33:
882:
774:, and a couple of hours by train from New York. There are sources indicating that he had nevertheless been struggling with mental health issue of his own for some year: early in February 1940, shortly after his 37th birthday, following a series of "nervous breakdowns", Karl committed suicide. His mother was badly affected. She was nevertheless able to agitate successfully to obtain a US residence permit for her husband, at this point living precariously in
710:, with communists high on the government enemies' list. Intrusive house searches and book burnings became mainstream. Hermann Duncker was arrested in February 1933 and remained in prison till November 1933. It was, perhaps, a tribute to the vigour with which his wife campaigned for his release from the penitentiary at Brandenburg that by the end of 1933 he was home. He lived under intense police surveillance till 1935 when he managed to escape, initially, to
428:, the SPD abstained. From the outset, however, this version of patriotism from the party leadership encountered opposition from internationalist and left-wing party members. Hermann and Käte Duncker passionately opposed funding for the war, and as economic destitution on the home front mounted, the call for an end to the slaughter on the front line would only grow louder. In 1915 Käte Duncker, was a co-founder of the news-sheet,
596:. In the aftermath of the violence the local left-wing district government resigned and Hermann Duncker, employed by it in a senior secretarial/administrative capacity, lost his job and was obliged to resort to his "fallback occupation" as a peripatetic teacher working for the Communist party, which had a depressive impact on the family.
395:"Plötzlich lag die ganze Last und Verantwortung der so umfassenden wie gefährlichen Organisationsarbeit auf den schwachen Schultern dieser zarten Frau. Sie, die mit ihren häuslichen Sorgen schon genug beschwert war, hat aber ohne Zögern alles auf sich genommen und alles geleistet, was Zeit und Umstände erforderten."
320:, the women's magazine managed by Zetkin, under whose direction it had surged from obscurity to a distribution estimated in 1907 at 70,000 copies. Duncker's particular area of responsibility on the paper was the section entitled "For our children", which became a great favourite with working-class families.
926:
the memorial statue showing
Duncker as a teacher instructing three pupils was removed in 2009 in order to clear the way for a new walkway. (Nevertheless, unconfirmed assurances from town officials, briefly reported in the local press, indicated that it would be restored to the park, in an alternative
253:
children which she loved and for which she had struggled, was going to be incompatible with her political involvement, was a heavy blow. She returned to
Leipzig where, despite not being enrolled at the university, she was able to attend certain lectures on a "guest basis", notably those delivered by
845:
on 20 November 1942. According to a detailed report submitted by his wife to the
Central Committee of the exiled German Communist Party in Moscow on 22 September 1939, Wolfgang had been arrested on 21 March 1938 and interrogated. He had been forced, after four months, to sign a false confession,
288:
and then a party worker, although legally it only became permissible for women to participate in politics in 1908. She employed her teaching skills, giving lectures to the
Workers' Education League covering literature, pedagogy, history, socio-politics and economics. She became the chair of the
568:
merged into the USPD while retaining a semi-autonomous status within it. Some of the contradictions inherent in these arrangements were addressed at a conference held in Berlin between 30 December 1918 and 1 January 1919 which gave structure to agreements entered into earlier in the month, in the
252:
where she taught at another all-girls' school. In
Hamburg she became involved in the dockworkers' strike which occurred between November 1896 and February 1897. As a result of her support for the strike she was, as before, dismissed from her teaching post. The realisation that the career teaching
643:
During a period of on-going internal fractionalism within the
Communist Party her parliamentary duties had to be combined with endless national and regional party meetings. The quantity of parliamentary and party work could be exhausting and she suffered several interludes of absence caused by
539:
dissertation into German, in order to try and support herself financially.) According to one source, by 1919 Duncker felt that she had been greatly aged by her activities and experiences during the First World War. The next few years indicated that her reserves of energy were not yet spent,
906:
was proposing that the street "Walderseestraße" should be renamed as "Käte-Duncker-Straße", as one of four street name changes intended to demonstrate that his city was liberal, progressive, and open to the world, having left its undemocratic national socialist and monarchist days behind.
269:"The most spiritually stirring and outstanding agitator in the local social democratic women's movement is the former teacher, now Mrs. Duncker, who appears as a speaker in almost all women's meetings in order to campaign against the respectable middle-class women's associations."
391:"Suddenly the entire weight and responsibility of such wide ranging and dangerous organisational work lay on the shoulders of this delicate woman. Already sufficiently burdened by her domestic difficulties , unhesitatingly everything that the times and circumstances required."
228:
between 1888 and 1890. Her ambition to become a teacher had encountered initial opposition from her guardian and her mother, but she nevertheless persisted, passing her qualifying exams in 1890 and teaching, initially, in
Friedrichroda. By 1893 she had moved to
746:
apartment block and was able to find work as a cleaner and as a language teacher. One of her reasons for choosing New York was to be close to her brilliant elder son who was believed to be unwell. The next few years were dominated by family tragedy.
273:"Die geistig hervorragendste Agitatorin der hiesigen sozialdem. Frauenbewegung ist die frühere Lehrerin, jetzige Frau Duncker, die fast in allen Frauenversammlungen als Rednerin auftritt und dabei die bürgerlichen Frauenvereinigungen bekämpft."
616:. The candidacy was not without controversy among her political comrades, and at one stage she withdrew it. Nevertheless, in the end her name was on the Communist Party candidate list and in December 1921, now aged fifty, she was elected to
279:
She married
Hermann Duncker, by now an economics student, towards the end of 1898. Their daughter, Hedwig, was born in 1899. In the meantime, Käte immersed herself in the leftwing politics of the city, becoming first a member of the
647:
On top of her other activities, she continued organising women's groups across the region. It is clear from her letters that these meetings, and the lively discussions that often broke out at them, remained very important to her.
1618:
897:
the street in which her mother had run a small guest house during the closing decades of the nineteenth century became "Käte-Duncker-Straße". Schools, Kindergarten, and even the teachers' training college she had attended in
487:
where the risk of sudden attack or further arrest seemed less pressing than in Berlin. During the war her sons had been sent to
Denmark where they were staying with friends, and in Match 1919, around the time when
620:. She addressed her parliamentary responsibilities with characteristic energy, her contributions focusing on issues involving childhood, and building on ideas that had originated during her time as a teacher in
1344:: Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf. Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im Ersten Weltkrieg. Verlag Droste, Düsseldorf 1974 (Contributions to "Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien", Vol. 53).
343:), at which she delivered a presentation on motherhood and childcare. She was also involved in the resolution to introduce an international Women's Day, proposed at the conference by her friend,
1622:
819:
312:) appeared in 1906. Over the next few years she developed a close friendship with Clara Zetkin which was both personal and political. In 1906 she became deputy controlling editor for
459:
at the national party conference of the SPD. Shortly after this she suffered a health crisis and spent three months in a sanatorium. From 1918 she was responsible for "Women work" (
447:. Duncker continued to campaign against the war, using her background on the party's education to locate and address youth groups, while also producing illegal "Spartacus Letters" (
237:
by whom she was greatly impressed. The next year she herself started teaching at evening classes organised by the
Leipzig Workers' Education League. It was here that she first met
893:
The East German state needed to find suitable heroes and heroines: Käte Duncker evidently satisfied the criteria. Before 1990 a number of places had streets named after her. In
632:
facilities. She urged improvements in the education available to ordinary people. As a result of her truncated teaching career Käte Duncker had become a proponent of the
261:). Her study concluded that industrialisation would expand employment openings for women, and that it would become impossible to restrict women's professional careers.
873:
because of doctrinal differences. It is not known whether Duncker's plea to Ulbricht in 1952 played any part in triggering her friend's formal rehabilitation in 1956.
257:. It was, she later asserted, as a result of her studies at this time that she produced her first publication, "On the participation of the female sex in employment" (
429:
1675:
241:, studying to become a music teacher, and later her husband. However, in 1895 or 1896 she lost her job at the Leipzig school because of her Socialism (
497:
810:. By now chronically ill, Käte Duncker was no longer politically engaged, and never bothered to sign her communist party membership across to the new
1417:
1285:
200:. Her father was a businessman and the family lived reasonably well, but when she was seven her father died and her mother took them to live at
1680:
1271:
1685:
829:, imploring him to use his personal influence to find out what had happened to her younger son, Wolfgang. Like him, Wilhelm Pieck had moved to
557:
492:
was murdered, she joined them. However, her Danish residence permit was of short duration, and at the end of May 1919 she had to move on to
861:
on 2 May 1953. Less than a year earlier she had called in a favour from another old comrade, writing on behalf of her friend, the journalist
340:
1575:"Wer war wer in der DDR?" (on the first half of the web page) and Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten (on the second half of the web page)
1390:"Wer war wer in der DDR?" (on the first half of the web page) and Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten (on the second half of the web page)
609:
576:
Käte Duncker returned from Sweden towards the end of 1919 and embarked on a brief series of lectures at the Workers' Education College (
374:". She had been a member of the party's national Education Committee since 1908. In 1912 the family relocated again, this time to
308:. As she recovered she returned to lecturing on child protection, education and women's rights. Another publication on child labour (
651:
Following a further period of unrest, in November 1923 the regional government in Thuringia, which had been a coalition between the
370:. By now, a couple of months before the birth of her third child early in 1909, she had withdrawn from her editorial position with "
1577:. (1) Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin, (2) Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & (3) Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin
1392:. (1) Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin, (2) Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & (3) Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin
997:
846:
and then taken to a concentration camp where conditions had been grim. (Wolfgang's widow had survived the war, working in a
355:
and Switzerland) duly took place on 19 March 1911 (although the idea had come from a national Women's Day first celebrated in
1511:
1453:
1385:
531:). However, much of her attention was devoted to planning for future developments of socialism and the labour movement in
778:. He arrived "stateside" in September 1941. By this time Käte Duncker had obtained a job teaching German at a high school.
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655:
and her own Communist group, collapsed. In February 1924 she was not nominated as a candidate in the subsequent election.
1670:
1499:
515:
she followed post war developments with keen interest. Writing to her husband on 25 June 1919, she identified the peace
1231:
683:). After 1925 she joined with her husband in his teaching work and political journalism, also teaching classes at the
652:
552:
had finally broken apart over the issue of support for the war in 1917. The two principal breakaway movements were the
549:
511:
to whom her friend Gertrud Liljequist was married, was able to provide the necessary guarantees on her behalf. From
471:
Regarding the closing phases of the war, sources are relatively silent on her pacifist activism. In the context of the
417:
281:
168:
107:
483:, Käte Duncker was arrested on 16 January 1919: she was briefly detained and interrogated. She then moved back to
1441:
837:. (In 1949 he became East Germany's first president.) On 10 November 1948 the Dunckers received a message from the
870:
811:
750:
After 1935 her son Wolfgang worked in the movie industry in Moscow. He is described by one source as a follower of
564:. A century later, it is not always easy to differentiate the two movements from each other, and in March 1917 the
472:
451:), carrying the same pro-peace messages. This earned her a "speech ban" on 30 May 1916. She worked in Berlin with
1665:
1111:
759:
520:
233:
where she taught in a girls' school. In November 1893 she attended a political meeting which was addressed by
433:
573:. Hermann and Käte Duncker were among its first members, elected early on to the party central committee.
348:
1445:
Zerrissene Lebenslinien: Familienschicksaale in den Jahren des Exils ... Sowjetunion - die grosse Hoffnung
167:; 23 May 1871 – 2 May 1953) was a German political and feminist activist who became a politician in the
803:
605:
584:, also supporting herself with translation work. In December 1919, with her husband, she moved back to
570:
172:
111:
82:
1500:
Carola Tischler; Wladislaw Hedeler (editor-compiler); Ingeborg Münz-Koenen (editor-compiler) (2013).
1037:
413:
1544:
1486:
1332:
Jacob Walcher, Gemeinsam mit Käte und Hermann Duncker. In: Tribüne, Ausg. A. (1949), v. 23. 5., p. 2
1233:
1232:
Alexandra Kollontai (author); Sally Ryan (transcription 2000); Chris Clayton (proofed 2006) (1918).
527:
as the "dictates of an imperialistic power, victorious following the downfall of its German rival" (
1167:
1373:
910:
Inevitably, however, heroes of the German Democratic Republic lost a little of their lustre after
663:
Relations between the Soviet communist party and the German communist party were close during the
842:
806:
a new separated German state with its political and economic structures modelled on those of the
640:, which led her to concern herself with enhancements to the professionalism of teacher training.
1595:
1442:
Ingeborg Münz-Koenen (author and editor-compiler); Wladislaw Hedeler (editor-compiler) (2013).
851:
834:
822:
in April 1946, quickly became the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship.
799:
684:
1533:
1475:
1264:
1501:
1286:""International Socialist Congress, 1910; Second International Conference of Socialist Women"
1443:
1695:
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937:
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707:
633:
617:
516:
502:
193:
64:
1646:
1004:. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin
940:(where she sat as a Communist Party member in the 1920s) the "Käte Duncker room" (German:
529:"Diktat imperialistischer Siegermächte über den niedergeworfenen Konkurrenten Deutschland"
8:
1307:
455:
to coordinate anti-war efforts across the country. In September 1916 she represented the
421:
1558:
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in 1935; unlike Wolfgang, he had survived, and was now a top German politician in the
1597:
1507:
1449:
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858:
791:
205:
78:
335:. In 1910 she was a delegate at the International Socialist Women's Conference in
1621:. Fraktion DIE LINKE. im Thüringer Landtag, Erfurt. 15 October 2013. Archived from
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751:
731:
637:
565:
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In 1911 Duncker gave a presentation to the SPD Party Conference, held that year in
152:
432:, to which she became a frequent contributor. The news-sheet took its name from
881:
866:
703:
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508:
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that followed national military defeat, following the murders in January 1919 of
409:
327:
on care of women during and following pregnancy. In 1907 the family relocated to
238:
123:
32:
667:. Between March 1924 and July 1924 Käte Duncker undertook an extended visit to
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1381:
1341:
1311:
993:
734:, also went into exile in 1935, relocating with his Swiss-born wife, Erika, to
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532:
524:
476:
437:
371:
367:
352:
313:
675:. Some evidence of her activities and impressions from her first visit to the
254:
1659:
1562:
1377:
989:
923:
894:
886:
826:
743:
742:. In November 1936, she emigrated to the United States where she lived in a
739:
727:
625:
424:
for its duration. In a vote held on 4 August 1914, instead of voting against
356:
331:. That year she gave a presentation on education to the Women's Congress in
217:
201:
1372:
1650:
854:
in 1945 accompanied by her second husband and her two surviving children.)
807:
775:
771:
715:
676:
589:
536:
489:
452:
344:
297:
259:"Ueber die Beteiligung des weiblichen Geschlechts an der Erwerbsthätigkeit"
234:
148:
440:
at outbreak of the war and to which the Dunckers had been early recruits.
1557:
1234:"The First International Conference of Socialist Women - Stuttgart. 1907"
1042:
aus Pusch/Gretter, Berühmte Frauen: 300 Portraits, Bd 3 (in Vorbereitung)
902:
were renamed in her honour. As recently as 2013 a mayoral candidate in
755:
593:
208:, and where her mother ran a small guest house for summer holidaymakers.
1386:"Duncker, Hermann * 24.5.1874, † 22.6.1960 Rektor der FDGB-Bundesschule"
628:. She campaigned for the introduction of nutritious school meals and of
1596:
Carsten Schulz (non-party "Oberbürgermeisterkandidat") (23 July 2013).
1044:. Prof. Dr. Luise F. Pusch i.A. Institut für Frauen-Biographieforschung
336:
1211:"Duncker, Käte, geb. Döll (23.5.1871 Lörrach/Baden - 1.5.1954 Bernau)"
825:
Nevertheless, on 2 June 1948 she wrote to her old friend and comrade,
781:
323:
In 1906 she gave a presentation to the fourth SPD Women's Congress in
189:
60:
1213:. Steffen Müller i.A. Kleingärtnerverein Hermann Duncker e.V, Zwickau
911:
838:
719:
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Käte Duncker and World War I. An admirer (and former pupil) writes:
332:
328:
1571:"Walcher, Jacob * 7.5.1887, † 23.7.1970 Chefredakteur der "Tribüne""
1168:"Warum wir unseren Fraktionssitzungsraum nach Käte Duncker benennen"
1114:... two unpublished letters [with biographical introduction]
899:
629:
621:
425:
366:, where, according to one source, she had her first encounter with
324:
225:
1112:"Käte Duncker zum 140. Geburtstag. Zwei unveröffentliche Briefe (
903:
787:
723:
711:
592:. 1920 was a difficult year as the region became a focus for the
484:
305:
301:
249:
230:
535:. (She also helped with the translation of at least one Swedish
300:
was born: Käte Duncker's health collapsed. They moved away from
830:
795:
735:
679:
appeared in her 1927 publication "Women in the Soviet Union" (
672:
668:
581:
493:
375:
754:, however. This may or may not be why he was caught up in the
221:
197:
786:
The Dunckers returned to Germany in 1947, settling first in
762:, in 1938. Her elder son was building a career as a notable
436:
which had been launched within the SPD on the initiative of
847:
512:
363:
443:
In 1916 the International Group was renamed, becoming the
658:
1493:
1435:
1355:
letter from Käte Duncker reproduced by Heinz Deutschland
289:"Association for women and girls of the working class" (
988:
738:. During 1936 Käte Duncker moved back from Berlin to
560:"Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"
1238:
International Socialist Conferences of Women Workers
224:
before moving on to the Teacher Training College in
782:
Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic
1170:. Fraktion DIE LINKE. im Thüringer Landtag, Erfurt
914:that led to the demise of the régime, followed by
885:This memorial was removed from the public park at
841:informing them that their younger son had died in
291:"Verein für Frauen und Mädchen der Arbeiterklasse"
1035:
936:(The Left) party renamed its meeting room at the
183:
1657:
588:where the family were allocated an apartment in
1162:
381:
1676:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
1415:
1121:. KPD Landesorganisation Sachsen-Anhalt, Zeitz
604:In the late summer of 1921 Duncker invited by
196:), directly across the border to the north of
1418:"Life as the problem: Karl Duncker's context"
1109:
1368:
1366:
1364:
984:
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980:
978:
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814:"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"
296:In February 1903 the couple's second child,
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889:in 2009 to clear the way for a new walkway.
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412:broke out at the end of July 1914. In the
31:
1551:
1361:
284:"Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"
1404:
1270:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
953:
880:
463:) in the Spartacus League headquarters.
1619:"Fraktionsraum heißt Käte-Duncker-Saal"
1589:
1308:"History ... International Women's Day"
1300:
1182:
1133:
1056:
1016:
998:"Duncker, Käte * 23.5.1871, † 2.5.1953"
694:
1681:Communist Party of Germany politicians
1658:
1611:
1423:. University of Cambridge (repository)
758:, disappearing, along with many other
659:Twilight years of the Weimar democracy
599:
310:"Die Kinderarbeit und ihre Bekämpfung"
1686:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
558:Independent Social Democratic Party (
216:She attended an all-girls' school in
802:, relaunched in October 1949 as the
718:, went into exile in 1935, first to
420:leadership implemented an effective
351:celebrated in Germany (and Denmark,
1598:"Mein Aktionsprogramm für Hannover"
1278:
918:in October 1990. In a public park (
760:German political refugees in Moscow
636:developed by the education pioneer
13:
1002:Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten
702:in January 1933 signalled a rapid
671:. By 1926 she was living back in
266:From a 1901 Leipzig police report:
169:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
1707:
1640:
1036:Hiltrud Schroeder (23 May 2016).
927:location, some time round 2018.)
869:. Walcher had been thrown out of
466:
339:(held in tandem with that year's
243:"wegen sozialistischer Gesinnung"
1506:. Lukas Verlag. pp. 15–17.
938:Regional Parliament in Thuringia
608:to stand as a candidate for the
341:International Socialist Congress
188:Paula Kathinka Döll was born in
1347:
1335:
543:
414:Reichstag (national parliament)
132:
1326:
876:
184:Provenance and early childhood
1:
947:
930:On 15 October 2013 Germany's
850:factory, and returned to the
714:. The Duncker's elder son,
689:"Marxistische Arbeiterschule"
681:"Die Frau in der Sowjetunion"
220:and the commercial school in
16:German politician (1871–1953)
726:, and then ending up in the
507:, a philosophy professor at
382:War and the Spartacus League
7:
1448:. Lukas Verlag. p. 8.
798:. Home was now part of the
10:
1712:
1671:Politicians from Thuringia
1038:"Biografie - Käte Duncker"
804:German Democratic Republic
571:Communist Party of Germany
173:Communist Party of Germany
569:process establishing the
349:International Women's Day
282:Social Democratic Party (
142:
117:
103:
89:
71:
42:
37:Käte Duncker, the teacher
30:
23:
766:, by this time based at
578:"Arbeiterbildungsschule"
212:Politics trumps teaching
1416:Simone Schnall (1999).
812:Socialist Unity Party (
178:
941:
890:
852:Soviet occupation zone
835:Soviet occupation zone
800:Soviet occupation zone
708:one-party dictatorship
691:/ "MASCH") in Berlin.
685:Marxist Workers School
406:
359:on 28 February 1909).
276:
1374:Helmut Müller-Enbergs
884:
857:Käte Duncker died at
730:. Their younger son,
610:regional parliament (
386:
264:
1647:Käte Duncker Archive
916:German reunification
776:semi-occupied France
764:Gestalt psychologist
695:Nazi years and exile
594:Lüttwitz-Kapp Putsch
473:revolutionary months
75:2 May 1953 (aged 81)
1666:People from Lörrach
1164:Dr. Birgit Klaubert
1110:Heinz Deutschland.
818:, which, following
600:Regional parliament
434:International Group
430:"The International"
204:on the edge of the
165:Paula Kathinka Döll
47:Paula Kathinka Döll
1559:Bernd-Rainer Barth
1532:has generic name (
1503:Das Mut der Frauen
1474:has generic name (
1263:has generic name (
891:
768:Swarthmore College
756:purges of the time
314:"Die Gleichheit" (
93:Political activist
1625:on 5 January 2016
1513:978-3-86732-177-8
1455:978-3-86732-177-8
942:Käte-Duncker-Saal
859:Bernau bei Berlin
498:Efraim Liljequist
449:"Spartakusbriefe"
403:, writing in 1949
206:Thuringian Forest
158:
157:
95:feminist activist
79:Bernau bei Berlin
1703:
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1651:marxists.org
1627:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1591:
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1574:
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1425:. Retrieved
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
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1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1288:. p. 21
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1237:
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1172:. Retrieved
1123:. Retrieved
1113:
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1006:. Retrieved
1001:
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820:its creation
813:
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772:Philadelphia
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665:Weimar years
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537:habilitation
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521:US president
490:Leo Jogiches
470:
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453:Leo Jogiches
448:
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347:. The first
345:Clara Zetkin
322:
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235:Clara Zetkin
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161:Käte Duncker
160:
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149:Karl Duncker
25:Käte Duncker
18:
1696:1953 deaths
1691:1871 births
1541:|work=
1483:|work=
912:the changes
877:Celebration
618:the chamber
501: [
426:war credits
422:party truce
255:Karl Bücher
57:23 May 1871
1660:Categories
948:References
704:transition
337:Copenhagen
316:"Equality"
97:politician
53:1871-05-23
1629:6 October
1603:8 October
1581:8 October
1543:ignored (
1522:cite book
1485:ignored (
1464:cite book
1427:8 October
1396:7 October
1318:7 October
1243:7 October
1217:7 October
1174:6 October
1125:6 October
1048:6 October
1008:6 October
933:Die Linke
920:"Kurpark"
871:the party
839:Red Cross
720:Cambridge
644:illness.
606:the party
586:Thuringia
540:however.
333:Nuremberg
329:Stuttgart
1253:cite web
900:Eisenach
744:New York
732:Wolfgang
634:precepts
622:Eisenach
556:and the
496:, where
357:New York
325:Mannheim
226:Eisenach
143:Children
1292:7 March
904:Hanover
843:Vorkuta
788:Rostock
724:England
712:Denmark
612:Landtag
562:/ USPD)
533:Germany
485:Leipzig
353:Austria
306:Dresden
302:Leipzig
250:Hamburg
231:Leipzig
190:Lörrach
137:
129:
61:Lörrach
1510:
1452:
831:Moscow
816:/ SED)
796:Berlin
792:Bernau
736:Moscow
673:Berlin
669:Moscow
630:crèche
582:Berlin
494:Sweden
376:Berlin
286:/ SPD)
163:(born
118:Spouse
99:writer
1421:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
922:) in
865:, to
770:near
580:) in
505:]
222:Gotha
198:Basel
194:Baden
131:(
127:
65:Baden
1631:2016
1605:2016
1583:2016
1545:help
1534:help
1508:ISBN
1487:help
1476:help
1450:ISBN
1429:2016
1398:2016
1320:2016
1294:2020
1272:link
1265:help
1245:2016
1219:2016
1176:2016
1127:2016
1050:2016
1010:2016
716:Karl
624:and
548:The
513:Lund
479:and
416:the
364:Jena
298:Karl
179:Life
72:Died
43:Born
1649:at
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722:in
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550:SPD
519:by
418:SPD
410:War
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112:KPD
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