235:
Wana and Wemo are nearly identical, but they differ considerably from Mâgobineng and Wamorâ, to such an extent that these might be considered to be three closely related languages. Parec was probably a transitional dialect between Wemo and Wamorâ. The Kâte dialects formed a chain with the neighboring
214:
for the inlanders on the tip of the Huon peninsula, excepting the people living along the Mape River (Flierl and
Strauss 1977). The coastal people to the south, mostly speaking Jabêm, are called Hâwec 'sea' and those to the north, speaking Momare and Migabac, are called Sopâc 'grass'. These were
215:
geographical rather than language names. The indigenous glossonyms referred to smaller linguistics units that can be called dialects. McElhanon (1974: 16) identifies five dialects at the time of earliest mission contact in 1886, each named according to how they pronounce a common word or phrase.
1982:) verb morphology. Coordinate-dependent (clause-medial) verbs are not marked for tense (or mood), but only for whether their actions are sequential, simultaneous, or durative in relation to the next verb in the SR clause chain. If the subject is the same (
828:
influence. However, this distinction is not maintained in pronominal affixes. The table of free pronouns is from
Pilhofer (1933: 51-52). Personal pronouns are only used to refer to animate beings. Demonstratives are used to refer to inanimates.
1990:). One dependent verb may be marked for both Durative and Simultaneous if its duration is extended enough to overlap with the beginning of the event described by the next clause. (Pilhofer 1933: 35-36) The examples come from Schneuker (1962).
3357:
McElhanon, K.A. (1975). North-Eastern Trans-New Guinea Phylum languages. In "New Guinea area languages and language study, vol. 1: Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene," ed. by S.A. Wurm, pp. 527–567. Canberra: Pacific
1590:
from the near future tense suffix (to elicit more immediate responses) or substituting a different but similar set of final subject markers (to elicit responses over longer-terms). (Pilhofer 1933: 26-32)
389:'broth'. However, McElhanon (1974) notes that final glottal stop is barely phonemic in the Wemo dialect, but corresponds to a wider variety of syllable-final consonants in Western
1570:(singular, dual, plural), although the same suffixes are used for both 2nd and 3rd person dual and plural. Inanimate subjects are only marked as 3rd person singular. Durative
836:) can only occur in subject position (Schneuker 1962: 28). Like nouns, free pronouns can also occur with directional affixes and case-marking postpositions, as in
4629:
3500:
3316:(Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164.
199:
3312:(2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects".
1986:) as that of the next verb, its person and number is not marked. Verbs are suffixed for person and number only when their subject changes (
4622:
3493:
2640:
A small class of adverbial intensifying affixes can be added before final inflectional suffixes (Pilhofer 1933: 81-82). Examples include
436:
occurs morpheme-initially (Flierl and
Strauss 1977: xv). Both Pilhofer (1933: 15) and Flierl and Strauss (1977) describe the labiovelars
773:
198:
language family (McElhanon 1975, Ross 2005). It was adopted for teaching and mission work among speakers of Papuan languages by the
832:
Like nouns, free pronouns can occur in subject or object positions in clauses, although the longer form of the singular pronouns (
1236:) suffixes come between verb stems and the subject-marking suffixes. Simple vowel-final verb stems are obligatorily affixed with
4615:
3486:
5071:
3423:
Suter, Edgar (2014). Kâte he 'hit' and qa 'hit': a study in lexicology. "Language and
Linguistics in Melanesia" 32.1: 18-57.
3436:
723:
420:
are both labiodentals, according to
Pilhofer (1933), but bilabials, according to Flierl and Strauss (1977). Alveopalatal
2901:
1393:) suffixes come between dative verb stems and the subject-marking suffixes (Pilhofer 1933: 40-43; Schneuker 1962: 30),
567:
3761:
3538:
687:
618:
373:, only occurs after a vowel and Pilhofer first describes it as a vowel feature that distinguishes, for instance,
315:
4531:
3392:
195:
83:
4638:
4521:
4516:
4482:
3509:
3420:
ed. by John Bowden, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann and
Malcolm Ross, pp. 423–437. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
88:
3581:
3418:
A journey through
Austronesian and Papuan linguistic and cultural space: Papers in honour of Andrew Pawley,
696:
553:
324:
4586:
4581:
4025:
3626:
1107:(glottal stop) (Pilhofer 1933: 54-57; Schneuker 1962: 27-32). The latter suffix resembles the invariable
707:
347:
292:
4541:
4237:
3992:
3464:
1038:
1022:
821:
751:
546:
539:
480:
340:
4348:
4204:
4153:
604:
301:
5076:
4176:
3376:
597:
590:
560:
401:) in the Eastern Huon languages, including Kâte. Pilhofer (1933) writes the lateral flap with an
4732:
4591:
2920:
2907:
1240:
before accusative suffixes, except when the 3rd person singular object suffix is zero. Compare
825:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
628:
4467:
4080:
3891:
3868:
3666:
741:
505:
498:
4891:
4646:
4571:
4546:
4143:
611:
428:
are affricates, and respectively, but they otherwise pattern like the stops, except that
8:
4835:
4819:
4701:
4596:
4576:
4138:
3696:
191:
236:
Mape dialects. All dialects of the chain are being supplanted by Wemo (Suter 2014: 19).
5001:
4865:
4860:
4566:
4376:
4295:
4128:
4118:
4093:
3977:
3904:
3803:
3716:
3686:
3566:
3365:
Vierzehntes
Beiheft zur Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
3279:
1567:
1543:
1069:
1053:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1000:
514:
470:
452:
with hooked tail that cannot properly be rendered if it is missing from system fonts.)
3385:
Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
162:
4906:
4881:
4706:
4661:
4421:
4381:
4123:
4103:
4065:
4060:
4055:
3919:
3833:
3701:
3651:
3398:
3388:
3325:
3283:
1571:
1555:
715:
583:
485:
5036:
5011:
4960:
4896:
4845:
4840:
4814:
4742:
4526:
4411:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4313:
4305:
4290:
4232:
4015:
3944:
3853:
3843:
3838:
3823:
3691:
3676:
3646:
3523:
3317:
1975:
763:
475:
465:
460:
202:
in the early 1900s and at one time had as many as 80,000 second-language speakers.
187:
175:
42:
3454:
3450:
5041:
4996:
4965:
4886:
4793:
4747:
4681:
4676:
4536:
4457:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4371:
4361:
4247:
4217:
4189:
4166:
4098:
4050:
4030:
4020:
4000:
3967:
3952:
3929:
3914:
3899:
3848:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3790:
3756:
3746:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3681:
3601:
3586:
3561:
3556:
3440:
3379:(2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In
1143:'thievish' (Pilhofer 1933: 49). Examples of preposed possessive pronouns include
903:
183:
75:
56:
3478:
3433:
5046:
5021:
5006:
4991:
4945:
4935:
4920:
4901:
4850:
4809:
4783:
4773:
4671:
4666:
4495:
4490:
4462:
4401:
4356:
4318:
4285:
4275:
4255:
4222:
4212:
4113:
4108:
4088:
4070:
4040:
4035:
4010:
3982:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3924:
3909:
3858:
3828:
3798:
3771:
3741:
3731:
3656:
3641:
3636:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3591:
3576:
3571:
526:
390:
119:
93:
52:
3248:
2664:'futilely, in vain'. Sentence examples from Schneuker (1962: 154-158) follow.
444:
as coarticulated and simultaneously released and , respectively. (The letter
5065:
5026:
5016:
4975:
4970:
4955:
4950:
4855:
4757:
4752:
4737:
4691:
4500:
4472:
4452:
4406:
4366:
4323:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4227:
4184:
4161:
4133:
3876:
3766:
3751:
3736:
3671:
3661:
3631:
3596:
3446:
3380:
3329:
3309:
2911:
1547:
274:
4607:
3402:
225:
Mâgobineng ('they are saying it') or Bamotâ ('why?'), nearly extinct in 1974
5031:
4788:
4778:
4727:
4711:
4696:
4686:
4194:
4045:
4005:
3934:
3706:
1559:
902:
A free pronoun coreferent with the head noun frequently marks the end of a
574:
126:
357:/e/ is heard as when before sounds /t͡s ɾ ʔ/ as well as nasal consonants.
146:
3881:
1095:: possessive suffixes on nouns, and preposed free pronouns suffixed with
820:
Unlike pronouns in most Papuan languages, Kâte free pronouns distinguish
269:
179:
3253:
1539:
1252:
1233:
1163:
988:'the man who came on Monday did not stay here'. (Schneuker 1962: 31-32)
492:
286:
279:
3321:
405:, but Schneuker (1962) and Flierl and Strauss (1977) write it with an
3533:
3528:
3468:
3458:
1906:
1583:
1551:
679:
674:
532:
332:
309:
155:
139:
1248:'father saw him/her'. (Pilhofer 1933: 38-43; Schneuker 1962: 29-30)
856:
are "emphatic pronouns" and can be added to regular pronouns, as in
1092:
31:
1563:
211:
1566:
subjects are marked for three persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and three
2626:'After I had been waiting a long time, he appeared.' (1933: 36)
2499:'It rained a long time and the road became a mess.' (1962: 123)
1397:
1390:
798:/ɾ/ can be heard as a voiced lateral when before front vowels.
795:/j/ can also be heard as a fricative when before front vowels.
801:/w/ can be heard as a fricative when before vowels /u, o, ɔ/.
867:
The free pronouns can also be appended to nouns to indicate
231:
Wemo ('what?') or Wena, adopted as the mission lingua franca
1524:
Did your mother bring you some food?' (Schneuker 1962: 31)
898:, as in qaqazu-ge no (teacher-2sg 1sg) 'me your teacher'.
3416:
Suter, Edgar. (2010). The optional ergative in Kâte. In
3383:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
3314:
985:
man Monday-on come-3SG.FPST 3SG here not sleep-3SG.FPST
253:(representing /ɔ/) sounds like the vowel of UK English
2372:'Your mother came while you were at work.' (1962: 105)
2369:
2SG work-at stay-SIM-2SG mother-2SG-ERG come-3SG.PST
3475:FPST:far past SIM:simultaneous SR:switch-reference
3350:McElhanon, K. A. (1974). The glottal stop in Kâte.
852:'without them'. The forms in parentheses ending in
789:/d/ in word-medial position is heard as a flapped .
3445:Materials on Kâte are included in the open access
906:and the resumption of the matrix sentence, as in:
249:Kâte distinguishes six vowels. The low back vowel
3508:
3387:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66.
1538:Each finite independent verb is suffixed to show
1380:'The girl helped two women.' (Schneuker 1962: 30)
792:/f/ before vowels /i, e/ is heard as a bilabial .
5063:
3342:Flierl, Wilhelm; Strauss, Hermann, eds. (1977).
3270:Hitch, Doug (2017). "Vowel spaces and systems".
2101:'Going along the road I saw a snake.' (1962: 98)
1521:mother-2SG-ERG food hold-come-2SG.DAT-3SG.FPST Q
360:/ɔ/ can also be heard in sporadic variation as .
261:(Pilhofer 1933: 14). Length is not distinctive.
3183:
2906:Below are some Kâte (Wemo dialect) reflexes of
2341:
2330:
2307:
1781:Near future tense (> hortative without -mu)
1490:
1467:
200:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea
3015:
2875:
2830:
2785:
2691:
2672:
2610:
2599:
2483:
2464:
2356:
2193:
2085:
1498:
1364:
1329:
972:
945:
931:
4637:
4623:
3494:
3434:OLAC resources in and about the Kâte language
3346:. Series C-41. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
3341:
3296:
1159:'their concern/matter' (Schneuker 1962: 28).
3272:Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL)
3042:
3035:
2743:
2724:
2212:
1546:of the subject. There are five tense forms:
1533:
3046:
1969:
1586:moods can be signaled by subtracting final
1384:
4630:
4616:
3501:
3487:
3302:
3229:bɔriʔ ‘glitter, flash of lightning, etc.’
2977:bɔriʔ ‘glitter, flash of lightning, etc.’
2902:Finisterre–Huon languages § Evolution
2366:Go gie-o ju-haŋ-tec neŋgoc-ge-zi ware-jec.
2228:'We quit work when it rained.' (1962: 115)
1377:girl 3SG woman two help-c-3DU.ACC-3SG.FPST
1356:
2931:
2513:
2382:
2238:
2111:
1987:
1227:
219:Wana ('where?'), the southernmost dialect
3363:Grammatik der Kâte-Sprache in Neuguinea.
2098:road-on go-SIM.SS snake one see-1SG.FPST
1979:
1111:that turns nouns into adjectives, as in
2843:house this-ERG last-permanently-3SG.FUT
2630:
2591:
2505:
2460:
2378:
2028:
1582:before the near past tense marker. Two
1360:
5064:
3308:
2623:wait dwell-DUR-SIM-1SG arrive-3SG.FPST
2504:Durative/Simultaneous subject-change (
1518:Neŋgoc-ge-zi nânâ ba-ware-gare-wec me?
30:
4611:
3482:
3465:Other collections with Kâte materials
3269:
2888:elder-ERG word speak-in.vain-3SG.FPST
2856:
2819:
2789:
2496:rain hit-DUR-3SG road go.bad-3SG.FPST
2345:
2225:rain hit-SEQ.3SG work abandon-1PL.PST
1512:
1471:
1374:Naru e ŋokac jajahec bafi-c-jofa-wec.
982:ŋic monda-o ware-wec e ʒira mi fo-wec
824:in the 1st person, presumably due to
3375:
2834:
2635:
2595:
2509:
2326:
2234:
2058:
2054:
2016:
1995:
1983:
1086:
178:spoken by about 6,000 people in the
2801:'The food isn't cooked thoroughly.'
2753:Motec jaŋe mamasiri e-jâmbâŋke-mbiŋ
1578:before the present tense marker or
1494:
13:
3242:
2695:
2360:
2216:
2189:
2107:
2004:
1657:Near past tense (± durative -ju-)
1528:
432:only occurs between vowels, while
14:
5088:
3427:
2798:food not cook-thoroughly-3SG.PRES
772:
750:
722:
706:
695:
686:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
513:
504:
497:
346:
339:
323:
314:
300:
291:
210:The name Kâte means 'forest', an
3370:Vocabulary of the Kâte language.
2879:
2747:
2614:
2487:
2089:
1502:
1368:
976:
935:
815:
3539:Papua New Guinean Sign Language
3413:Madang: Lutheran Mission Press.
3372:Madang: Lutheran Mission Press.
2846:'This house will last forever.'
2095:Hata-o ra-huc homa moc hone-po.
1843:Far future tense (rarely used)
1595:Present tense (± durative -e-)
3290:
3263:
3226:*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’
2974:*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’
2756:boy 3PL play do-truly-3PL.FPST
1091:Kâte has two types pronominal
228:Parec, already extinct by 1974
1:
3510:Languages of Papua New Guinea
3235:
2993:tsiminuŋ ‘stiff coarse hair’
2493:Hoe he-ku-me hata sâqore-wec.
2233:Simultaneous subject-change (
805:
397:), which are neutralized (to
364:
5072:Languages of Morobe Province
3078:*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’
2895:
2840:Fic kecʒi-zi ŋe-sanaŋke-ocmu
2620:Woŋec ŋe-ku-ha-pe fisi-mbiŋ.
882:(teacher 1pl) 'we teachers';
239:
7:
3409:Schneuker, Carl L. (1962).
3297:Flierl & Strauss (1977)
3218:*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’
3145:munduŋ ‘inner yolk of egg’
2966:*mV(k,ŋ)V + t(e,i)- ‘vomit’
2106:Sequential subject-change (
810:
205:
10:
5093:
2899:
2891:'The elder spoke in vain.'
2222:Hoe he-me gie behe-mbeneŋ.
1574:can be conveyed by adding
369:The glottal stop, written
4984:
4928:
4919:
4874:
4828:
4802:
4766:
4720:
4654:
4645:
4639:Finisterre–Huon languages
4559:
4509:
4481:
4443:
4420:
4347:
4304:
4246:
4203:
4175:
4152:
4079:
3991:
3943:
3890:
3867:
3789:
3780:
3547:
3516:
3142:*mundun ‘internal organs’
3062:*mundun ‘internal organs’
3054:*kan(a,e)ne ‘left (side)’
2958:*mundun ‘internal organs’
2759:'The boys really played.'
2377:Durative subject-change (
1534:Final (independent) verbs
1068:
1052:
1016:
997:
762:
740:
721:
673:
525:
491:
457:
244:
153:
137:
132:
116:
72:
62:
48:
38:
26:
21:
3210:*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’
2885:Soŋaŋ-zi dâŋ mu-ipie-wec
2704:1SG boy tell-all-1SG.PST
1974:Kâte displays canonical
1970:Medial (dependent) verbs
1385:Indirect object suffixes
1155:'his/her coconut palm';
892:(woman 3sg) 'the woman';
878:(man 3pl) 'the men' and
3411:Kâte Language Handbook.
3259:(subscription required)
3197:bekɔ ‘widow and child’
3194:*mbeŋga(-masi) ‘orphan’
3089:bekɔ ‘widow and child’
3086:*mbeŋga(-masi) ‘orphan’
2660:'firmly, permanently';
822:inclusive and exclusive
3110:*(mb,p)ututu- ‘to fly’
2921:proto-Trans-New Guinea
2908:proto-Trans-New Guinea
2707:'I told all the boys.'
2701:No motec jaza-fâre-pac
1242:mamac-zi hone-c-gu-wec
1228:Direct object suffixes
1103:after forms ending in
1099:after final vowels or
395:-p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ŋ
3368:Pilhofer, G. (1953).
3361:Pilhofer, G. (1933).
1151:'my very own house';
3174:*si(mb,p)at ‘saliva’
3126:*tVk- ‘cut, cut off’
3118:*si(mb,p)at ‘saliva’
2925:Kâte (Wemo dialect)
2656:'well, skillfully';
2652:'well, thoroughly';
2631:Other verbal affixes
1244:'father saw me' vs.
190:. It is part of the
2795:Nânâ mi ʒâ-hâmo-kac
2517:
2386:
2242:
2115:
1999:
1909:
1844:
1782:
1720:
1658:
1596:
1401:
1256:
1167:
1127:'rainbow-colored',
994:
864:'they themselves'.
848:'with him and me',
3517:Official languages
3439:2016-03-04 at the
3150:*(ŋg,k)atata ‘dry’
2950:*me(l,n)e ‘tongue’
2503:
2376:
2232:
2105:
1993:
1904:
1842:
1780:
1718:
1656:
1594:
1544:grammatical person
1396:
1251:
1162:
992:
860:'you yourself' or
68:20,000 (2011)
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
4915:
4914:
4605:
4604:
4555:
4554:
3299:, pp. xiv–xx
3257:(18th ed., 2015)
3233:
3232:
2829:last-permanently-
2644:'all, together';
2636:Adverbial affixes
2575:
2574:
2444:
2443:
2300:
2299:
2173:
2172:
2038:
2037:
1967:
1966:
1902:
1901:
1878:-zo-komec/-zo-kic
1840:
1839:
1778:
1777:
1716:
1715:
1654:
1653:
1459:
1458:
1389:Indirect object (
1314:
1313:
1246:mamac-zi hone-wec
1225:
1224:
1087:Genitive pronouns
1084:
1083:
786:
785:
718:
682:
631:
586:
535:
377:'sugarcane' from
354:
353:
169:
168:
5084:
4926:
4925:
4652:
4651:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4542:Southeast Papuan
4532:Ramu–Lower Sepik
3787:
3786:
3548:Major Indigenous
3503:
3496:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3406:
3347:
3334:
3333:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3246:
3185:
3134:*(nd,t)a- ‘take’
3048:
3044:
3037:
3017:
3006:*(n)iman ‘louse’
2933:
2917:
2916:
2881:
2877:
2858:
2836:
2832:
2821:
2791:
2787:
2784:cook-thoroughly-
2749:
2745:
2726:
2697:
2693:
2674:
2616:
2612:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2489:
2485:
2466:
2462:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2343:
2332:
2328:
2309:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2218:
2214:
2195:
2191:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2060:
2056:
2030:
2018:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:switch-reference
1910:
1903:
1845:
1841:
1783:
1779:
1721:
1717:
1659:
1655:
1597:
1593:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:ba-ware-gare-wec
1473:
1469:
1402:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:bafi-c-jofa-wec.
1331:
1257:
1250:
1168:
1161:
995:
991:
978:
974:
947:
937:
933:
776:
754:
726:
716:
710:
699:
690:
680:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
629:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
582:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
531:
517:
508:
501:
455:
454:
385:'planting' from
350:
343:
327:
318:
304:
295:
264:
263:
196:Trans–New Guinea
188:Papua New Guinea
165:
149:
142:
122:
84:Trans–New Guinea
78:
43:Papua New Guinea
34:
19:
18:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5051:
4980:
4911:
4870:
4824:
4798:
4762:
4716:
4641:
4636:
4606:
4601:
4551:
4522:Kainantu–Goroka
4517:Finisterre–Huon
4510:Larger families
4505:
4483:Turama–Kikorian
4477:
4439:
4416:
4343:
4300:
4242:
4205:East Strickland
4199:
4171:
4148:
4075:
3987:
3939:
3886:
3863:
3782:
3776:
3549:
3543:
3512:
3507:
3477:
3441:Wayback Machine
3430:
3395:
3344:Kâte dictionary
3338:
3337:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3070:*mbalaŋ ‘flame’
2904:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2868:
2860:
2848:
2838:
2826:ŋe-sanaŋke-ocmu
2823:
2812:
2803:
2793:
2778:
2770:
2761:
2751:
2739:e-jâmbâŋke-mbiŋ
2736:
2728:
2718:
2709:
2699:
2684:
2676:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2618:
2603:
2584:
2501:
2491:
2476:
2468:
2453:
2374:
2364:
2349:
2334:
2319:
2311:
2230:
2220:
2205:
2197:
2182:
2103:
2093:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2047:
1972:
1719:Far past tense
1536:
1531:
1529:Verb morphology
1526:
1516:
1506:
1483:
1475:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1323:
1232:Direct object (
1230:
1149:no nahac-ne fic
1123:'rainbow' >
1089:
1058:go(ki) (gahac)
1027:no(ni) (nahac)
990:
980:
965:
957:
949:
939:
924:
916:
904:relative clause
834:noni, goki, eki
818:
813:
808:
412:The fricatives
367:
247:
242:
222:Wamorâ ('why?')
208:
192:Finisterre–Huon
184:Morobe Province
176:Papuan language
161:
145:
138:
123:
118:
112:
89:Finisterre–Huon
79:
76:Language family
74:
65:
64:Native speakers
57:Morobe Province
17:
16:Papuan language
12:
11:
5:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5077:Huon languages
5074:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4560:Sign languages
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3443:
3429:
3428:External links
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3393:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3310:Pawley, Andrew
3301:
3289:
3262:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:(?) kpit(seʔ)
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:*sambV ‘cloud’
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:*sambV ‘cloud’
3091:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3039:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:*masi ‘orphan’
2939:
2938:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2897:
2894:
2874:speak-in.vain-
2869:
2861:
2850:
2849:
2824:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2737:
2729:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2685:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2604:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2477:
2469:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2350:
2335:
2320:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2206:
2198:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2015:Simultaneous (
2012:
2011:
2008:
1994:Same-subject (
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1870:-nʒo-ŋgopeneŋ
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1630:-(e)komec/-kic
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1507:
1484:
1476:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1386:
1383:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:e(ki) (jahac)
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:Free pronouns
966:
958:
950:
940:
925:
917:
909:
908:
900:
899:
893:
883:
844:'toward you',
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
777:
770:
768:
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
748:
746:
744:
738:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
720:
712:
711:
704:
702:
700:
693:
691:
684:
677:
671:
670:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
625:
624:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
579:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
523:
522:
520:
518:
511:
509:
502:
495:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
391:Huon languages
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
352:
351:
344:
337:
335:
329:
328:
321:
319:
312:
306:
305:
298:
296:
289:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
246:
243:
241:
238:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
207:
204:
194:branch of the
167:
166:
159:
151:
150:
143:
135:
134:
133:Language codes
130:
129:
124:
120:Writing system
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
82:
80:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
53:Huon Peninsula
50:
46:
45:
40:
39:Native to
36:
35:
32:[kɔtɛ]
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5089:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Rossel Island
4585:
4583:
4582:Mount Avejaha
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4177:East Kutubuan
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Somba-Siawari
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3449:collections (
3448:
3447:Arthur Capell
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:Andrew Pawley
3378:
3377:Ross, Malcolm
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:*masi ‘widow’
3165:
3164:
3161:sambɔŋ ‘sky’
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:sambɔŋ ‘sky’
3096:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:munduŋ ‘egg’
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:*amu ‘breast’
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:munduŋ ‘egg’
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2687:jaza-fâre-pac
2683:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1977:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1898:-nʒo-ŋgopieŋ
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:-nʒo-ŋgopieŋ
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:-(e)ŋgopeneŋ
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:'theft' >
1138:
1134:
1131:'death' >
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:'water' >
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1080:jaŋe (jaŋac)
1079:
1077:jahe (jahac)
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:ŋoŋe (ŋaŋac)
1063:
1061:ŋohe (ŋahac)
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:nâŋe (nâŋâc)
1032:
1030:nâhe (nâhâc)
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
989:
986:
983:
979:
969:
964:
961:
956:
953:
948:
943:
938:
928:
923:
920:
915:
912:
907:
905:
897:
894:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
873:
870:
869:
868:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
816:Free pronouns
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
782:
780:
778:
775:
771:
769:
767:
765:
761:
758:
756:
753:
749:
747:
745:
743:
739:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
725:
719:
714:
713:
709:
705:
703:
701:
698:
694:
692:
689:
685:
683:
678:
676:
672:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
638:
634:
632:
627:
626:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
585:
581:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
534:
530:
528:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
494:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
456:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
359:
356:
355:
349:
345:
342:
338:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
322:
320:
317:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
299:
297:
294:
290:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:
262:
260:
256:
252:
237:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
164:
160:
158:
157:
152:
148:
144:
141:
136:
131:
128:
125:
121:
115:
103:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
27:Pronunciation
25:
20:
4940:
3993:Chimbu–Wahgi
3781:Other Papuan
3667:Mussau-Emira
3606:
3474:
3417:
3410:
3384:
3369:
3362:
3358:Linguistics.
3351:
3343:
3313:
3304:
3292:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3244:
3202:*kumV- ‘die’
3153:(?) kereŋke
3113:(?) fururuʔ
3102:*mbena ‘arm’
2998:*kumV- ‘die’
2990:*umuV ‘hair’
2910:proposed by
2905:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2828:
2825:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2543:-ku-ha-pene
2498:
2495:
2492:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2354:
2351:
2339:
2337:neŋgoc-ge-zi
2336:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2210:
2208:behe-mbeneŋ.
2207:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2003:Sequential (
1973:
1684:-(ju)mbeneŋ
1650:-(e)ŋgopieŋ
1636:-(e)ŋgopieŋ
1587:
1579:
1575:
1554:, far past,
1537:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1465:
1463:Neŋgoc-ge-zi
1462:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1157:jaŋe-re wiak
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:'my house';
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
987:
984:
981:
970:
967:
962:
959:
954:
951:
944:
941:
929:
926:
921:
918:
913:
910:
901:
895:
889:
886:definiteness
885:
879:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
850:jaŋe tâmiric
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
831:
826:Austronesian
819:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
368:
258:
254:
250:
248:
234:
209:
182:District of
171:
170:
154:
101:
98:Eastern Huon
4349:Ok–Oksapmin
4154:Duna–Pogaya
4144:Warwar Feni
4081:New Ireland
3892:Binanderean
2871:mu-ipie-wec
2781:ʒâ-hâmo-kac
2587:ŋe-ku-ha-pe
2571:-ku-ha-pie
2568:-ku-ha-pire
2562:3rd person
2557:-ku-ha-pie
2554:-ku-ha-pire
2548:2nd person
2540:-ku-ha-pere
2534:1st person
2479:sâqore-wec.
2431:3rd person
2417:2nd person
2403:1st person
2287:3rd person
2273:2nd person
2259:1st person
2160:3rd person
2146:2nd person
2132:1st person
1998:) suffixes
1954:3rd person
1940:2nd person
1935:-nʒe-peneŋ
1926:1st person
1905:Far future
1895:-zo-kopirec
1889:3rd person
1881:-zo-kopirec
1875:2nd person
1867:-zo-koperec
1861:1st person
1827:3rd person
1813:2nd person
1799:1st person
1765:3rd person
1751:2nd person
1737:1st person
1712:-(ju)mbieŋ
1703:3rd person
1698:-(ju)mbieŋ
1689:2nd person
1675:1st person
1647:-(e)kopirec
1641:3rd person
1633:-(e)kopirec
1627:2nd person
1619:-(e)koperec
1613:1st person
1556:near future
1446:3rd person
1432:2nd person
1418:1st person
1301:3rd person
1287:2nd person
1273:1st person
1212:3rd person
1198:2nd person
1184:1st person
1135:'dead', or
880:qaqazu nâŋe
840:'from me'.
742:Approximant
448:is a curly
381:'very' and
180:Finschhafen
5066:Categories
4820:Tuma-Irumu
4702:Numanggang
4647:Finisterre
4547:Torricelli
4139:Sursurunga
3697:Numanggang
3457:) held by
3394:0858835622
3322:1885/38602
3254:Ethnologue
3236:References
3213:(?) kpana
3177:(?) tofeʔ
3057:(?) kpana
3045:’, ne(t) ‘
3026:*na- ‘eat’
2900:See also:
2646:-jâmbâŋke-
2606:fisi-mbiŋ.
2322:ju-haŋ-tec
2276:-ha(ŋ)-tec
2027:Durative (
1963:-nʒe-pieŋ
1949:-nʒe-pieŋ
1709:-(ju)pirec
1695:-(ju)pirec
1681:-(ju)perec
1558:, and far
1489:hold-come-
1310:-(c)jopa-
1296:-(c)ŋopa-
1282:-(c)nâpo-
1253:Accusative
1234:accusative
1215:-ticne/-ne
1164:Possessive
1119:'watery',
1070:3rd person
1054:2nd person
1018:1st person
862:jahe jahac
806:Morphology
481:Labiovelar
365:Consonants
5002:Kinalakna
4866:Muratayak
4861:Gwahatike
4721:Gusap–Mot
4377:Ninggerum
4296:Samberigi
4129:Ramoaaina
4119:Niwer Mil
4094:Fanamaket
3978:Onobasulu
3905:Binandere
3804:Angaataha
3783:languages
3717:Ramoaaina
3687:Niwer Mil
3567:Awad Bing
3550:languages
3534:Tok Pisin
3529:Hiri Motu
3469:Paradisec
3459:Paradisec
3354:7: 16-22.
3330:0023-1959
3284:125442142
3137:lomedial
2896:Evolution
2742:do-truly-
2690:tell-all-
2662:-(b)ipie-
2648:'truly';
2565:-ku-ha-me
2551:-ku-ha-te
2537:-ku-ha-pe
2412:-ku-pene
2352:ware-jec.
2268:-ha-pene
1960:-ze-pirec
1946:-ze-pirec
1932:-ze-perec
1907:hortative
1864:-zo-kopac
1616:-(e)kopac
1584:hortative
1400:suffixes
1307:-(c)jofa-
1293:-(c)ŋofa-
1279:-(c)nâfo-
1255:suffixes
1166:suffixes
1153:e-re hâmu
1145:no-re fic
1125:hulili-ne
1093:genitives
1039:inclusive
1023:exclusive
922:Monday-on
842:go-raopec
838:no-raonec
681:voiceless
675:Fricative
533:voiceless
240:Phonology
156:Glottolog
140:ISO 639-3
4907:Yout Wam
4882:Bonkiman
4662:Finongan
4592:Sinasina
4382:Oksapmin
4124:Patpatar
4104:Konomala
4066:Tembagla
4061:Sinasina
4056:Salt-Yui
3920:Orokaiva
3834:Safeyoka
3707:Pele-Ata
3702:Nyindrou
3652:Mangseng
3437:Archived
3403:67292782
3129:tɔʔ(ne)
2953:(na)meŋ
2914:(2012):
2852:Soŋaŋ-zi
2815:kecʒi-zi
2731:mamasiri
2658:sanaŋke-
2654:saricke-
2523:Singular
2456:he-ku-me
2440:-ku-pie
2437:-ku-pire
2426:-ku-pie
2423:-ku-pire
2409:-ku-pere
2392:Singular
2296:-ha-pie
2293:-ha-pire
2282:-ha-pie
2279:-ha-pire
2265:-ha-pere
2248:Singular
2211:abandon-
2121:Singular
2081:hone-po.
1915:Singular
1850:Singular
1836:-niŋ-mu
1822:-niŋ-mu
1808:-naŋ-mu
1788:Singular
1726:Singular
1706:-(ju)jec
1692:-(ju)mec
1678:-(ju)pac
1664:Singular
1602:Singular
1542:and the
1407:Singular
1262:Singular
1173:Singular
1133:hâmoc-ne
1001:Singular
927:ware-wec
888:, as in
876:ŋic jaŋe
874:, as in
858:go gahac
846:nâhe-hec
811:Pronouns
630:prenasal
471:Alveolar
206:Dialects
163:kate1253
5037:Selepet
5012:Kumokio
4985:Western
4961:Migabac
4929:Eastern
4897:Nankina
4846:Degenan
4841:Bulgebi
4836:Asaro'o
4815:Wantoat
4803:Wantoat
4743:Nekgini
4422:Teberan
4412:Yonggom
4397:Telefol
4392:Suganga
4387:Setaman
4339:Tairuma
4334:Toaripi
4329:Orokolo
4314:Kaki Ae
4291:Lembena
4261:Bisorio
4233:Odoodee
4016:Kandawo
3869:Awin–Pa
3854:Yagwoia
3844:Susuami
3839:Simbari
3824:Kawacha
3692:Nobonob
3677:Nekgini
3647:Mandara
3587:Bugawac
3524:English
3041:ne(n) ‘
3001:hɔmozo
2969:maŋuzo
2934:clitic’
2609:arrive-
2529:Plural
2482:go.bad-
2398:Plural
2340:mother-
2317:work-at
2254:Plural
2127:Plural
2045:road-on
1957:-ze-jec
1943:-ze-mec
1929:-ze-pac
1921:Plural
1892:-zo-kac
1856:Plural
1833:-nic-mu
1819:-nic-mu
1805:-nac-mu
1794:Plural
1732:Plural
1670:Plural
1644:-(e)kac
1608:Plural
1568:numbers
1564:Animate
1550:, near
1548:present
1466:mother-
1455:-jare-
1452:-jacte-
1441:-ŋare-
1438:-ŋacte-
1427:-nâre-
1424:-nâcte-
1413:Plural
1355:help-c-
1344:jajahec
1290:-(c)gu-
1276:-(c)nu-
1268:Plural
1221:-jeŋic
1207:-ŋeŋic
1193:-nâŋec
1179:Plural
1141:fiuc-ne
919:monda-o
890:ŋokac e
486:Glottal
275:Central
212:epithet
5042:Sialum
4997:Borong
4966:Momare
4887:Domung
4794:Weliki
4748:Ngaing
4682:Nakama
4677:Munkip
4572:Kailge
4527:Madang
4458:Baramu
4435:Folopa
4430:Dadibi
4372:Ngalum
4362:Faiwol
4306:Eleman
4218:Gobasi
4190:Fiwaga
4167:Pogaya
4109:Kuanua
4099:Kandas
4051:Nomane
4031:Maring
4021:Kaugel
4001:Chuave
3968:Kaluli
3953:Aimele
3945:Bosavi
3930:Yekora
3915:Korafe
3900:Baruga
3849:Tainae
3819:Kamasa
3814:Hamtai
3809:Ankave
3757:Uneapa
3747:Tangga
3727:Solong
3722:Seimat
3712:Petats
3682:Ngaing
3622:Kuanua
3602:Iatmul
3562:Amanab
3557:Adzera
3401:
3391:
3352:Kivung
3328:
3282:
3278:: 34.
3182:*ŋga ‘
3169:masiŋ
3121:tofeʔ
3081:butoŋ
3073:bɔruŋ
2945:mɔsiŋ
2930:*ma- ‘
2912:Pawley
2855:elder-
2650:-hâmo-
2642:-fâre-
2590:dwell-
2434:-ku-me
2420:-ku-te
2406:-ku-pe
2290:-ha-me
2262:-ha-pe
2141:-pene
2050:ra-huc
2042:Hata-o
1830:-oc-mu
1802:-pe-mu
1774:-mbiŋ
1760:-mbiŋ
1746:-mbeŋ
1572:aspect
1560:future
1435:-gare-
1421:-nare-
1398:Dative
1391:dative
1218:-jekic
1204:-ŋekic
1190:-nâhec
1121:hulili
1117:opâ-ne
1048:nâŋâc
1045:nâhâc
1011:Plural
971:sleep-
968:fo-wec
896:person
872:number
764:Liquid
717:voiced
584:voiced
476:Dorsal
466:Dental
461:Labial
399:-c, -ŋ
245:Vowels
49:Region
5047:Timbe
5022:Nabak
5007:Komba
4992:Burum
4946:Kovai
4936:Dedua
4902:Yopno
4875:Yupna
4851:Forak
4829:Warup
4810:Awara
4784:Nukna
4774:Sakam
4767:Uruwa
4672:Mamaa
4667:Gusan
4597:Wanib
4577:Mehek
4537:Sepik
4496:Omati
4491:Ikobi
4468:Tirio
4463:Bitur
4445:Tirio
4402:Tifal
4357:Bimin
4319:Keoru
4286:Kyaka
4276:Ipili
4256:Angal
4248:Engan
4223:Konai
4213:Fembe
4114:Label
4089:Bilur
4071:Wahgi
4041:Narak
4036:Melpa
4026:Kuman
4011:Golin
3983:Sonia
3973:Kasua
3963:Edolo
3958:Beami
3925:Suena
3910:Ewage
3859:Yipma
3829:Menya
3799:Akoye
3791:Angan
3772:Waris
3742:Sulka
3662:Mende
3657:Mbula
3642:Lihir
3637:Kurti
3627:Kuman
3617:Kovai
3612:Kobon
3592:Dedua
3577:Bimin
3572:Barok
3280:S2CID
3205:hɔmo
3034:*ni ‘
3014:*na ‘
3009:imeŋ
2985:ameʔ
2818:this-
2810:house
2713:Motec
2679:motec
2579:Woŋec
2355:come-
2325:stay-
2314:gie-o
2185:he-me
2169:-pie
2166:-pire
2155:-pie
2152:-pire
2138:-pere
2068:snake
2022:-huc
1816:-c-mu
1540:tense
1449:-cne-
1339:woman
1336:ŋokac
1187:-nane
1129:hâmoc
930:come-
493:Nasal
270:Front
174:is a
127:Latin
5027:Nomu
5017:Mese
4976:Tobo
4971:Sene
4956:Mape
4951:Kube
4941:Kâte
4921:Huon
4856:Guya
4758:Ufim
4753:Rawa
4738:Neko
4733:Madi
4707:Sauk
4692:Nimi
4655:Erap
4567:Enga
4501:Rumu
4473:Were
4453:Abom
4407:Urap
4367:Mian
4324:Opao
4281:Kewa
4271:Huli
4266:Enga
4238:Samo
4228:Kubo
4185:Fasu
4162:Duna
4134:Siar
3877:Awin
3767:Vitu
3752:Tobo
3737:Suau
3672:Mutu
3632:Kuot
3607:Kâte
3597:Dobu
3582:Bola
3453:and
3399:OCLC
3389:ISBN
3326:ISSN
3249:Kâte
3029:nɔ-
2880:FPST
2866:word
2790:PRES
2768:food
2765:Nânâ
2748:FPST
2734:play
2721:jaŋe
2615:FPST
2582:wait
2526:Dual
2488:FPST
2474:road
2471:hata
2459:hit-
2451:rain
2395:Dual
2251:Dual
2203:work
2188:hit-
2180:rain
2124:Dual
2090:FPST
2084:see-
2065:homa
2034:-ku
2010:-râ
1918:Dual
1853:Dual
1791:Dual
1771:-pic
1768:-wec
1757:-pic
1754:-meŋ
1743:-pec
1729:Dual
1667:Dual
1605:Dual
1580:-ju-
1552:past
1503:FPST
1481:food
1478:nânâ
1410:Dual
1369:FPST
1321:girl
1318:Naru
1265:Dual
1176:Dual
1137:fiuc
1006:Dual
977:FPST
955:here
952:ʒira
936:FPST
665:ᵑɡ͡b
651:ⁿd͡z
527:Stop
440:and
424:and
416:and
287:High
280:Back
172:Kâte
102:Kâte
94:Huon
22:Kâte
5032:Ono
4789:Yau
4779:Som
4728:Iyo
4712:Uri
4697:Nuk
4687:Nek
4195:Foi
4046:Nii
4006:Dom
3935:Zia
3762:Ura
3467:in
3455:AC2
3451:AC1
3318:hdl
3251:at
3189:go
3184:2SG
3105:me
3047:2DU
3043:1PL
3036:1PL
3021:no
3016:1SG
2937:mi
2932:NEG
2876:3SG
2863:dâŋ
2857:ERG
2835:FUT
2831:3SG
2820:ERG
2807:Fic
2786:3SG
2776:not
2744:3PL
2725:3PL
2716:boy
2696:PST
2692:1SG
2682:boy
2673:1SG
2611:3SG
2600:1SG
2596:SIM
2592:DUR
2510:SIM
2506:DUR
2484:3SG
2465:3SG
2461:DUR
2448:Hoe
2379:DUR
2361:PST
2357:3SG
2346:ERG
2342:2SG
2331:2SG
2327:SIM
2308:2SG
2235:SIM
2217:PST
2213:1PL
2200:gie
2194:3SG
2190:SEQ
2177:Hoe
2163:-me
2149:-te
2135:-pe
2108:SEQ
2086:1SG
2076:one
2073:moc
2055:SIM
2053:go-
2029:DUR
2017:SIM
2005:SEQ
1740:-po
1588:-mu
1576:-e-
1509:me?
1499:3SG
1495:DAT
1491:2SG
1472:ERG
1468:2SG
1365:3SG
1361:ACC
1357:3DU
1347:two
1330:3SG
1304:- -
1201:-ge
1113:opâ
1109:-ne
1101:-ne
1097:-re
973:3SG
963:not
946:3SG
932:3SG
914:man
911:ŋic
619:ɡ͡b
605:d͡z
568:k͡p
554:t͡s
387:sic
379:boc
333:Low
310:Mid
259:saw
257:or
255:law
147:kmg
5068::
4892:Ma
3882:Pa
3397:.
3324:.
3276:38
3274:.
3049:’
2773:mi
2669:No
2516:)
2514:DS
2385:)
2383:DS
2304:Go
2241:)
2239:DS
2114:)
2112:DS
2059:SS
1996:SS
1988:DS
1984:SS
1980:SR
1562:.
1238:-c
1105:-c
960:mi
854:-c
658:ᵑɡ
644:ⁿd
637:ᵐb
409:.
383:si
375:bo
371:-c
186:,
55:,
4631:e
4624:t
4617:v
3502:e
3495:t
3488:v
3461:.
3405:.
3332:.
3320::
3286:.
3186:’
3038:’
3018:’
2878:.
2833:.
2788:.
2746:.
2694:.
2613:.
2598:-
2594:-
2512:.
2508:.
2486:.
2463:-
2381:.
2359:.
2344:-
2329:-
2237:.
2215:.
2192:.
2110:.
2088:.
2057:.
2031:)
2019:)
2007:)
1978:(
1513:Q
1501:.
1497:-
1493:.
1470:-
1367:.
1363:-
1359:.
1326:e
975:.
942:e
934:.
774:ɾ
752:j
724:w
708:h
697:s
688:f
612:g
598:d
591:b
575:ʔ
561:k
547:t
540:p
515:ŋ
506:n
499:m
450:q
446:ɋ
442:ɋ
438:q
434:ʒ
430:z
426:ʒ
422:z
418:w
414:f
407:r
403:l
393:(
348:ɔ
341:a
325:o
316:e
302:u
293:i
251:â
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