Jin–Song wars - Knowledge

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opposition to the war was severely punished. The Song had been notified beforehand of Wanyan Liang's plan. They prepared by securing their defenses along the border, mainly near the Yangtze River, but were hampered by Emperor Gaozong's indecisiveness. Gaozong's desire for peace made him averse to provoking the Jin. Wanyan Liang began the invasion in 1161 without formally declaring war. Jurchen armies personally led by Wanyan Liang left Kaifeng on October 15, reached the Huai River border on October 28, and marched in the direction of the Yangtze. The Song lost the Huai to the Jurchens but captured a few Jin prefectures in the west, slowing the Jurchen advance. A group of Jurchen generals were sent to cross the Yangtze near the city of Caishi (south of

1925:, a nomadic confederation, had unified in the middle of the twelfth century. They and other steppe nomads occasionally raided the Jin empire from the northwest. The Jin shied away from punitive expeditions and was content with appeasement, similar to the practices of the Song. The Mongols, formerly a Jin tributary, ended their Jurchen vassalage in 1210 and attacked the Jin in 1211. In light of this event, the Song court debated ending tributary payments to the weakened Jin, but they again chose to avoid antagonizing the Jin. They refused Western Xia's offers of allying against the Jin in 1214 and willingly complied when in 1215 the Jin rejected a request to lower the annual indemnity. Meanwhile, in 1214, the Jin retreated from the 1407:

Between 1130 and 1137, the court would sporadically move to Jiankang, and back to Lin'an. There were proposals to make Jiankang the new capital, but Lin'an won out because the court considered it a more secure city. The natural barriers that surrounded Lin'an, including lakes and rice paddies, made it more difficult for the Jurchen cavalry to breach its fortifications. Access to the sea made it easier to retreat from the city. In 1138, Gaozong officially declared Lin'an the capital of the dynasty, but the label of temporary capital would still be in place. Lin'an would remain the capital of the Southern Song for the next 150 years, growing into a major commercial and cultural center.

1909: 1763:, to suicide. Shizong was pressured into ending the unpopular war with the Song, and ordered the withdrawal of Jin forces in 1162. Emperor Gaozong retired from the throne that same year. His mishandling of the war with Wanyan Liang was one of many reasons for his abdication. Skirmishes between the Song and Jin continued along the border, but subsided in 1165 after the negotiation of a peace treaty. There were no major territorial changes. The treaty dictated that the Song still had to pay the annual indemnity, but the indemnity was renamed from "tribute", which had implied a subordinate relationship, to "payment". 1886:) was executed, and other officials connected to Han were dismissed or exiled. Since neither combatant was eager to continue the war, they returned to negotiations. A peace treaty was signed on November 2, 1208, and the Song tribute to the Jin was reinstated. The Song annual indemnity increased by 50,000 taels of silver and 50,000 packs of fabric. The treaty also stipulated that the Song had to present to the Jin the head of Han Tuozhou, who the Jin held responsible for starting the war. The heads of Han and Su were severed from their exhumed corpses, exhibited to the public, then delivered to the Jin. 49: 6225: 2273: 1589: 1422:, it is necessary for the southerners to stay in the south and the northerners in the north." Gaozong, who considered himself a northerner, initially rejected the proposal. There were gestures toward peace in 1132, when the Jin freed an imprisoned Song diplomat, and in 1133, when the Song offered to become a Jin vassal, but a treaty never materialized. The Jin requirement that the border between the two states be moved south from the Huai River to the Yangtze was too large of a hurdle for the two sides to reach an agreement. 1072: 1004:; 1083–1140) rallied around the proposal of remaining in defensive positions until reinforcements arrived and Jurchen supplies ran out. They botched an ambush against the Jin that was carried out at night, and were replaced by officials who supported peace negotiations. The failed attack pushed Qinzong into meeting the Jurchen demands, and his officials convinced him to go through with the deal. The Song recognized Jin control over the three prefectures. The Jurchen army ended the siege in March after 33 days. 650: 822: 1866:; d. 1207), the governor-general of Sichuan, defected to the Jin in December 1206. The Song had depended on Wu's success in the west to divert Jin soldiers away from the eastern front. He had attacked Jin positions earlier in 1206, but his army of about 50,000 men had been repelled. Wu's defection could have meant the loss of the entire western front of the war, but Song loyalists assassinated Wu on March 29, 1207, before Jin troops could take control of the surrendered territories. 2089: 1601:

Zhang Jun (1086–1154) with titles that relieved them of their command over the Song armies. Han Shizhong, a critic of the treaty, retired. Yue Fei also announced his resignation as an act of protest. In 1141 Qin Hui had him imprisoned for insubordination. Charged with treason, Yue Fei was poisoned in jail on Qin's orders in early 1142. Jurchen diplomatic pressure during the peace talks may have played a role, but Qin Hui's alleged collusion with the Jin has never been proven.

1063:), where they were stripped of their royal privileges and reduced to commoners. The former emperors were humiliated by their captors. They were mocked with disparaging titles like "Muddled Virtue" and "Double Muddled". In 1128 Jin made them perform a ritual meant for war criminals. The harsh treatment of the Song royalty softened after the death of Huizong in 1135. Titles were granted to the deceased monarch, and his son Qinzong was promoted to Duke, a position with a salary. 2041:(r. 1224–1234) of the Jin dispatched diplomats to implore the Song for supplies. Jin envoys reported to the Song that the Mongols would invade the Song after they were done with the Jin—a forecast that would later be proven true—but the Song ignored the warning and rebuffed the request. They instead formed an alliance with the Mongols against the Jin. The Song provided supplies to the Mongols in return for parts of Henan. The Jin dynasty collapsed when Mongol and Song troops 1455: 6438: 2186:

nearly doubled between the closing of the Northern Song era in 1127 and the final years of Gaozong's reign in the early 1160s. The recovery was not uniform, and areas like Huainan and Hubei that had been directly affected by the war took decades to return to their pre-war levels. In spite of multiple wars, the Jin remained one of the main trading partners of the Song. Song demand for foreign products like fur and horses went unabated. Historian

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Jurchens by this time round had depopularised him amongst the common people which situation was exploited by the Empress Yang and Shi Miyuan, his most powerful political rivals to Garner support amongst other Courtiers which led to his demise. On November 24, 1207, Han Touzhou on his way to Court he was intercepted, dragged outside Imperial precincts and bludgeoned to death by the Imperial Palace Guards. His accomplice Su Shidan (

2022: 938: 1944:(r. 1224–1264), was hesitant to fight the Jin and delayed the declaration of war for two months. Song generals were largely autonomous, allowing Shi to evade blame for their military blunders. The Jin advanced across the border from the center and western fronts. Jurchen military successes were limited, and the Jin faced repeated raids from the neighboring state of Western Xia. In 1217, the Song generals Meng Zongzheng ( 1689: 1429:(the "Great Qi"), their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China. The Jurchens believed that this state, nominally ruled by someone of Han Chinese descent, would be able to attract the allegiance of disaffected members of the insurgency. The Jurchens also suffered from a shortage of skilled manpower, and controlling the entirety of northern China was not administratively feasible. In the final months of 1129, 1150:

by Liao. Instead of continuing their invasion of the Song, an empire with a military that outnumbered their own, they adopted the strategy of "using Chinese to control the Chinese". The Jin hoped a proxy state would be capable of administering northern China and collecting the annual indemnity without requiring Jurchen interventions to quell anti-Jin uprisings. In 1127, the Jurchens installed a former Song official,

1991:; d. 1221). In the west, command of the Song forces in Sichuan was given to An Bing, who had previously been dismissed from this position. He successfully defended the western front, but was unable to advance further because of local uprisings in the area. The Jin tried to extort an indemnity from the Song but never received it. In the last of the three campaigns, in early 1221, the Jin captured the city of Qizhou ( 1126: 930: 1605:

was only one of many generals who fought against the Jin in northern China. Traditional accounts have also blamed Gaozong for Yue Fei's execution and submitting to the Jin. Qin Hui, in a reply to Gaozong's gratitude for the success of the peace negotiations, told the emperor that "the decision to make peace was entirely Your Majesty's. Your servant only carried it out; what achievement was there in this for me?"

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Song historians may have confused the number of Jurchen soldiers at the Battle of Caishi with the total number of soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang. The conflict was not the one-sided battle that traditional accounts imply, and the Song had numerous advantages over the Jin. The Song fleet was larger than the Jin's, and the Jin were unable to use their greatest asset, cavalry, in a naval battle.

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siege, came back with his western army. Overwhelmed, Taiyuan fell in September 1126, after 260 days of siege. When the Song court received news of the fall of Taiyuan, the officials who had advocated defending the empire militarily fell from favor again and were replaced by counselors who favored appeasement. In mid-December the two Jurchen armies converged on Kaifeng for the second time that year.

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decimated and the morale of Song soldiers was on the decline. On January 9, 1127, the Jurchens broke through and started to loot the conquered city. Emperor Qinzong tried to appease the victors by offering the remaining wealth of the capital. The royal treasury was emptied and the belongings of the city's residents were seized. The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender a few days later.

749: 1158:" (Great Chu) dynasty. The puppet government did not deter the resistance in northern China, but the insurgents were motivated by their anger towards the Jurchens' looting rather than by a sense of loyalty towards the inept Song court. A number of Song commanders, stationed in towns scattered across northern China, retained their allegiance to the Song, and armed volunteers organized 635:. Song refugees from the north resettled in southern China. The north was the cultural center of China, and its conquest by Jin diminished the regional stature of the Song dynasty. The Southern Song, however, quickly returned to economic prosperity, and trade with Jin was lucrative despite decades of warfare. Lin'an, the Southern Song capital, expanded into a major city for commerce. 1097:

failed wars against the Western Xia. The Song insistence on a greater share of Liao territory only succeeded in provoking their Jin allies. Song diplomatic oversights underestimated Jin and allowed the unimpeded rise of Jurchen military power. The state had plentiful resources, with the exception of horses, but managed its assets poorly during battles. Unlike the expansive

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their sails. Wuzhu's troops came back south of the Yangtze one last time to Jiankang, which they pillaged, and then headed north. Yet the Jin had been caught off guard by the strength of the Song navy, and Wuzhu never tried to cross the Yangtze River again. In early 1131, Jin armies between the Huai and the Yangtze were repelled by bandits loyal to the Song. Zhang Rong (

1772: 1585:, Wuzhu launched a surprise attack on Song forces with an army of 100,000 infantry and 15,000 horsemen. Yue Fei directed his cavalry to attack the Jurchen soldiers and won a decisive victory. He continued on to Henan, where he recaptured Zhengzhou and Luoyang. Later in 1140, Yue was forced to withdraw after the emperor ordered him to return to the Song court. 1554:, Qin purged his enemies and continued negotiations. In 1138 the Jin and Song agreed to a treaty that designated the Yellow River as border between the two states and recognized Gaozong as a "subject" of the Jin. But because there remained opposition to the treaty in both the courts of the Jin and Song, the treaty never came into effect. A Jurchen army led by 1531:(r. 1135–1150) inherited the Jin throne from Taizong, and pushed for peace. He and his generals were disappointed with Liu Yu's military failures and believed that Liu was secretly conspiring with Yue Fei. In late 1137, the Jin reduced Liu Yu's title to that of a prince and abolished the state of Qi. The Jin and Song renewed the negotiations towards peace. 991:, Taiyuan, and Zhongshan; and offered an indemnity of 50 million taels of silver, 5 million taels of gold, 1 million packs of silk, 1 million packs of satin, 10,000 horses, 10,000 mules, 10,000 cattle, and 1,000 camels. This indemnity was worth about 180 years of the annual tribute the Song had been paying to the Jin since 1123. 963:, they had faced fierce resistance from the Han Chinese population, yet when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all. By the end of December 1125, the Jin army had seized control of two prefectures and re-established Jurchen rule over the Sixteen Prefectures. The eastern army was nearing Kaifeng by early 1126. 1041:

warrior flowed in Yao’s blood. For three generations, his family served the state loyally and their name was feared among the barbarians. Ever since the defense began, he labored day and night and allowed himself little time to eat and rest. He was the only court official to do this. How ironic that he would meet his tragic end because of it!

916:. The Song forces were not expecting an invasion and were caught off guard. The Chinese general Tong Guan was informed of the military expedition by an envoy he had sent to the Jin to obtain the cession of two prefectures. The returning envoy reported that the Jurchens were willing to forgo an invasion if the Song ceded control of 1527:) killed his superior official and defected to the Jin with 30,000 soldiers. This rebellion was provoked by Zhang Jun's attempt to reassert government control over the regional military commanders, as the court had previously been forced to tolerate growing military autonomy during the chaos of the Jin invasion. Meanwhile, 2323:

of the Jin and not for combat against the Jin infantry. Song soldiers compensated for the limited range and mobility of the weapon by timing their attacks on the Jin siege engines, waiting until they were within range of the fire lances. Later fire lances used metal barrels, fired projectiles farther

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of the government. Jurchen clans adopted Chinese personal names with their Jurchen names. Wanyan Liang (Prince of Hailing; r. 1150–1161) was an enthusiastic proponent of Jurchen sinicization and enacted policies to encourage it. Wanyan Liang had been acculturated by Song diplomats from childhood, and

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hero Yue Fei and Han orchestrated the publishing of historical records that justified war with the Jin. From 1204 onwards, Chinese armed groups raided Jurchen settlements. Han Tuozhou was designated the head of national security in 1205. The Song funded insurgents in the north that professed loyalist

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A modern analysis of the battlefield has shown that it was a minor battle, although the victory did boost Song morale. The Jin lost, but only suffered about 4,000 casualties and the battle was not fatal to the Jurchen war effort. It was Wanyan Liang's poor relationships with the Jurchen generals, who

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Government troops using the “sea-eels” sailed straight towards the seventeen boats, and split them up into two groups. The government troops shouted “The government troops have won,” and struck at the men of Jin. The bottoms of the boats of the Jin were as broad as a box and the boats were unstable.

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The treaty reduced the Southern Song dynasty status to that of a Jin vassal. The document designated the Song as the "insignificant state", while the Jin was recognized as the "superior state". The text of the treaty has not survived in Chinese records, a clear sign of its humiliating reputation. The

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After his execution, Yue Fei's reputation for defending the Southern Song grew to that of a national folk hero. Qin Hui was denigrated by later historians, who accused him of betraying the Song. The real Yue Fei differed from the later myths based on his exploits. Contrary to traditional legends, Yue

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The Jin assault commenced in mid-December 1126. Even as fighting raged on, Qinzong continued to sue for peace, but Jin demands for territory were enormous: they wanted all provinces north of the Yellow River. After more than twenty days of heavy combat against the besieging forces, Song defenses were

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From 1127 to 1129, the Song sent thirteen embassies to the Jin to discuss peace terms and to negotiate the release of Gaozong's mother and Huizong, but the Jin court ignored them. In December 1129, the Jin started a new military offensive, dispatching two armies across the Huai River in the east and

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The Jin leadership had not expected or desired the fall of the Song dynasty. Their intention was to weaken the Song in order to demand more tribute, and they were unprepared for the magnitude of their victory. The Jurchens were preoccupied with strengthening their rule over the areas once controlled

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A modern analysis by Ari Daniel Levine places more of the blame on deficiencies in the military and bureaucratic leadership. The loss of northern China was not inevitable. The military was overextended by a government too assured of its own military prowess. Huizong diverted the state's resources to

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Many factors contributed to the Song's repeated military blunders and subsequent loss of northern China to the Jurchens. Traditional accounts of Song history held the venality of Huizong's imperial court responsible for the decline of the dynasty. These narratives condemned Huizong and his officials

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in the south. When a Song army under Tong Guan's command finally attacked Yanjing in May 1122, the smaller forces of the weakened Liao repelled the invaders with ease. Another attack failed in the fall. Both times, Tong was forced to retreat back to Kaifeng. After the first attack, Aguda changed the

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casings, are the first known hard casing bombs. The bomb needed to be capable of detonating in order to penetrate the iron casing. The Song army had a large supply of incendiary bombs, but there are no reports of them having a weapon similar to the Jin's detonating bombs. A participant in the siege

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to Kaifeng, which became the new capital of the dynasty. As the Mongols expanded, the Jin suffered territorial losses and attacked the Song in 1217 to compensate for their shrinking territory. Periodic Song raids against the Jin were the official justification for the war. Another likely motive was

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on the Grand Canal just south of the Huai River. Bi defended the town, and the Jurchens withdrew from the siege after three months. By the fall of 1206, however, the Jurchens had captured multiple towns and military bases. The Jin initiated an offensive against Song prefectures in the central front

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The quick collapse of the Liao led to more negotiations between the Song and Jin. Jurchen military success and their effective control over the Sixteen Prefectures gave them more leverage. Aguda grew increasingly frustrated as he realized that despite their military failures the Song still intended

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that had fallen under Liao control since 938. The Song agreed but the Jin's quick defeat of the Liao combined with Song military failures made the Jin reluctant to cede territory. After a series of negotiations that embittered both sides, the Jurchens attacked the Song in 1125, dispatching one army

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recognized the Jin, not the Song, as the legitimate dynasty of China. The Song's military failures reduced it to a subordinate of the Jin, turning it into a "China among equals". The Song economy, however, recovered quickly after the move south. Government revenues earned from taxing foreign trade

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remarked that "this city is greater than any in the world". Once retaking northern China became less plausible and Lin'an grew into a significant trading city, the government buildings were extended and renovated to better befit its status as an imperial capital. The modestly sized imperial palace

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that devastated Hebei and Shandong in northern China, and the droughts and swarming locusts that plagued the south near the Huai. The Song were informed of the Jurchen predicament by their ambassadors, who traveled twice a year to the Jin capital, and started provoking their northern neighbor. The

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gave the Jurchens a passage into the central valley of the Yangtze River. Their southward push was halted by the general Yue Fei. In 1134, Yue Fei defeated Li and retook Xiangyang and its surrounding prefectures. Later that year, however, Qi and Jin initiated a new offensive further east along the

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and tried to prevent Wuzhu from crossing back to the north bank of the Yangtze. The small boats of the Jin army were outmatched by Han Shizhong's fleet of seagoing vessels. Wuzhu eventually managed to cross the river when he had his troops use incendiary arrows to neutralize Han's ships by burning

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Accusing the Song of violating the agreement and realizing the weakness of the Song, the Jin generals launched a second punitive campaign, again dividing their troops into two armies. Wanyan Zonghan, who had withdrawn from Taiyuan after the Kaifeng agreement and left a small force in charge of the

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In the south, the retreat of the Song dynasty led to major demographic changes. The population of refugees from the north that resettled in Lin'an and Jiankang (modern Hangzhou and Nanjing) eventually grew greater than the population of original residents, whose numbers had dwindled from repeated

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in the 4th century. Contemporaneous Song accounts claimed that the 18,000 Song soldiers commanded by Yu Yunwen and tasked with defending Caishi were able to defeat the invading Jurchen army of 400,000 soldiers. Modern historians are more skeptical and consider the Jurchen numbers an exaggeration.

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The Song disbandment of the Great Chu and execution of Zhang Bangchang antagonized the Jurchens and violated the treaty that the two parties had negotiated. The Jin renewed their attacks on the Song and quickly reconquered much of northern China. In late 1127 Gaozong moved his court further south

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On the evening of the twenty-fifth, Zhongyou was beaten to death by soldiers in the southern part of the city. His brain and intestines scattered, it was impossible to locate his flesh and bones afterward. Even his home got ransacked. What a shameful end to a good man like him! The spirit of the

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Emperor Gaozong supported settling a peace treaty with the Jurchens and sought to rein in the assertiveness of the military. The military expeditions of Yue Fei and other generals were an obstacle to peace negotiations. The government weakened the military by rewarding Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and

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Almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian. An army of 90,000 soldiers and another of 60,000 were defeated by Jin forces by June. A

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Jurchen migrants from the northeastern reaches of Jin territory settled in the Jin-controlled lands of northern China. Constituting less than ten percent of the total population, the two to three million ruling Jurchens were a minority in a region that was still dominated by 30 million Han

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The Song court returned to Hangzhou in 1133, and the city was renamed Lin'an. The imperial ancestral temple was built in Lin'an later that same year, a sign that the court had in practice established Lin'an as the Song capital without a formal declaration. It was treated as a temporary capital.

1398:). The most important battles between Jin and Song in 1131 and 1132 took place in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan. The Jin lost two battles at Heshang Yuan in 1131. After failing to enter Sichuan, Wuzhu retreated to Yanjing. He returned to the western front again from 1132 to 1134. The Jin attacked 1031:

After the defeat of several Song armies in the north, Emperor Qinzong wanted to negotiate a truce with the Jin, but he committed a massive strategic blunder when he commanded his remaining armies to protect prefectural cities instead of Kaifeng. Neglecting the importance of the capital, he left

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The emperor's political reforms were connected with his desire to conquer all of China and to legitimize himself as a Chinese emperor. The prospect of conquering southern China was cut short by Wanyan Liang's assassination. Wanyan Liang's successor, Emperor Shizong, was less enthusiastic about

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Fighting continued in 1207, but by the end of that year the war was at a stalemate. The Song was now on the defensive, while the Jin failed to make gains in Song territory it therefore cost both parties much more than it gained them. The failure of Han Tuozhou's aggressive policies against the

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by announcing that the Song had broken the 1142 peace treaty by acquiring horses. He instituted an unpopular draft that was the source of widespread unrest in the empire. Anti-Jin revolts erupted among the Khitans and in Jin provinces bordering the Song. Wanyan Liang did not allow dissent, and

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about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Yanjing, killed the main Jin official in that city and turned it over to the Song. The Jurchens defeated his armies a few months later and Zhang took refuge in Yanjing. Even though the Song agreed to execute him in late 1123, this incident put tension

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After reigning for barely one month, Zhang Bangchang was persuaded by the Song to step down as emperor of the Great Chu and to recognize the legitimacy of the Song imperial line. Li Gang pressured Gaozong to execute Zhang for betraying the Song. The emperor relented and Zhang was coerced into

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in Anhui). Yue Fei was assigned to head the Song forces defending the Huainan region. Instead of advancing to Huainan, however, Wuzhu retreated to Kaifeng and Yue's army followed him into Jin territory, disobeying an order by Gaozong that forbade Yue from going on the offensive. Yue captured

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Fearing the approaching Jin army, Song emperor Huizong planned to retreat south. The emperor deserting the capital would have been viewed as an act of capitulation, so court officials convinced him to abdicate. There were few objections. Rescuing an empire in crisis from destruction was more

1853:). By the fall of 1206, the Song offensive had already failed disastrously. Soldier morale sank as weather conditions worsened, supplies ran out, and hunger spread, forcing many to desert. The massive defections of Han Chinese in northern China that the Song had expected never materialized. 711:

of silver. Before the Jurchens overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the Jurchens against the Khitan. Song princesses committed suicide to avoid rape or were killed for resisting rape by the Jin.

1218:; 1059–1128), the Song general responsible for fortifying Kaifeng, entreated Gaozong to move the court back to the city, but Gaozong refused and retreated south. The southward move marked the end of the Northern Song and the beginning of the Southern Song era of Chinese history. 802:

to seize most of the prefectures. In the spring of 1123 the two sides finally set the terms of the first Song–Jin treaty. Only seven prefectures (including Yanjing) would be returned to the Song, and the Song would pay an annual indemnity of 300,000 packs of silk and 200,000

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Meanwhile, the eastern army, commanded by Wanyan Zongwang, was dispatched towards Yanjing (modern Beijing) and eventually the Song capital Kaifeng. It did not face much armed opposition. Zongwang easily took Yanjing, where Song general and former Liao governor Guo Yaoshi

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of silver to the Jin, as well as a one-time payment of one million strings of copper coins to compensate the Jurchens for the tax revenue they would have earned had they not returned the prefectures. In May 1123 Tong Guan and the Song armies entered the looted Yanjing.

2161:(r. 1189–1208), who promoted reforms that transformed the political structure of the dynasty closer to that of the Song and Tang dynasties. Despite cultural and demographic changes, military hostilities between the Jin and the Song persisted until the fall of the Jin. 1470:

The Jin granted Qi more autonomy than the first puppet government of Chu, but Liu Yu was obligated to obey the orders of the Jurchen generals. With Jin support, Da Qi invaded the Song in November 1133. Li Cheng, a Song turncoat who had joined the Qi, led the campaign.

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in eastern Hubei) in 1132, during the Jin invasion of Hubei and Shaanxi. The weapon consisted of a spear attached with a flamethrower capable of firing projectiles from a barrel constructed of bamboo or paper. They were built by soldiers under the command of Chen Gui

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The joint attack against the Liao had been planned for 1121, but it was rescheduled for 1122. On February 23 of that year, Jin captured the Liao Central Capital as promised. The Song delayed their entry into the war because it diverted resources to fighting the

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suicide. The killing of Zhang showed that the Song was willing to provoke the Jin, and that the Jin had yet to solidify their control over the newly conquered territories. The submission and abolition of Chu meant that Kaifeng was now back under Song control.

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and Shanxi to the Jin. Tong Guan retreated from Taiyuan and left command of his troops to Wang Bing. Jin armies besieged the city in mid January 1126. Under Wang Bing's command, Taiyuan held on long enough to stop the Jurchen troops from advancing to Luoyang.

1734:. Traditional Chinese accounts consider this the turning point of the war, characterizing it as a military upset that secured southern China from the northern invaders. The significance of the battle is said to have rivaled a similarly revered victory at the 1092:

in 1076. Corruption marred the reign of Huizong, who was more skilled as a painter than as a ruler. Huizong was known for his extravagance, and funded the costly construction of gardens and temples while rebellions threatened the state's grip on power.

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bombs, overwhelmed the light ships of the Jin fleet. Jin ships were unable to compete because they were smaller and hastily constructed. The bombs launched by the Song contained mixtures of gunpowder, lime, scraps of iron, and a poison that was likely

623:, and other related weapons. In northern China, Jurchens were the ruling minority of an empire predominantly inhabited by former subjects of the Song. Jurchen migrants settled in the conquered territories and assimilated with the local culture. Jin, a 1317:

commanded the main Jin army. He crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and took that city when Du Chong surrendered. Wuzhu set out from Jiankang and advanced rapidly to try to capture Gaozong. The Jin seized Hangzhou (January 22, 1130) and then

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Kaifeng was besieged on January 31, 1126. The commander of the Jurchen army promised to spare the city if the Song submitted to Jin as a vassal; forfeited the prime minister and an imperial prince as prisoners; ceded the Chinese prefectures of

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that the Song had been giving the Liao. By the end of 1120, however, the Jurchens had seized the Liao Supreme Capital, and offered the Song only parts of the Sixteen Prefectures. Among other things, Jin would keep the Liao Western Capital of

1451:, made an attempt at reforming the bureaucracy, and enacted laws that enforced the collection of high taxes. It was also responsible for supplying a large portion of the troops that fought the Song in the seven years following its creation. 1402:

and Shaanxi in 1132. Wuzhu captured Heshang Yuan in 1133, but his advance was halted by a defeat at Xianren Pass. He gave up on taking Sichuan, and no more major battles were fought between the Jin and Song for the rest of the decade.

767:. Negotiations for an alliance began secretly under the pretense that the Song wanted to acquire horses from the Khitans. Song diplomats traveled to the Jin court to meet Aguda in 1118, while Jurchen envoys arrived in the Song capital 849:

between the two states, because the 1123 treaty had explicitly forbidden both sides from harboring defectors. In 1124, Song officials further angered Jin by asking for the cession of nine more border prefectures. The new Jin emperor

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Huai River. For the first time, Gaozong issued an edict officially condemning Da Qi. The armies of Qi and Jin won a series of victories in the Huai valley, but were repelled by Han Shizhong near Yangzhou and by Yue Fei at Luzhou (

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the next year. At the beginning, the two sides agreed to keep whatever Liao territory they would seize in combat. In 1120, Aguda agreed to cede the Sixteen Prefectures to the Song in exchange for transfer to the Jin of the annual

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led a coup against Emperor Xizong and became fourth emperor of the Jin dynasty in 1150. Wanyan Liang presented himself as a Chinese emperor, and planned to unite China by conquering the Song. In 1158, Wanyan Liang provided a

2257:

However, there was also a reverse migration when the war was over of Han Chinese from the Southern Song towards Jin ruled northern China leading southern China's population to shrink and northern China's population to grow.

1204:, the founder of the dynasty, who had previously served in that city as a military governor. The symbolism of the city was meant to secure the political legitimacy of the new emperor, who was enthroned there on June 12. 521:. Qinzong reneged on the deal and ordered Song forces to defend the prefectures instead of fortifying the capital. The Jin resumed war and again besieged Kaifeng in 1127. They captured Qinzong, many members of the 798:

terms of the agreement and only promised Yanjing and six other prefectures to the Song. In early 1123 it was Jurchen forces that easily took the Liao Southern Capital. They sacked it and enslaved its population.

2168:

The new capital Lin'an grew into a major commercial and cultural center. It rose from a middling city of no special importance to one of the world's largest and most prosperous. During his stay in Lin'an in the

1973:; modern Shaanxi) in late 1217. The Jin tried to captured Suizhou in Jingxi South circuit again in 1218 and 1219, but failed. A Song counteroffensive in early 1218 captured Sizhou and in 1219 the Jin cities of 1549:

Gaozong promoted Qin Hui in 1138 and put him in charge of deliberations with the Jin. Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and a large number of officials at court criticized the peace overtures. Aided by his control of the

1288:) vacated his forces from Kaifeng, exposing Jiankang to attack. The emperor moved back to Hangzhou in September, leaving Jiankang in Du Chong's hands. The Jin eventually captured Kaifeng in early 1130. 2007:; d. 1231) defeated the Jin, who then withdrew. In 1224 both sides agreed on a peace treaty that ended the annual tributes to the Jin. Diplomatic missions between the Jin and Song were also cut off. 1643:

contents of the agreement were recovered from a Jurchen biography. Once the treaty had been settled, the Jurchens retreated north and trade resumed between the two empires. The peace ensured by the

1109:

where a large proportion of its horses could be bred or procured. As Song general Li Gang noted, without a consistent supply of horses the dynasty was at a significant disadvantage against Jurchen

2165:

Jurchen raids. The government encouraged the resettlement of peasant migrants from the southern provinces of the Song to the underpopulated territories between the Yangtze and the Huai rivers.

994:

With little prospect of help from afar arriving, infighting broke out in the Song court between the officials who supported the Jin offer and those who opposed it. Opponents of the treaty like

1342:. The Jin sent ships to chase after Gaozong, but failed to catch him. They gave up the pursuit and the Jurchens retreated north. After they plundered the undefended cities of Hangzhou and 2327: 2157:

sinicization and reversed several of Wanyan Liang's edicts. He sanctioned new policies with the intent to slow the assimilation of the Jurchens. Shizong's prohibitions were abandoned by

1639:, north of the Yangtze, was designated as the boundary between the two states. The Song agreed to pay a yearly tribute of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 packs of silk to the Jin. 533:

between Jin and Song. Remnants of the Song imperial family retreated to southern China and, after brief stays in several temporary capitals, eventually relocated to Lin'an (modern

1181:. The Jurchens tried to lure him back to Kaifeng where they could finally capture him, but did not succeed. Zhao Gou finally arrived in the Song Southern Capital at Yingtianfu ( 5761:

Levine, Ari Daniel (2009). "The Reigns of Hui-tsung (1100–1126) and Ch'in-tsung (1126–1127) and the Fall of the Northern Sung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).

1425:

The continuing insurgency of anti-Jin forces in northern China hampered the Jurchen campaigns south of the Yangtze. Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create

1876:; d. 1221) was given Wu Xi's position, but the cohesion of Song forces in the west fell apart after Wu's demise and commanders turned on each other in the ensuing infighting. 2085:

Chinese. The southward expansion of the Jurchens caused the Jin to transition their decentralized government of semi-agrarian tribes to a bureaucratic Chinese-style dynasty.

1792:(r. 1194–1224) took little interest in the war effort. Under Han Tuozhou's supervision, preparations for the war proceeded gradually and cautiously. The court venerated the 2100:

The Jin government initially promoted an independent Jurchen culture alongside their adoption of the centralized Chinese imperial bureaucracy, but the empire was gradually

867:) vehemently refused to give them any more territory. Taizong eventually granted two prefectures, but by then the Jin leaders were ready to attack their southern neighbor. 7370: 1490:). Their sudden withdrawal in 1135 in response to the death of Jin Emperor Taizong gave the Song time to regroup. The war recommenced in late 1136 when Da Qi attacked the 1963:

A second Jin campaign in late 1217 did marginally better than the first. In the east, the Jin made little headway in the Huai River valley, but in the west they captured

595:

The wars engendered an era of swift technological, cultural, and demographic changes in China. Battles between the Song and Jin brought about the introduction of various

882:, the last emperor of the Liao, putting an end to the Liao dynasty for good. Ready to end their alliance with the Song, the Jurchens began preparations for an invasion. 1755:

despised him, that doomed the chances of a Jin victory. On December 15, Wanyan Liang was assassinated in his military camp by disaffected officers. He was succeeded by

548:

The Jurchens tried to conquer southern China in the 1130s but were bogged down by a pro-Song insurgency in the north and a counteroffensive by Song generals, including

1166: 17: 2181:

The loss of northern China, the cultural center of Chinese civilization, diminished the regional status of the Song dynasty. After the Jurchen conquest of the north,

6469: 1430: 517:, his eldest son, was enthroned. The Jin dynasty laid siege to Kaifeng in 1126, but Qinzong negotiated their retreat from the capital by agreeing to a large annual 2153:

as the Jin main capital in 1153. Palaces were erected in Beijing and Kaifeng, while the original, more northerly residences of Jurchen chieftains were demolished.

745:

in 938, and that the Song had repeatedly but unsuccessfully tried to reconquer. The Song thus sought an alliance with the Jin against their common enemy the Liao.

1744:

Moreover, their men knew nothing about handling boats and were quite helpless. Only five or seven men could use their bows. So they were all killed in the river.

580:(1206–1208) was also unsuccessful. A decade later, Jin launched an abortive military campaign against the Song in 1217 to replace territory they had lost to the 268: 1418:, an official of the Song court, recommended a peaceful solution to the conflict in 1130, saying that, "If it is desirable that there will be no more conflicts 5558: 816: 1521:(1097–1164) convinced Gaozong to begin plans for a counterattack. Gaozong first agreed, but he abandoned the counteroffensive when an officer named Li Qiong ( 781:

at the western end of the Sixteen Prefectures. The two sides agreed that the Jin would now attack the Liao Central Capital, whereas the Song would seize the

1032:

Kaifeng defended with fewer than 100,000 soldiers. The Song forces were dispersed throughout China, powerless to stop the second Jurchen siege of the city.

5336: 2108:

was used to legitimize the ruling government. Confucian state rituals were adopted during the reign of Emperor Xizong (1135–1150). The Jin implemented

1559: 2120:

were translated into Jurchen and studied by Jin intellectuals, but very few Jurchens actively contributed to the classical literature of the Jin. The

2437:

in 1206 by a Song army stationed in Xiangyang. The arrows were most likely an incendiary weapon, but its function may also have resembled that of an

1857: 858: 7363: 2199:

believes that Song commerce with the north was profitable enough that it compensated for the silver delivered annually as an indemnity to the Jin.

1169:

while on a diplomatic mission, and never made it back to Kaifeng. He was not present in the capital when the city fell to the Jurchens. The future

5872:

Paper Given at the Symposium "Dynastic Renaissance: Art and Culture of the Southern Song", National Palace Museum (Taipei), 22–24 November 2010

2319:), who led the Song army defending De'an. The fire lances with which Song soldiers were equipped at De'an were built for destroying the wooden 2063:, was killed in the town a few days later. The Mongols later turned their sights towards the Song. After decades of war, the Song dynasty also 1801:

Song officials, and war against the Jin was officially declared on June 14, 1206. The document that announced the war claimed the Jin lost the

1508: 5579:

Davis, Richard L. (2009). "The Reigns of Kuang-tsung (1189–1194) and Ning-tsung (1194–1224)". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).

2402:) proposed to make incendiary bombs and arrows mandatory for all warships in the Song navy. At the battle of Caishi in 1161, Song ships fired 1749:

Zhao Shengzhi, writing after the death of Yu Yunwen, describing the battle at Caishi as a relatively minor battle involving only a few vessels

6257: 1447:

in Hebei was the first capital of Qi, before its move to Kaifeng, former capital of the Northern Song. The Qi government instituted military

5864: 979:

on January 27, 1126, two days after the New Year. Huizong fled Kaifeng the next day, escaping south and leaving the newly enthroned emperor

6683: 1709:

was in command of the army defending the river. The Jurchen army was defeated while attacking Caishi between November 26 and 27 during the

1380:

in the far west, to attack the Jin there to relieve pressure on the court. Zhang put together a large army, but was defeated by Wuzhu near

7287: 7011: 6950: 6842: 6457: 7399: 7356: 2050: 1982: 1828:) but suffered large losses against the Jurchens in Hebei. The Jin repelled the Song and moved south to besiege the Song town of Chuzhou 1718: 261: 763:

Because the land routes between the Song and Jin were controlled by the Liao, diplomatic exchanges had to occur by traveling across the

568:, but conflicts between the two dynasties continued until the fall of Jin in 1234. A war against the Song begun by the 4th Jin emperor, 7139: 2267: 2059:) led the Song army against Caizhou. The penultimate emperor of the Jin, Emperor Aizong, took his own life. His short-lived successor, 1809: 1279: 6677: 2422:), from trebuchets against the ships of the Jin fleet commanded by Wanyan Liang. The gunpowder mixture of the bomb contained powdered 1667: 1055:

Qigong, the former emperor Huizong, and members of the Song court were captured by the Jurchens as hostages. They were taken north to

1867: 1237:

in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. Zhang Xuan 張選, a great-grandson of

1209: 2396:) were employed by the Song troops defending De'an and by the Jin soldiers besieging the city. The government official Lin Zhiping ( 1930:

that the conquest of the Song would have given the Jin a place to escape should the Mongols succeed in taking control of the north.

7581: 1647:

lasted for the next 70 years, but was interrupted twice. One military campaign was initiated by the Song and the other by the Jin.

1426: 160: 6318: 5305: 1075:

A painting by Emperor Huizong. Huizong's excessive interest in the arts may have played a role in the fall of the northern Song.

829:

at the Museum of the First Capital of Jin. Taizong ordered military campaigns that led to the fall of the northern Song in 1127.

7251: 5180: 254: 5207: 1443:

in Shandong before his defection to the Jin in 1128. Da Qi was formed late in 1130, and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor.

1266:. The court spent over a year in the city. When the Jurchens advanced to the Huai River, the court was partially evacuated to 7152: 6160: 6130: 6098: 6074: 5983: 5960: 5941: 5914: 5895: 5856: 5821: 5802: 5770: 5751: 5718: 5699: 5676: 5641: 5611: 5591: 5546: 5523: 5278: 5251: 2639: 6579: 6564: 6551: 6516: 6481: 6452: 6065:

Tao, Jing-Shen (2009). "The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).

890:

In November 1125 Taizong ordered his armies to attack the Song. The defection of Zhang Jue two years earlier served as the

719:(1068–1123) united the disparate Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao. In 1115 he named himself emperor of the 509:

retreated from Taiyuan, which was besieged and later captured. As the second Jin army approached the capital, Song emperor

1162:

opposed to the Jurchen military presence. The insurgency hampered the ability of the Jin to exert control over the north.

7516: 6039: 2064: 1903: 589: 2426:, which produced blinding smoke once the casing of the bomb shattered. The Song also deployed incendiary weapons at the 2290:

The battles between the Song and the Jin spurred the invention and use of gunpowder weapons. There are reports that the

1080:

for their moral failures. Early Song emperors were eager to enact political reforms and revive the ethical framework of

7451: 6584: 5288: 5261: 5190: 5155: 2612: 2042: 1899: 1270:

in 1129. Days later, Gaozong narrowly escaped on horseback, just a few hours ahead of Jurchen vanguard troops. After a

581: 81: 588:, the last refuge of the Jin emperor. The Jin dynasty collapsed that year. After the demise of Jin, the Song became a 7409: 6348: 6250: 6047: 6006: 5844: 4380: 3938: 3901: 3525: 2504: 1494: 2149:

for recreation. Under his reign, the administrative core of the Jin state was moved south from Huining. He instated

1439:; 1073–1143) won the favor of the Jin emperor Taizong. Liu was a Song official from Hebei who had been a prefect of 1191:) in early June 1127. For Gaozong (r. 1127–1162), Yingtianfu was the first in a series of temporary capitals called 7226: 6574: 6464: 5224: 576:(1161) and was later assassinated by his own disaffected officers. An invasion of Jin territory motivated by Song 2215: 2203: 1173:

managed to evade the Jurchen troops tailing him by moving from one province to the next, traveling across Hebei,

7576: 7571: 6306: 5975: 5933: 5581: 5315: 5234: 3717: 2585: 1846: 1476: 361: 2382:) during the first Jin siege of Kaifeng in 1126. On the opposing side, the Jin launched incendiary bombs from 2254:

family also moved south with the Southern Song while the other part of the Zengzi family stayed in the north.

1779:

The Jin were weakened by the pressure of the rising Mongols to the north, a series of floods culminating in a

1558:

invaded in early 1140. The Song counteroffensive that followed achieved large territorial gains. Song general

7112: 6410: 6301: 6028: 375: 1805:, a sign that they were unfit to rule, and called for an insurrection of Han Chinese against the Jin state. 6610: 6279: 6243: 2113: 1760: 1117:, while we opposed them with foot soldiers. It is only to be expected that were scattered and dispersed." 870:

Before they could invade the Song, the Jurchens reached a peace agreement with their western neighbors the

628: 5995:

Taxing Heaven's Storehouse: Horses, Bureaucrats, and the Destruction of the Sichuan Tea Industry 1074–1224

4052: 7379: 7071: 6602: 6598: 6524: 6496: 6275: 6140: 5652: 5621: 5556:

Coblin, Weldon South (2002). "Migration History and Dialect Development in the Lower Yangtze Watershed".

2499: 1518: 1369: 1234: 757: 720: 530: 466: 137: 6437: 7566: 6486: 6296: 6215: 5538: 5515: 2137:

his emulation of Song practices earned him the Jurchen nickname of "aping the Chinese". He studied the

1330:

gave Gaozong time to escape. By the time Wuzhu resumed pursuit, the Song court was fleeing on ships to

742: 72: 1368:

After the Jin incursion that almost captured Gaozong, the sovereign ordered pacification commissioner

967:

important than preserving the rituals of imperial inheritance. In January 1126, a few days before the

7394: 6358: 5739: 2125: 644: 486: 332: 4236: 6934: 6689: 6343: 6311: 6176: 5836: 1895: 1789: 556:. The Song generals regained some territories but retreated on the orders of Southern Song emperor 2178:

was expanded in 1133 with new roofed alleyways and in 1148 with an extension of the palace walls.

1274:

in Hangzhou almost dethroned him, in May 1129 he moved his capital back north to Jiankang (modern

723:(1115–1234). Informed by a Liao defector of the success of the Jurchen uprising, the Song emperor 7537: 7476: 7446: 7419: 7196: 6965: 6540: 6373: 5875: 2030: 1780: 1458:

A Southern Song painting depicting the generals who stopped the Jin advance into southern China.

1355: 980: 941: 879: 724: 557: 514: 510: 299: 5106: 3931:

The Ancestors' Instructions Must Not Change: Political Discourse and Practice in the Song Period

1635:

was ratified, ending the conflict between the Jin and the Song. By the terms of the treaty, the

1114: 7591: 7586: 6790: 6338: 2295: 1941: 1756: 1365:), the leader of the bandits, was given a government position for his victory against the Jin. 995: 850: 826: 707:, the Song paid its northern neighbor an annual indemnity of 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000 654: 2602: 7601: 7596: 7471: 7461: 7320: 6559: 5147: 2575: 2038: 1908: 1528: 1201: 542: 538: 5907:

Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7

5743: 5730: 3074: 7206: 6695: 6415: 2218:

which caused a mass migration of Han Chinese from northern China to southern China called "

2109: 1914: 669: 653:

The Song and Jin were allies against the Khitan Liao. Painting of Khitan hunters, from the

596: 8: 7245: 7085: 6474: 6420: 5688: 5512:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

3805: 2836: 2234:). In 1126–1127 over half a million fled from northern China to southern China including 2207: 2121: 1735: 1714: 1323: 1263: 960: 735: 490: 817:

History of the Song dynasty § Jurchen invasions and the transition to Southern Song

7521: 7466: 7456: 7439: 7424: 7221: 7181: 6388: 6383: 6201: 6193: 6144: 6067:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279

5998: 5763:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279

5660: 5656: 5625: 2480:), 7000 incendiary gunpowder arrows for crossbows and 10000 for bows, as well as 20000 2117: 1644: 1632: 1624: 1614: 1582: 1544: 1089: 1056: 665: 561: 337: 309: 31: 2067:

in 1279, when the remaining Song loyalists lost to the Mongols in a naval battle near

668:

group of semi-agrarian tribes inhabiting areas of northeast Asia that are now part of

489:

against their common enemy the Liao dynasty, the Jin promised to cede to the Song the

7429: 7414: 7404: 7260: 7100: 7095: 7032: 6569: 6393: 6378: 6368: 6363: 6323: 6205: 6171: 6156: 6126: 6122: 6094: 6070: 6053: 6043: 6002: 5979: 5956: 5937: 5926: 5910: 5891: 5852: 5840: 5817: 5798: 5766: 5747: 5714: 5695: 5672: 5637: 5607: 5587: 5542: 5519: 5311: 5284: 5257: 5230: 5186: 5161: 5151: 4376: 3934: 3897: 2635: 2608: 2581: 2427: 2299: 2246:

with Southern Song emperor Gaozong while his brother Kong Duancao remained behind in

2104:

over time. The Jurchens became fluent in the Chinese language, and the philosophy of

2060: 1998: 1926: 1802: 1233:

Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established

1026: 600: 526: 314: 304: 294: 278: 5711:

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

1271: 7481: 7434: 7171: 7105: 6652: 6620: 6403: 6398: 6185: 6153:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

6148: 5669:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

5664: 5634:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

5629: 5567: 2272: 2158: 2138: 2133: 2116:, first regionally and then for the entire empire. The Classics and other works of 2046: 2016: 1710: 1661: 1310:). They were ordered to retreat a few months later when the eastern army withdrew. 968: 693: 624: 585: 573: 398: 324: 319: 88: 5182:

An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China

2574:

Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).

2438: 1278:) on the south bank of the Yangtze. One month later, however, Zong Ze's successor 1165:

Meanwhile, one Song prince, Zhao Gou, had escaped capture. He had been held up in

971:, Huizong abdicated in favor of his son and was demoted to the ceremonial role of 7348: 6838: 6425: 6328: 6288: 2629: 2447:) in 1221, the Jurchens fought the Song with gunpowder bombs and arrows. The Jin 2423: 2187: 1297: 1170: 1151: 904:

The western army, led by Wanyan Zonghan, departed from Datong and headed towards

704: 171: 1105:

empires that preceded the Song, the Song did not have a significant foothold in

48: 7544: 7531: 7499: 7158: 6808: 6529: 6491: 6119:

Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC – AD 1419 14194

4313: 2341: 2129: 2093: 1698: 1462:(1103–1142) is second from left, the general Zhang Jun (1086–1154) fourth, and 972: 854: 661: 462: 426: 419: 5571: 5307:

The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility

959:) switched his allegiances to the Jin. When the Song had tried to reclaim the 853:(r. 1123–1135), Aguda's brother and successor, hesitated, but warrior princes 7560: 7237: 7231: 7216: 7038: 7026: 6506: 6501: 6172:"The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage" 6057: 5972:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

4368: 2239: 2173:(1260–1368), when the city was not as wealthy as it had been under the Song, 2146: 1997:; in Huainan West) deep in Song territory. Song armies led by Hu Zaixing and 1593: 1517:; 1102–1166). The victory boosted Song morale, and the military commissioner 1444: 1395: 1259: 1230: 871: 845: 677: 522: 478: 216: 212: 200: 145: 5403: 5165: 2202:

The Jin–Song Wars were one of several wars in northern China along with the

1623:

Emperor Gaozong supported negotiating a peace treaty with the Jurchens, the

7332: 7211: 7186: 7020: 6971: 6820: 6712: 6667: 6662: 6534: 6266: 6229: 2320: 2170: 2105: 2101: 2034: 1682: 1672: 1578: 1463: 1448: 1351: 1102: 1081: 1046:

Shi Maoliang describing the aftermath of one of the defenders of Bianjing (

976: 875: 782: 753: 738:, a line of fortified cities and passes that the Liao had annexed from the 716: 700: 673: 632: 569: 553: 482: 474: 405: 195: 2577:

China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History

1771: 477:(960–1279). In 1115, Jurchen tribes rebelled against their overlords, the 7504: 7326: 7283: 7176: 7166: 7128: 7117: 7007: 6983: 6857: 6826: 6730: 6657: 6615: 4984: 2383: 2282: 2235: 1964: 1825: 1797:

sympathies. These early clashes continued to escalate, partly abetted by

1793: 1785: 1475:

and nearby prefectures fell to his army. The capture of Xiangyang on the

1098: 892: 790: 697: 685: 584:. The Song allied with the Mongols in 1233, and in the next year jointly 470: 234: 226: 183: 176: 2607:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 468. 1588: 1581:

to stir up a peasant rebellion against the Jin. On July 8, 1140, at the

1454: 1200:. The court moved to Yingtianfu because of its historical importance to 7122: 7079: 6977: 6940: 6910: 6904: 6881: 6863: 6772: 6760: 6736: 6197: 2434: 2291: 2211: 2174: 1931: 1798: 1636: 1255: 1106: 1085: 620: 604: 577: 565: 525:

and high officials of the Song imperial court in an event known as the

6235: 5888:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations

1685:

in modern Anhui) while Wanyan Liang established a base near Yangzhou.

7147: 7056: 7001: 6995: 6916: 6784: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6748: 6672: 6635: 6625: 5794: 5431: 4333: 2462: 2372:

were also in use as incendiary weapons. The defending Song army used

2369: 2068: 1726: 1722: 1706: 1693: 1574: 1551: 1472: 1238: 1222: 764: 731: 518: 506: 6189: 5349:, p. 660 (campaign during which the siege of De'an took place). 3556: 2792: 2730: 2128:, formed the basis of a national writing system for the empire, the 2088: 1084:, but the enthusiasm for reforms gradually died after the reformist 649: 627:, instituted a centralized imperial bureaucracy modeled on previous 7511: 7308: 7296: 7277: 7201: 7090: 7050: 6922: 6898: 6875: 6832: 6814: 6640: 6090: 5865:"Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song" 3891: 2250:

and became the Duke Yansheng for the Jin dynasty. A section of the

1974: 1850: 1775:

Jurchen warrior with a bow on an early 17th-century woodblock print

1381: 1335: 1331: 1319: 1307: 1267: 1251: 1188: 1178: 681: 534: 115: 4790: 4762: 4601: 3182: 3102: 2820: 2660: 2033:

of more than 10 months and the Jin court retreated to the town of

2021: 1346:, they finally started to face resistance from Song armies led by 838:

Barely one month after the Song had recovered Yanjing, Zhang Jue (

793:

in the northwest and suppressing a large popular rebellion led by

748: 7526: 7314: 7302: 7191: 6946: 6724: 6718: 6645: 6630: 6353: 6333: 5690:

Daily Life in China, on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

4546: 2150: 1957: 1956:) defeated the Jin and prevented them from capturing Zaoyang and 1922: 1836: 1731: 1688: 1540: 1491: 1459: 1419: 1415: 1377: 1373: 1347: 1339: 1293: 1275: 1159: 1110: 1047: 945: 913: 905: 844:), who had served as military governor of the Liao prefecture of 821: 794: 773: 768: 608: 549: 499: 495: 431: 3482: 3316: 3154: 2919: 2276:

The fire lance, an early firearm first recorded at the siege of

1596:

of Yue Fei, a general who led his forces against the Jin dynasty

1125: 929: 896:. Two armies were sent to capture the major cities of the Song. 449: 246: 6928: 6869: 6851: 6802: 6796: 6742: 3437: 2335:

bombs at Caishi contained mixtures of lime and gunpowder. This

2251: 2243: 2225: 2182: 1978: 1668:

History of the Song dynasty § Defeat of Jin invasion, 1161

1569: 1343: 1327: 1155: 1144: 1071: 1060: 988: 909: 778: 739: 728: 152: 5209:

The History of Science of Song, Liao, Jin and Xixia of Dynasty

2971: 2761: 1889: 1818:; d. 1217) captured the barely defended border city of Sizhou 1759:(r. 1161–1189), who had long resented Digunai for driving his 1619: 1534: 1154:(張邦昌; 1081–1127), as puppet emperor of the newly established " 537:). The retreat divided the dynasty into two distinct periods, 6989: 6959: 4778: 3572: 3332: 2987: 1631:

On October 11, 1142, after about a year of negotiations, the

1555: 1504: 1487: 1440: 1399: 1385: 1314: 1174: 948:

on January 28, 1126, as the Jurchen army approached the city.

917: 689: 5229:(illustrated ed.). Sotheby's Publications. p. 16. 4501: 3406: 3404: 2470:(辛巳泣蘄錄) that the Song army at Qizhou had an arsenal of 3000 2324:

and with greater force, and could be used against infantry.

7044: 6032:] (in Chinese). Vol. 6, Song, Liao, and Jin Times 2309: 2277: 2247: 1226: 1013:

second expedition to rescue Taiyuan was also unsuccessful.

803: 708: 5488: 5486: 5357: 5355: 4972: 4668: 4489: 4431: 4224: 937: 5814:

The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb

5791:

War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795

5584:: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279 5017: 5015: 4878: 4876: 4818: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4680: 4646: 4644: 4629: 4617: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4421: 4419: 4394: 4392: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4269: 4267: 4214: 4212: 4187: 4185: 4183: 3858: 3401: 3268: 3241: 3142: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2142: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4567: 4565: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4156: 4068: 4009: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3258: 3256: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3052: 3050: 3004: 3002: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2878: 2876: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2751: 2749: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2628:

Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998).

1856:

A notable betrayal did occur on the Song side, however:

1824:(on the north bank of the Huai River across from modern 5483: 5471: 5447: 5379: 5352: 5324: 4404: 4371:(1976). "Chapter 6: The Jurchen Movement for Revival". 4132: 4030: 4028: 3769: 3745: 3292: 2808: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2627: 734:

saw the Liao weakness as an opportunity to recover the

703:(960–1276). The Song and Liao were at peace, but since 5559:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

5051: 5012: 5000: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4873: 4842: 4716: 4704: 4641: 4529: 4443: 4416: 4389: 4303: 4301: 4279: 4264: 4209: 4197: 4180: 4168: 3829: 3673: 3671: 3593: 3591: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3170: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2940: 2938: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2522: 1138: 727:(r. 1100–1127) and his highest military commander the 560:, who supported a peaceful resolution to the war. The 6213: 5419: 5087: 5039: 4900: 4854: 4830: 4806: 4750: 4733: 4692: 4656: 4589: 4577: 4562: 4517: 4472: 4460: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3875: 3873: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3814:, pp. 197 (150 years) and 461 (major Song city). 3707: 3705: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3546: 3544: 3515: 3513: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3416: 3304: 3253: 3222: 3130: 3118: 3090: 3062: 3047: 2999: 2950: 2873: 2856: 2773: 2746: 2701: 1912:

Battle between the Jin and Mongols in 1211, from the

1133: 564:(1142) set the boundary of the two empires along the 410: 5459: 5391: 5367: 5027: 4912: 4888: 4144: 4108: 4096: 4025: 2672: 2648: 833: 53:

Jin dynasty (blue) and Song dynasty (orange) in 1141

5075: 5063: 4298: 4252: 4120: 4084: 4040: 3997: 3668: 3588: 3498: 3470: 3372: 3360: 3280: 3210: 3014: 2935: 2907: 2888: 2718: 2689: 2631:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492

2543: 2079: 485:(916–1125), and declared the formation of the Jin. 7378: 5925: 5736:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 5729: 5687: 4375:. University of Washington Press. pp. 69–83. 4349: 3978: 3966: 3947: 3910: 3870: 3841: 3817: 3793: 3781: 3757: 3733: 3702: 3683: 3651: 3632: 3615: 3603: 3541: 3510: 3453: 3389: 3348: 2555: 1568:) won a battle against Wuzhu at Shunchang (modern 3198: 2096:, one of the Jin empire's three working languages 874:Western Xia in 1124. The following year near the 672:. Many of the Jurchen tribes were vassals of the 7558: 6069:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643. 5765:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643. 5636:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–320. 5586:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 756–838. 5310:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 311. 3894:The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History 3538:, pp. 229–230 (Jin control not solidified). 2580:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. 2490:), probably leather bags filled with gunpowder. 1981:were pillaged twice by a Song army commanded by 810: 6155:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–153. 6139: 5651: 2993: 2767: 1384:in late 1130. Wuzhu advanced further west into 505:Surprised by news of an invasion, Song general 2192: 1120: 1113:: "Jin were victorious only because they used 7364: 6251: 6143:; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In 6033: 6017: 5671:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–42. 2485: 2475: 2452: 2442: 2417: 2407: 2397: 2391: 2377: 2363: 2353: 2314: 2303: 2238:. One section of the Confucius family led by 2219: 2054: 2002: 1992: 1986: 1968: 1951: 1945: 1935: 1881: 1871: 1861: 1840: 1829: 1819: 1813: 1563: 1522: 1512: 1498: 1481: 1434: 1389: 1360: 1301: 1283: 1213: 1195: 1182: 999: 954: 862: 839: 380: 366: 262: 6684:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 5606:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5277:Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (2012). 5276: 5250:Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (2012). 5249: 3928: 3892:Paul Jakov Smith, Richard von Glahn (2020). 3726:, p. 298 (date of return to Hangzhou); 2298:, was used by the Song against the Jurchens 1292:west. On the western front, an army invaded 638: 5345:, p. 31 (use of fire lance at De'an); 1890:Jin–Song war during the rise of the Mongols 1535:Song counteroffensive and the peace process 1066: 676:(907–1125), an empire ruled by the nomadic 7371: 7357: 6258: 6244: 5923: 5604:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 5413: 2268:Science and technology of the Song dynasty 2074: 1784:hostilities were instigated by chancellor 1020: 756:, who in 1115 became first emperor of the 603:in 1132 was the first recorded use of the 269: 255: 18:Jurchen campaigns against the Song Dynasty 6110:Monstrosity and Chinese Cultural Identity 5280:Voyages in World History, Complete, Brief 5253:Voyages in World History, Volume I, Brief 1497:of the Song. Qi lost a battle at Outang ( 1410: 983:(r. 1126–1127) in charge of the capital. 924: 912:, on its way to the Song western capital 7270: 6116: 5970:Rossabi, Morris (1983). "Introduction". 5708: 5509: 4994: 4343: 4327: 4162: 2537: 2326: 2271: 2087: 2020: 1907: 1770: 1687: 1618: 1587: 1453: 1322:further south (February 4), but general 1124: 1070: 936: 928: 820: 747: 648: 611:. There were also reports of incendiary 448: 6265: 5969: 5904: 5885: 5492: 5477: 5465: 5453: 5441: 5437: 5409: 5385: 5330: 5137: 5093: 5057: 4339: 4323: 4065:, p. 687 (collusion never proven). 2573: 2010: 461:were a series of conflicts between the 68:1125–42, Jin conquest of northern China 14: 7559: 7252:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 7177:Endless power transmitting chain drive 6169: 5862: 5760: 5685: 5620: 5555: 5045: 5021: 5006: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4882: 4848: 4800: 4768: 4727: 4710: 4674: 4650: 4607: 4540: 4507: 4495: 4454: 4437: 4425: 4398: 4292: 4273: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4203: 4191: 4174: 3864: 3775: 3751: 3566: 3562: 3535: 3488: 3447: 3431: 3410: 3322: 3310: 3274: 3262: 3247: 3235: 3192: 3188: 3164: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3068: 3056: 3008: 2981: 2965: 2929: 2882: 2867: 2846: 2842: 2830: 2826: 2802: 2786: 2755: 2736: 2712: 2683: 2654: 1326:'s (1086–1154) battle with Wuzhu near 7352: 6239: 5992: 5928:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder 5811: 5788: 5727: 5601: 5578: 5532: 5425: 5397: 5373: 5361: 5342: 4918: 4906: 4894: 4867: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4756: 4744: 4698: 4686: 4662: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4552: 4523: 4511: 4483: 4466: 4150: 4034: 3443: 3383: 3366: 3176: 3160: 3080: 3041: 3029: 2977: 2944: 2600: 2549: 1940:; 1164–1233), the chancellor of Song 1692:Song dynasty river ship armed with a 1655: 1608: 1388:, and drove as far south as Jiezhou ( 705:a military defeat to the Liao in 1005 453:Map showing the Song-Jurchen Jin wars 250: 6084: 5950: 5830: 5303: 5033: 4373:The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China 4361: 4114: 4102: 4078: 4058: 4019: 4015: 4003: 3811: 3723: 3677: 3597: 3578: 3534:, p. 649 (willing to provoke); 3504: 3492: 3476: 3354: 3342: 3338: 3326: 3298: 3286: 3216: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2814: 2798: 2740: 2724: 2695: 2666: 2634:. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.21. 2561: 2261: 1650: 27:1125–1234 Jurchen campaigns in China 6107: 6064: 6040:China Cartographic Publishing House 6015: 5346: 5222: 5178: 5081: 5069: 4556: 4410: 4367: 4319: 4307: 4258: 4246: 4138: 4126: 4090: 4074: 4062: 4046: 3991: 3972: 3960: 3916: 3879: 3852: 3835: 3823: 3799: 3787: 3763: 3739: 3727: 3711: 3696: 3662: 3645: 3626: 3609: 3582: 3550: 3531: 3519: 3464: 3395: 3204: 2850: 2386:down onto the city below. In 1127, 2280:in 1132, shown in the Ming dynasty 2025:Mongol–Song conquest of Jurchen Jin 1696:catapult on its top deck, from the 1139:The enthronement of Emperor Gaozong 899: 696:. To the south of the Liao lay the 120:Southern Song dynasty period begins 24: 7452:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty 5780: 5535:Firearms: A Global History to 1700 4355: 4245:, p. 241 (securing borders); 4061:, p. 303 (Jurchen pressure); 1766: 1372:(1097–1164), who was in charge of 1134:Southern retreat of the Song court 1007: 498:and the other to Bianjing (modern 25: 7613: 5997:. Council on East Asian Studies, 5602:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) . 5510:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). 5283:. Cengage Learning. p. 255. 5256:. Cengage Learning. p. 255. 2486: 2476: 2453: 2443: 2418: 2408: 2398: 2392: 2378: 2364: 2354: 2348:Early rudimentary bombs like the 2315: 2304: 2055: 2003: 1993: 1987: 1969: 1952: 1946: 1936: 1882: 1872: 1862: 1841: 1830: 1820: 1814: 1564: 1523: 1513: 1499: 1482: 1435: 1390: 1361: 1313:Meanwhile, on the eastern front, 1302: 1284: 1244: 1214: 1196: 1183: 1000: 975:. The Jurchen forces reached the 955: 885: 863: 840: 834:Collapse of the Song–Jin alliance 276: 6436: 6223: 5734:. In John Stewart Bowman (ed.). 5297: 5270: 5243: 5226:China in ancient and modern maps 5216: 5199: 5172: 5138:中华书局编辑部, ed. (1 January 1999). 5131: 5099: 2601:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2014). 2092:A medallion with writing in the 2080:Cultural and demographic changes 1356:a major defeat on Jurchen forces 1300:resided, and captured Hongzhou ( 1241:, also fled south with Gaozong. 1129:Jin invasions of Song, 1126–1130 933:Jin invasions of Song, 1125–1126 572:, was unsuccessful. He lost the 80:1217–24, Jin–Song war after the 65:November 1125 – 9 February 1234 47: 7582:Wars involving the Song dynasty 7517:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234) 5624:(1994). "The Chin dynasty". In 5502: 4249:, p. 704 (indecisiveness). 3922: 3885: 3730:, p. 696 (renamed Lin'an). 2669:, pp. 64–65, 195, and 208. 2216:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 2204:Uprising of the Five Barbarians 432: 111:Jurchens conquer northern China 6678:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding 6034: 6018: 5976:University of California Press 5934:Johns Hopkins University Press 5909:. Cambridge University Press. 5905:——— (1987). 5890:. Cambridge University Press. 5816:. Cambridge University Press. 5812:——— (2008). 5783:China as a Sea Power 1127–1368 5713:. Cambridge University Press. 5582:The Cambridge History of China 5533:Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003). 5205: 3083:, p. 53 (failed attack); 2621: 2594: 2567: 2441:. At the Jin siege of Qizhou ( 2433:Gunpowder was also applied to 2230: 2214:Rebellion and the wars of the 2029:In February 1233, the Mongols 1627:, ratified on October 11, 1142 783:Liao Southern Capital, Yanjing 411: 381: 367: 13: 1: 7113:Southern Song dynasty coinage 6029:The Historical Atlas of China 5694:. Stanford University Press. 5146:] (in Chinese). Beijing: 2510: 2505:Timeline of the Jin–Song wars 2286:firing pellets as projectiles 1577:and sent soldiers across the 1507:, against a Song army led by 811:War against the Northern Song 680:that included most of modern 631:, basing their legitimacy on 2853:, pp. 10–11 (location). 2515: 2242:Kong Duanyou moved south to 1354:. The latter even inflicted 1338:, and then further south to 688:, Northeast China, northern 77:1206–08, Song revanchist war 7: 6525:Department of State Affairs 5955:. Oxford University Press. 5831:Mote, Frederick W. (1999). 5659:(1994). "Introduction". In 3933:. BRILL. pp. 555–556. 2994:Franke & Twitchett 1994 2768:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 2500:History of the Song dynasty 2493: 1927:besieged capital of Zhongdu 1808:Song armies led by general 1121:Wars with the Southern Song 10: 7618: 6487:Bureau of Military Affairs 6170:Wilson, Thomas A. (1996). 6117:Turnbull, Stephen (2002). 5924:Partington, J. R. (1960). 5731:"China, Political History" 5709:Holcombe, Charles (2011). 5539:Cambridge University Press 5516:Princeton University Press 3087:, p. 639 (officials). 2265: 2031:took Kaifeng after a siege 2014: 1893: 1781:Yellow River flood in 1194 1665: 1659: 1612: 1538: 1296:, the area where the Song 1142: 1024: 814: 642: 513:abdicated and fled south. 114:Song court moves south to 29: 7492: 7395:Alliance Conducted at Sea 7387: 7138: 7070: 6891: 6705: 6597: 6550: 6515: 6445: 6434: 6359:Alliance Conducted at Sea 6349:Song–Viet war (1075–1077) 6274: 5863:Murray, Julia K. (2010). 5740:Columbia University Press 5572:10.1017/S0041977X02000320 5185:. John Wiley & Sons. 2220: 2193: 2132:. All three scripts were 2126:Chinese family of scripts 908:through the mountains of 645:Alliance Conducted at Sea 639:Fragile Song–Jin alliance 592:, and collapsed in 1279. 443: 433:/suoŋ kˠiɪm t͡ɕiᴇnt͡ʃˠɛŋ/ 425: 418: 404: 397: 392: 388: 374: 360: 356: 351: 286: 129: 57: 46: 41: 6690:Four Great Books of Song 6177:Journal of Asian Studies 6023: 5886:Needham, Joseph (1954). 5837:Harvard University Press 5833:Imperial China: 900–1800 5686:Gernet, Jacques (1962). 5139: 5112: 5107: 2296:ancestors of the firearm 1896:Mongol invasion of China 1067:Reasons for Song failure 362:Traditional Chinese 30:Not to be confused with 7538:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka 7447:1194 Yellow River flood 7380:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 6541:Secretariat-Chancellery 5993:Smith, Paul J. (1991). 4787:, pp. 827 and 829. 2075:Historical significance 1235:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 1021:Second siege of Kaifeng 715:In 1114, the chieftain 607:, an early ancestor of 467:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 376:Simplified Chinese 7172:Early Bessemer process 7140:Science and technology 6339:Nong Zhigao rebellions 5953:China in World History 5951:Ropp, Paul S. (2010). 5874:: 1–18. Archived from 5781:Lo, Jung-pang (2012), 5728:Hymes, Robert (2000). 5179:Guo, Rongxing (2011). 2430:during the same year. 2345: 2294:, one of the earliest 2287: 2097: 2026: 1918: 1835:of the war, capturing 1776: 1752: 1702: 1628: 1597: 1467: 1411:Da Qi invades the Song 1262:, by sailing down the 1130: 1076: 1053: 949: 934: 925:First siege of Kaifeng 830: 785:(modern-day Beijing). 760: 657: 655:National Palace Museum 454: 82:Mongol invasion of Jin 7577:13th century in China 7572:12th century in China 6560:Ministry of Personnel 6465:Imperial examinations 5789:Lorge, Peter (2005). 5148:Zhonghua Book Company 3929:Xiaonan Deng (2021). 3896:. BRILL. p. 74. 2368:) bombs propelled by 2330: 2275: 2091: 2043:defeated the Jurchens 2024: 1911: 1774: 1741: 1691: 1622: 1591: 1457: 1202:Emperor Taizu of Song 1128: 1115:iron-shielded cavalry 1074: 1038: 940: 932: 824: 751: 652: 590:target of the Mongols 531:north and south China 502:), the Song capital. 487:Allying with the Song 452: 87:1233–34, Jin fall to 71:1161–65, Jin emperor 6696:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu 6470:Administrative units 6344:Song–Tibet relations 6319:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war 4993:, pp. 239–240; 2801:, pp. 209–210; 2739:, pp. 628–630; 2339:is from the earlier 2011:Mongol–Song alliance 721:Jin "golden" dynasty 633:Confucian philosophy 7246:Forensic entomology 7207:Watertight bulkhead 7086:Joint-stock company 6580:Ministry of Justice 6565:Ministry of Revenue 6475:Sixteen Prefectures 6108:Yue, Isaac (2020). 6085:Tong, Yong (2012). 5416:, pp. 263–264. 5304:Deng, Gang (2002). 4981:, pp. 282–283. 4827:, pp. 828–829. 4689:, pp. 819–821. 4677:, pp. 251–252. 4638:, pp. 808–811. 4626:, pp. 803–804. 4498:, pp. 247–248. 4440:, pp. 245–247. 4413:, pp. 708–709. 4233:, pp. 240–241. 4141:, pp. 688–689. 3867:, pp. 230–232. 3838:, pp. 673–674. 3569:, pp. 571–572. 3413:, pp. 229–230. 3301:, pp. 207–208. 3277:, pp. 556–557. 3250:, pp. 232–233. 3151:, pp. 641–642. 2817:, pp. 209–210. 2208:An Lushan Rebellion 1736:Battle of Fei River 1250:from Yingtianfu to 961:Sixteen Prefectures 827:Jin emperor Taizong 736:Sixteen Prefectures 692:, and parts of the 491:Sixteen Prefectures 7522:Huining Prefecture 7440:Treaty of Shaoxing 7182:Astronomical clock 6389:Treaty of Shaoxing 6147:; Herbert Franke; 6145:Denis C. Twitchett 5999:Harvard University 5663:; Herbert Franke; 5661:Denis C. Twitchett 5628:; Herbert Franke; 5626:Denis C. Twitchett 5223:Yan, Ping (1998). 5119:] (in Chinese) 2346: 2288: 2118:Chinese literature 2114:Confucian Classics 2098: 2027: 1950:) and Hu Zaixing ( 1919: 1777: 1761:wife, Lady Wulinda 1715:paddle-wheel ships 1705:The Song official 1703: 1656:Wanyan Liang's war 1645:Treaty of Shaoxing 1633:Treaty of Shaoxing 1629: 1625:Treaty of Shaoxing 1615:Treaty of Shaoxing 1609:Treaty of Shaoxing 1598: 1583:Battle of Yancheng 1545:Battle of Yancheng 1468: 1466:(1089–1151) fifth. 1221:The descendant of 1131: 1077: 950: 935: 831: 774:tributary payments 761: 752:Jurchen chieftain 658: 562:Treaty of Shaoxing 455: 412:Sòng Jīn zhànzhēng 338:Treaty of Shaoxing 73:Wanyan Liang's war 32:Battle of Song-Jin 7554: 7553: 7415:Jingkang incident 7346: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7261:Dream Pool Essays 7153:Gunpowder weapons 7066: 7065: 6593: 6592: 6585:Ministry of Works 6570:Ministry of Rites 6517:Three Departments 6354:Fang La rebellion 6334:Wang Ze rebellion 6162:978-0-521-24331-5 6132:978-1-78200-017-4 6123:Osprey Publishing 6100:978-1-59884-415-3 6076:978-0-521-81248-1 5985:978-0-520-04562-0 5978:. pp. 1–13. 5962:978-0-19-979876-6 5943:978-0-8018-5954-0 5916:978-0-521-30358-3 5897:978-0-521-05799-8 5857:978-0-674-01212-7 5823:978-0-521-84682-0 5804:978-0-203-96929-8 5772:978-0-521-81248-1 5753:978-0-231-11004-4 5720:978-0-521-51595-5 5701:978-0-8047-0720-6 5678:978-0-521-24331-5 5643:978-0-521-24331-5 5613:978-0-521-12433-1 5593:978-0-521-81248-1 5548:978-0-521-82274-9 5525:978-0-691-13589-2 5364:, pp. 31–32. 4559:, pp. 52–53. 3778:, pp. 22–23. 3754:, pp. 23–25. 3179:, pp. 53–54. 3044:, pp. 52–53. 2641:978-0-7607-1976-3 2466:recounted in the 2428:battle of Tangdao 2262:Gunpowder warfare 2159:Emperor Zhangzong 2134:working languages 2049:in 1234. General 1915:Jami' al-tawarikh 1803:Mandate of Heaven 1651:Further campaigns 1334:off the coast of 1258:and north of the 1027:Jingkang Incident 825:Modern statue of 666:Tungusic-speaking 629:Chinese dynasties 621:incendiary arrows 615:or the exploding 597:gunpowder weapons 529:. This separated 527:Jingkang Incident 447: 446: 439: 438: 399:Standard Mandarin 346: 345: 245: 244: 239: 231: 221: 205: 188: 181: 165: 157: 125: 124: 89:Mongol–Song siege 16:(Redirected from 7609: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7292: 7289: 7268: 7267: 7016: 7015: 1174–1189 7013: 6955: 6954: 1050–1080 6952: 6847: 6846: 1111–1117 6844: 6703: 6702: 6653:Longquan celadon 6621:Five Great Kilns 6513: 6512: 6440: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6219: 6209: 6166: 6149:John K. Fairbank 6141:Twitchett, Denis 6136: 6113: 6104: 6080: 6061: 6037: 6036: 6021: 6020: 6012: 5989: 5966: 5947: 5931: 5920: 5901: 5882: 5881:on 4 March 2016. 5880: 5869: 5850: 5827: 5808: 5785: 5776: 5757: 5733: 5724: 5705: 5693: 5682: 5665:John K. Fairbank 5657:Twitchett, Denis 5647: 5630:John K. Fairbank 5617: 5597: 5575: 5552: 5529: 5496: 5490: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5350: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4731: 4725: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4337: 4331: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4277: 4271: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4072: 4066: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4023: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3944: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3630: 3624: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3576: 3570: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3539: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3451: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3336: 3330: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3012: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2886: 2880: 2871: 2865: 2854: 2840: 2834: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2744: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2489: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2421: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2381: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2306: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2139:Chinese classics 2058: 2057: 2047:siege of Caizhou 2017:Siege of Caizhou 2006: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1972: 1971: 1967:and Dasan Pass ( 1955: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1939: 1938: 1885: 1884: 1875: 1874: 1865: 1864: 1844: 1843: 1833: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1790:Emperor Ningzong 1750: 1711:Battle of Caishi 1662:Battle of Caishi 1567: 1566: 1526: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1502: 1501: 1485: 1484: 1438: 1437: 1393: 1392: 1364: 1363: 1305: 1304: 1287: 1286: 1217: 1216: 1199: 1198: 1186: 1185: 1088:'s expulsion as 1051: 1003: 1002: 958: 957: 900:Siege of Taiyuan 878:, they captured 866: 865: 843: 842: 694:Russian Far East 625:conquest dynasty 586:captured Caizhou 582:invading Mongols 574:Battle of Caishi 435: 434: 414: 413: 390: 389: 384: 383: 370: 369: 349: 348: 281: 271: 264: 257: 248: 247: 237: 229: 219: 203: 186: 179: 163: 155: 59: 58: 51: 39: 38: 21: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7488: 7383: 7377: 7347: 7338: 7290: 7266: 7222:Horner's method 7134: 7062: 7014: 6966:Emperor Huizong 6953: 6887: 6845: 6701: 6589: 6575:Ministry of War 6546: 6511: 6441: 6432: 6411:Mongol conquest 6329:Chanyuan Treaty 6289:Chenqiao mutiny 6270: 6264: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6212: 6190:10.2307/2646446 6163: 6133: 6101: 6077: 6050: 6025: 6009: 5986: 5963: 5944: 5917: 5898: 5878: 5867: 5847: 5824: 5805: 5773: 5754: 5721: 5702: 5679: 5653:Franke, Herbert 5644: 5622:Franke, Herbert 5614: 5594: 5549: 5526: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5440:, p. 156; 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5414:Partington 1960 5412:, p. 156; 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5353: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5177: 5173: 5158: 5150:. p. 761. 5141: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799:, p. 827; 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771:, p. 259; 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4734: 4726: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610:, p. 248; 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4563: 4555:, p. 796; 4551: 4547: 4539: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342:, p. 166; 4338: 4334: 4326:, p. 166; 4322:, p. 706; 4318: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4073: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4026: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3948: 3941: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3684: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3652: 3644: 3633: 3625: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3581:, p. 293; 3577: 3573: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3542: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491:, p. 230; 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3454: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3417: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341:, p. 208; 3337: 3333: 3325:, p. 615; 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191:, p. 229; 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111:, p. 640; 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3015: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2951: 2943: 2936: 2928:, p. 196; 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2889: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2857: 2849:, p. 227; 2845:, p. 633; 2841: 2837: 2829:, p. 225; 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2747: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2604:Emperor Huizong 2599: 2595: 2588: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2496: 2412:), also called 2300:besieging De'an 2270: 2264: 2190: 2188:Shiba Yoshinobu 2082: 2077: 2019: 2013: 1906: 1894:Main articles: 1892: 1769: 1767:Song revanchism 1757:Emperor Shizong 1751: 1748: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1617: 1611: 1547: 1539:Main articles: 1537: 1413: 1298:dowager empress 1254:, south of the 1247: 1171:Emperor Gaozong 1152:Zhang Bangchang 1147: 1141: 1136: 1123: 1069: 1052: 1045: 1029: 1023: 1010: 1008:Second campaign 973:Retired Emperor 942:Emperor Huizong 927: 902: 888: 859:Wanyan Zongwang 836: 819: 813: 684:, a portion of 670:Northeast China 647: 641: 523:imperial family 347: 342: 327: 282: 277: 275: 223: 209:Co-belligerents 207: 199: 190: 172:Co-belligerents 169: 168: 142: 102: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7615: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7545:History of Jin 7541: 7534: 7532:Yanqing Temple 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7500:Jurchen people 7496: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7449: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7376: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7353: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7291: 10th c. 7281: 7274: 7272: 7265: 7264: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7234: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7159:Wujing Zongyao 7155: 7144: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7088: 7083: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6809:Huang Tingjian 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6709: 6707: 6700: 6699: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6552:Six Ministries 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6492:Qingli Reforms 6489: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6312:Gaoliang River 6309: 6304: 6299: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6233: 6232: 6211: 6210: 6184:(3): 559–584. 6167: 6161: 6137: 6131: 6114: 6105: 6099: 6082: 6075: 6062: 6048: 6013: 6007: 5990: 5984: 5967: 5961: 5948: 5942: 5921: 5915: 5902: 5896: 5883: 5860: 5845: 5828: 5822: 5809: 5803: 5786: 5778: 5771: 5758: 5752: 5725: 5719: 5706: 5700: 5683: 5677: 5649: 5642: 5618: 5612: 5599: 5592: 5576: 5566:(3): 529–543. 5553: 5547: 5530: 5524: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495:, p. 170. 5482: 5480:, p. 156. 5470: 5458: 5456:, p. 166. 5446: 5444:, p. 134. 5430: 5428:, p. 168. 5418: 5402: 5390: 5388:, p. 222. 5378: 5366: 5351: 5335: 5333:, p. 238. 5323: 5316: 5296: 5290:978-1111352332 5289: 5269: 5263:978-1111352349 5262: 5242: 5235: 5215: 5198: 5192:978-0470826751 5191: 5171: 5157:978-7101017168 5156: 5130: 5098: 5086: 5084:, p. 699. 5074: 5072:, p. 701. 5062: 5050: 5038: 5036:, p. 461. 5026: 5024:, p. 533. 5011: 5009:, p. 250. 4999: 4997:, p. 129. 4983: 4971: 4969:, p. 282. 4959: 4957:, p. 310. 4947: 4945:, p. 271. 4935: 4933:, p. 306. 4923: 4911: 4909:, p. 858. 4899: 4887: 4885:, p. 264. 4872: 4870:, p. 856. 4853: 4851:, p. 261. 4841: 4839:, p. 829. 4829: 4817: 4815:, p. 828. 4805: 4803:, p. 538. 4789: 4777: 4775:, p. 829. 4761: 4759:, p. 827. 4749: 4747:, p. 822. 4732: 4730:, p. 259. 4715: 4713:, p. 254. 4703: 4701:, p. 821. 4691: 4679: 4667: 4665:, p. 812. 4655: 4653:, p. 249. 4640: 4628: 4616: 4614:, p. 805. 4600: 4598:, p. 800. 4588: 4586:, p. 796. 4576: 4574:, p. 805. 4561: 4545: 4543:, p. 248. 4528: 4526:, p. 799. 4516: 4500: 4488: 4486:, p. 793. 4471: 4469:, p. 791. 4459: 4457:, p. 247. 4442: 4430: 4428:, p. 244. 4415: 4403: 4401:, p. 243. 4388: 4381: 4369:Tao, Jing-shen 4360: 4358:, p. 166. 4348: 4332: 4312: 4310:, p. 707. 4297: 4295:, p. 242. 4278: 4276:, p. 241. 4263: 4261:, p. 709. 4251: 4235: 4223: 4221:, p. 240. 4208: 4206:, p. 239. 4196: 4194:, p. 235. 4179: 4177:, p. 234. 4167: 4165:, p. 175. 4155: 4143: 4131: 4129:, p. 687. 4119: 4117:, p. 301. 4107: 4105:, p. 299. 4095: 4093:, p. 686. 4083: 4067: 4051: 4049:, p. 684. 4039: 4024: 4008: 4006:, p. 303. 3996: 3994:, p. 682. 3977: 3975:, p. 679. 3965: 3963:, p. 677. 3946: 3939: 3921: 3919:, p. 676. 3909: 3902: 3884: 3882:, p. 675. 3869: 3857: 3855:, p. 674. 3840: 3828: 3826:, p. 673. 3816: 3804: 3802:, p. 662. 3792: 3790:, p. 661. 3780: 3768: 3766:, p. 697. 3756: 3744: 3742:, p. 696. 3732: 3716: 3714:, p. 660. 3701: 3699:, p. 655. 3682: 3680:, p. 298. 3667: 3665:, p. 658. 3650: 3648:, p. 657. 3631: 3629:, p. 654. 3614: 3612:, p. 652. 3602: 3600:, p. 293. 3587: 3585:, p. 650. 3571: 3555: 3553:, p. 650. 3540: 3524: 3522:, p. 649. 3509: 3507:, p. 292. 3497: 3495:, p. 197. 3481: 3479:, p. 291. 3469: 3467:, p. 647. 3452: 3446:, p. 54; 3436: 3434:, p. 230. 3415: 3400: 3398:, p. 646. 3388: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3331: 3329:, p. 208. 3315: 3313:, p. 615. 3303: 3291: 3289:, p. 207. 3279: 3267: 3265:, p. 614. 3252: 3240: 3238:, p. 232. 3221: 3219:, p. 197. 3209: 3197: 3195:, p. 642. 3181: 3169: 3167:, p. 642. 3163:, p. 53; 3153: 3141: 3139:, p. 641. 3129: 3127:, p. 640. 3117: 3115:, p. 229. 3101: 3099:, p. 639. 3089: 3073: 3071:, p. 638. 3061: 3059:, p. 229. 3046: 3034: 3013: 3011:, p. 637. 2998: 2986: 2984:, p. 636. 2970: 2968:, p. 636. 2949: 2934: 2932:, p. 636. 2918: 2916:, p. 210. 2906: 2904:, p. 196. 2887: 2885:, p. 634. 2872: 2870:, p. 633. 2855: 2835: 2833:, p. 632. 2819: 2807: 2805:, p. 632. 2791: 2789:, p. 632. 2772: 2770:, p. 149. 2760: 2758:, p. 630. 2745: 2743:, p. 209. 2729: 2727:, p. 209. 2717: 2715:, p. 629. 2700: 2698:, p. 208. 2688: 2686:, p. 628. 2671: 2659: 2657:, p. 221. 2647: 2640: 2620: 2614:978-0674726420 2613: 2593: 2586: 2566: 2564:, p. 116. 2554: 2552:, p. 136. 2542: 2540:, p. 129. 2520: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2468:Xinsi Qi Qi Lu 2461:"), which had 2342:Wujing Zongyao 2266:Main article: 2263: 2260: 2231:yì guān nán dù 2130:Jurchen script 2110:imperial exams 2094:Jurchen script 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2039:Emperor Aizong 2015:Main article: 2012: 2009: 1942:Emperor Lizong 1891: 1888: 1839:and Guanghua ( 1768: 1765: 1746: 1699:Wujing Zongyao 1660:Main article: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1613:Main article: 1610: 1607: 1536: 1533: 1529:Emperor Xizong 1412: 1409: 1306:, present-day 1246: 1245:The move south 1243: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1122: 1119: 1068: 1065: 1043: 1025:Main article: 1022: 1019: 1009: 1006: 926: 923: 901: 898: 887: 886:First campaign 884: 855:Wanyan Zonghan 835: 832: 812: 809: 640: 637: 601:siege of De'an 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 429: 427:Middle Chinese 423: 422: 420:Middle Chinese 416: 415: 408: 402: 401: 395: 394: 393:Transcriptions 386: 385: 378: 372: 371: 364: 358: 357: 354: 353: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 287: 284: 283: 274: 273: 266: 259: 251: 243: 242: 241: 240: 232: 211: 191: 175: 167: 166: 158: 149: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121: 118: 112: 108: 104: 103: 100: 98: 94: 93: 92: 91: 85: 78: 75: 69: 63: 55: 54: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7614: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7592:1130s in Asia 7590: 7588: 7587:1120s in Asia 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567:Jin–Song Wars 7565: 7564: 7562: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7420:Huangtiandang 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7405:Jin–Song Wars 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7367: 7362: 7360: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7238:Yingzao Fashi 7235: 7233: 7232:Liaodi Pagoda 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Tianchi basin 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7039:Zhao Mengjian 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7027:Wuzhun Shifan 7025: 7022: 7019: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6507:Three Bureaus 6505: 6503: 6502:Baojia system 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374:Huangtiandang 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6364:Jin–Song Wars 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6324:Song–Xia wars 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6307:Southern Tang 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6231: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6049:7-5031-0385-X 6045: 6041: 6031: 6030: 6016:Tan, Qixiang 6014: 6010: 6008:0-674-40641-9 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851:(hardcover); 5848: 5846:0-674-44515-5 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5400:, p. 36. 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5376:, p. 35. 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5300: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5273: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5144:Quan Tang shi 5134: 5118: 5110: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5060:, p. 10. 5059: 5054: 5048:, p. 25. 5047: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4995:Holcombe 2011 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4921:, p. 36. 4920: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4897:, p. 73. 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4877: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4382:0-295-95514-7 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4346:, p. 46. 4345: 4344:Turnbull 2002 4341: 4336: 4330:, p. 46. 4329: 4328:Turnbull 2002 4325: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4163:Beckwith 2009 4159: 4153:, p. 34. 4152: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4037:, p. 56. 4036: 4031: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3940:9789004473270 3936: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3903:9781684173815 3899: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3565:, p. 3; 3564: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3450:, p. 22. 3449: 3445: 3440: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3386:, p. 54. 3385: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3369:, p. 16. 3368: 3363: 3357:, p. 71. 3356: 3351: 3345:, p. 71. 3344: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3207:, p. 44. 3206: 3201: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3032:, p. 53. 3031: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2996:, p. 39. 2995: 2990: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2947:, p. 52. 2946: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2538:Holcombe 2011 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2483: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2351: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2321:siege engines 2311: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:Duke Yansheng 2237: 2233: 2227: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2147:Chinese chess 2145:, and played 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:Khitan script 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2018: 2008: 2000: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1877: 1869: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1827: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1721:, armed with 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1594:Summer Palace 1592:Mural in the 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1520: 1510: 1506: 1503:), in modern 1496: 1493: 1489: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:Yangtze River 1257: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:Duke Yansheng 1228: 1224: 1219: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1127: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1073: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1018: 1014: 1005: 997: 992: 990: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 964: 962: 947: 943: 939: 931: 922: 919: 915: 911: 907: 897: 895: 894: 883: 881: 877: 873: 868: 860: 856: 852: 847: 828: 823: 818: 808: 805: 799: 796: 792: 786: 784: 780: 775: 770: 766: 759: 755: 750: 746: 744: 741: 737: 733: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 710: 706: 702: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 656: 651: 646: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 543:Southern Song 540: 539:Northern Song 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459:Jin–Song Wars 451: 442: 430: 428: 424: 421: 417: 409: 407: 403: 400: 396: 391: 387: 379: 377: 373: 365: 363: 359: 355: 352:Jin–Song wars 350: 339: 336: 334: 330: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 300:Huangtiandang 298: 296: 292: 289: 288: 285: 280: 279:Jin–Song Wars 272: 267: 265: 260: 258: 253: 252: 249: 236: 233: 228: 225: 224: 222: 218: 217:Mongol Empire 214: 210: 206: 202: 201:Mongol Empire 198: 197: 192: 189: 185: 178: 174: 173: 162: 159: 154: 151: 150: 148: 147: 146:puppet states 141: 140: 139: 134: 133: 128: 119: 117: 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 99: 96: 95: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 74: 70: 67: 66: 64: 61: 60: 56: 50: 45: 42:Jin–Song Wars 40: 37: 33: 19: 7602:1134 in Asia 7597:1125 in Asia 7543: 7536: 7333:Guo Shoujing 7259: 7250: 7236: 7227:Architecture 7212:Fishing reel 7187:Movable type 7157: 7127: 7021:Zhou Jichang 6972:Zhang Zeduan 6821:Zhou Bangyan 6713:Fan Zhongyan 6694: 6682: 6668:Yaozhou ware 6663:Qingbai ware 6497:New Policies 6302:Southern Han 6293:Unification 6267:Song dynasty 6181: 6175: 6152: 6118: 6109: 6087:China at War 6086: 6066: 6027: 5994: 5971: 5952: 5927: 5906: 5887: 5876:the original 5871: 5859:(paperback). 5832: 5813: 5790: 5782: 5762: 5735: 5710: 5689: 5668: 5633: 5603: 5580: 5563: 5557: 5534: 5511: 5503:Bibliography 5493:Needham 1987 5478:Needham 1987 5473: 5466:Needham 1987 5461: 5454:Needham 1987 5449: 5442:Needham 1954 5438:Needham 1987 5433: 5421: 5410:Needham 1987 5405: 5393: 5386:Needham 1987 5381: 5369: 5338: 5331:Needham 1987 5326: 5306: 5299: 5279: 5272: 5252: 5245: 5225: 5218: 5212:. DeepLogic. 5208: 5201: 5181: 5174: 5143: 5133: 5121:. Retrieved 5116: 5101: 5096:, p. 8. 5094:Rossabi 1983 5089: 5077: 5065: 5058:Rossabi 1983 5053: 5041: 5029: 5002: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4792: 4780: 4764: 4752: 4706: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4631: 4619: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4548: 4519: 4503: 4491: 4462: 4433: 4406: 4372: 4363: 4351: 4340:Needham 1987 4335: 4324:Needham 1987 4315: 4254: 4238: 4226: 4199: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4070: 4054: 4042: 4011: 3999: 3968: 3930: 3924: 3912: 3893: 3887: 3860: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3719: 3605: 3574: 3558: 3527: 3500: 3484: 3472: 3439: 3391: 3362: 3350: 3334: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3243: 3212: 3200: 3184: 3172: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3104: 3092: 3076: 3064: 3037: 2989: 2973: 2921: 2909: 2838: 2822: 2810: 2794: 2763: 2732: 2720: 2691: 2662: 2650: 2630: 2623: 2603: 2596: 2576: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2481: 2471: 2467: 2458: 2448: 2439:early rocket 2432: 2413: 2403: 2387: 2384:siege towers 2373: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2289: 2281: 2256: 2229: 2201: 2180: 2171:Yuan dynasty 2167: 2163: 2155: 2106:Confucianism 2099: 2083: 2028: 1962: 1920: 1913: 1904:Song dynasty 1878: 1855: 1849:near modern 1807: 1778: 1753: 1742: 1704: 1697: 1677: 1673:Wanyan Liang 1671: 1641: 1630: 1603: 1599: 1579:Yellow River 1548: 1509:Yang Qizhong 1469: 1464:Han Shizhong 1449:conscription 1424: 1420:under Heaven 1414: 1405: 1367: 1352:Han Shizhong 1312: 1290: 1248: 1220: 1206: 1192: 1164: 1148: 1107:Central Asia 1095: 1082:Confucianism 1078: 1054: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1015: 1011: 993: 985: 977:Yellow River 965: 951: 903: 891: 889: 876:Ordos Desert 869: 837: 800: 787: 762: 754:Wanyan Aguda 717:Wanyan Aguda 714: 674:Liao dynasty 659: 616: 612: 594: 570:Wanyan Liang 554:Han Shizhong 547: 504: 483:Liao dynasty 475:Song dynasty 458: 456: 406:Hanyu Pinyin 333:Sea Alliance 328: 290: 215: 208: 196:Song dynasty 194: 193: 182: 170: 143: 136: 135: 130:Belligerents 36: 7505:Wanyan clan 7472:Sanfengshan 7462:Dachangyuan 7335:(1231–1316) 7329:(1202–1261) 7327:Qin Jiushao 7323:(1192-1279) 7317:(1186–1249) 7311:(1031–1095) 7305:(1020–1101) 7299:(1010–1070) 7284:Zhang Sixun 7129:Zhu Fan Zhi 7118:Champa rice 7082:(1021–1086) 7059:(1235–1305) 7053:(1222–1307) 7047:(1210–1269) 7041:(1199–1295) 7035:(1190–1230) 7029:(1178–1249) 7008:Lin Tinggui 7004:(1140–1210) 6998:(1120–1182) 6992:(1100–1197) 6986:(1096–1119) 6984:Wang Ximeng 6980:(1094-1172) 6974:(1085–1145) 6968:(1082–1135) 6962:(1051–1107) 6943:(1049–1106) 6937:(1036–1093) 6931:(1020–1090) 6925:(1019–1079) 6919:(1000–1064) 6884:(1170–1231) 6878:(1140–1207) 6872:(1130–1200) 6866:(1127–1206) 6860:(1126–1193) 6858:Fan Chengda 6854:(1125–1209) 6835:(1085–1144) 6829:(1084–1155) 6827:Li Qingzhao 6823:(1056–1121) 6817:(1047–1126) 6811:(1045–1105) 6805:(1039–1112) 6799:(1037–1101) 6793:(1033–1107) 6787:(1032–1085) 6781:(1022–1077) 6775:(1019–1086) 6769:(1019–1083) 6763:(1017–1073) 6757:(1012–1067) 6751:(1011–1077) 6745:(1009–1066) 6739:(1007–1072) 6733:(1002–1060) 6731:Mei Yaochen 6658:Cizhou ware 6535:Chancellery 6530:Secretariat 6458:Family tree 6416:Diaoyucheng 6081:(hardcover) 6038:. Beijing: 5777:(hardcover) 5742:. pp. 5648:(hardcover) 5598:(hardcover) 5123:20 December 5046:Gernet 1962 5022:Coblin 2002 5007:Franke 1994 4991:Franke 1994 4979:Franke 1994 4967:Franke 1994 4955:Franke 1994 4943:Franke 1994 4931:Franke 1994 4883:Franke 1994 4849:Franke 1994 4801:Levine 2009 4769:Franke 1994 4728:Franke 1994 4711:Franke 1994 4675:Franke 1994 4651:Franke 1994 4608:Franke 1994 4541:Franke 1994 4508:Franke 1994 4496:Franke 1994 4455:Franke 1994 4438:Franke 1994 4426:Franke 1994 4399:Franke 1994 4293:Franke 1994 4274:Franke 1994 4243:Franke 1994 4231:Franke 1994 4219:Franke 1994 4204:Franke 1994 4192:Franke 1994 4175:Franke 1994 3865:Franke 1994 3776:Gernet 1962 3752:Gernet 1962 3567:Wilson 1996 3563:Murray 2010 3536:Franke 1994 3489:Franke 1994 3448:Gernet 1962 3432:Franke 1994 3411:Franke 1994 3323:Levine 2009 3311:Levine 2009 3275:Levine 2009 3263:Levine 2009 3248:Franke 1994 3236:Franke 1994 3193:Levine 2009 3189:Franke 1994 3165:Levine 2009 3149:Levine 2009 3137:Levine 2009 3125:Levine 2009 3113:Franke 1994 3109:Levine 2009 3097:Levine 2009 3085:Levine 2009 3069:Levine 2009 3057:Franke 1994 3009:Levine 2009 2982:Levine 2009 2966:Levine 2009 2930:Levine 2009 2883:Levine 2009 2868:Levine 2009 2847:Franke 1994 2843:Levine 2009 2831:Levine 2009 2827:Franke 1994 2803:Levine 2009 2787:Levine 2009 2756:Levine 2009 2737:Levine 2009 2713:Levine 2009 2684:Levine 2009 2655:Franke 1994 2414:pili huopao 2404:pili huoqiu 2352:fire bomb ( 2333:pili huoqiu 2283:Huolongjing 2236:Li Qingzhao 2124:, from the 1900:Jin dynasty 1826:Xuyi County 1794:irredentist 1788:. The Song 1786:Han Tuozhou 1725:that fired 1678:casus belli 1264:Grand Canal 893:casus belli 791:Western Xia 758:Jin dynasty 740:Shatuo Turk 701:Song Empire 698:Han Chinese 686:North China 235:Eastern Xia 227:Western Xia 184:Eastern Xia 177:Western Xia 138:Jin dynasty 7561:Categories 7280:(972–1051) 7197:Pound lock 7123:Nanhai One 7080:Wang Anshi 6978:Su Hanchen 6941:Li Gonglin 6911:Zhao Chang 6907:(970–1053) 6905:Xu Daoning 6901:(960–1030) 6882:Zhao Rukuo 6864:Yang Wanli 6773:Sima Guang 6761:Zhou Dunyi 6737:Ouyang Xiu 6727:(998–1061) 6721:(991–1055) 6715:(989–1052) 6446:Government 5426:Ebrey 2010 5398:Lorge 2008 5374:Lorge 2008 5362:Chase 2003 5343:Chase 2003 5317:1134716567 5236:0856674133 4919:Hymes 2000 4907:Davis 2009 4895:Lorge 2005 4868:Davis 2009 4837:Davis 2009 4825:Davis 2009 4813:Davis 2009 4797:Davis 2009 4785:Davis 2009 4773:Davis 2009 4757:Davis 2009 4745:Davis 2009 4699:Davis 2009 4687:Davis 2009 4663:Davis 2009 4636:Davis 2009 4624:Davis 2009 4612:Davis 2009 4596:Davis 2009 4584:Davis 2009 4572:Davis 2009 4553:Davis 2009 4524:Davis 2009 4512:Davis 2009 4484:Davis 2009 4467:Davis 2009 4151:Hymes 2000 4035:Lorge 2005 3444:Lorge 2005 3384:Lorge 2005 3367:Smith 1991 3177:Lorge 2005 3161:Lorge 2005 3081:Lorge 2005 3042:Lorge 2005 3030:Lorge 2005 2978:Lorge 2005 2945:Lorge 2005 2587:0791422739 2550:Ebrey 2010 2511:References 2358:) and the 2292:fire lance 2212:Huang Chao 2197:, b. 1930) 2175:Marco Polo 2061:Emperor Mo 2037:. In 1233 1932:Shi Miyuan 1799:revanchist 1723:trebuchets 1666:See also: 1637:Huai River 1256:Huai River 1143:See also: 1090:chancellor 1086:Wang Anshi 815:See also: 643:See also: 605:fire lance 578:revanchism 566:Huai River 7271:Inventors 7148:Gunpowder 7057:Qian Xuan 7023:(12th c.) 7002:Liang Kai 6996:Zhao Boju 6935:Wang Shen 6917:Yi Yuanji 6913:(10th c.) 6785:Cheng Hao 6779:Zhang Zai 6767:Zeng Gong 6755:Cai Xiang 6749:Shao Yong 6673:Jian ware 6636:Guan ware 6626:Ding ware 6421:Xiangyang 6297:Later Shu 6206:162848825 6058:297417784 6022:(1982). 5795:Routledge 5206:Li, Shi. 5034:Mote 1999 4115:Mote 1999 4103:Mote 1999 4079:Mote 1999 4059:Mote 1999 4020:Tong 2012 4016:Mote 1999 4004:Mote 1999 3812:Mote 1999 3724:Mote 1999 3678:Mote 1999 3598:Mote 1999 3579:Mote 1999 3505:Mote 1999 3493:Mote 1999 3477:Mote 1999 3355:Ropp 2010 3343:Ropp 2010 3339:Mote 1999 3327:Mote 1999 3299:Mote 1999 3287:Mote 1999 3217:Mote 1999 2926:Mote 1999 2914:Mote 1999 2902:Mote 1999 2815:Mote 1999 2799:Mote 1999 2741:Mote 1999 2725:Mote 1999 2696:Mote 1999 2667:Mote 1999 2562:Mote 1999 2516:Citations 2463:cast iron 2449:tiehuopao 2370:trebuchet 2308:; modern 2102:sinicized 2069:Guangdong 2051:Meng Gong 1983:Zhao Fang 1847:Han River 1845:; on the 1727:gunpowder 1719:Song navy 1707:Yu Yunwen 1694:trebuchet 1683:Ma'anshan 1575:Zhengzhou 1552:Censorate 1519:Zhang Jun 1486:, modern 1477:Han River 1473:Xiangyang 1394:, modern 1370:Zhang Jun 1324:Zhang Jun 1239:Zhang Zai 1223:Confucius 1187:; modern 765:Bohai Sea 743:Later Jin 732:Tong Guan 617:tiehuopao 519:indemnity 507:Tong Guan 238:(1215–22) 230:(1210–19) 220:(1211–33) 204:(1233–34) 180:(1225–27) 164:(1133–37) 7512:Jiaochao 7493:See also 7467:Daohuigu 7457:Yehuling 7425:Yancheng 7410:Timeline 7400:Military 7309:Shen Kuo 7297:Jia Xian 7278:Bi Sheng 7202:Dry dock 7091:Banknote 7051:Gong Kai 6923:Wen Tong 6899:Fan Kuan 6892:Painters 6876:Xin Qiji 6833:Zhu Bian 6815:Cai Jing 6791:Cheng Yi 6641:Jun ware 6611:Religion 6482:Military 6453:Emperors 6384:Yancheng 6369:Jingkang 6280:Timeline 6151:(eds.). 6091:ABC-CLIO 5667:(eds.). 5632:(eds.). 5347:Tao 2009 5166:48425140 5117:Han Dian 5082:Tao 2009 5070:Tao 2009 4557:Tan 1982 4411:Tao 2009 4320:Tao 2009 4308:Tao 2009 4259:Tao 2009 4247:Tao 2009 4139:Tao 2009 4127:Tao 2009 4091:Tao 2009 4075:Tao 2009 4063:Tao 2009 4047:Tao 2009 3992:Tao 2009 3973:Tao 2009 3961:Tao 2009 3917:Tao 2009 3880:Tao 2009 3853:Tao 2009 3836:Tao 2009 3824:Tao 2009 3800:Tao 2009 3788:Tao 2009 3764:Tao 2009 3740:Tao 2009 3728:Tao 2009 3712:Tao 2009 3697:Tao 2009 3663:Tao 2009 3646:Tao 2009 3627:Tao 2009 3610:Tao 2009 3583:Tao 2009 3551:Tao 2009 3532:Tao 2009 3520:Tao 2009 3465:Tao 2009 3396:Tao 2009 3205:Yue 2020 2851:Tan 1982 2494:See also 2457:, "iron 2141:, drank 1979:Tangzhou 1975:Dengzhou 1965:Xihezhou 1851:Laohekou 1810:Bi Zaiyu 1747:— 1495:circuits 1336:Zhejiang 1320:Shaoxing 1308:Nanchang 1280:Du Chong 1268:Hangzhou 1252:Yangzhou 1189:Shangqiu 1179:Shandong 1160:militias 1059:(modern 1044:— 969:New Year 846:Pingzhou 682:Mongolia 662:Jurchens 609:firearms 535:Hangzhou 469:and the 329:Treaties 310:Yancheng 295:Jingkang 97:Location 7527:Zhongdu 7482:Caizhou 7477:Kaifeng 7430:Tangdao 7388:History 7315:Song Ci 7303:Su Song 7192:Compass 7072:Economy 7033:Li Song 6947:Cui Bai 6725:Song Qi 6719:Yan Shu 6706:Writers 6646:Ru ware 6631:Ge ware 6603:Society 6599:Culture 6404:Caizhou 6394:Tangdao 6276:History 6198:2646446 6035:宋·辽·金时期 6024:中国历史地图集 4356:Lo 2012 2482:pidapao 2416:bombs ( 2151:Beijing 2112:on the 2045:at the 2035:Caizhou 1999:Li Quan 1958:Suizhou 1923:Mongols 1868:An Bing 1837:Zaoyang 1732:arsenic 1717:of the 1541:Yue Fei 1492:Huainan 1460:Yue Fei 1416:Qin Hui 1378:Sichuan 1374:Shaanxi 1348:Yue Fei 1340:Wenzhou 1332:islands 1294:Jiangxi 1276:Nanjing 1210:Zong Ze 1193:xingzai 1111:cavalry 1057:Huining 1048:Kaifeng 996:Li Gang 981:Qinzong 946:Kaifeng 914:Luoyang 906:Taiyuan 880:Tianzuo 851:Taizong 795:Fang La 769:Kaifeng 725:Huizong 678:Khitans 664:were a 558:Gaozong 550:Yue Fei 515:Qinzong 511:Huizong 500:Kaifeng 496:Taiyuan 463:Jurchen 325:Caizhou 315:Tangdao 291:Battles 213:Khitans 84:in 1211 7435:Caishi 7382:topics 7101:Guanzi 7096:Jiaozi 6929:Guo Xi 6870:Zhu Xi 6852:Lu You 6839:Zhu Yu 6803:Su Zhe 6797:Su Shi 6743:Su Xun 6616:Poetry 6399:Caishi 6269:topics 6216:Portal 6204: 6196: 6159: 6129: 6097: 6073: 6056: 6046: 6005: 5982: 5959: 5940: 5913: 5894: 5855: 5843: 5820: 5801: 5769: 5750: 5717: 5698: 5675: 5640: 5610: 5590: 5545: 5522: 5314: 5287: 5260: 5233: 5189: 5164: 5154: 4379: 3937: 3900: 2638: 2611: 2584: 2472:huopao 2459:huopao 2435:arrows 2388:huopao 2374:huopao 2360:huopao 2350:huopao 2337:huoqiu 2252:Zengzi 2244:Quzhou 2228:: 2226:pinyin 1902:, and 1713:. The 1570:Fuyang 1560:Liu Qi 1445:Daming 1431:Liu Yu 1344:Suzhou 1328:Ningbo 1229:, the 1177:, and 1167:Cizhou 1156:Da Chu 1145:Da Chu 1061:Harbin 989:Hejian 910:Shanxi 872:Tangut 779:Datong 729:eunuch 709:ounces 613:huopao 599:. 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