Carnatic music - Knowledge

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out the knowledge and personality of the composer, and hence the words are as important as the musical element itself. This poses a special challenge for the musicians because rendering this music does not involve just playing or singing the correct musical notes; the musicians are expected to understand what was conveyed by the composer in various languages, and sing musical phrases that act to create the effect that was intended by the composer in his/her composition.

7150: 1538: 2776: 566: 273: 2790: 965:. While there are an infinite number of sounds falling within a scale (or raga) in Carnatic music, the number that can be distinguished by auditory perception is twenty-two (although over the years, several of them have converged). In this sense, while sruti is determined by auditory perception, it is also an expression in the listener's mind. 894:, or its high esteem among the upper social classes of Colombo and Jaffna, where the learning of Carnatic music among young women is expected as a sign of good education. Many people have travelled to India for improving their skills, and the flow of students to India from Sri Lanka or of Sri Lankan Tamil origin is constantly increasing. 732:, further elaborated on the musical concepts found in Indian classical music. By the 16th and 17th centuries, there was a clear demarcation between Carnatic and Hindustani music; Carnatic music remained relatively unaffected by Persian and Arabic influences. It was at this time that Carnatic music flourished in 2886:

In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of

2285:(in Indian languages). For a duration of three, the letter is capitalized (or diacriticized) and followed by a comma. For a length of four, the letter is capitalized (or diacriticized) and then followed by a semicolon. In this way any duration can be indicated using a series of semicolons and commas. 862:

participate in the extension of the Carnatic cultural scene abroad, thanks to their rich patronage activity. Carnatic music artists therefore perform abroad among South Indian communities who request their coming, in order to enliven local community life. For a long time in Ceylon, Carnatic music was

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By the 16th century, Indian classical music split into two styles: Hindustani in the North and Karnataka (later called Carnatic) in the South. The term "Karnataka" music originated from the Vijayanagara Empire, historically known as the Karnataka Empire. The term Karnataka might not necessarily refer

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The objective of the accompanying instruments is far more than following the melody and keeping the beats. The accompaniments form an integral part of every composition presented, and they closely follow and augment the melodic phrases outlined by the lead singer. The vocalist and the violinist take

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of the northern part of India, Carnatic music is taught and learned through compositions, which encode many intricate musical details, also providing scope for free improvisation. Nearly every rendition of a Carnatic music composition is different and unique as it embodies elements of the composer's

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Niraval, usually performed by the more advanced performers, consists of singing one or two lines of text of a song repeatedly, but with a series of melodic improvised elaborations. Although niraval consists of extempore melodic variations, generally, the original patterns of duration are maintained;

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In modern times, it is common for students to visit their gurus daily or weekly to learn music. Though new technology has made learning easier with the availability of quick-learn media such as learning exercises recorded on audio cassettes and CDs, these are discouraged by most gurus who emphasize

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A Carnatic composition really has two elements, one being the musical element, the other being what is conveyed in the composition. It is probably because of this fact that most Carnatic music compositions are composed for singing. In addition to the rich musical experience, each composition brings

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Known for their complex structure, varnams are a fundamental form in Carnatic music. Varnams are practised as vocal exercises in multiple speeds by performers of Carnatic music, to help develop voice culture, and maintain proper pitch and control of rhythm. In Carnatic music concerts, varnams are

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Tani Avartanam refers to the extended solo that is played by the percussionists in a concert, and is usually played after the main composition in a concert. The percussionist displays the full range of his skills and rhythmic imagination during the solo, which may take from two to twenty minutes.

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in sync with the artist's performance. As and when the artist exhibits creativity, the audience acknowledge it by clapping their hands. With experienced artists, towards the middle of the concert, requests start flowing in. The artist usually sings the requests, and it helps in exhibiting the

2637:). The percussion artists perform complex patterns of rhythm and display their skill. If multiple percussion instruments are employed, they engage in a rhythmic dialogue until the main performer picks up the melody once again. Some experienced artists may follow the main piece with a 1411:

Theoretically, this ought to be the easiest type of improvisation, since the rules are so few, but in fact, it takes much skill to sing a pleasing, comprehensive (in the sense of giving a "feel for the ragam") and, most importantly, original raga alapana.

890:. The place given to Carnatic music in the construction of a modern Sri Lankan Tamil identity has reached significant proportions, such as its rise in the curricula of most Jaffna colleges, where it gradually replaced from the mid-1930s the teaching of 1400:

or tone – a slow improvisation with no rhythm, where the raga acts as the basis of embellishment. In performing alapana, performers consider each raga as an object that has beginnings and endings and consists somehow of sequences of thought.

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s have cycles of a defined number of beats and rarely change within a song. They have specific components, which in combinations can give rise to the variety to exist (over 108), allowing different compositions to have different rhythms.

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player can keep beats without following the musical phrases at times, in Carnatic music, the accompanists have to follow the intricacies of the composition since there are percussion elements such as eduppu in several compositions.

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commonly refers to musical pitch. It is the approximate equivalent of a tonic (or less precisely a key) in Western music; it is the note from which all the others are derived. It is also used in the sense of graded pitches in an

494:(the rhythmic cycles) form the foundation of improvisation and composition in both Carnatic and Hindustani music. Although improvisation plays an important role, Carnatic music is mainly sung through compositions, especially the 2757:, as well as non-Carnatic art forms. Some concert organisers also feature their own Carnatic music festivals during the season. Thousands of performances are held by hundreds of musicians across various venues in the city. 2210:

Notation is not a new concept in Indian music. However, Carnatic music continued to be transmitted orally for centuries without being written down. The disadvantage with this system was that if one wanted to learn about a

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Carnatic music is usually performed by a small ensemble of musicians, who sit on an elevated stage. This usually consists of, at least, a principal performer, a melodic accompaniment, a rhythm accompaniment, and a drone.

878:, who were then heavily influenced by a prominent cultural movement known as the Hindu revival. Carnatic music was thus appropriated and highly promoted during the 1920s and 1930s as a cultural and identity marker of the 937:

Today, Carnatic music is presented by musicians in concerts or recordings, either vocally or through instruments. Carnatic music itself developed around musical works or compositions of phenomenal composers (see below).

1899:(the father or grandfather) of Carnatic music as he formulated the basic lessons in teaching Carnatic music, and in honour of his significant contribution to Carnatic music. He structured graded exercises known as 2486:. Each composition is set with specific notes and beats, but performers improvise extensively. Improvisation occurs in the melody of the composition as well as in using the notes to expound the beauty of the 2148:

The learning texts and exercises are more or less uniform across all the South Indian states. The learning structure is arranged in increasing order of complexity. The lessons start with the learning of the

2168:(perceptor). From the late 20th century onwards, with changes in lifestyles and need for young music aspirants to simultaneously pursue a parallel academic career, this system has found few takers. 1133:(ornamentation), which phrases should be used or avoided, and so on. In effect, it is a series of obligatory musical events which must be observed, either absolutely or with a particular frequency. 2278:

note. In the more precise forms of Carnatic notation, there are symbols placed above the notes indicating how the notes should be played or sung; however, informally this practice is not followed.

1515:, the pallavi line is often composed by the performer. Through niraval, the performer manipulates the pallavi line in complex melodic and rhythmic ways. The niraval is followed by kalpanaswarams. 506:. Carnatic music is also usually taught and learned through compositions. Telugu language predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music. Most Carnatic compositions are in Telugu, and Sanskrit. 902:

The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as

1478:(the first beat of the rhythmical cycle). The swaras can also be sung at the same speed or double the speed of the melody that is being sung, though some artists sing triple-speed phrases too. 1489:

Tanam is one of the most important forms of improvisation, and is integral to Ragam Tanam Pallavi. Originally developed for the veena, it consists of expanding the raga with syllables like

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thus established, the song begins, usually with lyrics. In this, the accompaniment (usually violin, sometimes veena) performs along with the main performer and the percussion (such as a

2726:, thousands of musicians attend the festival to perform his compositions. Since its inception, other festivals were started in a similar manner throughout India and abroad, such as the 838:

reaching its conclusion in 1947, Carnatic music went through a radical shift in patronage into an art of the masses with ticketed performances organised by private institutions called

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Some concerts feature a good bit of interaction with the lead musicians and accompanists exchanging notes, and accompanying musicians predicting the lead musician's musical phrases.

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However, a simpler notation has evolved which does not use semicolons and capitalization, but rather indicates all extensions of notes using a corresponding number of commas. Thus,

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is an annual conference of Carnatic music, held in February every year, which has lectures and demonstrations in the morning, and performances in the afternoons and evenings.

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flute, can be occasionally found as an accompaniment, but usually, a vocalist is supported by a violin player (who sits on his/her left). The rhythm accompanist is usually a

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To show the length of a note, several devices are used. If the duration of note is to be doubled, the letter is either capitalized (if using Roman script) or lengthened by a

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Ragam, Tanam, and Pallavi are the principal long form in concerts, and is a composite form of improvisation. As the name suggests, it consists of raga alapana, tanam, and a

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from the 12th century onwards, Indian classical music began to diverge into two distinct styles — Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Commentaries and other works, such as

447:. The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in 1762:

of a raga) include how each note of the raga should be stressed, the scale of the raga, and so on. All varnams consist of lyrics, as well as swara passages, including a

1069:, there is usually only one variant of each note present. The exceptions exist in "light" ragas, in which, for artistic effect, there may be two, one ascending (in the 2178:, or the hierarchy of disciples from some prominent ancient musician or composer, to which they belong. People whose disciple-hierarchies are often referred to are 1408:

and touch on its various nuances, singing in the lower octaves first, then gradually moving up to higher octaves, while giving a hint of the song to be performed.

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Carnatic music is usually performed by a small ensemble of musicians, consisting of a principal performer (usually a vocalist), a melodic accompaniment (usually a

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that shows the performer's skill. All of this is done without any rhythmic accompaniment, or beat. Then the melodic accompaniment (violin or veena), expounds the

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Following the main composition, the concert continues with shorter and lighter songs. Some of the types of songs performed towards the end of the concerts are

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Performances can be musical or musical-dramatic. Musical recitals are either vocal, or purely instrumental in nature, while musical-dramatic recitals refer to

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because of the quality of Syama Sastri's compositions, the varieties of compositions of Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Tyagaraja's prolific output in composing

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Carnatic music singers usually keep the beat by moving their hands up and down in specified patterns, and using their fingers simultaneously to keep time.

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to slowly elaborate the notes and flow of the raga. This begins slowly and builds to a crescendo, and finally establishes a complicated exposition of the

783:. Some of the royalty of the kingdoms of Mysore and Travancore were themselves noted composers and proficient in playing musical instruments, such as the 7215: 5271: 982:

refers to a type of musical sound that is a single note, which defines a relative (higher or lower) position of a note, rather than a defined frequency.

3577: 8389: 5071: 5066: 4306: 2270:. The notions of key and absolute pitch are deeply rooted in Western music, whereas the Carnatic notation does not specify the key and prefers to use 768:

to the modern state of Karnataka. The British later influenced the change in name to "Carnatic" music, and the term is only about 150-200 years old.

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often performed by musicians as the opening item – acting as a warm up for the musicians, and as a means of grabbing the attention of the audience.

8091: 371: 1831:. The final (and longest) verse that wraps up the song. The Charanam usually borrows patterns from the Anupallavi. There can be multiple charanas. 5248: 3661: 615:, or notes, to the sounds of animals and birds and man's effort to simulate these sounds through a keen sense of observation and perception. The 3077: 5243: 4279: 3263: 2583:, have no awkward pauses or lapses in the beat of the song, and create a complex pattern of notes that a knowledgeable audience can follow. 8465: 2051:

Composers of Carnatic music were often inspired by religious devotion and were usually scholars proficient in one or more of the languages

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cycle. The lines are then also played at different levels of speed which can include double speed, triple speed, quadruple speed and even

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The audience of a typical concert will have some understanding of Carnatic music. It is also typical to see the audience tapping out the

7188: 6813: 1677:, so both the sound value, and the meaning of the text, guide the musician through elaborate melodic improvisations. Forms such as the 3428:

O’Shea, Janet; Morris, Gay; Giersdorf, Jens Richard (2016). "From Temple to Battlefield: Bharata Natyam in the Sri Lankan Civil War".

5322: 2745:", which has been described as the world's largest cultural event. The Music Season was started in 1927, to mark the opening of the 2633:

In most concerts, the main item will at least have a section at the end of the item, for the percussion to perform solo (called the

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Most songs were in Telugu or Sanskrit, though some were in Tamil, but even Telugu and Tamil were strongly inflected by Sanskrit.

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Subramaniam, L. (1999). "The reinvention of a tradition: Nationalism, Carnatic music and the Madras Music Academy, 1900–1947".

3101: 2476:) usually lasts about three hours, and comprises a number of varied compositions. Carnatic songs are composed in a particular 8021: 7609: 7202: 3487: 3441: 3404: 2972: 2945: 2914: 2879: 2222:

Written notation of Carnatic music was revived in the late 17th century and early 18th century, which coincided with rule of

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festival in 1846. The Aradhana festival is an annual death-anniversary celebration of the prolific Carnatic music composer,

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speed. The improvised elaborations are made with a view of outlining the raga, the tempo, and the theme of the composition.

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L'Armand, A. K.; L'armand, Adrian (1983). "One Hundred Years of Music in Madras: A Case Study in Secondary Urbanization".

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In a vocal recital, a concert team may have one or more vocalists as the principal performer(s). Instruments, such as the

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as an accompaniment to vocal recitations. References to Indian classical music are made in many ancient texts, including

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Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.

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in any octave according to the rules of the raga and return to beginning of the cycle of beats smoothly, joining the

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in Western music. It becomes difficult to write Carnatic music using the staff notation without the use of too many

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s (descendant ragas of a particular janaka raga). Janya ragas are themselves subclassified into various categories.

8379: 8000: 2690: 1624:(which have their own peculiar composition structures) are principally meant to serve as basic learning exercises. 1481:

Kalpanaswaram is the most elementary type of improvisation, usually taught before any other form of improvisation.

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shop"), in reference to the South Indians-owned restaurants and eateries that typically played this kind of music.

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Hughes, S. P. (2002). "The 'Music Boom' in Tamil South India: gramophone, radio and the making of mass culture".

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Carnatic music. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online

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player (who sits on the other side, facing the violin player). However, other percussion instruments such as the

2077:, in their compositions. For example, all songs by Tyāgarāja (who composed in Sanskrit and Telugu) have the word 1559: 1226:

refers to a fixed time cycle or metre, set for a particular composition, which is built from groupings of beats.

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shows vowel changes to solfege symbols with ra, ri, ru etc. to denote the higher quarter-tones. In one scale, or

357: 8314: 8244: 7925: 7862: 7842: 7605: 7250: 7181: 3805: 2347: 1985: 1563: 2749:. It used to be a traditional month-long Carnatic music festival, but since then it has also diversified into 8331: 7897: 7407: 7125: 7052: 6610: 5315: 5144: 3803:

Kassebaum, G. R. (1987). "Improvisation in Alapana Performance: A Comparative View of Raga Shankarabharana".

3479: 8511: 8427: 8349: 8116: 8084: 7847: 7293: 7275: 7257: 7237: 7057: 4468: 4316: 835: 1356:" ("music of imagination") as it is known in Carnatic music, embraces several varieties of improvisation. 8359: 8028: 7857: 7694: 6566: 4519: 3002: 2761: 2145:. It typically takes several years of learning before a student is adept enough to perform at a concert. 8354: 8318: 7284: 7266: 7246: 5094: 4742: 4686: 4620: 3396: 2803: 2369: 1878: 1599: 1453:

Kalpanaswaram, also known as swarakalpana, consists of improvising melodic and rhythmic passages using

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From the 20th century, Carnatic music gained significant popularity among certain social strata of the

621:, which is believed to have laid the foundation for Indian classical music, consists of hymns from the 287: 222: 217: 5588: 3665: 3552:"Tamil of Sri Lanka Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Tamil of Sri Lanka" 2081:

in them, all songs by Muttuswāmi Dīkṣitar (who composed in Sanskrit and Maṇipravāl̥am) have the words

830:(now known as Chennai) emerged as the locus for Carnatic music. With the dissolution of the erstwhile 748:) of Carnatic music", formulated the system that is commonly used for the teaching of Carnatic music. 8111: 8098: 7347: 7327: 7198: 7174: 7166: 5129: 4545: 2823: 2254:

notation using either a Roman or Indic script to represent the solfa names. Past attempts to use the

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of Carnatic music, which consist of seven notes, "sa-ri-ga-ma-pa-da-ni" (compare with the Hindustani

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Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism: its origins and development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

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s or compositions requested by the audience. Every concert that is the last of the day ends with a

2513:. It is lively and fast to get the audience's attention. An invocatory item may usually follow the 2398:. The drone itself is an integral part of performances and furnishes stability – the equivalent of 1695:

are often performed similarly, however, these forms can also have a set melody and rhythm like the

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Kalpanaswaras have a somewhat predictable rhythmical structure; the swaras are sung to end on the

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Carnatic songs (kritis) are varied in structure and style, but generally consist of three units:

1552: 1172:("wheels", though actually segments in the conventional representation) grouped according to the 891: 2219:, it involved the difficult task of finding a person from Purandara Dasa's lineage of students. 8126: 8035: 7829: 7455: 7392: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7154: 6559: 6445: 5572: 5214: 4673: 4655: 4650: 4405: 2073: 2033: 2017: 2009: 1628: 1345: 1127:

should figure more and which notes should be used more sparingly, which notes may be sung with

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In the 18th and 19th centuries, Carnatic music was mainly patronised by the local kings of the

432: 264: 241: 6848: 2962: 2714:) emerging as the locus for Carnatic music during the 19th century, its musicians founded the 7757: 7595: 7397: 7130: 7078: 6714: 6430: 6141: 5109: 4613: 2865: 1664: 776: 3551: 1459:(solfa syllables). Like niraval, kalpanaswaras are sung to end on a particular swara in the 8501: 8417: 8341: 8284: 8154: 7785: 7636: 7372: 7352: 6981: 5224: 5219: 5159: 4948: 2746: 2639: 2612:. Experienced listeners can identify many ragas after they hear just a few notes. With the 2183: 2041: 1928: 859: 627:, set to musical tunes which would be sung using three to seven musical notes during Vedic 525:

throughout the performance. Other typical instruments used in performances may include the

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in them; all songs by Purandaradasa (who composed in Kannada and Sanskrit) have the words

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Varnams are short metric pieces which encapsulate the main features and requirements of a

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have also been increasingly used in the Carnatic music repertoire. The performance of the

1146:, which groups them according to the kinds of notes that they have. There are seventy-two 850:

From the 18th century, South Indian immigrant communities abroad increased, especially in

498:(or kirtanam) – a form developed between the 14th and 20th centuries by composers such as 8: 8304: 8274: 7742: 7724: 7661: 7641: 7565: 7540: 7387: 7241: 6890: 6763: 6540: 6535: 6471: 6095: 6002: 5976: 5966: 5204: 2937: 2906: 2742: 2694: 2575:. The violin performs these alternately with the main performer. In very long strings of 2037: 2029: 2021: 1997: 1993: 1502: 737: 554: 400: 75: 2579:, the performers must calculate their notes accurately to ensure that they stick to the 2234:

in Tanjore and they give us an idea of the music and its form. They contain snippets of

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The main traditional forms of improvisation in Carnatic music consist of the following:

1005:-ni or Western do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti). These names are abbreviations of the longer names 673:, one who has the knowledge of srutis and one who is adept in tala, attains liberation ( 8442: 8214: 8056: 8008: 7618: 7377: 7319: 6615: 6481: 5822: 5472: 5194: 5169: 5139: 5026: 4504: 4350: 4199: 4149: 4141: 4055: 3988: 3929: 3877: 3830: 3822: 3622: 3578:"Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora: The new force spreading Carnatic music and dance worldwide" 3337: 3236: 3201: 3151: 2715: 2392: 2274:(relative pitch) to denote notes. The singer is free to choose the actual pitch of the 2263: 1822: 1770: 1182: 1158:

from the tonic), the remaining thirty-six of whose madhyama (subdominant) is prati (an

677:) without doubt"). Contemporray Carnatic music is based on musical concepts (including 659: 642: 588:, Indian classical music is believed to be a divine art form which originated from the 553:. Various Carnatic music festivals are held throughout India and abroad, including the 3971:

Higgins, J. B. (1987). "Performing Arts in India: Essays on Music, Dance, and Drama".

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consists only of notes, and has no words. Still others have a verse at the end of the

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Jeyaratnam Wilson, Alfred (2000). "Language, Poetry; Culture and Tamil Nationalism".

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in them; songs by Śyāma Śāstri (who composed in Sanskrit and Telugu) have the words Ś

1140:(those with all seven notes in their scales) are classified into a system called the 887: 772: 728: 328: 234: 3105: 2258:

have mostly failed. Indian music makes use of hundreds of ragas, many more than the

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vīṇāvādana tattvajñaḥ śrutijātiviśāradaḥ tālajñaścāprayāsena mokṣamārgaṃ niyacchati"

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featuring Carnatic music performances are held in India, and throughout the world.

2453: 2048:. The compositions of these composers are rendered frequently by artists of today. 2013: 1977: 1159: 1050: 907: 440: 2384:

instrument used in concerts. However, tamburas are increasingly being replaced by

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frequently also accompany the main percussion instrument and play in an almost

2255: 2216: 2114: 2064: 1892: 1155: 1129: 992: 851: 761: 741: 585: 499: 458: 444: 408: 308: 50: 2844: 1061:), which has two forms. A 7th century stone inscription in Kudumiyan Malai in 863:

associated with Indian immigrants, and was often derogatorily referred to as "

760:(1660 AD). Govindacharya is known for expanding the melakarta system into the 557:, which has been considered to be one of the world's largest cultural events. 8485: 8174: 8169: 8144: 7975: 7965: 7930: 7905: 7887: 7550: 7535: 7420: 7337: 7309: 7270: 6986: 6946: 6798: 6653: 6582: 6507: 6435: 6425: 6400: 6384: 6364: 6329: 6298: 6293: 6247: 6131: 5916: 5863: 5687: 5616: 5525: 5042: 4956: 4782: 4581: 4437: 3497: 3451: 2678: 2555: 2530: 2446: 2381: 2275: 2212: 2142: 2113:

Carnatic music is traditionally taught according to the system formulated by

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In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation

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Singer, M. (1958). "The Great Tradition in a Metropolitan Center: Madras".

2795: 2781: 2430: 2301: 2271: 2259: 2251: 2187: 1973: 1932: 1786: 1715: 1512: 1468: 1432: 1222: 1216: 1124: 1108: 928: 921: 733: 696: 695:) that were described in detail in several ancient works, particularly the 691: 488: 333: 292: 155: 65: 2101:

of Carnatic music, composed in Tamil and Sanskrit, and used the signature

2093:; while Gopalakrishna Bharathi (who composed in Tamil) used the signature 925: 911: 601: 485: 475: 465: 455: 394: 388: 8402: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8194: 8179: 8139: 7555: 7105: 7047: 7032: 6936: 6880: 6831: 6783: 6751: 6706: 6676: 6334: 6237: 6222: 6166: 5934: 5887: 5793: 5775: 5675: 5578: 5548: 5531: 5484: 5478: 5454: 5431: 5425: 4877: 4499: 4038:

Henry, E. O. (2002). "The Rationalization of Intensity in Indian Music".

3723: 2723: 2538:, although some are composed with more than one raga; these are known as 2267: 1989: 1981: 1957: 1953: 1663:

forms are particularly unique. Though these forms consist of lyric-based

1151: 1058: 868: 788: 723: 719: 653: 546: 404: 5653: 3741: 3078:"Sci Tech / Speaking Of Science: The music of we primates: Nada Brahmam" 2437:

turns while elaborating or while exhibiting creativity in sections like

2300:

The notation is divided into columns, depending on the structure of the

8189: 7985: 7935: 7530: 7017: 6907: 6836: 6803: 6778: 6374: 6278: 6176: 6171: 5904: 5834: 5810: 5737: 5719: 5713: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5413: 5174: 4966: 4929: 4234: 3950: 3755: 3700: 3643: 2223: 2132: 1961: 1173: 1062: 808: 632: 435:

that evolved from ancient Hindu texts and traditions, particularly the

420: 206: 150: 7196: 5703: 4354: 4203: 4145: 4059: 3992: 3933: 3881: 3826: 3626: 3240: 3155: 3051: 611:. Ancient treatises also describe the connection of the origin of the 8249: 8209: 7980: 7915: 7910: 7465: 7440: 7220: 7206: 7083: 6902: 6895: 6842: 6808: 6530: 6379: 5857: 5840: 5781: 5743: 5628: 5598: 5560: 5554: 5513: 5372: 5360: 5331: 4481: 4454: 4400: 4311: 4284: 3605:

Breyer, Barbara (1972). "Composers and Tradition in Karnatik Music".

3082: 2735: 2731: 2719: 2617: 2414: 2385: 2357: 2282: 2230:. Copies of Shahaji's musical manuscripts are still available at the 2179: 2175: 2056: 1924: 1620: 1427:

each word in the lines of text stay set within their original place (

1142: 1075: 804: 753: 616: 604: 569: 514: 424: 412: 171: 96: 70: 3774: 3476:

Dance and the nation: performance, ritual, and politics in Sri Lanka

3356: 2524:

and/or invocatory item, the artist sings longer compositions called

2171:

Musicians often take great pride in letting people know about their

1537: 1033:. Unlike other music systems, every member of the solfege (called a 576:

of all knowledge, music, arts and science, with her instrument, the

8254: 8077: 7877: 7545: 7470: 7435: 7093: 6870: 6858: 6768: 6756: 6746: 6724: 6410: 6349: 6288: 6217: 6207: 6181: 6146: 6110: 6105: 6090: 6085: 6065: 5437: 5407: 5390: 5384: 5366: 4924: 4717: 4346: 4195: 4137: 4051: 3984: 3925: 3873: 3818: 3618: 3232: 3147: 2161: 2127: 2060: 1828: 1780: 1709: 1691: 1685: 1650: 1646: 1636: 1436: 812: 647: 436: 318: 5300: 4547:

The Music and Musical Instruments of southern India and the Deccan

4368:

Rosenthal, E. (1931). "Tyagaraja: A Great South Indian Composer".

3219:

Ries, R. E. (1969). "The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music".

2586:

Performers then begin the main compositions with a section called

839: 8294: 7945: 7940: 7480: 7022: 6863: 6853: 6719: 6691: 6455: 6369: 6354: 6308: 6303: 6242: 6075: 5928: 5869: 5663: 5622: 4992: 4893: 4872: 4823: 4808: 4787: 4757: 4511: 3395:. Princeton studies in culture / power / history. Princeton, NJ: 2707: 2648: 2622: 2588: 2442: 2426: 2422: 2399: 2376: 2335: 2235: 2227: 2164:

system, where the student lived with and learnt the art from his

2154: 2097:

in his compositions. Papanasam Sivan, who has been hailed as the

2052: 1816: 1812: 1764: 1674: 1632: 1614: 1508: 1421: 1391: 1177: 987: 879: 623: 550: 534: 530: 518: 340: 201: 186: 181: 121: 6551: 4727: 4722: 4332: 1722:

The most common and significant forms in Carnatic music are the

1396:

An alapana, sometimes also called ragam, is the exposition of a

914: 478: 454:

Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of

8164: 7960: 7955: 7882: 7430: 7415: 7042: 6773: 6597: 6492: 6487: 6476: 6415: 6273: 6070: 6040: 6035: 5003: 4908: 4853: 4813: 4792: 4777: 4772: 4732: 4605: 4600: 4515: 4441: 3690:, Tamil Nadu Government Archeology Department publication, 1981 2711: 2499:

or an invocatory item which will act as the opening piece. The

2495: 2418: 2137: 1916:

as the first scale to be learnt by beginners. He also composed

1747: 1724: 1640: 1168: 1104: 962: 883: 855: 827: 796: 792: 674: 526: 510: 428: 416: 191: 176: 161: 111: 101: 91: 5987: 637:, which mainly consists of sacrificial formulae, mentions the 8199: 8134: 7485: 7110: 6668: 6640: 6525: 6115: 6080: 6045: 6018: 5971: 5956: 4843: 4767: 4712: 3726:(1974). "Thoughts On Improvisation: A Comparative Approach". 2754: 2750: 2505: 2482:, which means that they do not deviate from the notes in the 2457: 1455: 1405: 1202: 1034: 974: 784: 679: 669: 628: 612: 597: 468: 345: 313: 55: 3393:

Charred lullabies: chapters in an anthropography of violence

565: 7120: 6021: 5961: 4934: 4838: 4818: 4550:. William Gibb (lllus.). Novello, Ewer & Co., London -. 2478: 2438: 2410: 2172: 2165: 1909: 1754: 1669: 1460: 1397: 1103:

in Carnatic music prescribes a set of rules for building a

1088: 1066: 800: 685: 593: 573: 538: 323: 145: 60: 1037:) has three variants. The exceptions are the drone notes, 823:(1852–1926) and Veene Subbanna (1861–1939), among others. 4478:

Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.)

3474:

Reed, Susan A. (2010). "Dance, Ethnicity and the State".

3012:

Written by Malathi Rangaswamy, Secretary of Music Academy

2961:

Fuller, C. J.; Narasimhan, Haripriya (11 November 2014).

2664:, a thankful prayer and conclusion to the musical event. 272: 4563: 4016: 4014: 3945: 3943: 1758:. The features and rules of the raga (also known as the 845: 756:

system of raga classification in his Sanskrit work, the

4430:

Kassebaum, Gayatri Rajapur. 'Karnatak raga' (2000). In

3813:. International Council for Traditional Music: 45–64. 2741:

The city of Chennai also holds a six-week-long grand "

2563:

to the beat. The performer must improvise a string of

4250: 4248: 4011: 3940: 3427: 2643:

mid-concert, if they do not use it as the main item.

1849:, which may in addition include swara passages named 600:

gods and goddesses), and is venerated as symbolic of

2936:. Vol. 5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. 2905:. Vol. 5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. 2771: 2135:. After the student has reached a certain standard, 4543: 4503: 4465:Musical Improvisation: Art, Education, and Society 4245: 3361:Smrti - Department of Indian Music: Annual Journal 3179: 3177: 2964:Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste 2250:, Carnatic music is notated almost exclusively in 1603:vision, as well as the musician's interpretation. 4404:. Chennai, India. 3 February 2005. Archived from 4301: 4299: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4165: 4163: 3638: 3636: 3513: 2677:artist's broad knowledge of the several thousand 2292:quadrupled in length would be denoted as "S,,,". 2202:that face-to-face learning is best for students. 1254:, though complex talas may have other parts like 764:scheme – the system that is in common use today. 8483: 3798: 3796: 3322:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 2960: 2620:). In the next stage of the song, they may sing 2472:A contemporary Carnatic music concert (called a 2238:to be used when performing the mentioned ragas. 1320:times seven tala groups gives thirty-five basic 403:, is a system of music commonly associated with 4497:Viswanathan, T. & Cormack, Jody (1998). In 4119: 4117: 3174: 2467: 2330:. The end of a cycle is marked by a॥, called a 2160:Carnatic music was traditionally taught in the 4328: 4326: 4296: 4222: 4160: 3966: 3964: 3633: 2071:. They usually included a signature, called a 1180:scale degrees. There is a system known as the 7182: 6567: 6003: 5316: 4621: 4361: 3793: 3600: 3598: 3315: 3313: 910:, Carnatic music rests on two main elements: 365: 242: 4235:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms V" 4114: 4033: 4031: 4029: 3951:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms R" 3756:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms T" 3718: 3716: 3714: 3701:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms M" 3644:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms S" 3355:Aravinthon, Dr (Mrs) Suhanya (1 June 2021). 2989: 2987: 2967:. University of Chicago Press. p. 201. 2509:of the raga, but will also have lyrics, the 1891:There are many composers in Carnatic music. 1845:. There are other possible structures for a 1825:. This is the second verse, also as 2 lines. 1610:There are many types/forms of compositions. 4341:(3). Society for Ethnomusicology: 411–438. 4323: 4190:(1). Society for Ethnomusicology: 162–166. 4175: 3961: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3853: 3186:Indian Economic & Social History Review 3183: 3142:(281). American Folklore Society: 347–388. 1627:Compositions more commonly associated with 1566:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 718:Owing to Persian and Islamic influences in 7189: 7175: 6574: 6560: 6010: 5996: 5323: 5309: 4660:Semi Classical music/Light classical music 4628: 4614: 4493:. United States: Harvard University Press. 3595: 3354: 3310: 3127: 826:During the late 19th century, the city of 752:invented and authored the formula for the 372: 358: 249: 235: 4367: 4046:(1). Society for Ethnomusicology: 33–35. 4026: 3802: 3772: 3711: 3046: 3044: 3042: 2984: 2863: 2141:are taught and later, the student learns 1819:in Western music, with 1 or 2 lines. 1586:Learn how and when to remove this message 1238:is formed with three basic parts (called 1107:– very similar to the Western concept of 16:Music genre originating in southern India 4590:) is being considered for deletion. See 4123: 3900: 3766: 3212: 564: 407:, including the modern Indian states of 4502:; Russell, Melinda (15 December 1998). 4434:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 4181: 3970: 3859: 3613:(2). University of Texas Press: 42–51. 3227:(2). University of Texas Press: 22–31. 2933:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 2902:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 1907:, and at the same time, introduced the 1463:of the melody and at a specific place ( 1316:s) based on the counting pattern. Five 1200:s (i.e. melakarta or parent ragas) and 1111:. It specifies rules for movements up ( 8484: 4020: 3894: 3779:Proceedings of the Musical Association 3604: 3575: 3390: 3319: 3253:Theory of Music, Vasanthamadhavi P.183 3133: 3039: 2929: 2898: 2534:s). Each kriti sticks to one specific 2125:(exercises based on the seven talas), 1872: 1496: 886:bourgeoisies, and by extension of the 474:(the musical sound of a single note), 7170: 6555: 5991: 5304: 4609: 4498: 4463:Solis, Gabriel; Nettl, Bruno (2009). 4096: 4084: 4072: 4037: 3722: 3509: 3507: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3386: 3384: 3382: 2859: 2857: 2734:, and the Aradhana in the US city of 2318:, and so is the division between two 1166:are grouped into sets of six, called 941: 846:Carnatic music outside of South India 560: 513:), a rhythm accompaniment (usually a 431:. It is one of two main subgenres of 4124:Palackal, J. J. (1998). "untitled". 3911: 3520:University of British Columbia Press 3473: 3218: 2864:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). 1920:(simple songs) for novice students. 1564:adding citations to reliable sources 1531: 1270:groups which can be formed from the 484:(the mode or melodic formulae), and 5330: 4462: 4108: 3860:Higgins, J. B. (1973). "untitled". 3430:Choreographies of 21st century wars 3264:"Royal tribute to Thanjavur rulers" 2923: 2867:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils 2809:List of composers who created ragas 2553:, usually, the performer sings the 1883:List of composers who created ragas 1865:. It is sung immediately after the 1196:s may be divided into two classes: 1095:List of composers who created ragas 13: 8507:Classical and art music traditions 3775:"Some Indian Conceptions of Music" 3504: 3458: 3379: 2892: 2854: 2842: 2363: 1935:, (1762–1827) are regarded as the 1895:(1484–1564) is referred to as the 1887:Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore 14: 8523: 6581: 4594:to help reach a consensus. › 4573: 4564:Panchapakesa Iyer, A. S. (2003). 4307:"Focus on veena's exalted status" 4254: 3283:, p54-55, p92, p162-163, p225-226 2819:List of Carnatic instrumentalists 1948:Prominent composers prior to the 1518: 1073:) and another descending (in the 1053:), which have only one form; and 7197: 7149: 7148: 4635: 4475: 4448: 4182:Higgins, J. B. (1985). "India". 4097:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 4085:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 4073:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 4021:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 3895:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 3304: 3292: 3280: 3168: 3136:The Journal of American Folklore 3033: 2788: 2774: 2691:List of Carnatic music festivals 2571:with a phrase selected from the 2503:is composed with an emphasis on 2456:concerts, where an accompanying 1673:phrases in free rhythm, like an 1536: 1442: 1335: 1150:, thirty six of whose madhyama ( 271: 31: 6017: 4537: 4491:The Harvard Dictionary of Music 4488: 4476:Pranesh, Meera Rajaram (2003). 4431: 4388: 4272: 4260: 4210: 4169: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4005: 3999: 3888: 3847: 3841: 3748: 3693: 3680: 3654: 3569: 3544: 3421: 3348: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3256: 3247: 3162: 3112: 3094: 3070: 2596:. In this, they use the sounds 1527: 1404:The performer will explore the 1385: 744:, who is known as the "father ( 667:(The one who is well versed in 423:and portions of east and south 7251:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate 4863:Principles of Hindustani music 4266: 4216: 4126:Yearbook for Traditional Music 3806:Yearbook for Traditional Music 3027: 3021: 3015: 2996: 2954: 2836: 2493:Concerts usually begin with a 2433:fashion along with the beats. 2348:Performances of Carnatic music 2341: 1835:This kind of song is called a 1815:. This is the equivalent of a 1210: 1082: 464:(the relative musical pitch), 1: 8332:List of people from Karnataka 4579: 4424: 3912:Wolf, R. (1999). "untitled". 3480:University of Wisconsin Press 3391:Daniel, E. Valentine (1996). 2391:, and now more commonly, the 2314:is indicated by a।, called a 740:reached its greatest extent. 8428:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award 4489:Randel, Don Michael (2003). 4469:University of Illinois Press 2930:Arnold, Alison, ed. (1998). 2899:Arnold, Alison, ed. (1998). 2684: 2468:Contemporary concert content 2205: 1491:tha, nam, thom, aa, nom, na, 1328:s results in a total of 108 836:Indian independence movement 7: 5085:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 4544:Charles Russel Day (1891). 4520:University of Chicago Press 3334:10.1080/0143968022000012129 3052:"History of Music, Origins" 2767: 2762:Karnataka Ganakala Parishat 2667: 2157:set to a particular raga). 2108: 926: 912: 602: 486: 476: 466: 456: 395: 389: 10: 8528: 4743:Hindustani classical music 3397:Princeton University Press 3198:10.1177/001946469903600201 2940:. pp. 231, 232, 269. 2909:. pp. 231, 232, 269. 2804:List of Carnatic composers 2688: 2549:After singing the opening 2370:Indian musical instruments 2367: 2345: 2215:composed, for example, by 1879:List of Carnatic composers 1876: 1801: 1745: 1511:line. Set to a slow-paced 1500: 1446: 1419: 1415: 1389: 1312:has five variants (called 1214: 1186:to determine the names of 1092: 1086: 972: 950: 858:. Communities such as the 8441: 8388: 8340: 8313: 8125: 8112:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana 7999: 7896: 7828: 7771: 7723: 7675: 7617: 7604: 7406: 7318: 7228: 7213: 7144: 7066: 7010: 6922: 6822: 6737: 6705: 6667: 6639: 6596: 6589: 6536:Asampurna Melakarta ragas 6516: 6464: 6393: 6317: 6266: 6200: 6124: 6028: 5967:Asampurna Melakarta Ragas 5947: 5896: 5849: 5802: 5752: 5702: 5652: 5641: 5587: 5540: 5493: 5446: 5399: 5349: 5338: 5270: 5233: 5135:Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh 5059: 5035: 5019: 5012: 4975: 4947: 4917: 4886: 4862: 4801: 4750: 4741: 4700: 4672: 4643: 2845:"A Karnatic Music Primer" 2824:Trinity of Carnatic music 2528:(commonly referred to as 2306:. The division between a 2295: 2241: 1950:Trinity of Carnatic music 1937:Trinity of Carnatic music 1741: 1324:s, although use of other 924:or melodic formulae, and 897: 819:proficient in music were 781:Maratha rulers of Tanjore 504:Trinity of Carnatic music 8107:Kannada Sahitya Parishat 7561:Unification of Karnataka 6910:(changing string tuning) 6228:Karnataka Shuddha Saveri 5060:Region wise Indian Music 4592:templates for discussion 4449:Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). 4109:Solis & Nettl (2009) 2872:Rowman & Littlefield 2829: 2814:List of Carnatic singers 1797: 1484: 1348:– an essential aspect. " 1266:. There are seven basic 968: 946: 867:music" ("music from the 439:. The other subgenre is 8327:Karnataka ethnic groups 8265:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 5076:Karnataka Sugam sangeet 5047:Light songs in the play 4557:Encyclopædia Britannica 4484:: Vee Emm Publications. 4457:: Abhinav Publications. 4444:: Taylor & Francis. 3434:Oxford University Press 2843:Sriram, Parthasarathy. 2728:Chembai Sangeetholsavam 2681:that are in existence. 2232:Saraswati Mahal Library 2002:Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi 1869:, but at double speed. 1633:Indian devotional music 1136:In Carnatic music, the 934:, the rhythmic cycles. 892:Western classical music 8497:Indian styles of music 4674:Indian classical music 4656:Indian classical music 4651:Music in ancient India 4568:. Gānāmruta Prachuram. 4566:Gānāmruta Varna Mālikā 3773:MacCarthy, M. (1912). 3373:10.5281/zenodo.6550640 3268:The New Indian Express 3121:"Yajnavalkya on Music" 2730:in the Indian city of 2722:. Held in the city of 2034:Subramania Bharathiyar 2018:Patnam Subramania Iyer 2010:Gopalakrishna Bharathi 2004:. Other composers are 1667:, musicians improvise 1629:Indian classical dance 1346:Indian classical music 817:famous court-musicians 584:Like all art forms in 581: 433:Indian classical music 401:South Indian languages 265:Indian classical music 37:Tanjavur-style tambura 7596:Western Ganga dynasty 7131:Violin musical styles 7079:History of the violin 6715:Electric upright bass 4918:Variations of Bandish 4751:Types of compositions 4461:Nettl, B. (2009). In 4292:on 19 September 2006. 3399:. pp. 157, 145. 3008:26 April 2012 at the 2131:or simple songs, and 2105:in his compositions. 1162:from the tonic). The 876:Sri Lankan population 860:Nattukottai Chettiars 777:Kingdom of Travancore 758:Chaturdandi Prakasika 568: 8418:Rajyotsava Prashasti 8285:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 6982:Double bass concerto 4949:Semi-classical music 4559:(15 ed.). 2005. 4382:10.1093/mq/XVII.1.14 3787:10.1093/jrma/38.1.41 3781:. 38th Sess: 41–65. 3482:. pp. 131–132. 3102:"Veena in Yajurveda" 2938:Taylor & Francis 2907:Taylor & Francis 2747:Madras Music Academy 2640:ragam thanam pallavi 2184:Muthuswami Dikshitar 2121:(graded exercises), 2042:M. Balamuralikrishna 1929:Muthuswami Dikshitar 1560:improve this section 1350:Manodharma Sangeetam 986:s also refer to the 8512:Carnatic violinists 8305:G. S. Shivarudrappa 8275:Gopalakrishna Adiga 7926:Chitrakala Parishat 7853:Dams and reservoirs 7725:Kalaburagi division 7566:Vijayanagara Empire 7541:Rashtrakuta dynasty 7456:Chitradurga Nayakas 7242:Emblem of Karnataka 7011:Related instruments 6925:and genres of music 6891:Finger substitution 6541:List of Janya ragas 6472:Thyagaraja Mangalam 5977:List of Janya ragas 5234:Language wise Music 4451:Romance of the Raga 3668:on 11 December 2008 3108:on 31 October 2006. 3056:The Carnatica Group 2695:Madras Music Season 2380:is the traditional 2334:, and looks like a 2038:Kalyani Varadarajan 2030:Muthiah Bhagavathar 2022:Mysore Vasudevachar 1998:Sadasiva Brahmendra 1994:Bhadrachala Ramadas 1923:The contemporaries 1873:Prominent composers 1503:Ragam Tanam Pallavi 1497:Ragam Tanam Pallavi 1045:(also known as the 738:Vijayanagara Empire 555:Madras Music Season 117:Rāgaṃ Tānaṃ Pallavi 76:Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta 8215:Nijaguna Shivayogi 7619:Bangalore division 6616:Five-string violin 6484:(Shuddha Dhanyasi) 6482:Udayaravichandrika 5823:Simhendramadhyamam 5027:Music of Bollywood 5013:Indian Light Music 5000:Uttarakhandi Music 4408:on 7 February 2005 3686:S. Santhanlingam, 3576:Srinivasan, Anil. 2716:Tyagaraja Aradhana 2656:– bits of popular 2600:, etc. instead of 2402:in Western music. 2091:Purandara Vitthala 1931:, (1776–1835) and 1183:katapayadi sankhya 942:Important elements 660:Yajnavalkya Smriti 582: 561:Origin and history 521:, which acts as a 396:Karnāṭaka saṅgītam 8479: 8478: 8423:Jakanachari Award 8260:Shishunala Sharif 7971:Togalu gombeyaata 7824: 7823: 7677:Belagavi division 7521:Kingdom of Mysore 7501:Kalyani Chalukyas 7310:Southern birdwing 7164: 7163: 6733: 6732: 6549: 6548: 6233:Kathanakuthuhalam 5985: 5984: 5943: 5942: 5726:Shubhapantuvarali 5637: 5636: 5298: 5297: 5272:Maharashtra music 5266: 5265: 5095:Arunachal Pradesh 5036:Indian play music 5020:Indian film music 4977:Indian folk music 4943: 4942: 4664:Indian folk music 4396:"Musical Musings" 4370:Musical Quarterly 3742:10.1093/mq/LX.1.1 3729:Musical Quarterly 3489:978-0-299-23164-4 3443:978-0-19-020166-1 3406:978-0-691-02774-6 3090:on 31 March 2005. 3003:The Music Academy 2974:978-0-226-15288-2 2947:978-0-8240-4946-1 2916:978-0-8240-4946-1 2881:978-1-5381-0686-0 2706:With the city of 2246:Unlike classical 1978:Narayana Theertha 1596: 1595: 1588: 1354:kalpana Sangeetam 1340:Improvisation in 888:Sri Lankan Tamils 773:Kingdom of Mysore 729:Sangita Ratnakara 451:(singing) style. 390:Karnāṭaka saṃgīta 382: 381: 259: 258: 8519: 8433:Kempegowda Award 8413:Basava Puraskara 8408:Nrupatunga Award 8280:V. Seetharamaiah 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8050:Western Chalukya 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 7991:Mysore musicians 7921:Channapatna toys 7838:Cities and towns 7791:Dakshina Kannada 7615: 7614: 7581:Veera Ballala II 7516:Kittur Chennamma 7476:Kingdom of Coorg 7451:Chalukya dynasty 7201: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7168: 7167: 7152: 7151: 7074:Violin acoustics 7028:Hardanger fiddle 6962:String orchestra 6626:Alexander violin 6594: 6593: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6345:Navarasa kannada 6012: 6005: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5650: 5649: 5347: 5346: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5130:Himachal Pradesh 5080:Goa trance music 5072:Rajasthani Music 5051:Sugama Sangeetha 5017: 5016: 4985:Rabindra Sangeet 4887:Types of Bandish 4748: 4747: 4687:Hindustani music 4630: 4623: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4533: 4509: 4494: 4485: 4472: 4458: 4445: 4432:Arnold, Alison. 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4319:on 27 June 2003. 4315:. Archived from 4303: 4294: 4293: 4288:. Archived from 4280:"The golden era" 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4231: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4179: 4173: 4170:Kassebaum (2000) 4167: 4158: 4157: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3968: 3959: 3958: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3909: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3857: 3851: 3848:Kassebaum (2000) 3845: 3839: 3838: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3720: 3709: 3708: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3664:. Archived from 3662:"Sound of India" 3658: 3652: 3651: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3556:encyclopedia.com 3548: 3542: 3541: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3471: 3456: 3455: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3388: 3377: 3376: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3317: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3181: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3104:. Archived from 3098: 3092: 3091: 3086:. Archived from 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3048: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2840: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2454:Hindustani music 2198:, among others. 2117:. This involves 2014:Neelakanta Sivan 1680:divya prabandham 1600:Hindustani music 1591: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1540: 1532: 1160:augmented fourth 933: 919: 908:Hindustani music 610: 493: 483: 473: 463: 441:Hindustani music 398: 392: 374: 367: 360: 288:Hindustani music 275: 261: 260: 251: 244: 237: 35: 21: 20: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8437: 8398:Karnataka Ratna 8384: 8336: 8309: 8245:Jagannatha Dasa 8160:Devar Dasimayya 8121: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 7995: 7892: 7820: 7773:Mysore division 7767: 7719: 7671: 7667:Chikkaballapura 7632:Bangalore Rural 7627:Bangalore Urban 7600: 7591:Vikramaditya VI 7586:Vikramaditya II 7511:Shivappa Nayaka 7496:Kadamba dynasty 7402: 7314: 7224: 7209: 7195: 7165: 7160: 7140: 7126:Violin lutherie 7062: 7038:Lira da braccio 7006: 6967:Violin concerto 6924: 6918: 6818: 6729: 6701: 6687:Cello da spalla 6682:Baritone violin 6663: 6635: 6621:Violino piccolo 6606:Electric violin 6585: 6580: 6550: 6545: 6531:Melakarta ragas 6512: 6503:Yadukulakamboji 6460: 6446:Sindhu Bhairavi 6406:Salaga Bhairavi 6389: 6360:Poornachandrika 6313: 6262: 6213:Kalyanavasantam 6196: 6120: 6056:Amritha Kalyani 6024: 6016: 5986: 5981: 5939: 5911:Jyoti swarupini 5892: 5845: 5798: 5748: 5732:Shadvidamargini 5698: 5645: 5643: 5633: 5611:Gangeyabhushani 5583: 5573:Sankarabharanam 5536: 5489: 5467:Mayamalavagowla 5442: 5395: 5342: 5340: 5334: 5332:Melakarta Ragas 5329: 5299: 5294: 5262: 5229: 5055: 5031: 5008: 4971: 4939: 4913: 4882: 4858: 4797: 4737: 4696: 4668: 4639: 4634: 4595: 4576: 4554: 4540: 4530: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4366: 4362: 4335:Ethnomusicology 4331: 4324: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4255:Bradnock (1992) 4253: 4246: 4233: 4232: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4184:Ethnomusicology 4180: 4176: 4168: 4161: 4122: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4040:Ethnomusicology 4036: 4027: 4019: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3969: 3962: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3910: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3801: 3794: 3771: 3767: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3721: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3688:Kudumiyan Malai 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3603: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3530: 3512: 3505: 3490: 3472: 3459: 3444: 3436:. p. 119. 3426: 3422: 3407: 3389: 3380: 3353: 3349: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3217: 3213: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3058:. Carnatica.net 3050: 3049: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3010:Wayback Machine 3001: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2975: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2897: 2893: 2882: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2710:(then known as 2701:music festivals 2697: 2689:Main articles: 2687: 2670: 2470: 2407:Saraswati veena 2372: 2366: 2364:Instrumentation 2350: 2344: 2298: 2244: 2208: 2196:Papanasam Sivan 2192:Swathi Thirunal 2111: 2099:Tamil Tyagaraja 2046:Papanasam Sivan 2026:Koteeswara Iyer 2006:Swathi Thirunal 1986:Jagannatha Dasa 1970:Arunachala Kavi 1966:Vadiraja Tirtha 1914:Mayamalavagowla 1889: 1875: 1806: 1800: 1750: 1744: 1598:In contrast to 1592: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1557: 1541: 1530: 1521: 1505: 1499: 1487: 1451: 1445: 1424: 1418: 1394: 1388: 1344:is the soul of 1338: 1219: 1213: 1148:melakarta ragas 1138:sampoorna ragas 1097: 1091: 1085: 977: 971: 955: 949: 944: 900: 848: 832:princely states 821:Veene Sheshanna 563: 378: 255: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8525: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8492:Carnatic music 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8447: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8365:National parks 8362: 8357: 8352: 8346: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8300:D. V. Gundappa 8297: 8292: 8290:M. Govinda Pai 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8225:Purandara Dasa 8222: 8220:Ratnakaravarni 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8005: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7951:Karnatik music 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7834: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7781:Chamarajanagar 7777: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7715:Uttara Kannada 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7576:Vishnuvardhana 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7506:Keladi Nayakas 7503: 7498: 7493: 7491:Hoysala Empire 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7393:Transportation 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7291: 7282: 7273: 7264: 7262:Asian elephant 7254: 7253: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7089:Bass amplifier 7081: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 7002:Carnatic music 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6977:Cello concerto 6974: 6972:Viola concerto 6969: 6964: 6959: 6957:String section 6954: 6949: 6944: 6942:String quintet 6939: 6934: 6932:String quartet 6928: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6697:Electric cello 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6649:Vertical viola 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6521:Carnatic music 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6451:Sunadavinodini 6448: 6443: 6441:Shuddha Saveri 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6137:Darbari Kanada 6134: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6061:Anandabhairavi 6058: 6053: 6051:Amritavarshini 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5952:Carnatic music 5948: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5923:Nasikabhushani 5919: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5817:Shanmukhapriya 5813: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5709: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5659: 5657: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5520:Kharaharapriya 5516: 5510: 5504: 5502:Jhankaradhvani 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5461:Vakulabharanam 5457: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5354: 5344: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Madhya Pradesh 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5090:Andhra Pradesh 5087: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4990: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4708:Shruti (music) 4704: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4682:Carnatic music 4678: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4597:Carnatic music 4575: 4574:External links 4572: 4571: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4495: 4486: 4473: 4459: 4446: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4387: 4360: 4347:10.2307/850653 4322: 4295: 4271: 4259: 4244: 4221: 4209: 4196:10.2307/852348 4174: 4159: 4138:10.2307/768616 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4052:10.2307/852807 4025: 4010: 3998: 3985:10.2307/833942 3979:(2): 103–118. 3960: 3939: 3926:10.2307/834271 3920:(1): 199–203. 3899: 3897:, pp. 219–220. 3887: 3874:10.2307/833829 3852: 3840: 3819:10.2307/767877 3792: 3765: 3747: 3710: 3692: 3679: 3653: 3632: 3619:10.2307/833958 3594: 3568: 3543: 3528: 3522:. p. 36. 3503: 3488: 3457: 3442: 3420: 3405: 3378: 3347: 3328:(4): 445–473. 3309: 3305:Pranesh (2003) 3297: 3293:Pranesh (2003) 3285: 3281:Pranesh (2003) 3273: 3255: 3246: 3233:10.2307/833909 3211: 3192:(2): 131–163. 3173: 3169:Moorthy (2001) 3161: 3148:10.2307/538567 3126: 3111: 3093: 3069: 3038: 3034:Moorthy (2001) 3026: 3014: 2995: 2983: 2973: 2953: 2946: 2922: 2915: 2891: 2880: 2874:. p. 88. 2853: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2785: 2769: 2766: 2686: 2683: 2669: 2666: 2635:tani avartanam 2598:aa, ri, na, ta 2592:exploring the 2542:(a garland of 2469: 2466: 2365: 2362: 2346:Main article: 2343: 2340: 2297: 2294: 2256:staff notation 2243: 2240: 2217:Purandara Dasa 2207: 2204: 2151:sarali varisai 2115:Purandara Dasa 2110: 2107: 2095:Gopalakrishnan 1927:(1767– 1847), 1893:Purandara Dasa 1874: 1871: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1802:Main article: 1799: 1796: 1776:muktayi swaras 1746:Main article: 1743: 1740: 1594: 1593: 1544: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1519:Tani Avartanam 1517: 1501:Main article: 1498: 1495: 1486: 1483: 1447:Main article: 1444: 1441: 1420:Main article: 1417: 1414: 1390:Main article: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381:Tani Avartanam 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1337: 1334: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1215:Main article: 1212: 1209: 1188:melakarta raga 1156:perfect fourth 1154:) is shuddha ( 1087:Main article: 1084: 1081: 973:Main article: 970: 967: 951:Main article: 948: 945: 943: 940: 899: 896: 852:Southeast Asia 847: 844: 742:Purandara Dasa 708:Cilappatikaram 586:Indian culture 562: 559: 500:Purandara Dasa 445:Northern India 409:Andhra Pradesh 385:Carnatic music 380: 379: 377: 376: 369: 362: 354: 351: 350: 349: 348: 343: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 303: 302: 298: 297: 296: 295: 290: 285: 283:Carnatic music 277: 276: 268: 267: 257: 256: 254: 253: 246: 239: 231: 228: 227: 226: 225: 220: 212: 211: 210: 209: 204: 199: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 165: 164: 159: 153: 148: 143: 141:Sarasvati Vīṇā 138: 132: 131: 127: 126: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 86: 85: 81: 80: 79: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 45: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 25:Carnatic music 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8524: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Hindu temples 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8175:Allama Prabhu 8173: 8171: 8170:Akka Mahadevi 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8145:Adikavi Pampa 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043:Western Ganga 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7976:Udupi cuisine 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7966:Mysore Dasara 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7931:Gaarudi Gombe 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906:Bharatanatyam 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7888:Western Ghats 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7868:Highest point 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7551:Srirangapatna 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536:Pulakeshin II 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7421:Alupa dynasty 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7305: 7304:Carnatic carp 7301: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7271:Indian roller 7268: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7230:State symbols 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7180: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7157: 7156: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6987:Violin sonata 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6947:String sextet 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799:Shoulder rest 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6654:Viola pomposa 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6583:Violin family 6577: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6563: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6509: 6508:Yamunakalyani 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6436:Shree ranjani 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6426:Sri Tyagaraja 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Punnagavarali 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330:Nagasvaravali 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299:Mohanakalyani 6297: 6295: 6294:Malayamarutam 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897:Aditya chakra 5895: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5864:Rishabhapriya 5861: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5640: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5617:Vagadheeswari 5614: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5526:Gourimanohari 5523: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249:Kannada music 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240:Marathi Music 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215:Uttar Pradesh 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5043:Natya Sangeet 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989:Bihu of Assam 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957:Natya Sangeet 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4529:0-226-57411-3 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4006:Randel (2003) 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3965: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3529:0-7748-0759-8 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2860: 2858: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2786: 2783: 2772: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2628:kalpanaswaram 2625: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2556:kalpanaswaram 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2447:kalpanaswaram 2444: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2272:scale degrees 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248:Western music 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2119:sarali swaras 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1861:, called the 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1804:Kriti (music) 1795: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1590: 1587: 1579: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1545:This section 1543: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1449:Kalpanaswaram 1443:Kalpanaswaram 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1336:Improvisation 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242:s) which are 1241: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 994: 989: 985: 981: 976: 966: 964: 959: 954: 953:Śruti (music) 939: 935: 932: 931: 930: 923: 918: 917: 916: 909: 905: 895: 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R. Bendre 8205:Kumara Vyasa 8064:Vijayanagara 7950: 7873:Bayalu Seeme 7758:Vijayanagara 7571:Vijayanagara 7526:Mayurasharma 7461:Deva Raya II 7426:Amoghavarsha 7328:Architecture 7219: 7153: 7136:Violin octet 7116:Stradivarius 7001: 6997:Cello sonata 6992:Viola sonata 6952:String octet 6841: 6659:Tenor violin 6631:Stroh violin 6520: 6421:Shivaranjani 6340:Nattakurinji 6325:Nada Kalyani 6284:Madhyamavati 6187:Jana Ranjani 6157:Garudadhvani 6152:Gambhiranata 6142:Devagandhari 5951: 5917:Dhatuvardani 5882:Mechakalyani 5850:Rudra chakra 5788:Gamanashrama 5770:Namanarayani 5764:Dhavalambari 5605:Ragavardhini 5567:Harikambhoji 5508:Natabhairavi 5400:Netra chakra 5259:Assami music 5253:Telegu music 5110:Chhattisgarh 4962:Baithak Gana 4692:Odissi music 4681: 4637:Indian music 4585: 4565: 4556: 4546: 4538:Bibliography 4505: 4500:Nettl, Bruno 4490: 4477: 4464: 4450: 4433: 4410:. 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664: 658: 652: 646: 638: 633: 622: 617: 603: 583: 577: 508: 487: 477: 467: 457: 453: 448: 384: 383: 293:Odissi music 282: 158:(Citra Vīṇā) 84:Compositions 24: 18: 8502:South India 8403:Pampa Award 8240:Gopala Dasa 8235:Vijaya Dasa 8230:Kanaka Dasa 8195:Rudrabhatta 8140:Gunavarma I 8127:Noted poets 8036:Rashtrakuta 7786:Chikmagalur 7662:Ramanagara 7637:Chitradurga 7556:Tipu Sultan 7106:Jazz violin 7048:Nyckelharpa 7033:Hurdy-gurdy 6937:String trio 6881:Double stop 6784:Fingerboard 6707:Double bass 6677:Bass violin 6590:Instruments 6431:Shree ragam 6375:Reethigowla 6238:Kedaragaula 6167:Hamsadhvani 5972:Janya ragas 5935:Rasikapriya 5888:Chitrambari 5803:Disi chakra 5794:Vishwambari 5776:Kamavardani 5676:Jhalavarali 5579:Naganandini 5549:Mararanjani 5541:Bana chakra 5532:Varunapriya 5494:Veda chakra 5485:Hatakambari 5479:Suryakantam 5473:Chakravakam 5455:Gayakapriya 5447:Agni chakra 5432:Kokilapriya 5426:Natakapriya 5256:Tamil music 5244:Hindi music 5225:West Bengal 5220:Uttarakhand 5160:Maharashtra 4997:Ganasangeet 4580:‹ The 3973:Asian Music 3914:Asian Music 3862:Asian Music 3672:18 December 3607:Asian Music 3221:Asian Music 3118:YjS 3.115. 2724:Thiruvayaru 2393:electronic 2342:Performance 2264:accidentals 2087:yāma Kr̥ṣṇa 1990:Gopala Dasa 1982:Vijaya Dasa 1958:Vyasatirtha 1954:Sripadaraja 1855:chittaswara 1851:chittaswara 1760:sanchaaraas 1576:August 2014 1301:Rupaka tala 1295:Jhampa tala 1289:Dhruva tala 1264:kaakapaadam 1211:Tala system 1198:janaka raga 1152:subdominant 1083:Raga system 1059:subdominant 865:thosai kade 789:rudra veena 724:Sharngadeva 720:North India 654:Mahabharata 547:chitraveena 405:South India 387:, known as 156:Goṭṭuvādyaṃ 130:Instruments 8486:Categories 8466:Television 8456:Newspapers 8380:Waterfalls 8190:Raghavanka 8180:Siddharama 8015:Milestones 8001:Literature 7986:Yakshagana 7936:Ilkal sari 7743:Kalaburagi 7642:Davanagere 7531:Pattadakal 7348:Demography 7289:Sandalwood 7018:Arpeggione 6908:Scordatura 6837:Bow stroke 6824:Techniques 6814:Tuning peg 6804:Sound post 6279:Madhuvanti 6177:Hamsanandi 6172:Hamsanadam 5905:Sucharitra 5876:Vachaspati 5835:Dharmavati 5811:Shamalangi 5738:Suvarnangi 5720:Bhavapriya 5714:Gavambhodi 5694:Raghupriya 5682:Navaneetam 5670:Jalarnavam 5414:Hanumatodi 5205:Tamil Nadu 4967:Sikh music 4930:Madhyalaya 4425:References 4412:13 January 2540:ragamalika 2520:After the 2368:See also: 2328:anudhrutam 2224:Shahaji II 2133:Swarajatis 1962:Kanakadasa 1901:Swaravalis 1877:See also: 1837:keerthanam 1823:Anupallavi 1771:anupallavi 1697:devaranama 1649:, Kannada 1621:swarajatis 1298:Matya tala 1174:supertonic 1117:avarohanam 1093:See also: 1076:avarohanam 1063:Tamil Nadu 1001:-ga-ma-pa- 809:nadaswaram 779:, and the 502:, and the 421:Tamil Nadu 207:Shruti box 168:Percussion 151:Nādasvaraṃ 8461:Magazines 8250:Lakshmisa 8210:Chamarasa 8150:Sri Ponna 8117:Karnataka 7981:Veeragase 7916:Bidriware 7911:Buta Kola 7843:Districts 7830:Geography 7610:divisions 7606:Districts 7466:Durvinita 7441:Balligavi 7368:Geography 7363:Folk arts 7358:Education 7320:Overviews 7221:Bengaluru 7207:Karnataka 7099:Slap bass 7084:Jazz bass 6923:Ensembles 6903:Pizzicato 6896:Bariolage 6886:Fingering 6876:Harmonics 6843:Col legno 6809:Tailpiece 6380:Revagupti 5858:Kantamani 5841:Neetimati 5782:Ramapriya 5744:Divyamani 5629:Chalanata 5599:Yagapriya 5561:Sarasangi 5555:Charukesi 5514:Keeravani 5379:Vanaspati 5373:Ganamurti 5361:Kanakangi 5195:Rajasthan 5170:Meghalaya 5145:Karnataka 5140:Jharkhand 4904:Sanchaari 4482:Bangalore 4455:New Delhi 4401:The Hindu 4376:: 14–24. 4312:The Hindu 4285:The Hindu 4154:191394968 3835:192945498 3582:Scroll.in 3498:317288154 3452:915135656 3342:191466174 3206:144368744 3083:The Hindu 2736:Cleveland 2732:Guruvayur 2720:Tyagaraja 2685:Festivals 2654:thukkadas 2618:mridangam 2511:saahityam 2415:mridangam 2358:Harikatha 2283:diacritic 2206:Notations 2180:Tyagaraja 2176:Parampara 2123:alankaras 2103:Ramadasan 2079:Tyagaraja 2057:Malayalam 1925:Tyagaraja 1905:Alankaras 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4925:Vilambit 4834:Bhairavi 4718:Alankara 4701:Concepts 4582:template 4438:New York 3736:: 9–12. 3538:41467484 3415:34669394 3006:Archived 2768:See also 2699:Various 2668:Audience 2662:mangalam 2649:tillanas 2526:kirtanas 2474:kutcheri 2320:dhrutams 2162:gurukula 2109:Learning 2083:Guruguha 2061:Sanskrit 1952:include 1897:Pitamaha 1781:charanam 1736:kirtanam 1728:and the 1710:thillana 1692:ugabhoga 1686:thevaram 1651:Ugabhoga 1647:viruttam 1644:, Tamil 1637:Sanskrit 1615:Geethams 1437:sextuple 1292:Eka tala 1286:Ata tala 1071:arohanam 1055:madhyama 1051:dominant 1049:and the 1043:panchama 1027:dhaivata 1023:panchama 1019:madhyama 1015:gandhara 1011:rishabha 906:). 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