235:
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political ties with the rising mainland Carib polity in the 16th century. In any event, the fact that the
Kalinago' language evidently derived from a pre-existing Arawakan variety has led some linguists to term it "Igneri". It appears to have been as distinct from Taíno as from mainland Arawak varieties.
377:
in addition to the
Arawakan Kalinago language. The pidgin was evidently similar to one used by mainland Caribs to communicate with their Arawak neighbors. Berend J. Hoff and Douglas Taylor hypothesized that it dated to the time of the Carib expansion through the islands, and that males maintained it
365:
suggested that Caribs from South
America conquered the Igneri but did not displace them, and took on their language over time. Others doubt there was an invasion at all. Sued Badillo proposed that Igneri living in the Lesser Antilles adopted the "Carib" identity due to their close economic and
378:
to emphasize their origins. However, scholars who doubt the existence of a Carib invasion suggest this pidgin was a later development acquired by contact with indigenous peoples of the mainland.
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inhabitants, which incoming Caribs adopted in the pre-Columbian era. During the French colonial period, Carib men also spoke a
Cariban-derived
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361:
Modern scholars have proposed several hypotheses accounting for the prevalence of an Arawak language among the
Kalinago. Scholars such as
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1704:
330:. Contemporary traditions indicated the Caribs (or Kaliphuna) had conquered these islands from their previous inhabitants, the
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275:. Kalinago proper became extinct by about 1920 due to population decline and colonial period deportations resulting in
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346:. However, studies in the 20th century determined that the language of the Antillean Caribs was not Cariban, but
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Comparative
Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia
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in the 17th century, and possibly earlier, male
Kalinago used a Cariban-based
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243: Iñeri (Kalinago) among other Pre-Columbian languages of the Antilles
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970:"A Descriptive Grammar of Kalinago" (Keisha Marie Josephs, 2024)
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338:(Kalina) of South America, it was long assumed that they spoke
334:. Because the Kalinago were thought to have descended from the
331:
299:
295:
85:
30:
For the language of the mainland Carib of South
America, see
27:
Arawakan language historically spoken in the Lesser
Antilles
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Despite its name, Kalinago was not closely related to the
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on the South
American mainland and more distantly to the
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Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002).
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A number of people also pronounced /ɕ/ as an alveolar
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1675:Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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878:. University of Illinois Press. p. 54.
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1680:Indigenous languages of the Caribbean
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310:At the time of European contact, the
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919:. Yale University Press. pp.
25:
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953:A Descriptive Grammar of Kalinago
892:from the original on May 26, 2024
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97:1920s in Dominica (survives in
1705:Languages extinct in the 1920s
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279:, but an offshoot survives as
259:(Iñeri, Inyeri, etc.), was an
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1:
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574:Kalinago has 16 consonants.
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951:Josephs, Keisha M. (2019).
263:historically spoken by the
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1700:Languages of Saint Lucia
955:. University of Arizona.
1690:Languages of Guadeloupe
1685:Languages of Martinique
911:Rouse, Irving (1992).
829:Rouse, Irving (1992).
1670:Languages of Dominica
1008:(Maipurean) languages
369:During the period of
314:lived throughout the
45:Igneri, Iñeri, Inyeri
1695:Languages of Grenada
1296:Central Upper Amazon
302:amongst themselves.
371:French colonization
18:Kalhíphona language
1660:Arawakan languages
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203:Linguist List
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1430:Enawenê-Nawê
1140:Upper Amazon
1044:
952:
946:
934:. Retrieved
914:
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894:. Retrieved
874:
852:. Retrieved
832:
573:
368:
363:Irving Rouse
360:
309:
285:
256:
252:
250:
217:
134:
1575:Matsiguenga
1487:Mashco Piro
739:Approximant
125:Ta-Arawakan
1654:Categories
1585:Pucapucari
1454:Yawalapití
930:0300051816
915:The Tainos
885:0252073843
848:0300051816
833:The Tainos
811:References
570:Consonants
324:Guadeloupe
151:Early form
63:Guadeloupe
50:Kalhíphona
1624:Guajiboan
1560:Ashéninga
1555:Asháninka
1391:Chamicuro
1282:Kurripako
1197:Mandawaca
1192:Mainatari
1187:Kawishana
1160:Amarizana
1130:Wapishana
1074:Palikuran
1050:Parauhano
1022:Caribbean
656:Fricative
382:Phonology
273:Caribbean
219:Glottolog
187:ISO 639-3
78:Ethnicity
69:, except
1710:Kalinago
1570:Caquinte
1565:Axininca
1497:Kanamaré
1449:Mehináku
1440:Saraveca
1425:Custenau
1401:Yanesha'
1377:Southern
1359:Shiriana
1333:Yavitero
1228:Warekena
1222:Resígaro
1170:Cabiyari
1125:Parawana
1120:Mawayana
1114:Mapidian
1096:Pidjanan
1045:Kalinago
1040:Garífuna
1035:Caquetio
1014:Northern
1006:Arawakan
936:June 17,
896:June 17,
890:Archived
854:June 17,
588:Alveolar
348:Arawakan
312:Kalinago
281:Garifuna
265:Kalinago
226:isla1278
135:Kalinago
121:Northern
117:Arawakan
99:Garifuna
82:Kalinago
71:Barbados
40:Kalinago
1638:Puquina
1631:Munichi
1518:Lapachu
1477:Iñapari
1472:Apurinã
1396:Morique
1384:Western
1323:Maipure
1287:Tariana
1250:Yabaâna
1239:Wainumá
1233:Waraikú
1217:Piapoco
1202:Mariaté
1109:Atorada
1104:Aroaqui
1086:Palikúr
1081:Marawan
1055:Shebaya
603:Glottal
593:Palatal
402:Central
328:Grenada
322:, from
318:of the
306:History
290:of the
271:in the
267:of the
93:Extinct
67:Grenada
1665:Igneri
1610:Arauán
1533:Terêna
1482:Cararí
1435:Paresí
1349:Kariaí
1328:Marawá
1318:Guinao
1277:Baniwa
1261:Yumana
1256:Yucuna
1244:Wiriná
1207:Mepuri
1165:Anauyá
1155:Achawa
1030:Lokono
927:
882:
845:
583:Labial
387:Vowels
375:pidgin
332:Igneri
300:pidgin
296:Igneri
257:Igneri
241:
157:Igneri
130:Igñeri
86:Igneri
1547:Campa
1537:Chané
1528:Pauna
1523:Moxos
1513:Baure
1445:Waura
1354:Manao
1342:Manao
1303:Avane
1182:Guarú
1176:Cabre
1065:Wayuu
1060:Taíno
923:–22.
804:]
800:[
700:Nasal
610:plain
598:Velar
452:Close
444:nasal
438:plain
432:nasal
426:plain
420:nasal
414:plain
397:Front
340:Carib
174:Latin
1492:Piro
1464:Piro
1308:Baré
1212:Pasé
938:2014
925:ISBN
898:2014
880:ISBN
856:2014
843:ISBN
773:Flap
622:Stop
615:asp.
540:Open
407:Back
251:The
1421:(?)
1361:(?)
1252:(?)
1246:(?)
1235:(?)
1224:(?)
1178:(?)
1172:(?)
1116:(?)
501:Mid
326:to
210:crb
194:crb
65:to
1656::
921:21
888:.
864:^
841:.
839:21
819:^
720:nʰ
479:ɨ̃
84:,
1535:–
1447:–
998:e
991:t
984:v
940:.
900:.
858:.
806:.
802:s
781:ɾ
761:j
752:l
745:w
727:ɲ
713:n
706:m
692:h
685:x
678:ɕ
669:s
662:ɸ
646:k
635:t
628:p
557:ã
550:a
532:õ
525:o
514:ẽ
507:e
493:ũ
486:u
472:ɨ
465:ĩ
458:i
101:)
73:)
61:(
34:.
20:)
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