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perfection and complexity of manufactured products, while they can be calculated in theory, cannot be predicted with confidence. Finally, the optimum research paths that might lead to systems which greatly exceed the thermodynamic efficiencies and other capabilities of biological systems cannot be reliably predicted at this time. Research funding that is based on the ability of investigators to produce experimental demonstrations that link to abstract models and guide long-term vision is most appropriate to achieve this goal.
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2010:
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Although theoretical calculations can be made today, the eventually attainable range of chemical reaction cycles, error rates, speed of operation, and thermodynamic efficiencies of such bottom-up manufacturing systems cannot be reliably predicted at this time. Thus, the eventually attainable
278:" to describe what might happen if a hypothetical self-replicating molecular assembler went out of control. He has subsequently tried to clarify his concerns about out-of-control self-replicators, and make the case that molecular manufacturing does not require such devices.
579:
1370:"The Incredible Shrinking Man: K. Eric Drexler was the godfather of nanotechnology. But the MIT prodigy who dreamed up molecular machines was shoved aside by big science - and now he's an industry outcast." Ed Regis, Wired Magazine, Issue 12.10, October 2004
321:
His Ph.D. work was the first doctoral degree on the topic of molecular nanotechnology and his thesis, "Molecular
Machinery and Manufacturing with Applications to Computation", was published (with minor editing) as
249:, "Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation". This article has continued to be cited, more than 620 times, during the following 35 years.
1627:
274:(MNT). In that book, he proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. He also first published the term "
2013:
396:
eliminates several obstacles ... '" Drexler had difficulty in getting
Smalley to respond, but in December 2003, Chemical and Engineering news carried a four-part debate.
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in 1974 to describe the precision manufacture of materials with nanometer tolerances, and
Drexler unknowingly used a related term in his 1986 book
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1800:
2037:
1984:
1964:
1593:
452:, a 'drexler' is a nanotech assembler of pretty much anything that can fit in the volume of the particular machine—from socks to starships.
380:
article. Smalley first argued that "fat fingers" made MNT impossible. He later argued that nanomachines would have to resemble chemical
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465:; his book is mentioned as one of the starting points of nanomachine construction, as well as giving a better understanding of the way
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483:, using his theory of a molecular machine in two sections as a possible explanation for the mysterious "Substance Z" in the story.
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689:, K. Eric Drexler, Technical Report #2019-1, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, 210 pages (2019)
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984:
The
Visioneers: How a Group of Elite Scientists Pursued Space Colonies, Nanotechnologies, and a Limitless Future
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681:
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310:(formally, the Media Arts and Sciences Section, School of Architecture and Planning) after the department of
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326:(1992), which received the Association of American Publishers award for Best Computer Science Book of 1992.
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1991:
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837:"Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation"
1997:
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202:. Drexler participated in NASA summer studies on space colonies in 1975 and 1976. He fabricated metal
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with a master's thesis titled "Design of a High
Performance Solar Sail System". In 1991, he earned a
734:"The History of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: From Chemical–Physical Applications to Nanomedicine"
162:
award for Best
Computer Science Book of 1992. He has been called the "godfather of nanotechnology".
2377:
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Bayda, Samer; Adeel, Muhammad; Tuccinardi, Tiziano; Cordani, Marco; Rizzolio, Flavio (2019-12-27).
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a few tens of nanometers thick on a wax support to demonstrate the potentials of high-performance
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more than
Drexler's assemblers and could only work in water. Drexler maintained that both were
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150:(MNT), and his studies of its potential from the 1970s and 1980s. His 1991 doctoral thesis at
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903:"Drexler: Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities ..."
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1023:
Singularity Rising: Surviving and
Thriving in a Smarter, Richer, and More Dangerous World
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551:
376:
291:
266:
230:, and patents were issued on both subjects, vapor phase fabrication and space radiators.
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The Canvas of the Night (1990), (ar) Project Solar Sail, ed. Arthur C. Clarke, NAL/Roc (
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334:
Drexler was married to
Christine Peterson for 21 years. The marriage ended in 2002.
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Engines of
Creation 2.0: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology - Updated and Expanded
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Reframing Superintelligence: Comprehensive AI Services as General Intelligence
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Radical Abundance: How a Revolution in Nanotechnology Will Change Civilization
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In 2006, Drexler married Rosa Wang, a former investment banker who works with
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A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
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as one of the heroes of a future world where nanotechnology is ubiquitous.
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conferences at Princeton. The 1977 and 1979 papers were co-authored with
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146:(born April 25, 1955) is an American engineer best known for introducing
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Molecular Machinery and Manufacturing with Applications to Computation
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Molecular Machinery and Manufacturing With Applications to Computation
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Committee to Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative (2006).
345:
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245:". In 1981, Drexler wrote a seminal research article, published by
30:
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1416:
1343:"The Creator": Interview with Eric Drexler by Michael Berry, 1991
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Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation
108:
1111:. Washington, DC: National Academies of Science. p. 108.
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Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery Manufacturing and Computation
156:
Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery Manufacturing and Computation
530:
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is named after him. The "Assemblers" are its key invention.
366:
Drexler's work on nanotechnology was criticized as naive by
233:
During the late 1970s, Drexler began to develop ideas about
731:
295:
246:
1315:
1267:"Doom Patrol #57 (1987-1995) (NOOK Comic with Zoom View)"
405:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
388:
arguments, and in the case of enzymes, wrote that "Prof.
580:
MOTORI DI CREAZIONE: L’era prossima della nanotecnologia
222:
prototypes, Drexler delivered papers at the first three
529:) of molecular nanotechnology research in the Japanese
218:
in 1980. Besides working summers for O'Neill, building
933:"Nanotech takes small step towards burying 'grey goo'"
631:
Sample chapters and a table of contents are available
516:
Drexler is mentioned in Michael Crichton's 2002 novel
455:
Drexler is also mentioned in the science fiction book
1695:
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
267:
Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
1048:"Nanotechnology: Of Chemistry, Nanobots, and Policy"
824:
http://www.nss.org/settlement/L5news/1980-treaty.htm
617:
Unbounding the Future: the Nanotechnology Revolution
170:
K. Eric Drexler was strongly influenced by ideas on
1766:
Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence
2248:Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology
1361:"The Incredible Shrinking World of Eric Drexler":
981:
362:Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology
496:in the "Mutation" section, briefly detailing the
2622:
2219:Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition
1806:Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence
1452:
1375:Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition
392:wrote in 1994, ' ... using an enzyme in organic
841:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
210:. He was active in space politics, helping the
2671:MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
2439:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
1801:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
1365:Interview by Anthony B. Perkins August 1, 1995
294:in Interdisciplinary Sciences in 1977 and his
2322:
2038:
1985:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
1965:Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)
1621:
1594:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
1438:
670:, K. Eric Drexler, 647 pages, (February 2007)
648:, an earlier version of the text that became
174:in the early 1970s. During his first year at
2052:
1348:Nano: The Emerging Science of Nanotechnology
318:refused to approve Drexler's plan of study.
154:(MIT) was revised and published as the book
178:, he sought out someone who was working on
2651:American non-fiction environmental writers
2329:
2315:
2045:
2031:
1628:
1614:
1445:
1431:
1195:(Reprint ed.). St. Martin's Griffin.
1138:
956:
878:
860:
767:
749:
341:on improving the social capital markets.
198:and his landmark work on the concepts of
1771:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
1069:"C&En: Cover Story - Nanotechnology"
1811:Machine Intelligence Research Institute
1239:
1190:
1165:
1100:
1098:
834:
615:Available online with free download at
270:to describe what later became known as
2623:
1509:Differential technological development
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988:. Princeton University Press. p.
979:
2310:
2026:
1609:
1426:
930:
835:Drexler, K. Eric (1 September 1981).
790:
704:, a type of "vapor phase fabrication"
420:
190:, a physicist famous for his work on
176:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
152:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
70:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2226:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
1289:
1095:
243:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
513:vol. 2, #57 (published July 1992).
13:
1953:Statement on AI risk of extinction
1336:
1292:"Prey - Michael Crichton - E-book"
409:National Nanotechnology Initiative
160:Association of American Publishers
14:
2682:
2336:
1690:Ethics of artificial intelligence
1388:
1264:
339:Ashoka: Innovators for the Public
286:Drexler holds three degrees from
2666:MIT School of Engineering alumni
2605:
2604:
2009:
2008:
1700:Friendly artificial intelligence
498:8-circuit model of consciousness
329:
165:
29:
2641:21st-century American engineers
2243:Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology
1316:"Baldr Sky Dive1 "Lost Memory""
1308:
1283:
1258:
1233:
1209:
1184:
1170:(New ed.). London: Orbit.
1159:
1139:Stephenson, Neal (1998-08-27).
1132:
1082:
1061:
578:Available online in Italian as
572:Available online in Chinese as
237:(MNT). In 1979, he encountered
1761:Center for Applied Rationality
1240:results, search (2018-04-19).
1191:results, search (2007-01-09).
1166:results, search (2005-01-06).
1040:
1013:
973:
924:
895:
828:
817:
793:"The Incredible Shrinking Man"
784:
725:
522:in the introduction (pg xii).
400:disputes Smalley's arguments.
1:
718:
442:In the science fiction novel
16:American engineer (born 1955)
2512:Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov
2444:Future of Humanity Institute
2149:Future of Humanity Institute
1781:Future of Humanity Institute
1454:Future of Humanity Institute
1217:"Excavation - James Rollins"
407:, in its 2006 review of the
355:
281:
7:
1998:Artificial Intelligence Act
1992:Do You Trust This Computer?
1411:interviewed on the TV show
980:McCray, W. Patrick (2013).
695:
644:Drexler's doctoral thesis,
344:Drexler has arranged to be
300:Astro/Aerospace Engineering
258:Tokyo University of Science
158:(1992), which received the
10:
2687:
2646:American nanotechnologists
1534:Self-indication assumption
1404:Who's Who in the Nanospace
1071:. Pubs.acs.org. 2003-12-01
486:Drexler gets a mention in
359:
241:'s provocative 1959 talk "
180:extraterrestrial resources
2600:
2464:
2421:
2365:
2344:
2284:Technological singularity
2256:
2235:
2203:
2157:
2136:
2113:Carbon nanotube nanomotor
2060:
2006:
1945:
1824:
1751:Alignment Research Center
1743:
1735:Technological singularity
1685:Effective accelerationism
1647:
1573:Global Catastrophic Risks
1557:
1501:
1460:
1320:The Visual Novel Database
1244:. S.l.: Forgotten Books.
1145:. Penguin Books Limited.
1020:Miller, James D. (2012).
751:10.3390/molecules25010112
702:Chemical vapor deposition
256:" had been coined by the
137:
125:
107:
93:
86:
76:
65:
40:
28:
21:
2378:Eradication of suffering
2357:Transhumanism in fiction
2289:Impact of nanotechnology
2093:Self-replicating machine
2054:Molecular nanotechnology
1786:Future of Life Institute
1705:Instrumental convergence
1539:Self-sampling assumption
1514:Global catastrophic risk
791:Regis, Ed (2004-10-01).
544:
503:Drexler is mentioned in
425:Drexler is mentioned in
272:molecular nanotechnology
235:molecular nanotechnology
148:molecular nanotechnology
102:molecular nanotechnology
2656:American transhumanists
2108:Exploratory engineering
1641:artificial intelligence
1090:The Singularity Is Near
633:online at e.drexler.com
560:online at e-drexler.com
2456:US Transhumanist Party
2098:Productive nanosystems
1710:Intelligence explosion
862:10.1073/pnas.78.9.5275
525:The Drexler Facility (
418:
312:electrical engineering
1665:AI capability control
1544:Simulation hypothesis
1265:Noble, Barnes &.
604:and Gayle Pergamit) (
598:Unbounding the Future
475:references Drexler's
413:
346:cryonically preserved
196:particle accelerators
2572:Gennady Stolyarov II
2413:Techno-progressivism
1756:Center for AI Safety
1168:Newton's Wake: Novel
188:Princeton University
35:Eric Drexler in 2013
2429:Foresight Institute
2212:Engines of Creation
2144:Foresight Institute
2068:Molecular assembler
1971:Our Final Invention
1377:by Ed Regis, 1990.
1350:by Ed Regis, 1995.
1290:Crichton, Michael.
949:2004Natur.429..591G
931:Giles, Jim (2004).
853:1981PNAS...78.5275D
708:Foresight Institute
552:Engines of Creation
477:Engines of Creation
469:was to be applied.
377:Scientific American
224:Space Manufacturing
81:Foresight Institute
58:Alameda, California
2477:José Luis Cordeiro
2403:Singularitarianism
2170:Christine Peterson
1271:Barnes & Noble
1026:. BenBella Books.
910:scholar.google.com
659:2011-07-17 at the
638:2019-10-08 at the
602:Christine Peterson
594:) Science Fiction.
565:2009-01-08 at the
421:In science fiction
290:. He received his
200:space colonization
2618:
2617:
2592:Eliezer Yudkowsky
2582:Natasha Vita-More
2562:Martine Rothblatt
2304:
2303:
2128:Starseed launcher
2073:Molecular machine
2020:
2019:
1937:Eliezer Yudkowsky
1912:Stuart J. Russell
1730:Superintelligence
1603:
1602:
1580:Human Enhancement
1118:978-0-309-10223-0
1033:978-1-936661-65-7
184:Gerard K. O'Neill
141:
140:
88:Scientific career
2678:
2608:
2607:
2587:Mark Alan Walker
2331:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2195:James C. Bennett
2180:Carlo Montemagno
2083:Mechanochemistry
2078:Mechanosynthesis
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2011:
1959:Human Compatible
1932:Roman Yampolskiy
1680:Consequentialism
1637:Existential risk
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1524:Pascal's mugging
1447:
1440:
1433:
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1423:
1400:
1399:
1397:Official website
1330:
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1303:
1302:
1296:HarperCollins US
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1242:Design for Dying
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1038:
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1008:
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987:
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912:. Google Scholar
907:
899:
893:
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882:
864:
847:(9): 5275–5278.
832:
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821:
815:
814:
812:
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782:
781:
771:
753:
729:
493:Design for Dying
348:in the event of
316:computer science
172:limits to growth
144:Kim Eric Drexler
127:Doctoral advisor
121:
54:
50:
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33:
19:
18:
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2596:
2567:Anders Sandberg
2537:Ole Martin Moen
2482:K. Eric Drexler
2460:
2417:
2361:
2340:
2335:
2305:
2300:
2252:
2231:
2199:
2165:K. Eric Drexler
2153:
2132:
2056:
2051:
2021:
2016:
2002:
1941:
1897:Steve Omohundro
1877:Geoffrey Hinton
1867:Stephen Hawking
1852:Paul Christiano
1832:Scott Alexander
1820:
1791:Google DeepMind
1739:
1725:Suffering risks
1643:
1634:
1604:
1599:
1553:
1497:
1488:Anders Sandberg
1473:K. Eric Drexler
1456:
1451:
1409:K. Eric Drexler
1395:
1394:
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1337:Further reading
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1142:The Diamond Age
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978:
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958:10.1038/429591b
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726:
721:
698:
676:, May 7, 2013,
661:Wayback Machine
652:, is available
640:Wayback Machine
567:Wayback Machine
547:
436:The Diamond Age
431:science fiction
427:Neal Stephenson
423:
372:Richard Smalley
364:
358:
332:
284:
262:Norio Taniguchi
254:nano-technology
239:Richard Feynman
168:
119:
66:Alma mater
61:
55:
52:
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44:
36:
24:
23:K. Eric Drexler
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2497:Aubrey de Grey
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2408:Technogaianism
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2398:Postpoliticism
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2373:Antinaturalism
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2175:J. Storrs Hall
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1600:
1598:
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1576:
1569:
1566:Anthropic Bias
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
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1389:External links
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2527:Julian Huxley
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2422:Organizations
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2139:
2137:Organizations
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2119:
2116:
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2111:
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1978:The Precipice
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1938:
1935:
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1928:
1927:Frank Wilczek
1925:
1923:
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1744:Organizations
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1587:The Precipice
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1530:
1529:Reversal test
1527:
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1413:Triangulation
1410:
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1384:
1383:0-201-56751-2
1380:
1376:
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1371:
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1356:0-316-73852-2
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1253:
1251:9781333214203
1247:
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1221:James Rollins
1218:
1212:
1204:
1202:9780312366964
1198:
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1179:
1177:9781841492247
1173:
1169:
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1152:9780141924052
1148:
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1120:
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1001:
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991:
986:
985:
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968:
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946:
943:(6992): 591.
942:
938:
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927:
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610:0-688-12573-5
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534:visual novels
532:
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523:
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512:
511:
506:
501:
499:
495:
494:
489:
488:Timothy Leary
484:
482:
479:in his novel
478:
474:
473:James Rollins
470:
468:
464:
460:
459:
453:
451:
447:
446:
445:Newton's Wake
440:
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308:MIT Media Lab
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192:storage rings
189:
185:
181:
177:
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166:Life and work
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
133:
132:Marvin Minsky
130:
128:
124:
117:
116:
112:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:(BS, MS, PhD)
71:
68:
64:
59:
53:(age 69)
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2577:Vernor Vinge
2557:David Pearce
2542:Hans Moravec
2532:Ray Kurzweil
2522:James Hughes
2517:Robin Hanson
2492:Ben Goertzel
2481:
2472:Nick Bostrom
2448:
2383:Extropianism
2269:Nanomedicine
2217:
2210:
2185:Ralph Merkle
2164:
2088:Nanorobotics
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1957:
1917:Jaan Tallinn
1857:Eric Drexler
1856:
1847:Nick Bostrom
1660:AI alignment
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1519:Great Filter
1478:Robin Hanson
1472:
1468:Nick Bostrom
1412:
1374:
1362:
1347:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1285:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1260:
1241:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1167:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1107:
1089:
1084:
1073:. Retrieved
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1050:. Crnano.org
1042:
1022:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
983:
975:
940:
936:
926:
914:. Retrieved
909:
897:
844:
840:
830:
819:
808:. Retrieved
796:
786:
741:
737:
727:
686:
673:
667:
649:
645:
624:
600:(1991; with
597:
550:
536:
526:
524:
517:
515:
508:
502:
491:
485:
480:
476:
471:
456:
454:
443:
441:
434:
424:
414:
402:
398:Ray Kurzweil
375:
365:
343:
336:
333:
323:
320:
306:through the
285:
265:
251:
232:
228:Keith Henson
169:
155:
143:
142:
113:
87:
2661:Cryonicists
2631:1955 births
2487:David Gobel
2388:Immortalism
2118:Utility fog
1922:Max Tegmark
1907:Martin Rees
1715:Longtermism
1675:AI takeover
1363:Red Herring
1005:6 September
916:6 September
650:Nanosystems
510:Doom Patrol
463:Stel Pavlou
450:Ken MacLeod
368:Nobel Prize
350:legal death
298:in 1979 in
220:mass driver
216:Moon Treaty
214:defeat the
208:solar sails
182:. He found
98:Engineering
2625:Categories
2352:Transhuman
1887:Shane Legg
1862:Sam Harris
1837:Sam Altman
1776:EleutherAI
1325:2018-05-08
1301:2018-05-08
1276:2018-05-08
1226:2018-05-08
1075:2012-07-17
1054:2012-07-17
906:(citation)
810:2023-11-01
744:(1): 112.
719:References
682:1610391136
592:0451450027
558:Available
500:(pg. 91).
481:Excavation
374:in a 2001
360:See also:
260:professor
252:The term "
212:L5 Society
47:1955-04-25
2552:Elon Musk
2450:LessWrong
2434:Humanity+
2345:Overviews
1902:Huw Price
1892:Elon Musk
1796:Humanity+
1670:AI safety
1549:Singleton
871:0027-8424
805:1059-1028
760:1420-3049
738:Molecules
713:AI safety
569:dead link
538:Baldr Sky
505:DC Comics
467:carbon 60
386:straw man
356:Reception
282:Education
2610:Category
2547:Max More
2366:Currents
2294:Societal
2279:Cryonics
2123:Ecophagy
2103:Gray goo
2061:Concepts
2014:Category
1882:Bill Joy
1648:Concepts
1502:Concepts
1483:Toby Ord
1193:Decipher
967:15190320
889:16593078
778:31892180
696:See also
657:Archived
636:Archived
563:Archived
458:Decipher
394:solvents
390:Klibanov
276:grey goo
2507:FM-2030
1419:network
1417:TWiT.tv
1415:on the
945:Bibcode
849:Bibcode
769:6982820
628:(1992)
555:(1986)
527:ドレクサー機関
382:enzymes
370:winner
2465:People
2158:People
1825:People
1816:OpenAI
1461:People
1381:
1354:
1248:
1199:
1174:
1149:
1124:30 May
1115:
1092:, 2005
1030:
996:
965:
937:Nature
887:
880:348724
877:
869:
803:
776:
766:
758:
680:
654:online
608:
590:
574:创造的发动机
433:novel
120:(1991)
118:
109:Thesis
94:Fields
60:, U.S.
2236:Other
2204:Works
1946:Other
1639:from
1558:Works
797:Wired
545:Works
531:eroge
304:Ph.D.
204:films
1379:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1126:2016
1113:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1007:2016
994:ISBN
963:PMID
918:2016
885:PMID
867:ISSN
801:ISSN
774:PMID
756:ISSN
678:ISBN
606:ISBN
588:ISBN
519:Prey
403:The
314:and
296:M.S.
292:B.S.
247:PNAS
194:for
41:Born
1655:AGI
990:215
953:doi
941:429
875:PMC
857:doi
764:PMC
746:doi
490:'s
461:by
448:by
429:'s
288:MIT
186:of
2627::
1318:.
1294:.
1269:.
1219:.
1097:^
992:.
961:.
951:.
939:.
935:.
908:.
883:.
873:.
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855:.
845:78
843:.
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762:.
754:.
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736:.
612:)
507:'
352:.
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1279:.
1254:.
1229:.
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1180:.
1155:.
1128:.
1078:.
1057:.
1036:.
1009:.
969:.
955::
947::
920:.
891:.
859::
851::
813:.
780:.
748::
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
