541:. By 1937, it was carried by 37 network affiliates and reached between 750,000 and one million listeners every Sunday. From the program's first broadcast, the university indicated it would not censor any of the show's participants. The broadcasters' viewpoint was that they could not afford to air any content which would be offensive to listeners. Since the university was dependent on commercial radio stations to air the programs it produced, it was necessary to accommodate the broadcasters by notification of a show's topic in advance and to provide them with notes giving a rough sketch of what was to be said on their airwaves.
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561:, but much of her work was done away from Chicago. She represented the network by participating in various seminars on education, attending conventions and through her many speaking engagements; Waller spent about six months a year traveling the US. She established a professional training program for young people interested in entering the broadcast industry through a joint effort with Northwestern University beginning in 1942. The NBC-Northwestern University Summer Radio Institute readied students for careers in radio and television. During this time, Waller also wrote two books about broadcasting:
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601:'s education department, was one of the educators who was contacted. Horwich only had experience with television as part of some panel and discussion programs, but was an experienced nursery school teacher. The thought of being the only person on camera frightened her somewhat, but she won the audition and agreed to become the host of the program. When hearing about the school bell which would open the program, a three-year-old staff member's son gave the show its name,
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588:'s program director, who mentioned that there were 235,000 preschool children in the Chicago area. He then asked Waller what she intended to do about it. Plans were developed to produce a nursery school type program where there would be a teacher on television with her students at home in front of their television sets. The show was designed from the eye-level of a small child, so cameras and
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was much like those regularly heard in the university's faculty dining room. There was enough listener interest in this type of discussion to warrant a weekly program. Since the tables in the faculty dining room were round, the participants referred to their talks as "round table discussions". The program took its name from this, becoming the
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children centered around educational programs broadcast by WMAQ for use in the classroom. The club had more than 275,000 members and was the largest club of its kind in the US. WMAQ aired the program three times a week as part of its daytime broadcast schedule. More than 100 local schools were using the programs in their classrooms by 1928.
393:; the exception was that the episodes were heard daily instead of weekly. She felt that the expense for their services was justified and would mean profits for WMAQ in the long run when the program was syndicated. Strong was in agreement; the contracts were signed and Gosden and Correll re-worked some of their act. Since WGN owned the title
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discussion and at times, felt it necessary to do so. A discussion about
African-American rights was vetoed by the network's program director, who suggested that it might be wise to remove the discussion program from the network schedule. Despite these disagreements, the program continued on the air and won three
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The program went on the air on
October 2, 1952; it was not scheduled and was initially slated to air only once, depending on viewers' reactions. NBC officials were dubious about the show, so there was no advance promotion for it. One executive called it either the worst television program he had ever
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The
University of Chicago and WMAQ radio had an extensive working relationship; both agreed to try something new in the way of public affairs programming. On February 4, 1931, three professors from the university began a spontaneous on-air discussion of current affairs. The conversation that followed
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owned the station, Waller had risen to become the vice-president and manager of WMAQ with
William S. Hedges as president of the company. Under NBC's management, she was offered the job of director of Public Service and educational programming for NBC's Midwest division; Hedges was named president and
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had just bought a radio station; he offered Waller the job of managing it. When she admitted to Strong that she didn't know what a radio station was, his cheerful reply was, "Neither do I. But come on down and we'll find out." Waller was hired in
February 1922. She is thought to be the first woman in
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in 1931. She was then appointed director of education and public affairs for NBC's
Midwest operations. In 1955, Waller was named as the public affairs representative for the NBC network, a post she held until her retirement from NBC in 1957. While Waller was no longer working at NBC, she did not stop
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on radio. The program began at WMAQ; it was then heard on the NBC Radio
Network for over twenty years. She was also active in various educational programs, having started a children's radio club centered around the educational programs broadcast by WMAQ; there were more than 275,000 children enrolled
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After actors and musicians realized the value of radio broadcasts as publicity, Waller's job of filling broadcast time became easier; at times these performers were not available. She began to think about how to both diversify and fill WMAQ's air time. Waller was able to use the station's connection
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was not musical but a story told in segments, she was asked if she thought such an act could be heard on the network every weekday. After Waller answered "yes", she was then told to go back to
Chicago because she knew nothing about radio. After it had been put into syndication, NBC began monitoring
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if she would sing for the station's first broadcast. Braslau performed on WGU on April 13, 1922, but it is not known if anyone heard the broadcast. WGU shut down for technical problems the next day; it remained off the air until a new transmitter was obtained. It was back on the air on
October 2,
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In 1955, Waller was appointed public affairs representative for the NBC network. The position meant traveling throughout the U.S. and serving as a link between national organizations, and the NBC network. She announced her retirement from NBC in 1957. While she was no longer working for NBC, she
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Two different views on educational programming existed on the network level. The network program director appeared to have a very broad definition of what was educational or cultural while a network vice-president held a more traditional interpretation. The network retained the right to refuse a
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were adjusted accordingly. Props were kept simple so they were easily identifiable by young children. After the basics of the show were settled on, the next step was to find the right person to host the program. Waller and her team prepared a list of possible candidates; each was contacted and
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Waller's past work with educational radio programs may have been responsible for the appointment to her new NBC position. During her early tenure at WMAQ, she was able to bring radio to schools as an assistant to the educator, not as a replacement for the teacher. Waller began a radio club for
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was able to lease the other station. The station also gained its first commercial advertiser in the same year. By 1928, the station was on the air for 20 hours each day and had a staff of 50 people. In early 1928, Waller was contacted by a pair of actors who were looking for another station to
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seen or a "roaring hit"; another's dire prediction was that the program would kill television and bring back radio. Neither was prepared for the 150 calls to the station praising the program immediately after it had ended or the flood of positive viewer mail which followed.
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power of about 100 watts. The WGU studios were at The Fair store and the station's transmitter was atop the department store. Waller showed an aptitude for radio programming when she planned the station's inaugural broadcast. Since the other
Chicago radio station,
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had now outgrown its present quarters. The newspaper began construction of a building which would house the newspaper offices and printing plant as well as the WMAQ studios and offices. When it was completed in 1929; WMAQ shifted its transmitter to a site west of
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remained active in projects relating to educational broadcasting. Waller remained active in the Northwestern University Summer Institute she had helped to start in 1942 and assisted in expanding the program to other colleges. She also became involved in the
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The asking price for Gosden and Correll and their announcer, Bill Hay, was $ 25,000 per year, along with their right to syndicate their radio show. Since this was more than WMAQ's annual operating budget, Waller had to consult with Walter Strong at the
149:, a wealthy aunt gave her the gift of a year in Europe. Though she was expected to make a social debut after her return, Waller enrolled in business college. She was hired for secretarial work after completing her training. Waller settled into work at
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in Chicago in a new division of the company called the "women's department", eventually spending two years in their New York offices. After her mother's health made her return to Chicago in 1920, Waller found employment at the local offices of the
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was quickly scheduled for weekday mornings at WNBQ. The program won a 1952 Peabody Award. The show began to be carried by the NBC television network in March 1953, where it was seen by 2,400,000 daily viewers. Within two months, it was beating
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Knox was only interested in the newspaper, so he set out to divest the company of the radio station. Knox searched for a ready buyer for half of the shares in WMAQ, finding one in NBC. The purchase meant NBC would now be operating the station.
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general manager of the NBC-run station. While Waller was interested in these types of programs, she later said her interests were much broader than that because as the station manager, she had to be interested in all types of radio programs.
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on WMAQ. Waller later said she was not sure if the idea of the radio medium for the games appealed to him or whether he was amused at a woman asking him about this, but Wrigley consented to have all home games broadcast on WMAQ.
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Knox made his first offer to Columbia Broadcasting Company, but terms were not reached. The terms of the NBC acquisition were for the sale of 50% of WMAQ's stock initially, followed by an offer of the other 50% in
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and was able to have WMAQ's frequency changed to 670 kilocycles. A look at the station's broadcast schedule for October 23, 1923, shows that WMAQ's on-air time had more than doubled; British statesman
436:. That series ran from 1948 to 1950 and was dedicated to retelling the lives of Negros in the United States and Western Hemisphere. From 1950 to 1951 the series was relaunched as an anthology with a
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Waller quickly learned if something needed to be done, it was her job to do it. Looking back on her entry into radio, she remarked with humor, "It was a one-man station and that one man was
1297:
30:(February 19, 1889 – October 28, 1973) was an American broadcasting pioneer. Despite the fact that she knew nothing about radio at the time, she became the first station manager of
237:." Waller was the one who created rules and policy, who found people to appear on the air, and did the necessary announcing. Because early radio stations had very small budgets and no
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Even though the station was on the air only one or two hours a day at the time, it was sometimes a challenge to find enough material to fill them. Waller was fortunate enough to get
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affiliate at the time, she traveled to New York to try to interest the network in broadcasting the show. Years later, Waller recalled that she was told the network already had the
637:. Waller, who had received many honors and honorary college degrees for her work in the field of communications, was known as "The First Lady of Radio" by many. She died in
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with plans to move 50 radio programs which were presently originating in New York to their new Chicago headquarters. In 1931, NBC was able to purchase Chicago radio station
323:. Waller became even more ambitious about expanding WMAQ's sports coverage in 1924. After hearing a friend's son's disappointment that his illness kept him from attending
525:"Round Table" on the air from the University of Chicago, 1941. "Keep Your Elbows On The Table" was to keep speakers within range of the microphone in the table's center
315:, the "Story Lady," told stories for children, the station had assembled its own acting company for "Play Night" and performed plays on the air. It aired lectures from
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The program was a great success both locally and in markets where it was syndicated. Still, Waller felt it should be aired nationally on a network. Since WMAQ was a
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along with many musicians and vocalists to appear on the station's first broadcast as WMAQ, but there were times when she played the station's drums or the
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NBC intended to make Chicago a major hub for its radio networks. In 1930, the network leased more than 66,000 square feet of space in the newly completed
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as educational. Because it was sponsored by a toothpaste company, his opinion was that the radio show taught many people how to use a toothbrush.
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with her ability to make the station work. The station had aired a music appreciation series and hosted a lecture series in cooperation with the
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to fill the time. When she was not on the air, Waller's time was filled with answering the station's mail and rushing back and forth between the
497:(WMAQ). While WMAQ was moved to NBC's new Merchandise Mart base of operations a few months after it was purchased, WENR remained at Chicago's
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when it went on the air in 1922. She was one of the first female radio station managers in the United States, along with Eleanor Poehler of
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in 1952. Within months, it was picked up by NBC's television network. Waller remained station manager until WMAQ was purchased by the
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WMAQ continued to grow. After moving to the 670 kilocycles frequency, the station shared it with station WQJ until 1927 when the
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145:. She was the eldest daughter of Doctor John Duke Waller and Katherine Short Waller. Following her 1908 graduation from
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She also entered into television work. Waller promoted the idea of a nursery school program for television; it began on
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493:. With the purchase of WMAQ, the network now owned a radio station in Chicago for their Blue Network (WENR) and their
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in New York City. During her tenure as station manager, Waller was responsible for obtaining broadcast rights for
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206:, was known for playing jazz, she realized she needed to do something different at WGU to attract an audience.
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Two years after its inception, Waller successfully convinced the NBC network to air the discussion show as a
377:." Gosden and Correll did not renew their contract with WGN because the station was unwilling to grant them
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Waller referred to Friday the 13th as "my day" because the day of WGU/WMAQ's first broadcast was a Friday.
620:'s morning television show in ratings and was receiving 500 letters from both parents and children daily.
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bought The Fair's interest in the radio station, then moved the station and its transmitter to Chicago's
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in the club with more than 100 area schools participating in the program. Waller also began a program at
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Hoping to work in journalism, she asked Strong for a job. Strong phoned her one evening saying that the
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While on her trip through Europe, Waller met Walter A. Strong, who was the business manager of the
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The operating power was also increased to 5,000 watts when the transmitter was moved to Elmhurst.
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and the women's editor helped with suggestions for programs which would be of interest to women.
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to provide professional training to college students interested in broadcasting as a profession.
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and the University of Chicago. WMAQ also began airing University of Chicago football games from
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Because she had earlier been involved with United Independent Broadcasters, which later became
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The Original Amos 'n' Andy: Freeman Gosden, Charles Correll and the 1928–1943 Radio Serial
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on August 19, 1929; NBC paid a record $ 100,000 for the first year of broadcast rights.
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was visiting Chicago and the station intended to air two speeches of his that evening.
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her activities involving media and education. After leaving NBC, she was active in the
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to enlarge the type of programs WMAQ offered; the newspaper's book editor did regular
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to create revenue, having guests or performers meant asking them to work without pay.
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developments regarding the program. The program was signed and made its debut on the
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narrator using historical events to discuss general concepts of law and democracy.
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Ed Wynn at WMAQ, October 2, 1922. He spoke the first words heard on the station.
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1922, with a 500–watt transmitter and was now operating on 750 kilocycles. New
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Waller became involved in children's television by way of a conversation with
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Radio's Hidden Voice: The Origins of Public Broadcasting in the United States
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radio network in the program with no success. NBC brought the program to its
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130:, on October 28, 1973; she was known to many as "The First Lady of Radio."
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1585:(Revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 196–198.
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to write scripts and the WMAQ studio to air what she had just written.
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Godfrey was upset by the news, saying, "A kid show can do this to me?"
752:, Waller offered NBC her resignation. NBC refused to accept the offer.
3068:
Women Pioneers in Television: Biographies of Fifteen Industry Leaders
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Waller was appointed to produce all network programming for the 1933
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Gosden and Correll performed their act in episode form, similar to a
227:
47:
39:
35:
19:
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Waller was also responsible for the long-running discussion program
3004:
Invisible Stars: A Social History of Women in American Broadcasting
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2353:"Educational Director Of Network Declares Juvenile Programs Safe"
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To avoid confusion with the City of Chicago's radio station, WBU.
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31:
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Journalism's Roving Eye: A History of American Foreign Reporting
2449:
2447:
1469:
1091:"Station WMAQ hails 30th birthday; tower in Bloomingdale in '35"
534:. It continued as a local program after NBC's purchase of WMAQ.
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The Coon-Sanders Nighthawks: "The Band That Made Radio Famous"
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the United States who was employed in this type of position.
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Ohles, Frederik; Ohles, Shirley M.; Ramsay, John G. (1997).
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2475:"Ding Dong School Is TV Delight of the Pre-Kindergarten Set"
2001:
1999:
1541:"The March of Radio". Radio Broadcast. September 1929: 273.
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By 1924, WMAQ was broadcasting a wide variety of programs;
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1865:. February 8, 1931. p. 88 – via Newspapers.com.
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1336:. The Decateur Daily Review. February 17, 1927. p. 14
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The radio station was WGU and it was jointly owned by the
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1996:
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1493:"In The Air Tonight-WMAQ listed as a Columbia affiliate"
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and it aired on WMAQ for the first time in March 1928.
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were also applied for and the station was now known as
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Waller (at right) and her secretary at WMAQ circa 1942
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Before WMAQ was a year old, Waller had impressed the
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Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators
1093:. Arlington Heights Herald. April 4, 1952. p. 7
1040:. Corsicana Daily Sun. February 19, 1927. p. 13
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baseball games, Waller approached the team's owner,
2679:"Judith Waller, Veteran of Radio, Slated to Retire"
1139:
1009:
292:; WMAQ had also begun remote broadcasting from the
3109:
3065:
2975:
2935:Methods of Historical Analysis in Electronic Media
2159:"Judith C. Waller Writes Textbook On Broadcasting"
1829:. Racine Journal Times. August 29, 1931. p. 7
635:Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction
124:Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction
3090:Women in Communication: A Biographical Sourcebook
3025:Radio Cultures: The Sound Medium in American Life
2425:. The Sheboygan Press. March 20, 1953. p. 18
2350:
2253:
1729:"Tower Site of the Week WSCR (WMAQ) 670, Chicago"
1649:. Marshfield news-Herald. July 8, 1929. p. 4
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959:
549:; it aired on the NBC network for over 20 years.
92:three years before its purchase of WMAQ in 1931.
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2325:. Des Moines Tribune. April 25, 1940. p. 28
2978:Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922––1952
2517:
2287:
1885:"Nearly 80% Of World's Biggest Building Rented"
1432:"Sam'n'Henry To Be Amos'n'Andy At WMAQ Station"
2620:"Children's TV pioneer recalls first programs"
2221:
2156:
1582:On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio
1726:
512:
489:. Later in the year, it bought WMAQ from the
1859:"Chicago To Be World's Radio Center By 1933"
3159:Biographical Encyclopedia of American Radio
3086:
2785:
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2102:. University of Chicago. September 19, 2008
1918:"Midwest Headquarters Of NBC Are Elaborate"
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1241:
501:, where it was based when owned by Insull.
373:radio with a popular local program called "
259:
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2472:
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2017:
1986:
1827:"W.M.A.Q. Now Member of N.B.C., Announced"
1647:"Dedicate new Chicago Daily News Building"
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1157:
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1083:
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1068:
1038:"Holds Jazz Overrated As Feature of Radio"
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2982:. University of Minnesota Press. p.
2224:"1,000th U. of C. Round Table Airs Today"
2052:
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1010:Shipman, Vera Brady (February 17, 1923).
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133:
16:American broadcasting pioneer (1889–1973)
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761:The network program director thought of
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469:purchased a controlling interest in the
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2956:WCFL, Chicago's Voice of Labor, 1926–78
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992:"1922-Year Radio's Population Soared".
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938:"1922-Year Radio's Population Soared".
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3116:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
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2100:"Radio and Education: The Round Table"
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2005:
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593:invited to audition for the show. Dr.
426:Waller also aired the radio anthology
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2058:"'We Take You Now to Mitchell Tower'"
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712:The station was jointly owned by the
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84:rights. Waller tried to interest the
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2323:"Four Name Radio Personalities Here"
2145:
1614:"Chicago Daily News ad for its move"
980:
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1848:
1475:
1323:
826:"Miss Waller Directs Radio Station"
794:"Eleanor Poehler Dies in Seattle",
339:
126:and other projects. Waller died in
62:home games for WMAQ and for hiring
13:
2872:American Radio Networks: A History
2618:Estes, Jane (September 24, 1973).
2400:Broadcasting in the public service
2351:Steinhauser, S.H. (May 15, 1935).
2254:Steinhauser, S.H. (May 14, 1933).
2157:Wolters, Larry (August 18, 1946).
1727:Fybush, Scott (January 11, 2008).
1249:"Radio Programs For The Week-WMAQ"
654:Broadcasting in the public service
563:Broadcasting in the public service
444:New ownership and responsibilities
141:was born on February 19, 1889, in
14:
3214:
3156:Sterling, Christopher H. (2013).
2518:Start, Clarissa (July 19, 1953).
2256:"Woman Captures Air Post At Fair"
1951:"NBC Pays Million To Obtain WENR"
1119:Eskew, Garnett L. (August 1930).
960:Eskew, Garnett L. (August 1930).
532:University of Chicago Round Table
414:. When she tried to explain that
397:the new radio program was called
352:10th anniversary on the air, 1938
97:University of Chicago Round Table
2959:. University of Illinois Press.
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2816:
2696:
2637:
2537:
2492:
2436:
2370:
2336:
2307:
2288:Start, Clarissa (June 4, 1941).
2273:
2175:
1968:
1935:
1902:
1868:
1840:
1768:
1660:
1631:
1510:
1449:
1347:
1315:
1266:
1230:
1104:
1051:
843:
185:and a Chicago department store,
3203:20th-century American educators
3141:. University of Chicago Press.
2911:Hamilton, John Maxwell (2011).
2824:
2791:
2749:
2723:
2671:
2645:
2611:
2415:
2390:
2344:
2315:
2281:
2247:
2222:Remenih, Anton (May 24, 1953).
2215:
1943:
1910:
1876:
1743:
1720:
1694:
1668:
1639:
1606:
1534:
1485:
1424:
1374:
1290:
1255:. November 29, 1924. p. 25
1112:
1030:
1012:"WMAQ Fights 'Faddists' In Air"
768:
755:
742:
732:
723:
706:
697:
688:
361:broadcast their radio program.
3135:Slotten, Hugh Richard (2009).
3093:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2838:. October 30, 1973. p. 36
2805:. October 29, 1973. p. 30
2799:"Judith Waller dies at age 84"
2552:Ohles, Ohles & Ramsay 1997
2473:Beck, Joan (January 1, 1953).
1924:. October 29, 1930. p. 28
1219:. October 17, 1923. p. 24
1121:"Former Boss of Amos 'n' Andy"
962:"Former Boss of Amos 'n' Andy"
832:. February 23, 1924. p. 8
830:The Jacksonville Daily Journal
818:
788:
623:
1:
2520:"Ding Dong, D-i-n-g- D-o-n-g"
781:
718:Calumet Baking Powder Company
348:Gosden and Correll celebrate
331:, about airing home games at
119:National Broadcasting Company
2685:. April 28, 1957. p. 83
1702:"Palatial quarters for WMAQ"
1676:"Palatial quarters for WMAQ"
1499:. October 1, 1928. p. 8
996:. May 14, 1962. p. 114.
942:. May 14, 1962. p. 126.
798:, September 23, 1949, p. 22.
408:Columbia Broadcasting System
7:
3087:Signorielli, Nancy (1996).
2932:Godfrey, Donald G. (2006).
2846:– via Newspapers.com.
2813:– via Newspapers.com.
2693:– via Newspapers.com.
2634:– via Newspapers.com.
2534:– via Newspapers.com.
2489:– via Newspapers.com.
2433:– via Newspapers.com.
2367:– via Newspapers.com.
2333:– via Newspapers.com.
2304:– via Newspapers.com.
2270:– via Newspapers.com.
2172:– via Newspapers.com.
1965:– via Newspapers.com.
1932:– via Newspapers.com.
1899:– via Newspapers.com.
1883:Chase, Al (March 2, 1930).
1837:– via Newspapers.com.
1765:– via Newspapers.com.
1757:. July 14, 1929. p. 66
1657:– via Newspapers.com.
1628:– via Newspapers.com.
1507:– via Newspapers.com.
1446:– via Newspapers.com.
1384:. WGN Radio. Archived from
1344:– via Newspapers.com.
1312:– via Newspapers.com.
1263:– via Newspapers.com.
1227:– via Newspapers.com.
1101:– via Newspapers.com.
1048:– via Newspapers.com.
840:– via Newspapers.com.
676:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
10:
3219:
3043:McLeod, Elizabeth (2013).
3022:Keith, Michael C. (2008).
2890:Edmiston, Fred W. (2009).
2832:"Obituaries-Judith Waller"
2397:Waller, Judith C. (1943).
2290:"A Woman Pioneer In Radio"
1620:. June 18, 1929. p. 7
1438:. March 2, 1928. p. 5
1304:. July 1, 1925. p. 10
1298:"Radio Programs For Today"
670:Waller, Judith C. (1946).
651:Waller, Judith C. (1943).
513:New challenges and success
485:from financially troubled
432:, with scripts written by
381:rights for their program.
3188:American radio executives
2953:Godfried, Nathan (1997).
2784:, pp. 195, 203–204;
2763:: 103. September 16, 1957
1957:. July 5, 1931. p. 7
1213:"Radio Broadcasting News"
2974:Hilmes, Michele (1997).
2761:Broadcasting Telecasting
2657:Broadcasting Telecasting
2597:Broadcasting Telecasting
796:Minneapolis Star-Tribune
681:
260:Ideas turn into programs
217:Waller asked opera star
2737:: 14. September 6, 1958
2524:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
2294:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
1334:"Daily News Leases WQJ"
1253:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
673:Radio: The Fifth Estate
641:, on October 28, 1973.
567:Radio: The Fifth Estate
317:Northwestern University
102:Northwestern University
3001:Halper, Donna (2015).
2659:: 9. November 14, 1955
2653:"People-Judith Waller"
2599:: 83. October 20, 1952
2593:"Successful One Timer"
1554:Cite journal requires
645:Books by Judith Waller
581:
526:
353:
269:
214:
134:Early years and family
24:
3064:O'Dell, Cary (1997).
575:
553:Travel and television
524:
347:
290:University of Chicago
267:
212:
22:
2357:The Pittsburgh Press
2260:The Pittsburgh Press
2123:, pp. 219–220;
1985:, pp. 139–140;
1755:The Pittsburgh Press
1195:, pp. 197–198;
1160:, pp. 196–197;
1071:, pp. 196–197;
599:Roosevelt University
504:During the time the
189:. It was assigned a
147:Oak Park High School
42:in Minneapolis, and
2731:"Do You Know That–"
2683:The Courier-Journal
2456:, pp. 201–202.
2387:, pp. 200–201.
2212:, pp. 220–221.
2197:, pp. 227–229.
2008:, pp. 139–140.
1199:, pp. 400–401.
1075:, pp. 400–401.
895:, pp. 400–401.
867:, pp. 400–401.
576:Frances Horwich as
559:Century of Progress
463:Daily News Building
461:, and moved to the
429:Destination Freedom
1955:Detroit Free Press
1708:: 42. October 1928
1682:: 41. October 1928
1388:on August 11, 2011
639:Evanston, Illinois
582:
578:Ding Dong School's
539:sustaining program
527:
459:Elmhurst, Illinois
354:
306:David Lloyd George
270:
215:
177:Station management
164:Chicago Daily News
156:American Red Cross
151:J. Walter Thompson
143:Oak Park, Illinois
139:Judith Cary Waller
128:Evanston, Illinois
28:Judith Cary Waller
25:
3169:978-1-1369-9375-6
3148:978-0-2520-3447-3
3127:978-0-3132-9133-3
3100:978-0-3132-9164-7
3079:978-0-7864-0167-3
3056:978-1-4766-0971-3
3035:978-0-8204-8648-2
3014:978-1-3175-2018-4
2993:978-0-8166-2621-2
2966:978-0-2520-6592-7
2945:978-1-1356-0741-8
2924:978-0-8071-4486-2
2903:978-1-4766-1229-4
2882:978-0-7864-5424-2
2869:Cox, Jim (2009).
2735:Television Digest
2403:. John S. Swift.
2064:: 4. January 1941
1993:, pp. 78–79.
1531:, pp. 42–45.
1466:, pp. 42–44.
1421:, pp. 35–37.
1409:, pp. 34–35.
879:, pp. 71–72.
716:ballroom and the
657:. John S. Swift.
631:Purdue University
499:Civic Opera House
313:Georgene Faulkner
3210:
3173:
3152:
3131:
3115:
3104:
3083:
3071:
3060:
3039:
3018:
2997:
2981:
2970:
2949:
2928:
2907:
2886:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2786:Signorielli 1996
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2715:
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2669:
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2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2624:Arizona Republic
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2589:
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2555:
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2488:
2486:
2470:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2423:"Tee-Vee Topics"
2419:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2388:
2382:
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2015:
2009:
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1980:
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766:
759:
753:
746:
740:
736:
730:
727:
721:
710:
704:
701:
695:
692:
677:
666:
613:Ding Dong School
604:Ding Dong School
479:Merchandise Mart
340:Continued growth
114:Ding Dong School
76:after they left
3218:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3149:
3128:
3101:
3080:
3057:
3036:
3015:
2994:
2967:
2946:
2925:
2904:
2883:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2836:Chicago Tribune
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2803:Chicago Tribune
2797:
2796:
2792:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
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2600:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2573:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2501:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2479:Chicago Tribune
2471:
2460:
2452:
2445:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2395:
2391:
2383:
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2335:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2231:
2228:Chicago Tribune
2220:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:Chicago Tribune
2155:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2085:, p. 217;
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2062:Radio Varieties
2056:
2055:
2048:
2040:, p. 258;
2036:, p. 200;
2032:
2028:
2020:, p. 200;
2016:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1989:, p. 200;
1981:
1977:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1889:Chicago Tribune
1881:
1877:
1867:
1863:Chicago Tribune
1857:
1856:
1849:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:, p. 237;
1781:
1777:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1700:
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1685:
1683:
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1611:
1607:
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1544:
1543:
1540:
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1535:
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1509:
1502:
1500:
1491:
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1486:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1382:"Sam 'n' Henry"
1380:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1356:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1302:Chicago Tribune
1296:
1295:
1291:
1283:, p. 198;
1279:
1275:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1191:
1184:
1176:, p. 197;
1172:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1067:
1060:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1001:
991:
990:
981:
971:
969:
958:
947:
937:
936:
927:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:, p. 196;
887:
883:
875:
871:
863:
852:
842:
835:
833:
824:
823:
819:
811:
802:
793:
789:
784:
779:
778:
773:
769:
760:
756:
747:
743:
737:
733:
728:
724:
711:
707:
702:
698:
693:
689:
684:
647:
626:
595:Frances Horwich
555:
515:
446:
412:Two Black Crows
367:Charles Correll
350:Amos 'n' Andy's
342:
329:William Wrigley
294:Chicago Theatre
262:
179:
136:
68:Charles Correll
52:Vaughn De Leath
44:Bertha Brainard
17:
12:
11:
5:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3105:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3061:
3055:
3040:
3034:
3028:. Peter Lang.
3019:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2971:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2908:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2823:
2790:
2788:, p. 417.
2774:
2748:
2722:
2720:, p. 203.
2703:
2670:
2644:
2610:
2579:
2577:, p. 202.
2556:
2554:, p. 168.
2544:
2499:
2458:
2443:
2414:
2389:
2377:
2343:
2314:
2280:
2246:
2214:
2199:
2182:
2144:
2142:, p. 221.
2129:
2127:, p. 401.
2113:
2091:
2089:, p. 401.
2075:
2046:
2044:, p. 400.
2026:
2024:, p. 401.
2010:
1995:
1975:
1942:
1922:Clarion-Ledger
1909:
1875:
1847:
1815:
1813:, p. 150.
1803:
1801:, p. 237.
1791:
1789:, p. 182.
1775:
1751:"WMAQ To Move"
1742:
1731:. Fybush Media
1719:
1693:
1667:
1638:
1605:
1592:978-0195076783
1591:
1565:
1556:|journal=
1533:
1527:, p. 86;
1517:
1484:
1482:, p. 401.
1478:, p. 48;
1468:
1456:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1373:
1371:, p. 401.
1354:
1322:
1289:
1287:, p. 401.
1273:
1237:
1201:
1182:
1166:
1150:
1138:
1111:
1077:
1058:
1029:
999:
979:
945:
925:
923:, p. 196.
919:, p. 71;
909:
907:, p. 196.
897:
881:
869:
850:
817:
815:, p. 195.
800:
786:
785:
783:
780:
777:
776:
767:
754:
741:
731:
722:
714:Rainbo Gardens
705:
696:
686:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
667:
646:
643:
625:
622:
618:Arthur Godfrey
580:"Miss Frances"
554:
551:
547:Peabody Awards
514:
511:
455:Chicago's Loop
445:
442:
434:Richard Durham
395:Sam 'n' Henry,
363:Freeman Gosden
341:
338:
302:La Salle Hotel
261:
258:
219:Sophie Braslau
178:
175:
135:
132:
64:Freeman Gosden
34:radio station
23:Waller in 1946
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3215:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3171:
3165:
3162:. Routledge.
3161:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:. McFarland.
3070:
3069:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:. McFarland.
3048:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3016:
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3007:. Routledge.
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2941:
2938:. Routledge.
2937:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:. LSU Press.
2916:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:. McFarland.
2895:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:. McFarland.
2874:
2873:
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2866:
2862:Sources cited
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2230:. p. 276
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2019:
2014:
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1811:Godfried 1997
1807:
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1799:Edmiston 2009
1795:
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1787:Hamilton 2011
1784:
1783:Edmiston 2009
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1577:Dunning, John
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1198:
1197:Sterling 2013
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1163:
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1148:, p. 82.
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763:Amos 'n' Andy
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2842:November 11,
2840:. Retrieved
2835:
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2809:November 11,
2807:. Retrieved
2802:
2793:
2777:
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2765:. Retrieved
2760:
2751:
2741:November 11,
2739:. Retrieved
2734:
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2689:November 11,
2687:. Retrieved
2682:
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2663:November 11,
2661:. Retrieved
2656:
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2630:November 27,
2628:. Retrieved
2623:
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2603:November 11,
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2596:
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2530:November 11,
2528:. Retrieved
2526:. p. 76
2523:
2485:November 11,
2483:. Retrieved
2481:. p. 40
2478:
2429:November 11,
2427:. Retrieved
2417:
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2380:
2363:November 11,
2361:. Retrieved
2359:. p. 20
2356:
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2329:November 11,
2327:. Retrieved
2317:
2300:November 11,
2298:. Retrieved
2296:. p. 29
2293:
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2266:November 11,
2264:. Retrieved
2262:. p. 27
2259:
2249:
2234:November 10,
2232:. Retrieved
2227:
2217:
2210:Slotten 2009
2195:Slotten 2009
2168:November 11,
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2140:Slotten 2009
2121:Slotten 2009
2116:
2106:November 10,
2104:. Retrieved
2094:
2083:Slotten 2009
2078:
2068:November 12,
2066:. Retrieved
2061:
2038:Godfrey 2006
2029:
2013:
1978:
1959:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1926:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1893:. Retrieved
1891:. p. 38
1888:
1878:
1862:
1831:. Retrieved
1806:
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1759:. Retrieved
1754:
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1733:. Retrieved
1722:
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1706:Radio Digest
1705:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:Radio Digest
1679:
1670:
1651:. Retrieved
1641:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1581:
1547:cite journal
1536:
1520:
1501:. Retrieved
1496:
1487:
1471:
1459:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:The Dispatch
1435:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:the original
1376:
1338:. Retrieved
1306:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1276:
1257:. Retrieved
1252:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:The Dispatch
1216:
1169:
1153:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:Radio Digest
1124:
1114:
1095:. Retrieved
1044:November 10,
1042:. Retrieved
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:Radio Digest
1015:
994:Broadcasting
993:
970:. Retrieved
966:Radio Digest
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834:. Retrieved
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94:
90:Blue Network
71:
60:Chicago Cubs
27:
26:
3198:1973 deaths
3193:1889 births
2782:O'Dell 1997
2757:"Education"
2718:O'Dell 1997
2626:. p. 8
2575:O'Dell 1997
2454:O'Dell 1997
2385:O'Dell 1997
2034:O'Dell 1997
2018:O'Dell 1997
2006:Hilmes 1997
1991:Halper 2015
1987:O'Dell 1997
1983:Hilmes 1997
1961:November 9,
1928:November 9,
1895:November 9,
1833:November 8,
1761:November 7,
1735:November 7,
1712:November 7,
1686:November 7,
1653:November 7,
1624:November 7,
1529:McLeod 2013
1525:Hilmes 1997
1503:November 6,
1464:McLeod 2013
1442:November 6,
1419:McLeod 2013
1407:McLeod 2013
1392:November 5,
1340:November 5,
1308:November 5,
1281:O'Dell 1997
1259:November 5,
1223:November 5,
1193:O'Dell 1997
1174:O'Dell 1997
1158:O'Dell 1997
1131:November 6,
1097:November 8,
1069:O'Dell 1997
1022:November 7,
972:November 6,
921:O'Dell 1997
917:Hilmes 1997
905:O'Dell 1997
889:O'Dell 1997
877:Hilmes 1997
836:November 4,
813:O'Dell 1997
624:Later years
565:(1943) and
495:Red Network
471:Daily News.
465:. In 1930,
438:Paul Revere
391:serial film
387:Daily News.
379:syndication
321:Stagg Field
239:commercials
199:transmitter
82:syndication
80:radio over
3182:Categories
1178:Keith 2008
1162:Keith 2008
1146:Keith 2008
782:References
597:, head of
506:Daily News
491:Daily News
467:Frank Knox
450:Daily News
358:Daily News
298:Daily News
286:Daily News
275:Daily News
254:Daily News
250:song bells
195:kilocycles
183:Daily News
170:Daily News
1618:The Times
1497:The Times
633:program,
191:frequency
40:WLAG/WCCO
2409:12733047
1579:(1998).
1476:Cox 2009
663:12733047
569:(1946).
369:were on
187:The Fair
1598:12 June
273:to the
246:Ed Wynn
197:with a
193:of 833
109:WMAQ-TV
32:Chicago
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296:. The
739:1934.
682:Notes
590:props
3164:ISBN
3143:ISBN
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3030:ISBN
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2877:ISBN
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2811:2017
2769:2017
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2487:2017
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2405:OCLC
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1963:2017
1930:2017
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1600:2020
1587:ISBN
1560:help
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1133:2017
1127:: 57
1099:2017
1046:2017
1024:2017
974:2017
968:: 90
838:2017
659:OCLC
586:WNBQ
483:WENR
448:The
365:and
228:WMAQ
66:and
50:and
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3118:168
2984:139
2242:PDF
1018:: 5
750:CBS
457:in
371:WGN
204:KYW
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48:WJZ
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