3527:Mysore district 3523:Kodagu district 3453:Kodagu district 3425:Mysore district 3385:Mysore district 3308:districts) and 3228:districts) and 3100:Mumbai Suburban 2709:Mumbai Suburban 2657:Bengaluru Rural 2196:Bangalore Rural 2192:Bangalore Urban 2184:Chikkaballapura 1900:appear here in 1847:Census of India 1838:from Dravidian 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1782: 1774: 1772: 1764: 1762: 1754: 1752: 1744: 1742: 1734: 1726: 1657: 1627:North Dravidian 1621: 1573:(Kolami–Parji) 1566: 1505:Gondi languages 1482: 1474: 1389:Tamil languages 1357: 1353:South Dravidian 1344: 1061: 1059:Robert Caldwell 1058: 1034:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 1014: 987:Robert Caldwell 932:, a grammar of 924: 905: 896:Iranian plateau 868:proto-Dravidian 812:and around the 681: 647: 646: 607: 599: 598: 597: 490: 482: 481: 461: 453: 452: 451: 411: 403: 402: 378: 370: 369: 345: 337: 336: 335: 234: 220: 212: 211: 203: 169: 153: 142:49= (phylozone) 141: 127: 87:Proto-Dravidian 62: 61:Native speakers 52:and south-west 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16524: 16514: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16483: 16482: 16470: 16447: 16446: 16443: 16442: 16435: 16427: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16368: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16321: 16319: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16282: 16271: 16269: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16242:Uralo-Siberian 16239: 16234: 16229: 16227:Serbi–Mongolic 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16187:Dravido-Korean 16184: 16182:Dené–Yeniseian 16179: 16178: 16177: 16172: 16170:Dené–Caucasian 16167: 16157: 16152: 16146: 16140: 16136: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16129: 16128: 16123: 16115: 16108: 16100: 16098: 16091: 16090: 16088: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16061: 16059: 16048: 16042: 16041: 16039: 16038: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16015: 16013: 16006: 16005: 16003: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15975: 15968: 15961: 15954: 15947: 15939: 15937: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15927: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15897: 15890: 15883: 15875: 15873: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15856: 15844: 15838: 15836: 15830: 15829: 15827: 15826: 15819: 15812: 15805: 15798: 15791: 15788:Hurro-Urartian 15784: 15777: 15770: 15763: 15756: 15748: 15746: 15740: 15739: 15737: 15736: 15729: 15722: 15715: 15708: 15701: 15694: 15687: 15680: 15673: 15670:Paleo-Corsican 15666: 15659: 15652: 15647: 15640: 15633: 15625: 15623: 15617: 15616: 15605: 15604: 15597: 15590: 15582: 15573: 15572: 15569: 15568: 15561: 15554: 15550: 15549: 15546: 15545: 15543: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15511: 15509: 15505: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15497: 15488: 15486: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15478: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15455:Indo-Pakistani 15452: 15447: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15424: 15418: 15410: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15338: 15333: 15326: 15321: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15262: 15260: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15244: 15238: 15232: 15226: 15220: 15214: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15154:Piaroa–Saliban 15151: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15055: 15050: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14990: 14984: 14976: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14950: 14948: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14940: 14933: 14926: 14921: 14919:Tequistlatecan 14916: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14892: 14885: 14880: 14874: 14868: 14862: 14861: 14858: 14857: 14855: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14832: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14765: 14757: 14755: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14747: 14742: 14735: 14728: 14723: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14667: 14660: 14655: 14648: 14643: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14619: 14612: 14605: 14598: 14591: 14586: 14579: 14571: 14565: 14557: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14538: 14530: 14528: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14510: 14505: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14477: 14470: 14465: 14458: 14451: 14446: 14442:Marrku–Wurrugu 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14416: 14409: 14401: 14396: 14389: 14383: 14377: 14376: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14356: 14350: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14308: 14302: 14297: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14275: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14232: 14227: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14052: 14046: 14040: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14013: 14006: 14000: 13995: 13987: 13982: 13974: 13967: 13960: 13955: 13949: 13947: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13939: 13933: 13927: 13921: 13915: 13909: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13886: 13879: 13872: 13867: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13804: 13801:Hurro-Urartian 13797: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13773: 13768: 13761: 13754: 13749: 13741: 13735: 13720: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13713: 13712: 13706: 13700: 13695: 13688: 13683: 13677: 13675: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13661: 13655: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13632: 13624: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13600: 13592: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13572: 13571: 13564: 13557: 13549: 13540: 13539: 13529: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13522: 13515: 13507: 13505: 13499: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13491: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13476: 13474:Sauria Paharia 13471: 13461: 13455: 13453: 13446: 13440: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13406: 13401: 13395: 13393: 13386: 13382: 13381: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13334: 13329: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13296: 13294: 13285: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13251: 13249: 13240: 13236: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13212: 13210: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13202: 13197: 13196: 13195: 13190: 13180: 13175: 13169: 13167: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13151: 13149:Wayanad Chetti 13146: 13141: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13019: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12944: 12942: 12933: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12911: 12905: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12895: 12890: 12884: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12795: 12786: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12765: 12764: 12757: 12750: 12742: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12702:Newar movement 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12673: 12671: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12663: 12658: 12657: 12656: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12637:Englishisation 12633: 12631: 12624: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12616: 12610: 12608: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12600: 12594: 12592: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12526: 12524: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12493: 12491: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12476: 12475:(Undeciphered) 12470: 12465: 12458: 12456: 12449: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12426: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12338: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12321: 12315: 12313: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12303: 12298: 12292: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12254: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12216: 12214: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12204: 12198: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12165: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12137: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12104: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11934: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11889: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11846: 11844: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11823: 11821: 11812: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11729: 11728: 11721: 11714: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11687: 11686:External links 11684: 11683: 11682: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11652: 11639: 11633: 11620: 11614: 11601: 11568: 11562: 11549: 11543: 11530: 11516: 11510: 11497: 11476: 11445: 11439: 11426: 11420: 11408:Shulman, David 11404: 11398: 11382: 11335: 11306: 11300: 11280: 11241: 11235: 11219:Mallory, J. P. 11215: 11209: 11193: 11187: 11174: 11168: 11152: 11146: 11133: 11114: 11094: 11088: 11075: 11069: 11053:Elst, Koenraad 11049: 11027: 11021: 11004: 10998: 10981: 10975: 10963:Campbell, Lyle 10959: 10929: 10923: 10910: 10904: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10866: 10836: 10834:, p. 147. 10824: 10793: 10781: 10769: 10730: 10715: 10703: 10696: 10678: 10661: 10649: 10637: 10625: 10613: 10601: 10599:, p. 227. 10589: 10577: 10575:, p. 218. 10562: 10550: 10548:, p. 217. 10538: 10526: 10514: 10512:, p. 208. 10502: 10490: 10478: 10466: 10454: 10442: 10430: 10418: 10406: 10394: 10344: 10332: 10320: 10308: 10296: 10284: 10272: 10257: 10242: 10227: 10215: 10191: 10179: 10168:(2): 215–233. 10162:Studia Iranica 10152: 10135: 10133:, p. 146. 10123: 10119:Mallory (1989) 10111: 10098: 10096:By M. L. Bhagi 10086: 10083:Sir Denys Bray 10070: 10057: 10044: 10031: 10018: 10007: 10000: 9982: 9970: 9958: 9927: 9907: 9875: 9845: 9823: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9759: 9747: 9745:, p. 493. 9735: 9705: 9693: 9691:, p. 501. 9681: 9662: 9650: 9638: 9636:, p. 142. 9626: 9618: 9600: 9598:, p. 286. 9588: 9584:Steever (2020) 9576: 9564: 9552: 9540: 9513:(4): 106–114. 9497: 9495:, p. 105. 9485: 9473: 9460: 9447: 9445:(DVD edition). 9431: 9412:(2): 328–356. 9396: 9383:10.2307/592159 9361: 9348:10.2307/411899 9342:(4): 798–812. 9326: 9314: 9288: 9258: 9228: 9202: 9176: 9150: 9120: 9090: 9071: 9051: 9032: 9012: 8990: 8960: 8946: 8926: 8922:Steever (2020) 8914: 8885: 8825: 8806:(3): 521–546. 8790: 8778: 8766: 8754: 8742: 8730: 8715: 8703: 8684: 8672: 8660: 8658:, p. xxi. 8648: 8644:Shulman (2016) 8636: 8624: 8612: 8610:, p. xxv. 8600: 8588: 8576: 8574:, p. xix. 8564: 8552: 8540: 8528: 8516: 8504: 8489: 8471: 8451: 8432: 8412: 8395: 8373: 8350: 8300: 8298:, p. 299. 8285: 8250: 8227: 8204: 8195: 8193:, p. 271. 8183: 8179:Steever (2020) 8171: 8164: 8146: 8134: 8117: 8102: 8085:dictionary.com 8072: 8068:Steever (2020) 8056: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8025: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7929: 7926: 7878:Simhakatanjana 7780: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7730: 7715: 7712: 7681: 7672:, used as the 7659: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7487:yeḍuṅg, ēṛuṅg 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7475:ēḍŭ, ēlŭ, ēḷŭ 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7060:South-Central 7058: 7055: 7026:Main article: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6979:oṇḍ, ort-, on 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6754:oñji, or, oru 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6615:onnŭ, oru, ōr 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6595:oṉṟu, oru, ōr 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6464:"everyone" or 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6438:quotative verb 6434: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6399: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6361: 6358: 6294: 6291: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6107:'we (incl.)', 6099:, but oblique 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6085:'of the girl') 6047: 6034:'you'; Telugu 6026: 6013:'wife', Gondi 6001:'him', Brahui 5963: 5960: 5928:'son', Telugu 5903: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695:negative verbs 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5653:Word order is 5651: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5375:Main article: 5372: 5369: 5249:Tamil alphabet 5215: 5214: 5173: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5147:language shift 5122:. Since other 5046:Vedic Sanskrit 5018:Main article: 5015: 5012: 4941:language shift 4906:Malto language 4897: 4894: 4855:Kamil Zvelebil 4834: 4831: 4791:proto-language 4786: 4783: 4769: 4766: 4676:Kamil Zvelebil 4649:areal features 4596: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4569:Madhya Pradesh 4566: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4432: 4431: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349:Seoni district 4341:Madhya Pradesh 4338: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4037:Erode district 4010: 4007: 4005:Wayanad Chetti 4001: 4000: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3790:Andhra Pradesh 3787: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3675:Betul district 3671:Madhya Pradesh 3668: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3492:Andhra Pradesh 3481: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358:Andhra Pradesh 3355: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3318:Gulf Countries 3295: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3258:Gulf Countries 3215: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3148:United Kingdom 3029: 3026: 3018: 3017: 3016:, Netherlands 3006:United Kingdom 2938:Andhra Pradesh 2875: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2769:United Kingdom 2661:Chamarajanagar 2629:Andhra Pradesh 2614: 2611: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2540:Andhra Pradesh 2537: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2521:Andhra Pradesh 2518: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486:Madhya Pradesh 2471: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444:Andhra Pradesh 2437: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2394:Andhra Pradesh 2391: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379:Andhra Pradesh 2372: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360:Andhra Pradesh 2340:Madhya Pradesh 2337: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2268:United Kingdom 2172:Andhra Pradesh 2169: 2166: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122:Andhra Pradesh 2115: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103:Andhra Pradesh 2092: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2046: 2045: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1823: 1813: 1803: 1793: 1783: 1773: 1763: 1753: 1743: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1639:(Oraon, Kisan) 1622: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1513: 1511: 1499: 1490: 1488: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1395: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1348: 1343: 1342:Classification 1340: 1088:Kamil Zvelebil 1056: 1028:Tantravārttika 1013: 1010: 1004:published the 989:published his 920:Main article: 904: 901: 864:proto-language 826:Southeast Asia 820:. During the 683: 682: 680: 679: 672: 665: 657: 654: 653: 649: 648: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 596: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 549: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 474: 469: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 334: 333: 328: 323: 321:Aryacakravarti 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 242: 241: 240: 233: 232: 227: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 188: 187: 180: 179: 171: 170: 167: 159: 158: 151: 145: 144: 139: 133: 132: 125: 115: 114: 113: 112: 107: 104: 101: 94: 90: 89: 84: 83:Proto-language 80: 79: 73: 67: 66: 63: 60: 57: 56: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16523: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16493: 16491: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16469: 16459: 16458: 16455: 16440: 16436: 16433: 16429: 16428: 16424: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16320: 16318: 16314: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16277: 16276: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16252:Eskimo–Uralic 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16162: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16144: 16141: 16137: 16127: 16124: 16121: 16120: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16109: 16107: 16106: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16097: 16092: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16056:Paleosiberian 16052: 16049: 16047: 16043: 16037: 16036: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16007: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15980: 15976: 15974: 15973: 15969: 15967: 15966: 15962: 15960: 15959: 15955: 15953: 15952: 15951:Austroasiatic 15948: 15946: 15945: 15941: 15940: 15938: 15936: 15932: 15925: 15924: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15902: 15901:Austroasiatic 15898: 15896: 15895: 15891: 15889: 15888: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15880:Indo-European 15877: 15876: 15874: 15872: 15868: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15835: 15831: 15825: 15824: 15820: 15818: 15817: 15813: 15811: 15810: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15799: 15797: 15796: 15792: 15790: 15789: 15785: 15783: 15782: 15778: 15776: 15775: 15771: 15769: 15768: 15764: 15762: 15761: 15757: 15755: 15754: 15753:Indo-European 15750: 15749: 15747: 15745: 15741: 15735: 15734: 15730: 15728: 15727: 15723: 15721: 15720: 15716: 15714: 15713: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15702: 15700: 15699: 15695: 15693: 15692: 15688: 15686: 15685: 15681: 15679: 15678: 15674: 15672: 15671: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15660: 15658: 15657: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15645: 15641: 15639: 15638: 15634: 15632: 15631: 15630:Indo-European 15627: 15626: 15624: 15622: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15603: 15598: 15596: 15591: 15589: 15584: 15583: 15580: 15566: 15562: 15559: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15547: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15510: 15506: 15496: 15495: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15483: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15465:Original Thai 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15445: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15411: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15343: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15331: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15267: 15264: 15263: 15261: 15255: 15248: 15245: 15242: 15239: 15236: 15233: 15230: 15229:Hibito–Cholón 15227: 15224: 15221: 15218: 15215: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15181: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15149: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15097: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15060: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15048: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15011: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14991: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14977: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14956: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14934: 14932: 14931: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14914: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14897: 14893: 14891: 14890: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14875: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14863: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14837: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14825: 14821: 14819: 14818: 14814: 14812: 14811: 14807: 14805: 14804: 14800: 14798: 14797: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14770: 14766: 14764: 14763: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14752: 14746: 14745:Yuman–Cochimí 14743: 14741: 14740: 14736: 14734: 14733: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14721: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14694: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14672: 14668: 14666: 14665: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14653: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14641: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14624: 14620: 14618: 14617: 14613: 14611: 14610: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14599: 14597: 14596: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14558: 14548: 14545: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14525: 14518: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14503: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14481: 14480:Southern Daly 14478: 14476: 14475: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14463: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14421: 14417: 14415: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14405:Darwin Region 14402: 14400: 14397: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14378: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14361: 14357: 14354: 14351: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14312: 14309: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14286: 14279: 14276: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14237: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14225: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14203: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14164: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14087:Demta–Sentani 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14057: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14034: 14030: 14020: 14018: 14014: 14012: 14011: 14007: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13992: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13975: 13973: 13972: 13968: 13966: 13965: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13944: 13937: 13934: 13931: 13928: 13925: 13922: 13919: 13916: 13913: 13910: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13887: 13885: 13884: 13880: 13878: 13877: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13865: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13848: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13831: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13809: 13808:Indo-European 13805: 13803: 13802: 13798: 13796: 13795: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13778: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13766: 13762: 13760: 13759: 13758:Austroasiatic 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13743: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13733: 13728: 13721: 13710: 13707: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13665: 13662: 13659: 13656: 13653: 13650: 13647: 13644: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13629: 13625: 13623: 13622: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13605: 13601: 13599: 13598: 13594: 13593: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13570: 13565: 13563: 13558: 13556: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13536: 13532: 13527: 13521: 13520: 13516: 13514: 13513: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13500: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13483: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13466: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13411: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13387: 13383: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13345: 13343: 13339: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13327: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13282: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13239:South-Central 13237: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13207: 13201: 13198: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13139: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13112:Mullu Kurumba 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12949: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12934: 12928: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12904: 12900: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12860: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12841: 12840:Jennu Kurumba 12838: 12836: 12835:Betta Kurumba 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12790: 12787: 12785:Tamil–Kannada 12783: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12763: 12758: 12756: 12751: 12749: 12744: 12743: 12740: 12728: 12727:Urdu movement 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12662: 12659: 12655: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12647: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12625: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12519: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12486: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12335: 12331: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12308: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12194:Malay creoles 12191: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12130: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11882: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11727: 11722: 11720: 11715: 11713: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11697: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11655: 11649: 11645: 11640: 11636: 11634:90-04-04190-7 11630: 11626: 11621: 11617: 11615:90-04-03591-5 11611: 11607: 11602: 11587: 11583: 11582: 11581:Mother Tongue 11574: 11569: 11565: 11563:1-57958-218-4 11559: 11556:, Routledge, 11555: 11550: 11546: 11544:0-520-07893-4 11540: 11536: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11507: 11503: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11432: 11427: 11423: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11336: 11321: 11314: 11313: 11307: 11303: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11284:Parpola, Asko 11281: 11277: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11242: 11238: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11188:90-5183-307-5 11184: 11180: 11175: 11171: 11169:0-521-77111-0 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11139: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11089:3-11-014447-6 11085: 11081: 11076: 11072: 11070:81-86471-77-4 11066: 11062: 11059:, New Delhi: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11018: 11013: 11012: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10990: 10989: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10957: 10956:81-206-0117-3 10953: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10917:, Routledge, 10916: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10891: 10879:, p. 23. 10878: 10873: 10871: 10854: 10850: 10849:Deccan Herald 10846: 10840: 10833: 10828: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10797: 10785: 10778: 10773: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10734: 10728:, p. 20. 10727: 10722: 10720: 10712: 10707: 10699: 10697:0-415-18788-5 10693: 10689: 10682: 10675: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10658: 10653: 10646: 10641: 10634: 10629: 10622: 10617: 10610: 10605: 10598: 10593: 10586: 10581: 10574: 10569: 10567: 10560:, p. 22. 10559: 10554: 10547: 10542: 10535: 10530: 10523: 10518: 10511: 10506: 10499: 10494: 10487: 10482: 10476:, p. 91. 10475: 10470: 10463: 10458: 10452:, p. 48. 10451: 10446: 10440:, p. 90. 10439: 10434: 10427: 10422: 10415: 10410: 10404:, p. 56. 10403: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10353:Theodore Duka 10348: 10341: 10336: 10330:, p. 18. 10329: 10328:Erdosy (1995) 10324: 10317: 10312: 10305: 10300: 10294:, p. 36. 10293: 10288: 10281: 10276: 10270:, p. 40. 10269: 10264: 10262: 10254: 10253:Witzel (1999) 10249: 10247: 10239: 10238:Kuiper (1991) 10234: 10232: 10224: 10219: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10195: 10188: 10183: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10156: 10148: 10144: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10121:, p. 44. 10120: 10115: 10108: 10102: 10095: 10090: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10067: 10061: 10054: 10048: 10041: 10035: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10011: 10003: 10001:9780195169478 9997: 9993: 9986: 9980:, p. 138 9979: 9974: 9968:, p. 117 9967: 9966:Knorozov 1965 9962: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9861:on 9 May 2008 9860: 9856: 9849: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9827: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9780: 9774:, p. 15. 9773: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9757:, p. 11. 9756: 9751: 9744: 9739: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9690: 9685: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9666: 9660:, p. 13. 9659: 9654: 9647: 9642: 9635: 9630: 9621: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9586:, p. 39. 9585: 9580: 9573: 9568: 9561: 9556: 9549: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9489: 9483:, p. 43. 9482: 9477: 9470: 9464: 9457: 9451: 9444: 9438: 9436: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9400: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9365: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9318: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9016: 9000: 8994: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8964: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8930: 8923: 8918: 8899: 8892: 8890: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8848:(3): 171504. 8847: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8830: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8786:Ruhlen (1991) 8782: 8776:, p. 35. 8775: 8770: 8763: 8758: 8752:, p. 54. 8751: 8746: 8740:, p. 58. 8739: 8734: 8728:, p. 57. 8727: 8722: 8720: 8713:, p. 56. 8712: 8707: 8701:, p. 21. 8700: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8681: 8676: 8669: 8664: 8657: 8652: 8645: 8640: 8633: 8628: 8622:, p. xx. 8621: 8616: 8609: 8604: 8597: 8592: 8585: 8580: 8573: 8568: 8561: 8556: 8549: 8544: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8520: 8513: 8508: 8501: 8496: 8494: 8478: 8474: 8472:9781107647756 8468: 8464: 8463: 8455: 8439: 8435: 8433:9788126011940 8429: 8425: 8424: 8416: 8410:, p. 15. 8409: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8392: 8380: 8376: 8374:1-4020-1215-2 8370: 8366: 8365: 8357: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8307: 8305: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8282: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8264:Tamil Culture 8257: 8255: 8247: 8234: 8230: 8228:9781861895943 8224: 8220: 8219: 8211: 8209: 8199: 8192: 8191:Erdosy (1995) 8187: 8180: 8175: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8132:, p. 22. 8131: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8115:, p. 76. 8114: 8109: 8107: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8057: 8042: 8036: 8029: 8020: 8014: 8008: 7999: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7967: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7903:Kavirajamarga 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7840:Brahmi script 7837: 7834:districts in 7833: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7785: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7360:aintŭ, añjŭ 7359: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7260:mūṉṟŭ, mūṇŭ 7259: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7222:eraḍŭ, iraḍŭ 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7062: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768:kri, k(r)inda 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6714:ondu, or, ōr 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6674:wïd, wïr, oš 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6468:"coming" and 6467: 6463: 6459: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6383:avar eṉ appā. 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166:1. Pl. incl. 6164: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148:1. Pl. excl. 6146: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6019:'ox', Ollari 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5714: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648:agglutinative 5645: 5644: 5643: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5368: 5346: 5342: 5341:rhotacization 5337: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5311: 5305: 5288: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5262:orthographies 5257: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5211: 5208: 5200: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5174:This section 5172: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4877:Yuri Knorozov 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847:John Marshall 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4811:paḷḷi, kōṭṭai 4808: 4807:-v(a)li, -koṭ 4803: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707:Colin Renfrew 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4687:David McAlpin 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4672:Thomas Burrow 4669: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4637:Austroasiatic 4634: 4633:Indo-European 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4609:Indo-European 4601: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3611:Mullu Kurumba 3609: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3507:Betta Kurumba 3505: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3132:United States 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040:Mahe district 3037: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994:United States 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765:United States 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256:United States 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178:and parts of 2177: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1840:paḷḷi, kōṭṭai 1837: 1836:-v(a)li, -koṭ 1820: 1810: 1800: 1790: 1780: 1770: 1760: 1750: 1740: 1732: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1698:In addition, 1696: 1685: 1678: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633:Kurukh–Malto 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1364:Tamil–Kannada 1362: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1266:Bṛhatsamhita- 1261: 1259: 1253: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1002:M. B. Emeneau 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 975:Indo-European 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 940: 935: 931: 930: 923: 915: 914: 909: 900: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 862: 861:reconstructed 857: 855: 851: 850:North America 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 703:, north-east 702: 698: 694: 690: 678: 673: 671: 666: 664: 659: 658: 656: 655: 651: 650: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 603: 602: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 558:Cholanaikkans 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 501:Brahui people 499: 497: 494: 493: 486: 485: 478: 475: 473: 470: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 407: 406: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 374: 373: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 341: 340: 332: 331:Eastern Ganga 329: 327: 326:Western Ganga 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 239: 236: 235: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 216: 215: 210: 207: 199: 198: 194: 190: 189: 185: 182: 181: 177: 176: 165: 160: 156: 152: 150: 146: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 116: 111: 108: 106:South-Central 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 72: 68: 64: 58: 55: 51: 48:, north-east 47: 44: 38: 33: 30: 19: 16438: 16431: 16430:Families in 16387:Pre-Goidelic 16382:Pre-Germanic 16212:Indo-Semitic 16207:Indo-Pacific 16202:Indo-Hittite 16117: 16110: 16103: 16033: 16010:Indian Ocean 15977: 15972:Austronesian 15970: 15963: 15956: 15949: 15944:Sino-Tibetan 15942: 15921: 15899: 15894:Sino-Tibetan 15892: 15886: 15885: 15878: 15846: 15821: 15814: 15807: 15800: 15793: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15758: 15751: 15731: 15724: 15717: 15710: 15703: 15698:North Picene 15696: 15689: 15682: 15675: 15668: 15661: 15654: 15642: 15635: 15628: 15564: 15557: 15556:Families in 15491: 15442: 15340: 15328: 15178: 15146: 15137:Pano-Tacanan 15094: 15057: 15045: 15016:Arutani–Sape 15008: 14953: 14935: 14928: 14913:Oto-Manguean 14911: 14894: 14887: 14834: 14822: 14815: 14808: 14801: 14794: 14767: 14760: 14737: 14730: 14718: 14691: 14669: 14662: 14650: 14638: 14621: 14614: 14607: 14600: 14593: 14581: 14574: 14533: 14500: 14496:Western Daly 14474:Pama–Nyungan 14472: 14460: 14453: 14440: 14418: 14413:Eastern Daly 14411: 14403: 14358: 14234: 14222: 14200: 14183: 14161: 14132:Kaure–Kosare 14092:Doso–Turumsa 14082:Chimbu–Wahgi 14072:Bulaka River 14056:Austronesian 14054: 14015: 14008: 13989: 13976: 13969: 13962: 13888: 13881: 13874: 13864:Sino-Tibetan 13862: 13845: 13828: 13806: 13799: 13792: 13776: 13775: 13765:Austronesian 13763: 13756: 13744: 13690: 13628:Nilo-Saharan 13626: 13619: 13604:Austronesian 13602: 13595: 13530: 13517: 13510: 13452:Kurukh-Malto 13413:Parji–Gadaba 13392:Kolami-Naiki 13324: 13216:Cholanaikkan 13188:Korra Koraga 13136: 13099: 13095:Malankuravan 13015:Malayalamoid 12980:Malapandaram 12970:Mala Malasar 12768: 12334:Sino-Tibetan 11963:Chittagonian 11841: 11809:Contemporary 11741:Languages of 11695: 11670: 11643: 11624: 11605: 11593:, retrieved 11579: 11553: 11534: 11524: 11501: 11487:(1): 75–95, 11484: 11480: 11453: 11449: 11430: 11411: 11389: 11343: 11339: 11327:, retrieved 11311: 11290:. New York: 11287: 11249: 11245: 11224: 11200: 11178: 11159: 11137: 11128: 11121: 11101: 11098:Heras, Henry 11079: 11056: 11035: 11010: 10987: 10966: 10937: 10914: 10895: 10887:Bibliography 10857:. Retrieved 10848: 10839: 10827: 10815:. Retrieved 10806: 10796: 10784: 10772: 10760:. Retrieved 10743: 10733: 10706: 10687: 10681: 10652: 10640: 10628: 10616: 10604: 10592: 10580: 10553: 10541: 10529: 10517: 10505: 10493: 10481: 10469: 10464:, p. 7. 10457: 10445: 10433: 10421: 10409: 10397: 10364: 10360: 10347: 10335: 10323: 10311: 10299: 10287: 10275: 10225:, p. 6. 10218: 10194: 10182: 10165: 10161: 10155: 10146: 10143:Trask (2000) 10138: 10126: 10114: 10106: 10101: 10093: 10089: 10078: 10073: 10065: 10060: 10052: 10047: 10039: 10034: 10026: 10021: 10015:Parpola 1994 10010: 9991: 9985: 9973: 9961: 9949:. Retrieved 9945:the original 9940: 9930: 9910: 9902: 9896:the original 9891: 9878: 9870: 9863:. Retrieved 9859:the original 9848: 9832: 9826: 9818:the original 9813: 9803: 9791: 9786:, p. 5. 9779: 9750: 9738: 9726:. Retrieved 9718:ScienceDaily 9717: 9708: 9696: 9684: 9665: 9658:Avari (2007) 9653: 9641: 9629: 9609: 9603: 9591: 9579: 9567: 9555: 9543: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9488: 9476: 9468: 9463: 9455: 9450: 9442: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9317: 9305:. Retrieved 9291: 9279:. Retrieved 9270: 9261: 9249:. Retrieved 9240: 9231: 9219:. Retrieved 9215:the original 9205: 9193:. Retrieved 9179: 9167:. Retrieved 9153: 9141:. Retrieved 9132: 9123: 9111:. Retrieved 9102: 9093: 9081:. Retrieved 9061: 9054: 9042:. Retrieved 9022: 9015: 9005:23 September 9003:. Retrieved 8993: 8981:. Retrieved 8972: 8963: 8951:. Retrieved 8936: 8929: 8924:, p. 3. 8917: 8905:. Retrieved 8845: 8841: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8781: 8769: 8757: 8745: 8733: 8706: 8675: 8663: 8651: 8646:, p. 5. 8639: 8634:, p. 4. 8627: 8615: 8603: 8591: 8579: 8567: 8555: 8548:Ellis (1816) 8543: 8531: 8526:, p. 3. 8524:Ellis (1816) 8519: 8514:, p. 6. 8512:Shulman 2016 8507: 8481:, retrieved 8461: 8454: 8442:. Retrieved 8422: 8415: 8390: 8383:, retrieved 8367:, Springer, 8363: 8345: 8317: 8313: 8280: 8273:, retrieved 8263: 8244: 8237:. Retrieved 8217: 8198: 8186: 8174: 8155: 8149: 8137: 8093:. Retrieved 8084: 8075: 8070:, p. 1. 8028: 8019: 8007: 7970: 7953: 7921: 7911: 7901: 7886:Shiralakoppa 7877: 7875: 7868: 7864:Tamil-Brahmi 7844:Tamil Brahmi 7821: 7790: 7763: 7750:(9*10 = 90). 7747: 7733: 7726: 7718: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7382: 7372:ayinŭ, ainŭ 7179: 7157:oṉṟŭ, oṇṇŭ 7031: 7014: 7010: 7006: 6998:asi(ṭ), on- 6785:anā, (nanna) 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6511:, Malayalam 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6495:, cf. Tamil 6492: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6476:, cf. Tamil 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6455: 6444: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6363: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6228: 6223: 6210: 6205: 6192: 6187: 6174: 6169: 6156: 6151: 6138: 6133: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6093: 5984: 5968: 5965: 5909: 5906: 5768: 5753: 5712: 5710: 5664:distinction. 5641: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5344: 5338: 5315: 5266: 5258: 5242: 5218: 5203: 5194: 5183:Please help 5178:verification 5175: 5136: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5044: 5033: 5026:phonological 5023: 4973: 4945: 4927:Kuru kingdom 4913: 4889: 4886: 4881:logosyllabic 4875: 4859:Asko Parpola 4843:Indus Valley 4836: 4827:Indus script 4815: 4810: 4806: 4804: 4800:Krishnamurti 4788: 4771: 4750:Western Asia 4742:North Africa 4735: 4722: 4684: 4661: 4641:Sino-Tibetan 4606: 4582:Malayalamoid 4543:Malayalamoid 4486:Cholanaikkan 4462:Chhattisgarh 4245:Mala Malasar 3937:Malapandaram 3746:Malankuravan 3326:Saudi Arabia 3266:Saudi Arabia 3136:Saudi Arabia 3070:), parts of 3021: 2976:), parts of 2948:), parts of 2936:), parts of 2912:), parts of 2896:), parts of 2867: 2841:South Africa 2829:Saudi Arabia 2719:), parts of 2699:), parts of 2691:), parts of 2675:), parts of 2647:), parts of 2627:), parts of 2606: 2559:Chhattisgarh 2501:Chhattisgarh 2478:Chhattisgarh 2417:Chhattisgarh 2402:Chhattisgarh 2348:Chhattisgarh 2324:South Africa 2304:Saudi Arabia 2232:Chhattisgarh 2161: 2099:Chhattisgarh 1973:Chhattisgarh 1901: 1895: 1892: 1881: 1870: 1855: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1730: 1724:Distribution 1718: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1662: 1658: 1625: 1570: 1507:, including 1495:, including 1478: 1439:, including 1400:, including 1391:, including 1351: 1345: 1335: 1327: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1255: 1247: 1239: 1234:damilaraṭṭha 1231: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1145: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1091: 1077: 1069: 1063: 1041: 1027: 1026:in the work 1015: 1005: 995: 990: 949:argued that 944: 937: 934:Manipravalam 927: 925: 911: 858: 834:South Africa 818:Turkmenistan 739: 720:Tamil-Brahmi 717: 692: 688: 686: 642:Dravida Nadu 506:Gondi people 382: 237: 137:Linguasphere 93:Subdivisions 42:distribution 29: 16237:Ural-Altaic 16217:Indo-Uralic 16029:Sentinelese 15760:Afroasiatic 15726:Eteocypriot 15450:Germanosign 15354:Mura-Pirahã 15235:Lule–Vilela 15211:Bora-Witoto 15186:Uru–Chipaya 15159:Ticuna–Yuri 15142:Peba–Yaguan 15127:Nambikwaran 14930:Uto-Aztecan 14866:Mesoamerica 14720:Uto-Aztecan 14709:Tsimshianic 14671:Palaihnihan 14541:Malak-Malak 14278:Papuan Gulf 14252:West Papuan 14157:Lower Sepik 14147:Lakes Plain 14050:Arai–Samaia 14038:the Pacific 13746:Afroasiatic 13621:Niger–Congo 13597:Afroasiatic 13193:Mudu Koraga 13166:Tulu-Koraga 13132:Thachanadan 12830:Alu Kurumba 12682:Hela Havula 12392:Nepal Bhasa 11898:Bangladeshi 11748:Afghanistan 10367:(01): 7-9. 10150:influence." 10131:Elst (1999) 9865:20 November 9377:: 271–298. 9307:12 November 9143:30 December 9133:murugan.org 9113:24 December 8973:Census 2001 8953:7 September 8444:10 November 8385:25 November 8275:25 November 8239:10 November 8095:20 December 7922:Rāmacaritam 7913:Mahābhārata 7870:Tolkāppiyam 7832:Tirunelveli 7601:*toḷ, *toṇ 7393:pancē (II) 7074:Indo-Aryan 6960:ort-, -ond 6823:ānu, (nānu) 6765:ēnu, (nēnu) 6480:"book" and 6470:vantu vantu 6356:'to come'. 6338:'to hide'. 6323:'he made', 6251:themselves 6179:we (incl.) 6161:we (excl.) 5197:August 2017 4992:Old Iranian 4851:Henry Heras 4693:of ancient 4353:Maharashtra 4077:Thachanadan 3679:Maharashtra 3469:Lakshadweep 3256:, etc. and 3238:Maharashtra 3164:New Zealand 3092:Maharashtra 3088:Kanyakumari 3046:, Parts of 3036:Lakshadweep 2934:Krishnagiri 2898:Maharashtra 2880:, parts of 2874:44,000,000 2837:New Zealand 2789:Netherlands 2785:Switzerland 2701:Maharashtra 2623:(including 2613:75,000,000 2563:Maharashtra 2482:Maharashtra 2425:Maharashtra 2344:Maharashtra 2272:New Zealand 2236:West Bengal 2224:Maharashtra 2208:Chitradurga 2168:83,000,000 2137:Maharashtra 2076:Maharashtra 2039:West Bengal 2017:West Bengal 1985:West Bengal 1949:Beluchistan 1945:Afghanistan 1933:Balochistan 1851:2001 census 1172:dr(a/ā)viḍa 1132:dr(a/ā)viḍa 939:Tiruvaymoli 929:Lilatilakam 876:grammatical 872:Arabian Sea 842:Middle East 810:Afghanistan 798:Balochistan 728:Tirunelveli 701:South India 466:South India 266:Rashtrakuta 46:South India 16490:Categories 16377:Pre-Celtic 16345:East Asian 16335:Austro-Tai 16325:Andamanese 16175:Eurasiatic 16096:North Asia 16046:North Asia 15958:Hmong–Mien 15912:Burushaski 15871:South Asia 15842:Kartvelian 15809:Philistine 15719:Eteocretan 15663:Tartessian 15444:Francosign 15292:Chiquitano 15272:Alacalufan 15080:Guaicuruan 15053:Chapacuran 15036:Cahuapanan 15004:Araucanian 14907:Mixe–Zoque 14902:Misumalpan 14616:Comecrudan 14468:Nyulnyulan 14247:Upper Yuat 14224:Torricelli 14196:Senu River 14127:Foja Range 14033:New Guinea 13958:Burushaski 13819:Kartvelian 13794:Hmong–Mien 13610:Khoe–Kwadi 13265:Mukha-Dora 13260:Manna-Dora 13090:Malamuthan 13075:Kanikkaran 12590:Old Italic 12530:Devanagari 12455:Historical 12324:Portuguese 12141:Burushaski 12060:Rajasthani 11983:Hindustani 11930:Indo-Aryan 11918:Sri Lankan 11753:Bangladesh 11181:, Rodopi, 10817:29 January 9978:Heras 1953 9103:TᗩᗰIᒪᖴᑌᑎᗪᗩ 8983:14 October 8052:References 7984:Tamil Nadu 7860:Tamil Nadu 7836:Tamil Nadu 7779:Literature 7546:hašt (II) 7496:haft (II) 7463:ēḻŭ, yēḷŭ 7396:panč (II) 7038:Indo-Aryan 6812:unṟi, or- 6793:undi, or- 6771:vaccu, rā- 6745:yānu, yēnu 6711:ba-, bāru- 6634:ondu, or- 6586:yāṉ, (nāṉ) 6572:*waru ~ wā 6569:*kīẓ ~ kiẓ 6523:, Kannada 6505:kaṭṭumaram 6501:nāram-kа̄y 6452:Vocabulary 6274:'which'). 6238:Refl. Pl. 6220:Refl. Sg. 6031:uṅkaḷ-ukku 6025:'panther') 5751:'trees'). 5357:/d͡ʒ,d̪,ɾ/ 5304:emb(h)attu 5290:, Kannada 5275:and other 5229:aspiration 5223:and other 4900:See also: 4867:Tamil Nadu 4768:Prehistory 4657:substratum 4552:Tamil Nadu 4301:Tamil Nadu 4261:Tamil Nadu 4189:Tamil Nadu 4121:Tamil Nadu 4061:Tamil Nadu 4025:Tamil Nadu 3993:Tamil Nadu 3957:Tamil Nadu 3925:Tamil Nadu 3898:Tamil Nadu 3798:Tamil Nadu 3754:Tamil Nadu 3730:Tamil Nadu 3718:Kanikkaran 3711:Tamil Nadu 3647:Tamil Nadu 3627:Tamil Nadu 3539:Tamil Nadu 3496:Tamil Nadu 3429:Tamil Nadu 3401:Tamil Nadu 3373:Tamil Nadu 3236:), Across 3080:Coimbatore 3072:Tamil Nadu 3044:Puducherry 3028:37,000,000 2970:Sangareddy 2966:Narayanpet 2922:Coimbatore 2914:Tamil Nadu 2861:Seychelles 2673:Ramanagara 2621:Puducherry 2617:Tamil Nadu 2248:Puducherry 2216:Tamil Nadu 2214:(5.20%) ); 2198:(12.84%), 2194:(13.99%), 2190:(22.67%), 2186:(27.07%), 1969:2,280,000 1929:2,430,000 1614:(or Parji) 1501:Gondi-Kui 814:Marw oasis 800:region of 790:Bangladesh 735:Tamil Nadu 713:South Asia 552:Giraavarus 511:Kannadigas 477:South Asia 261:Satavahana 40:Geographic 16402:Pre-Vedic 16392:Pre-Greek 16364:Substrata 16267:Arunachal 16165:Nostratic 16150:Alarodian 16085:Yeniseian 15935:East Asia 15887:Dravidian 15744:West Asia 15712:Tyrsenian 15475:Tanzanian 15416:languages 15313:Hodï/Joti 15257:Isolates 15196:Yanomaman 15132:Otomákoan 15096:Jirajaran 15085:Guajiboan 15047:Catacaoan 15026:Barbacoan 14955:Cuitlatec 14924:Totonacan 14883:Jicaquean 14762:Chimariko 14658:Muskogean 14640:Kalapuyan 14634:Iroquoian 14609:Chumashan 14602:Chinookan 14595:Chimakuan 14513:Yangmanic 14508:Worrorran 14491:Wagaydyic 14381:Australia 14230:Trans-Fly 13896:Yeniseian 13883:Tyrsenian 13777:Dravidian 13533:indicate 13341:Konda-Kui 13326:Nagarchal 13284:Gondi-Kui 13107:Malavedan 13085:Kurichiya 13080:Kunduvadi 13023:Malayalam 12960:Eravallan 12932:Malayalam 12862:Toda-Kota 12802:Kannadoid 12630:influence 12550:Malayalam 12512:Shahmukhi 12479:Kharosthi 12464:(Abugida) 12397:Sikkimese 12250:Nicobaric 11913:Pakistani 11860:Malayalam 11842:Dravidian 11811:languages 11800:Sri Lanka 11778:classical 11773:scheduled 11608:, BRILL, 11045:416559272 10752:0971-751X 10744:The Hindu 10389:Q56805610 10381:0035-869X 9951:27 August 9941:The Hindu 9426:246637174 9281:11 August 9083:14 August 9044:14 August 7882:Talagunda 7824:Old Tamil 7805:Malayalam 7717:The word 7697:Malayalam 7678:attribute 7670:Malayalam 7648:dah (II) 7645:doy (II) 7598:nōh (II) 7595:nāy (II) 7574:ombattu 7540:enumadī 7493:say (II) 7446:šaš (II) 7443:soy (II) 7343:čār (II) 7246:*iraṇṭu 7088:Malayalam 7066:Northern 7040:language 6995:bar-, ba- 6731:bār-, ba- 6728:kï;, kïlï 6708:kīẓ, keḷa 6671:pōr-, pa- 6654:oḏ,ōr, o 6651:vār-, va- 6612:varu, vā- 6609:kīẓ, kiẓu 6606:ēṉ, (ñāṉ) 6600:Malayalam 6592:varu, vā- 6497:nāraṅkа̄y 6460:"he" and 6404:parataxes 6346:konṭuvara 6299:varukiṟēṉ 6070:aracan-iṉ 6064:xarās-t-ā 6058:kallē-n-ā 6016:kōndat-ūn 6010:bhārya-nu 6004:dā shar-e 5992:yāṉaiy-ai 5931:tammu-ṇḍu 5748:mara-gaḷu 5742:maraṅ-kaḷ 5715:(cf. Kui 5713:-(n)k(k)a 5669:enclitics 5662:clusivity 5559:Semivowel 5484:Retroflex 5326:retroflex 5269:loanwords 5237:registers 5157:Phonology 4961:Karnataka 4738:Nostratic 4651:with the 4559:Nagarchal 4532:Location 4526:Language 4448:Location 4442:Language 4357:Karnataka 4221:Kunduvadi 4181:Karnataka 4141:Karnataka 4013:Karnataka 3977:Eravallan 3902:Karnataka 3822:Karnataka 3699:Karnataka 3651:Karnataka 3587:Karnataka 3551:Kurichiya 3515:Karnataka 3500:Telangana 3484:Karnataka 3449:Karnataka 3421:Karnataka 3381:Karnataka 3354:200,000+ 3298:Karnataka 3294:1,500,000 3218:Karnataka 3214:1,850,000 3176:Singapore 3160:Australia 3120:Ahmedabad 3068:Bangalore 3048:Karnataka 3023:Malayalam 2998:Australia 2982:Ahmedabad 2954:Hyderabad 2950:Telangana 2942:Anantapur 2886:Kasaragod 2878:Karnataka 2849:Indonesia 2833:Australia 2757:Mauritius 2749:Singapore 2745:Sri Lanka 2725:Ahmedabad 2697:Hyderabad 2693:Telangana 2653:Bengaluru 2649:Karnataka 2645:Annamayya 2601:Location 2525:Telangana 2474:Telangana 2421:Telangana 2398:Telangana 2352:Telangana 2292:Mauritius 2260:Australia 2210:(5.39%), 2202:(9.68%), 2180:Karnataka 2176:Telangana 2156:Location 2150:Language 2080:Telangana 2062:Location 2056:Language 2035:Jharkhand 2013:Jharkhand 1977:Jharkhand 1919:Location 1913:Language 1866:Malayalam 1769:Malayalam 1701:Glottolog 1676:in Malto. 1402:Malayalam 1338:- etc.). 1272:Kādambarī 1117:Mahavamsa 998:T. Burrow 996:In 1961, 963:Malayalam 945:In 1816, 886:) in the 884:clusivity 830:Mauritius 770:Sri Lanka 754:Malayalam 731:districts 705:Sri Lanka 554:(Extinct) 548:(Extinct) 521:Malayalis 472:Sri Lanka 468:(Dravida) 184:Dravidian 149:Glottolog 119:ISO 639-2 50:Sri Lanka 35:Dravidian 16480:Language 16397:Vasconic 16372:Atlantic 16126:Eskaleut 16080:Yukaghir 15995:Koreanic 15990:Tungusic 15985:Mongolic 15923:Harappan 15834:Caucasus 15816:Sumerian 15691:Ligurian 15508:See also 15485:Isolates 15460:Japanese 15400:Yuracaré 15282:Candoshi 15241:Macro-Jê 15206:Zaparoan 15201:Zamucoan 15191:Witotoan 15174:Tucanoan 15169:Tiniguan 15164:Timotean 15148:Quechuan 15117:Matacoan 15112:Mascoian 15102:Jivaroan 15065:Chibchan 15059:Charruan 15010:Arawakan 14947:Isolates 14878:Chibchan 14754:Isolates 14726:Wakashan 14687:Salishan 14629:Eskaleut 14535:Giimbiyu 14527:Isolates 14436:Jarrakan 14431:Iwaidjan 14288:Isolates 14142:Kutubuan 14010:Sumerian 13946:Isolates 13901:Yukaghir 13870:Tungusic 13836:Mongolic 13824:Koreanic 13783:Eskaleut 13674:Isolates 13658:Ubangian 13425:Kondekor 13247:Teluguic 13226:Kumbaran 13144:Vishavan 13101:Malaryan 13070:Kalanadi 13060:Eranadan 13005:Yerukala 12990:Muthuvan 12953:Sankethi 12940:Tamiloid 12930:Tamil - 12794:- Badaga 12792:Kannada 12670:Activism 12642:Hinglish 12545:Gurmukhi 12540:Gujarati 12507:Nastaliq 12402:Tenyidie 12357:Dzongkha 12174:Lyngngam 12133:Isolates 12070:Sanskrit 12065:Rangpuri 12035:Maithili 12010:Kashmiri 11998:Hinglish 11978:Gujarati 11948:Bhojpuri 11943:Assamese 11908:Nepalese 11885:Germanic 11827:Aka-Jeru 11795:Pakistan 11785:Maldives 11586:archived 11522:(1983), 11410:(2016), 11388:(1991), 11378:19779445 11329:13 March 11320:archived 11286:(1994). 11276:31488661 11221:(1989), 11199:(2003), 11158:(2003), 11100:(1953). 11055:(1999), 10947:20216805 10935:(1856), 10853:Archived 10811:Archived 10807:The Wire 10756:Archived 10385:Wikidata 10203:Archived 9919:Archived 9837:Archived 9722:Archived 9673:Archived 9535:24987446 9336:Language 9301:Archived 9275:Archived 9245:Archived 9189:Archived 9163:Archived 9137:Archived 9107:Archived 9077:Archived 9038:Archived 8977:Archived 8907:11 March 8880:29657761 8477:archived 8438:Archived 8379:archived 8342:13267463 8334:11988631 8269:archived 8233:Archived 8089:Archived 7976:Keezhadi 7928:See also 7748:tombattu 7586:tommidi 7583:olimbō 7580:wïnboθ 7568:ombadŭ 7566:oṉbadŭ, 7543:āx (II) 7534:enimidi 7399:*caymtu 7296:*mūnt̠u 7178:okaṭi , 7143:Sanskrit 7077:Iranian 7063:Central 7042:Sanskrit 7022:Numerals 7015:yāṉ, nāṉ 6992:ki-, kē- 6902:var-, vā 6879:ān, āneŋ 6809:vā-, ra- 6804:(nān(u)) 6691:bā-, bar 6685:(nā(nu)) 6648:kī, kīṛm 6625:(nā(nu)) 6478:pustakam 6462:avaravar 6287:yāṉ, nāṉ 6215:you all 6125:Meaning 6090:Pronouns 6082:sēpal-in 5979:mara-tt- 5958:'men'). 5730:mrānu-lu 5718:kōḍi-ŋga 5675:classes. 5532:Plosives 5479:Alveolar 5322:alveolar 5287:nalabhai 5273:Sanskrit 5221:Sanskrit 4629:Japanese 4621:Sumerian 4538:Malaryan 4474:Kumbaran 4408:Vishavan 4388:Aranadan 4313:Kalanadi 3846:Kumbaran 3782:Muthuvan 3476:Yerukala 3203:Pakistan 3172:Malaysia 3084:Nilgiris 2990:Vadodara 2930:Nilgiris 2902:Kolhapur 2845:Thailand 2753:Malaysia 2729:Vadodara 2681:Palakkad 2641:Tirupati 2633:Chittoor 2625:Karaikal 2595:Language 2470:135,000 2455:350,000 2436:155,000 2413:360,000 2390:360,000 2371:942,000 2288:Malaysia 2206:(8.11%), 2072:122,000 2005:234,000 1937:Pakistan 1902:boldface 1884:Pakistan 1706:Kumbaran 1605:Kondekor 1168:-, into 1066:Sanskrit 1057:— 1018:Sanskrit 802:Pakistan 709:Pakistan 695:) are a 693:Dravidic 606:Politics 447:Charvaka 432:Buddhism 422:Hinduism 410:Religion 377:Language 281:Kakatiya 271:Chalukya 155:drav1251 54:Pakistan 16454:Portals 16432:italics 16330:Austric 16307:Kho-Bwa 16302:Hrusish 16280:Siangic 16222:Karasuk 16122: ? 16035:Kenaboi 16000:Japonic 15965:Kra–Dai 15926: ? 15917:Kusunda 15823:Elamite 15795:Kassite 15781:Kaskian 15684:Camunic 15656:Iberian 15613:Eurasia 15558:italics 15535:Pidgins 15520:Creoles 15470:Swedish 15438:Chinese 15385:Urarina 15370:Puinave 15324:Itonama 15318:Irantxe 15287:Chimane 15217:Chimuan 15122:Nadahup 15041:Cariban 15021:Aymaran 14982:America 14824:Waikuri 14817:Tonkawa 14810:Timucua 14803:Takelma 14796:Siuslaw 14785:Kutenai 14769:Esselen 14732:Wintuan 14693:Shastan 14664:Na-Dene 14652:Maiduan 14589:Caddoan 14563:America 14517:Wagiman 14515:(incl. 14486:Tangkic 14426:Garawan 14399:Bunuban 14360:Tambora 14327:Maybrat 14295:Abinomn 14218:Teberan 14179:Pauwasi 14169:Mairasi 14137:Kiwaian 14017:Tambora 14003:Shompen 13985:Kusunda 13978:Kenaboi 13964:Elamite 13936:Siangic 13918:Kho-Bwa 13912:Hrusish 13830:Kra–Dai 13814:Japonic 13723:Eurasia 13698:Sandawe 13681:Bangime 13646:Songhay 13531:Italics 13385:Central 13332:Pardhan 13305:Khirwar 13255:Chenchu 13221:Kakkala 13178:Bellari 13138:Ullatan 13122:Pathiya 13000:Pattapu 12995:Paliyan 12975:Malasar 12965:Kaikadi 12825:Sholaga 12810:Kannada 12570:Sinhala 12565:Ranjana 12555:Kannada 12535:Bengali 12522:Brahmic 12448:Scripts 12430:Turkmen 12412:Tripuri 12407:Tibetan 12372:Ladakhi 12311:Romance 12278:Teressa 12235:Santali 12230:Mundari 12151:Kusunda 12108:Balochi 12100:Iranian 12090:Sylheti 12085:Sinhala 12075:Saraiki 12055:Punjabi 12040:Marathi 12020:Kumaoni 12015:Konkani 11968:Dhivehi 11953:Bengali 11893:English 11855:Kannada 11458:Bibcode 11369:2842210 11348:Bibcode 11267:6822619 11246:Science 11110:2799353 9814:Harappa 9515:Bibcode 9251:10 June 9221:10 June 9195:10 June 9169:10 June 8871:5882685 8850:Bibcode 8820:3217749 8041:avarkaḷ 7980:Madurai 7856:Madurai 7854:, near 7852:Keeladi 7842:called 7828:Madurai 7797:Kannada 7772:Balochi 7741:⁄ 7734:toṇṇūṟu 7701:irupatu 7693:Kannada 7651:*paHtu 7592:tomdī 7577:ormba 7571:ombay 7549:*eṇṭṭu 7381:ayidu, 7334:nāluṅg 7331:nālugu 7287:mūndiŋ 7196:*onṯu 7187:okkod 7148:Persian 7098:Kannada 7054:Number 7046:Persian 6751:barpini 6699:Kannada 6525:muṅgisi 6521:muṅgisa 6493:nāraṅga 6325:kiʔetan 6184:2. Sg. 6130:1. Sg. 6109:nāṅ-kaḷ 6037:pani-ki 6022:ḍurka-n 5949:iru-var 5795:n. Pl. 5638:Grammar 5606:Lateral 5499:Glottal 5489:Palatal 5330:liquids 5299:ಎಂಭತ್ತು 5293:ಎಂಬತ್ತು 5233:voicing 5118:maṇḍūka 5072:Rigveda 5035:Rigveda 5008:Kurdish 5000:Balochi 4996:Avestan 4731:Elamite 4701:). The 4613:Hurrian 4577:Ullatan 4529:Branch 4506:Kakkala 4478:10,000 4458:26,000 4454:Khirwar 4273:Pathiya 3909:Malasar 3874:Paliyan 3850:10,000 3786:16,800 3750:18,600 3695:22,000 3667:26,000 3663:Kaikadi 3643:24,000 3639:Sholaga 3615:26,000 3583:27,000 3555:29,000 3511:32,000 3480:58,000 3465:65,000 3445:114,000 3417:133,000 3397:180,000 3393:Kurumba 3369:200,000 3350:Pattapu 3342:Bahrain 3282:Bahrain 3242:Gujarat 3195:Finland 3192:Austria 3188:Germany 3184:Ireland 3156:Bahrain 3112:Gujarat 3076:Chennai 3014:Bahrain 3002:Germany 2978:Gujarat 2946:Kurnool 2918:Chennai 2906:Solapur 2894:Wayanad 2869:Kannada 2857:Réunion 2853:Myanmar 2821:Bahrain 2801:Denmark 2777:Germany 2721:Gujarat 2637:Nellore 2555:15,000 2536:20,000 2517:26,000 2513:Chenchu 2497:36,400 2493:Khirwar 2466:Pardhan 2308:Bahrain 2280:Germany 2240:Gujarat 2204:Raichur 2200:Bellary 2133:10,000 2114:15,000 2091:51,000 2031:12,500 1941:Helmand 1862:Kannada 1771:(14.4%) 1761:(15.4%) 1759:Kannada 1751:(29.0%) 1741:(34.5%) 1714:Khirwar 1710:Kakkala 1596:Gadaba 1441:Kannada 1306:draviḍa 1290:draviḍa 1258:draviḍa 1250:dramiḍa 1242:dramiḷa 1208:dramila 1202:draviḍa 1176:. The - 1092:dramila 1072:drāviḍa 1051:Draviḍa 1045:Drāviḍa 1023:Draviḍa 959:Kannada 854:Oceania 750:Kannada 724:Madurai 593:Koragas 588:Soligas 578:Paniyas 573:Kurukhs 568:Kodavas 536:Tuluvas 526:Telugus 516:Kodavas 460:Regions 442:Ājīvika 437:Śramaṇa 427:Jainism 344:Culture 306:Aravidu 291:Sangama 286:Hoysala 276:Pallava 256:Pandyan 219:History 103:Central 16292:Mijiic 16285:Digaro 16232:Pontic 16160:Borean 16155:Altaic 16119:Rouran 16112:Turkic 16105:Uralic 16094:Other 15979:Turkic 15907:Nihali 15802:Gutian 15774:Hattic 15767:Turkic 15733:Minoan 15705:Sicani 15650:Basque 15644:Turkic 15637:Uralic 15621:Europe 15433:BANZSL 15395:Yamana 15380:Trumai 15349:Movima 15303:Fulniô 15266:Aikanã 15180:Tupian 15075:Chonan 14999:Arauan 14937:Xincan 14889:Lencan 14842:Yokuts 14739:Yukian 14704:Tanoan 14699:Siouan 14682:Pomoan 14623:Coosan 14449:Mirndi 14342:Porome 14337:Pawaia 14191:Senagi 14163:Madang 14112:Eleman 14067:Border 13998:Nihali 13991:Minoan 13971:Hattic 13953:Basque 13924:Mijiic 13906:Digaro 13890:Uralic 13876:Turkic 13727:Europe 13584:Africa 13489:Brahui 13459:Kurukh 13430:Ollari 13420:Duruwa 13399:Kolami 13315:Madiya 13275:Waddar 13270:Telugu 13209:Others 13200:Kudiya 13183:Koraga 13127:Ravula 13117:Paniya 13028:Jeseri 12985:Mannan 12914:Muduga 12888:Kodava 12881:Kodagu 12853:Badaga 12815:Holiya 12614:Thaana 12580:Telugu 12489:Arabic 12462:Brahmi 12422:Turkic 12382:Meitei 12367:Hajong 12319:French 12301:Jarawa 12268:Chaura 12161:Khasic 12146:Nihali 12118:Pashto 12080:Sindhi 12045:Nepali 12025:Magahi 12005:Hindko 11958:Chakma 11938:Angika 11903:Indian 11870:Telugu 11850:Brahui 11832:Aka-Bo 11758:Bhutan 11732:Major 11650: 11631: 11612: 11595:22 May 11560: 11541: 11508: 11437: 11418: 11396: 11376: 11366: 11340:Nature 11298: 11274: 11264: 11233: 11207: 11185: 11166: 11144: 11108: 11086: 11067: 11043: 11019: 10996: 10973: 10954: 10945: 10921: 10902: 10750: 10694: 10387: 10379: 10147:Brahui 10105:P. 23 10077:P. 45 10064:P. 32 10051:P. 12 10038:P. 18 10025:P. 83 9998: 9728:17 May 9624:p. 48. 9616: 9533: 9424: 9391:592159 9389: 9356:411899 9354: 9069: 9030: 8944: 8878: 8868: 8818: 8483:1 July 8469: 8430: 8371: 8340: 8332: 8225: 8162: 7813:Kodava 7801:Telugu 7727:oṉpatu 7723:Sangam 7709:iruvar 7705:iravai 7689:Telugu 7642:padī 7627:pattŭ 7624:hattu 7621:pattï 7618:pattŭ 7615:pathŭ 7589:unmāk 7537:aṛmur 7502:saptá 7449:*cāṯu 7402:pañca 7352:cahār 7349:catúr 7337:nāliŋ 7319:nālku 7293:musiṭ 7281:mū̃ḍu 7278:mūnnu 7266:mūndï 7263:mūnnŭ 7231:reṇḍu 7219:eraḍu 7216:daṇḍï 7213:raṇḍŭ 7138:Brahui 7133:Kurukh 7128:Kolami 7118:Telugu 7093:Kodava 7057:South 6984:Brahui 6976:barnā- 6965:Kurukh 6928:Gadaba 6892:Kolami 6842:(nānu) 6759:Telugu 6725:(nānï) 6719:Kodagu 6705:(nānu) 6679:Badaga 6549:Under 6509:māṅkāy 6360:Syntax 6336:nudɣr- 6202:2. Pl 6052:avar-ā 6043:ella-ŋ 5998:avan-e 5937:mag-aḷ 5925:mak-aṉ 5792:f. Pl. 5789:m. Pl. 5786:n. Sg. 5783:f. Sg. 5780:m. Sg. 5657:(SOV). 5583:Rhotic 5506:Nasals 5474:Dental 5469:Labial 5324:, and 5318:dental 5254:Sindhi 5143:gerund 5102:kevaṭa 5094:śakaṭī 5078:Iṭanta 5040: 4984:relict 4976:Brahui 4969: 4965: 4948:Kurukh 4908:, and 4793:, the 4746:Europe 4723:ad hoc 4664:Uralic 4645:Nihali 4643:, and 4627:, and 4625:Korean 4617:Basque 4587:Kerala 4564:Gondic 4548:Kerala 4513:Kerala 4494:Kerala 4416:Kerala 4396:Kerala 4372:Kerala 4333:Holiya 4321:Kerala 4281:Kerala 4277:1,000 4253:Kerala 4249:1,000 4229:Kerala 4225:1,000 4209:Kerala 4205:1,370 4157:Kerala 4153:Kodagu 4133:Kudiya 4109:Kerala 4105:2,960 4085:Kerala 4081:3,000 4053:Kerala 4049:3,400 4045:Muduga 4017:Kerala 4009:5,000 3985:Kerala 3981:5,000 3945:Kerala 3941:5,900 3917:Kerala 3913:7,800 3882:Kerala 3878:9,500 3854:Kerala 3834:Kerala 3818:14,000 3814:Koraga 3794:Kerala 3762:Kerala 3726:Kerala 3722:19,000 3707:Kerala 3691:Paniya 3619:Kerala 3595:Kerala 3579:Ravula 3559:Kerala 3531:Kerala 3488:Kerala 3461:Jeseri 3441:Kodava 3413:Badaga 3330:Kuwait 3316:) and 3310:Kerala 3270:Kuwait 3246:Mumbai 3230:Kerala 3180:Israel 3168:Canada 3140:Kuwait 3096:Mumbai 3086:, and 3064:Mysore 3060:Kodagu 3032:Kerala 2910:Sangli 2890:Kannur 2882:Kerala 2813:Kuwait 2797:Sweden 2793:Norway 2773:France 2761:Canada 2705:Mumbai 2685:Idukki 2677:Kerala 2669:Mysuru 2582:Odisha 2578:4,040 2567:Odisha 2544:Odisha 2459:Odisha 2440:Odisha 2409:Madiya 2375:Odisha 2356:Odisha 2312:Kuwait 2276:France 2264:Canada 2228:Odisha 2220:Kerala 2212:Yadgir 2163:Telugu 2118:Odisha 2110:Ollari 2095:Odisha 2087:Duruwa 2068:Kolami 2043:Odisha 1981:Odisha 1965:Kurukh 1953:Kerman 1925:Brahui 1888:Brahui 1873:Telugu 1825: 1821:(0.7%) 1817: 1815: 1811:(0.8%) 1809:Kurukh 1807: 1805: 1801:(0.7%) 1797: 1795: 1791:(0.9%) 1789:Brahui 1787: 1785: 1781:(1.2%) 1777: 1775: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1755: 1747: 1745: 1739:Telugu 1737: 1735: 1651:Brahui 1637:Kurukh 1612:Duruwa 1600:Ollari 1581:Kolami 1497:Telugu 1483: 1466:Kudiya 1456:Koraga 1445:Badaga 1416:Kodava 1358: 1336:damela 1330:dameḍa 1322:damiḷa 1314:damiḷa 1282:damiḷa 1254:, and 1226:damiḷa 1220:damela 1214:dameḍa 1162:damila 1156:damiḷa 1144:> * 1126:damila 1122:damiḷa 1110:damiḷa 1106:) and 1098:Daṇḍin 983:Brahui 971:Kodava 955:Telugu 846:Europe 794:Brahui 786:Bhutan 778:Kurukh 762:Kodava 742:Telugu 563:Khonds 541:Irulas 531:Tamils 489:People 301:Tuluva 296:Saluva 202:Origin 16468:India 16070:Nivkh 16024:Ongan 15390:Warao 15359:Nukak 15330:Kunza 15308:Guató 15297:Cofán 15277:Camsá 15070:Choco 15031:Boran 14980:South 14961:Huave 14896:Mayan 14847:Yuchi 14830:Washo 14780:Karuk 14775:Haida 14714:Utian 14646:Keres 14583:Alsea 14576:Algic 14561:North 14353:Taiap 14347:Sulka 14202:Sepik 14117:Engan 13858:Ongan 13841:Nivkh 13709:Shabo 13692:Jalaa 13686:Hadza 13640:Mande 13464:Malto 13444:North 13404:Naiki 13368:Pengo 13363:Manda 13348:Konda 13320:Muria 13300:Gondi 13292:Gondi 13065:Kadar 13055:Allar 13038:Byari 12948:Tamil 12909:Irula 12902:Irula 12893:Urali 12777:South 12607:Other 12598:Latin 12575:Tamil 12473:Indus 12468:Greek 12435:Uzbek 12377:Limbu 12347:Balti 12288:Ongan 12225:Korku 12212:Munda 12169:Khasi 12123:Wakhi 12030:Mahal 11988:Hindi 11973:Dogri 11865:Tamil 11790:Nepal 11763:India 11589:(PDF) 11576:(PDF) 11412:Tamil 11323:(PDF) 11316:(PDF) 11127:[ 10859:1 May 10762:9 May 9899:(PDF) 9888:(PDF) 9531:JSTOR 9422:S2CID 9387:JSTOR 9352:JSTOR 8901:(PDF) 8816:JSTOR 8338:S2CID 7978:near 7962:Notes 7884:near 7817:Gondi 7793:Tamil 7719:toṇṭu 7685:Tamil 7666:Tamil 7654:dáśa 7636:padi 7633:patt 7604:náva 7555:haśt 7552:aṣṭá 7522:eṇṭu 7519:ëṭṭï 7516:eṭṭŭ 7513:eṭṭŭ 7505:haft 7469:ë̄ḷï 7405:panj 7390:ayd 7378:añji 7369:aidu 7366:añji 7363:añjŭ 7325:nōng 7322:nālŭ 7316:nālï 7313:nālu 7290:mūnd 7284:muṇḍ 7275:mūd̠ 7272:mūji 7269:mūru 7243:irāṭ 7237:irāṭ 7234:raṇḍ 7228:jend 7193:asiṭ 7184:undi 7180:oṇḍu 7175:onnu 7172:wïd̠ 7169:onji 7166:ondu 7163:ondï 7160:onnŭ 7123:Gondi 7113:Beary 7083:Tamil 6973:kiyyā 6946:Malto 6909:Parji 6873:Pengo 6855:Manda 6798:Konda 6779:Gondi 6774:oṇḍu 6694:ondu 6620:Irula 6580:Tamil 6552:Come 6543:Fish 6540:Word 6517:manga 6513:māṅṅa 6499:< 6466:vantu 6350:koḷḷa 6321:kitan 6303:varu- 5973:maram 5955:āl-ar 5943:maq-i 5494:Velar 5437:(or * 5433:and * 5361:/d͡ʒ/ 5310:phōṛd 5271:from 5245:Tamil 5110:puṇya 5086:Kaṇva 5006:like 4952:Malto 4789:As a 4364:Allar 4177:1,560 4149:Udupi 4137:2,800 4101:Kadar 3830:Udupi 3365:Irula 3338:Qatar 3306:Udupi 3290:Beary 3278:Qatar 3254:Surat 3250:Thane 3226:Udupi 3199:Japan 3152:Qatar 3124:Delhi 3116:Surat 3104:Thane 3056:Udupi 2986:Surat 2958:Medak 2926:Salem 2825:China 2809:Qatar 2781:Italy 2737:Delhi 2733:Surat 2713:Thane 2665:Kolar 2608:Tamil 2574:Manda 2551:Muria 2532:Konda 2451:Pengo 2332:Gondi 2316:Qatar 2284:Italy 2244:Delhi 2188:Kolar 2129:Naiki 2021:India 2009:Bihar 2001:Malto 1993:India 1989:Bihar 1877:Gondi 1858:Tamil 1819:Beary 1779:Gondi 1749:Tamil 1643:Malto 1586:Naiki 1536:Pengo 1531:Manda 1518:Konda 1509:Gondi 1409:Irula 1393:Tamil 1152:> 1148:damiḷ 1140:tamiḻ 1081:Tamiḻ 1068:word 1020:word 951:Tamil 782:Nepal 774:Malto 766:Gondi 746:Tamil 583:Malar 546:Nagas 316:Reddy 311:Nayak 251:Chera 246:Chola 110:South 99:North 16439:bold 16297:Miju 16065:Ainu 15565:bold 15492:See 15428:Arab 15414:Sign 15365:Páez 15342:Maku 15336:Leco 14852:Zuni 14836:Yana 14790:Seri 14547:Tiwi 14367:Wiru 14332:Mpur 14322:Kuot 14305:Anêm 14300:Abun 14267:Yuat 14262:Yawa 14208:Skou 14185:Ramu 14036:and 13930:Miju 13752:Ainu 13732:Asia 13730:and 13703:Laal 13664:Kadu 13652:Ijaw 13615:Kx'a 13358:Kuvi 13310:Koya 13173:Tulu 12873:Kota 12868:Toda 12654:Urdu 12560:Odia 12502:Arwi 12387:Mizo 12362:Garo 12352:Bodo 12296:Önge 12240:Sora 12179:Pnar 12113:Dari 12050:Odia 11993:Urdu 11875:Tulu 11648:ISBN 11629:ISBN 11610:ISBN 11597:2013 11558:ISBN 11539:ISBN 11506:ISBN 11450:Rice 11435:ISBN 11416:ISBN 11394:ISBN 11374:PMID 11331:2016 11296:ISBN 11272:PMID 11231:ISBN 11205:ISBN 11183:ISBN 11164:ISBN 11142:ISBN 11106:OCLC 11084:ISBN 11065:ISBN 11041:OCLC 11017:ISBN 10994:ISBN 10971:ISBN 10952:ISBN 10943:OCLC 10919:ISBN 10900:ISBN 10861:2022 10819:2020 10764:2020 10748:ISSN 10692:ISBN 10377:ISSN 9996:ISBN 9953:2017 9867:2008 9730:2018 9614:ISBN 9309:2017 9283:2015 9253:2021 9223:2021 9197:2021 9171:2021 9145:2017 9115:2018 9085:2022 9067:ISBN 9046:2022 9028:ISBN 9007:2023 8985:2017 8955:2012 8942:ISBN 8909:2024 8876:PMID 8485:2017 8467:ISBN 8446:2020 8428:ISBN 8387:2008 8369:ISBN 8330:PMID 8277:2008 8241:2020 8223:ISBN 8160:ISBN 8097:2021 8035:avar 7830:and 7811:and 7809:Tulu 7803:and 7764:(II) 7695:and 7668:and 7657:dah 7639:pad 7630:pot 7607:noh 7531:ett 7499:*ēẓ 7490:ēḍ 7484:ēḍu 7472:ēḷu 7466:ēḻŭ 7455:śeś 7452:ṣáṣ 7440:ār 7434:āṟu 7428:ōr̠ 7425:āji 7422:āru 7419:ārï 7416:āṟŭ 7413:āṟŭ 7383:ēnu 7340:nāx 7328:nāl 7302:seh 7299:tri 7249:dvi 7240:eṇṛ 7202:yek 7199:éka 7190:oṇḍ 7108:Toda 7103:Tulu 7011:*ñām 7007:*ñān 6957:bare 6949:mīnu 6939:var- 6921:ver- 6918:kiṛi 6912:mīni 6887:ro- 6868:ru- 6850:ro- 6839:mīnu 6836:Kuwi 6831:ro- 6828:vāva 6820:mīnu 6790:vaya 6762:mīnu 6748:kīḷɯ 6742:mīnɯ 6739:Tulu 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