80:
between the required segments. These ends form hairpin loops and must be joined together to form a single strand (summarised in diagram, right). This joining is a very inaccurate process that results in the variable addition or subtraction of
76:, during which the different variable gene segments (those segments involved in antigen recognition) of TCRs and immunoglobulins are rearranged and unused segments removed. This introduces
23:
Generation of junctional diversity through recombination illustrated between two gene segments: D (blue) and J (green). Sections highlighted in red show nucleotides added at each stage.
20:
343:
263:
214:
159:
175:"Hairpin opening and overhang processing by an Artemis/DNA-dependent protein kinase complex in nonhomologous end joining and V(D)J recombination"
336:
101:
104:(TdT), adds further random 'N' nucleotides. The newly synthesised strands anneal to one another, but mismatches are common.
329:
116:
machinery. Exonucleases may also cause shortening of this junction, however this process is still poorly understood.
675:
123:
and thus production of non-functional proteins. Therefore, there is considerable waste involved in this process.
670:
613:
89:
499:
321:
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437:
96:, are responsible for single-stranded cleavage of the hairpin loops and addition of a series of
772:
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208:
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433:
241:
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Wyman, C., Kanaar, R. (2006). "DNA double-strand break repair: All's well that ends well".
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Junctional diversity includes the process of somatic recombination or
751:
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741:
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92:-1 and -2 (RAG1 and RAG2), along with DNA repair proteins, such as
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746:
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Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M., Shlomchik, M.J. (2005).
93:
61:
718:
706:
451:
402:
42:. This process of V(D)J recombination has vital roles for the
108:
remove these unpaired nucleotides and the gaps are filled by
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Generation of junctional diversity starts as the proteins,
49:, as it is able to generate a huge repertoire of different
35:
34:
sequence variations introduced by the improper joining of
31:
173:
Ma, Y., Pannicke, U., Schwarz, K., Lieber, M.R. (2004).
227:
100:, 'P' nucleotides. Subsequent to this, the enzyme,
16:
DNA sequence variations introduced in recombination
64:recognition by T-cells and B cells, respectively.
279:"Mechanics of T cell receptor gene rearrangement"
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337:
276:
139:
137:
135:
262:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
213:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
158:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
85:and, thus, generates junctional diversity.
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119:Junctional diversity is liable to cause
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765:
242:10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090451
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166:
102:terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
13:
14:
789:
148:(6th ed.). Garland Science.
38:segments during the process of
671:Immunoglobulin class switching
221:
1:
283:Current Opinion in Immunology
192:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00671-2
126:
90:recombination activating gene
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10:
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500:Polyclonal B cell response
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734:
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366:
295:10.1016/j.coi.2009.03.009
230:Annual Review of Genetics
57:molecules required for
614:Tolerance in pregnancy
356:adaptive immune system
277:Krangel, M.S. (2009).
24:
649:Somatic hypermutation
483:Polyclonal antibodies
478:Monoclonal antibodies
121:frame-shift mutations
22:
666:Junctional diversity
434:Antigen presentation
78:double-strand breaks
28:Junctional diversity
661:V(D)J recombination
644:Affinity maturation
396:Antigenic variation
74:V(D)J recombination
40:V(D)J recombination
25:
760:
759:
688:
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438:professional APCs
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654:Clonal selection
626:Immune privilege
621:Immunodeficiency
576:Cross-reactivity
566:Hypersensitivity
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609:Clonal deletion
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51:T-cell receptor
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636:Immunogenetics
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581:Co-stimulation
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522:Immune complex
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442:Dendritic cell
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420:Conformational
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289:(2): 133–139.
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185:(6): 781–794.
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55:immunoglobulin
30:describes the
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773:Immune system
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604:Clonal anergy
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493:Microantibody
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110:DNA synthesis
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47:immune system
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33:
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21:
665:
571:Inflammation
556:Alloimmunity
551:Autoimmunity
536:Immunity vs.
488:Autoantibody
386:Superantigen
286:
282:
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258:cite journal
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229:
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209:cite journal
182:
178:
168:
145:
118:
106:Exonucleases
87:
71:
27:
26:
778:Lymphocytes
694:Lymphocytes
353:Lymphocytic
236:: 363–383.
98:palindromic
83:nucleotides
767:Categories
735:Substances
599:Peripheral
587:Inaction:
466:Antibodies
447:Macrophage
360:complement
146:Immunology
127:References
53:(TCR) and
44:vertebrate
752:Cytolysin
742:Cytokines
589:Tolerance
538:tolerance
457:Immunogen
154:cite book
702:Cellular
546:Immunity
544:Action:
527:Paratope
515:Idiotype
505:Allotype
473:Antibody
427:Mimotope
391:Allergen
374:Antigens
367:Lymphoid
313:19362456
250:16895466
201:11955432
59:pathogen
747:Opsonin
726:NK cell
714:Humoral
594:Central
561:Allergy
510:Isotype
410:Epitope
381:Antigen
304:2676214
94:Artemis
68:Process
62:antigen
719:B cell
707:T cell
452:B cell
415:Linear
403:Hapten
311:
301:
248:
199:
114:repair
358:and
309:PMID
264:link
246:PMID
215:link
197:PMID
179:Cell
160:link
112:and
36:gene
680:HLA
676:MHC
299:PMC
291:doi
238:doi
187:doi
183:108
32:DNA
769::
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307:.
297:.
287:21
285:.
281:.
260:}}
256:{{
244:.
234:40
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211:}}
207:{{
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177:.
156:}}
152:{{
134:^
678:/
436:/
345:e
338:t
331:v
315:.
293::
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203:.
189::
162:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
