1192:
the judicial system until 1953, when it was granted legal personality. It operated as an independent civil society organisation for the next twenty-seven years, until it was closed in 1980 by the revolutionary government and its ranks and files were purged. It was reopened in 1991 under the control of the Head of the
Judiciary and regained some of its independence in 1997 when President Khatami won the general election. Since then, the numbers of lawyers have grown steadily to an estimated 60,000, and perhaps most significantly a large number of women have passed the Bar and joined the legal profession". "Since the 1979 Revolution, the IBA has been struggling to maintain its independence from the judiciary. As part of this conflict, a new body of lawyers was created by the Iranian government in 2001 and 'authorized to present cases in court' under Article 187 of the Law of Third Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan (adopted in May 2000). This group, whose membership in 2014 was estimated to exceed 20,000, is officially known as the Legal Advisors of the Judiciary."
1216:
executed or given harsh punishments for both political and criminal acts. There were no appeals either, and trials often lasted minutes in an un-orthodox "court". In 1982, the regular court system was reinstated, but with the judges now trained in
Islamic law. The Revolutionary Courts became a part of this court system, ruling in matters of "national security" such as drug trafficking and political and "anti-revolutionary" crimes, and were considered the "judicial arm of the regime". In 1982, in response to military coup threats, a separate "Military Revolutionary Court" was formed, handling military cases. The Retribution Law (
1159:
of that
European's home country, who would countersign the decision of the Iranian court, and without whose countersignature the "decision of the Iranian court could have no effect". The Europeans insisted on this legal veto right—" called the regime of capitulations"—on the grounds that Iran had no written legal code so that "no one knew what laws foreigners would be judged by." Iran followed the traditional Islamic practice of each judge giving his own interpretation of Islamic law for a given litigation, with no right of appeal.
150:
1045:
2319:
2329:
35:
345:
1033:
1126:
left the matter to the jurists, and the first actual judgment was final, as otherwise there would have been an infinite regress of opinions without any final judgment. For the Shiah, ... resistance to a single written code was even stronger; the jurisconsult's right to describe the law in his own way was the very essence of the doctrine that had revived the jurisconsult school at the end of the 18th century."
1183:
issues of family and inheritance up to the
Islamic Revolution (working alongside secular ones). Some aspects of sharia law were also unofficially retained in criminal law, for example compensation was still unofficially given in a similar manner to blood money, in exchange for pardoning a murder death sentence in some cases.
1215:
Between 1979 and 1982, the entire pre-Revolutionary judiciary was purged, and their duties replaced by "Revolutionary
Tribunals" set up in every town. These tribunals ruled on "Islamic law", but were in practice unfair, biased, and the judges were inexperienced and often incompetent. Many people were
1191:
According to
Banakar and Ziaee, the history of the Iranian Bar Association (Kānūn-e Vūkalā-yeh Dādgūstarī) "can be traced back to the period after the 1906 Constitutional Revolution, when a modern legal system was established in Iran. The IBA was founded in 1915 and organised under the supervision of
1158:
As
European military and technological power began to be felt in 19th century Iran, Westerners insisted on special treatment in Iranian courts. This came in the form of treaties between most European governments and Iran requiring the presence at the trial of any European in Iran of a representative
1125:
One jurists's 'discovery' of the ruling of law for a specific case would not have been invalidated by some other jurist's discovery of a different ruling for that case; only God could choose between them, and until the
Resurrection (or in the case of the Shiah, the return of the Twelfth Imam) God had
1105:
some aspects of the law always remained in the hands of the mullahs ... The village mullah was the natural arbiter in matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance; and the exalted jurisconsult, in order to carry out the very function for which he was exalted, gave opinions on those matters of law on
1182:
Reza Shah represented his legal reforms as "tentative experiments" and allowed the religious judges to keep their courts for matters such as inheritance. In 1936, however, the new system was made permanent and the religious courts were abolished. However, there were still sharia courts that ruled on
1178:
many changes were made in Iran's judicial system, and the establishment of a fixed written law with appeals courts was one of them. In March 1926, Minister of
Judicial Affairs Ali-Akbar Davar dissolved Iran's entire judiciary, with the approval of the parliament, and initiating a wave of fundamental
1316:
In 1991–1994, Iran combined all of these laws into the unified "Islamic Penal Code" which consisted of five "Books". The new
Islamic Penal Code was adopted in January 2012 and incorporates the bulk of penal laws in the IRI, replacing Books One through Four of the old code. Book Five of the
1658:
1101:
a loosely sewn and frequently resewn patchwork of conflicting authority in which the different and sometimes conflicting sources for Islamic law—the jurists, the actual judges, and the non-Islamic law officials of the king - disputed with each other over the scope of their jurisdictions. ...
1106:
which he was consulted. In between the village mullah and the jurisconsult there were mullahs with courts which, while sometimes sanctioned by the royal government, depended for their power on the prestige of the presiding mullah judge as much or more than on the government's sanction
1250:
Iran's prison system was "centralized and drastically expanded" by the Islamic Republic. Under the Shah prisons had been administered separately by SAVAK, the urban police, and the gendarmerie. The new regime entrusted their management "to a supervisory council of three clerics".
1246:
and to serve for "a period of five years." He is responsible for the "establishment of the organizational structure" of the judicial system; "drafting judiciary bills" for Parliament; hiring, firing, promoting and assigning judges. Judges cannot be dismissed without a trial.
1179:
restructuring and overhauling reforms with the aid of French judicial experts. By April 1927 Iran had 600 newly appointed judges in Tehran. Davar subsequently attempted to expand the new system into other cities of Iran through a programme involving training of 250 judges.
1674:
1121:. "Thirteen centuries of Islamic—more particularly Shiah—tradition" called for jurists to base decisions on their legal training as it applied to the situation being judged. There was also no appeal in traditional Islamic law.
1320:
Sharia in the IRI has been modified to some degree, according to one source, the new laws of the Islamic Republic "modify the sharia" (i.e. what Muslims believe is God's legislation) "in three significant ways": allowing the
2253:
306:
have been retained, and it is integrated into a civil law legal system. According to the constitution of the Islamic Republic, the judiciary in Iran "is an independent power" with a
1208:. While the revolution did not dismantle the Pahlavi judiciary in its entirety, it replaced secular-trained jurists "with seminary-educated ones, and codified more features of the
796:
791:
247:
2258:
1212:
into state laws—especially the Law of Retribution." Women judges were also removed (although they could still be lawyers, or after 1997, secondary judges in civil cases).
2203:
2213:
1114:
Islam as its official religion, consequently the general principles of its legal system differed somewhat from those of other countries which followed Islamic law.
568:
2243:
52:
1317:
Islamic Penal Code ("the only part of the Penal Code that has been adopted permanently and is not subject to experimental periods") passed on May 22, 1996.
2138:
1166:, wanted to establish a fixed written law they believed would not only end the capitulations but facilitate the building of a strong and unified state.
1419:
1912:
1850:
99:
71:
2284:
1354:
1229:
1883:
472:
78:
1960:
1384:
1369:
201:
395:
85:
1084:
634:
499:
1641:
777:
772:
2294:
525:
67:
2233:
1201:
17:
1769:
989:
723:
356:
1057:
2208:
1668:
1610:
747:
1797:
966:
962:
455:
947:
942:
880:
734:
729:
382:
1142:
of 1906, which gave the country its first Constitution and Bill of Rights, the fall of the Qajars and the rise of the
1953:
1860:
1823:
1753:
1710:
1139:
971:
758:
753:
678:
619:
118:
1234:
The 1979 Constitution of the Islamic Republic calls Iran to have a Head of the Judiciary, also known in English as '
437:
92:
1924:
590:
556:
1700:
1130:
As far as the judicial system is concerned, the changes were quite minor until the end of the nineteenth century.
1743:
1399:
1146:
in the 1920s, when accession to a modern judicial organisation became one of Iran's greatest challenges, and the
224:
2043:
1429:
1077:
640:
56:
2289:
1424:
1389:
1117:
Among the ways, law in Iran and the rest of the Muslim world differed from European law was in its lack of a
595:
494:
399:
1899:
1732:
Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999, p.134-5
2248:
2153:
1946:
1909:
315:
2358:
1631:
1306:
580:
510:
2353:
1636:
818:
600:
563:
423:
307:
2368:
2168:
2123:
1070:
935:
814:
1097:
According to one scholar, the administration of justice in Islamic Iran has been until recent times
441:
2093:
2088:
1983:
1975:
1259:
503:
303:
268:
2188:
2103:
2083:
2033:
2003:
1993:
1414:
1326:
979:
544:
460:
45:
2299:
2178:
2173:
2053:
1602:
1449:
1439:
1243:
702:
585:
370:
2193:
2148:
2128:
2118:
2018:
1454:
1359:
1235:
575:
551:
311:
2363:
2218:
2133:
2113:
1998:
1988:
1404:
1017:
835:
154:
1344:, but only 37% of Iranians believed that Iran's legal system closely follows Islamic law.
8:
2273:
2263:
2198:
2163:
2098:
2078:
2068:
2028:
2013:
2008:
1337:
994:
857:
487:
390:
2304:
2223:
2183:
2158:
2073:
2048:
2038:
2023:
1595:
1434:
1374:
1364:
1205:
1147:
1118:
912:
902:
852:
847:
830:
673:
626:
287:
2328:
2143:
2108:
2063:
2058:
1856:
1749:
1706:
1664:
1628:
1606:
1409:
1163:
907:
892:
867:
693:
419:
1200:
In 1979 the secular, westernizing Pahlavi Dynasty was overthrown and replaced by an
1138:
Major events marking the judicial history of Iran during the modern era include the
1573:
1444:
1267:
1012:
984:
707:
520:
447:
429:
335:
1933:
1578:
1561:
1110:
Since the sixteenth century AD Iran has been the only country in the world having
1928:
1916:
1143:
1049:
887:
467:
283:
276:
1263:
646:
149:
1702:
The Politics of State Intervention: Gender Politics in Pakistan, Afghanistan .
1162:
Iranians in general opposed these capitulations, and secular Iranians such as
2347:
2322:
1394:
1379:
529:
1330:
917:
897:
668:
375:
2332:
1341:
1037:
951:
922:
862:
1921:
1044:
1798:"English Translation of Books I & II of the New Islamic Penal Code"
291:
1938:
1295:(tazir is a crime that receives a discretionary sentence by a judge),
1175:
272:
1852:
Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran
1745:
Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran
1274:
law by passing two landmark bills in July 1982: Sharia law includes
34:
1280:("claims against God", punishable by a mandatory, fixed sentence),
1239:
1220:) of 1982 replaced sections of the Public Punishment Law (1924).
344:
1904:
1824:"Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran – Book Five"
1472:
1470:
1884:"Iranians' Views Mixed on Political Role for Religious Figures"
1322:
1271:
1209:
299:
295:
183:
1548:
The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran
1503:
1501:
1499:
1467:
1298:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1310:
1255:
1111:
173:
1496:
1309:
regulates banking and financial operations and interest (
1922:
Iranian American Bar Association, Detention Laws in Iran
1509:
The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran
1491:
The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran
1288:, or blood money (to compensate for the death/injury),
1617:
Pahlavi Dynasty overthrown in 1979 iranian revolution.
1153:
1562:"The Life of the Law in the Islamic Republic of Iran"
1660:
Right of the Accuse in Iran under International Law
1592:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1594:
1420:Law Enforcement Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran
2345:
1910:Iran's constitutional charter for the Judiciary
1855:. University of California Press. p. 134.
1748:. University of California Press. p. 132.
1355:Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1242:" (high level Islamic cleric) appointed by the
1230:Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1842:
1735:
1954:
1905:The Judiciary of The Islamic Republic of Iran
1078:
193:Supreme Leader selection with Judges approval
139:
1694:
1692:
1559:
1385:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
1370:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
202:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1340:, while 83% of Iranians favored the use of
1270:quickly codified important features of the
1961:
1947:
1848:
1741:
1653:
1651:
1085:
1071:
635:Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution
148:
1689:
1577:
275:, with further changes during the second
267:was first implemented and established by
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
68:"History of the judicial system of Iran"
1968:
1648:
1260:Jaafari school of Islamic jurisprudence
14:
2346:
1802:Iran Human Rights Documentation Center
1550:, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.227
1511:, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.225
1493:, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.208
1284:(the law of retaliation/retribution),
357:Government of Islamic Republic of Iran
290:, the system was greatly altered. The
1942:
1698:
1663:. Lambert Academic Publishing. 2013.
1560:Banakar, Reza; Ziaee, Keyvan (2018).
1537:(Henry Holt and Co., New York, 2007)
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
1900:Profile of Judiciary System of Iran
1642:"Iran Primer: The Women's Movement"
1195:
140:
24:
1262:. After the election of the first
383:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
25:
2380:
1893:
1828:Iran Human Rights Document Center
1742:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999-06-16).
1223:
972:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
620:Supreme National Security Council
2327:
2318:
2317:
1934:Duties of the Iranian Parliament
1601:. Infobase Publishing. pp.
1043:
1031:
343:
314:, and also a separate appointed
282:After the 1979 overthrow of the
33:
1876:
1816:
1790:
1762:
1726:
1133:
44:needs additional citations for
2285:British Indian Ocean Territory
1705:Lexington Books. p. 238.
1622:
1586:
1553:
1540:
1527:
1514:
1483:
1430:List of national legal systems
1264:Majles of the Islamic Republic
1254:The Islamic Republic uses the
1174:Under the secularist reign of
641:Expediency Discernment Council
141:قوه قضاییه جمهوری اسلامی ایران
13:
1:
1579:10.1080/00210862.2018.1467266
1480:, Cambridge U.P., 2008, p.177
1461:
1425:List of economic laws in Iran
1390:Intellectual property in Iran
596:High Council for Human rights
557:Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i
495:Islamic Consultative Assembly
400:Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani
1770:"Islamic Penal Code of Iran"
1593:Heather Lehr Wagner (2010).
1400:Iran's Family Protection Law
1266:in 1980, the Majles and the
1169:
717:Recent and future elections
248:Mohmmad Mosaddegh kahnamouei
225:Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
7:
1849:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999).
1632:Public Broadcasting Service
1347:
1307:Supreme Audit Court of Iran
943:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
581:Islamic Revolutionary Court
456:Presidential Administration
302:, although many aspects of
10:
2385:
1227:
321:
2313:
2272:
2232:
1974:
1535:My Name Is Iran: A Memoir
1522:The Mantle of the Prophet
1325:of decisions, the use of
1154:"Regime of capitulations"
1140:Constitutional Revolution
591:General Inspection Office
253:
243:
238:
230:
220:
215:
207:
197:
189:
179:
169:
161:
147:
138:
133:
2034:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1329:in cases, and long-term
1238:', who is to be a "just
504:Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
326:
269:Abdolhossein Teymourtash
2295:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1699:Burki, Shireen (2013).
1415:Iranian nationality law
1327:circumstantial evidence
461:Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili
265:judicial system in Iran
134:Judicial system of Iran
18:Judicial system of Iran
1597:The Iranian Revolution
1478:History of Modern Iran
1450:Traffic police of Iran
1440:Special Clerical Court
1128:
1108:
963:Diplomatic missions of
586:Special Clerical Court
569:Mohammad Movahedi-Azad
1524:, (1985, 2000), p.225
1455:Chief Justice of Iran
1360:Blasphemy law in Iran
1236:Chief Justice of Iran
1123:
1099:
881:Intellectual backdrop
316:Head of the Judiciary
2209:United Arab Emirates
1640:(October 27, 2010).
1476:Abrahamian, Ervand,
1405:Iranian Cyber Police
1187:The legal profession
1018:Armed forces of Iran
438:First Vice President
239:Deputy Chief Justice
155:Courthouse of Tehran
53:improve this article
2236:limited recognition
1969:Judiciaries of Asia
1338:Pew Research Center
1302:(Retribution Law).
1050:Politics portal
601:Ministry of Justice
511:Supreme Audit Court
473:Government of Raisi
391:Assembly of Experts
308:Ministry of Justice
2359:Government of Iran
1927:2009-09-13 at the
1915:2008-04-10 at the
1677:on 18 January 2018
1629:Haleh Esfandiari;
1435:Parading on donkey
1375:Corruption in Iran
1365:Censorship in Iran
1336:In a 2013 poll by
1206:Ayatollah Khomeini
1204:under the rule of
1148:Islamic Revolution
913:Propaganda in Iran
903:Islamic Government
843:Outside government
674:Secretary of state
627:Ali Akbar Ahmadian
288:Islamic Revolution
190:Composition method
2354:Judiciary of Iran
2341:
2340:
2278:other territories
1670:978-3-659-38786-9
1612:978-1-60413-490-2
1546:Mottahedeh, Roy,
1507:Mottahedeh, Roy,
1489:Mottahedeh, Roy,
1410:Iranian labor law
1333:as a punishment.
1164:Mohammed Mossadeq
1095:
1094:
990:Visa requirements
936:Foreign relations
908:Ruhollah Khomeini
893:Hossein Borujerdi
826:Inside government
815:Political parties
661:Local governments
261:
260:
208:Judge term length
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
2376:
2369:Politics of Iran
2331:
2321:
2320:
2290:Christmas Island
1976:Sovereign states
1963:
1956:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:. Archived from
1655:
1646:
1645:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1445:Taxation in Iran
1313:) is forbidden.
1268:Guardian Council
1202:Islamic Republic
1196:Islamic Republic
1087:
1080:
1073:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1013:Taxation in Iran
844:
827:
708:Guardian Council
622:
613:Supreme Councils
564:Attorney General
521:Guardian Council
448:Mohammad Mokhber
430:Mohammad Mokhber
347:
336:Politics of Iran
331:
330:
294:is now based on
152:
143:
142:
131:
130:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2309:
2277:
2268:
2249:Northern Cyprus
2235:
2228:
1970:
1967:
1929:Wayback Machine
1917:Wayback Machine
1896:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1697:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1591:
1587:
1566:Iranian Studies
1558:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1533:Davar Ardalan,
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1350:
1232:
1226:
1198:
1172:
1156:
1144:Pahlavi Dynasty
1136:
1119:single law code
1091:
1062:
1058:Other countries
1042:
1038:Iran portal
1032:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1008:
1000:
999:
980:Nationality law
976:
959:
938:
928:
927:
888:Anti-capitalism
883:
873:
872:
842:
825:
821:
807:
806:
801:
782:
763:
741:
714:
713:
712:
703:Election Office
696:
686:
685:
684:
683:
662:
654:
653:
637:
618:
614:
606:
605:
547:
537:
536:
517:
490:
480:
479:
415:
407:
406:
387:
366:
338:
329:
324:
310:, head of the
284:Pahlavi dynasty
157:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1894:External links
1892:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1861:
1841:
1830:. 15 July 2013
1815:
1804:. 4 April 2014
1789:
1761:
1754:
1734:
1725:
1711:
1688:
1669:
1647:
1621:
1611:
1585:
1572:(5): 717–746.
1552:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1495:
1482:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1244:Supreme Leader
1228:Main article:
1225:
1224:Current system
1222:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1171:
1168:
1155:
1152:
1135:
1132:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:Related topics
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
975:
974:
969:
958:
957:
956:
955:
939:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
838:
833:
828:
822:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
803:
802:
800:
799:
794:
789:
785:
783:
781:
780:
775:
770:
766:
764:
762:
761:
756:
751:
744:
742:
740:
739:
732:
727:
720:
711:
710:
705:
699:
698:
697:
692:
691:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
671:
665:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
647:Sadeq Larijani
638:
633:
631:
630:
629:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
572:
571:
561:
560:
559:
548:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:
516:
515:
514:
513:
507:
506:
491:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
476:
475:
465:
464:
463:
454:Supervisor of
452:
451:
450:
435:
434:
433:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
386:
385:
380:
379:
378:
371:Supreme Leader
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
353:
352:
349:
348:
340:
339:
334:
328:
325:
323:
320:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
153:
145:
144:
136:
135:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2381:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:South Ossetia
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1886:. 2013-06-11.
1885:
1879:
1864:
1862:9780520922907
1858:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1755:9780520922907
1751:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1729:
1714:
1712:9780739184332
1708:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1520:Mottahedeh,
1517:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Iran Tribunal
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Crime in Iran
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
968:
964:
961:
960:
953:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
932:
931:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
877:
876:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
841:
840:
837:
834:
832:
829:
824:
823:
820:
816:
811:
810:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
786:
784:
779:
776:
774:
771:
768:
767:
765:
760:
757:
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:
743:
738:
737:
733:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
719:
718:
716:
715:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
695:
690:
689:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
658:
657:
648:
644:
643:
642:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
621:
617:
616:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Supreme Court
574:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
552:Chief Justice
550:
549:
546:
541:
540:
531:
530:Ahmad Jannati
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
512:
509:
508:
505:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
484:
483:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
462:
459:
458:
457:
453:
449:
446:
445:
443:
439:
436:
431:
428:
427:
425:
421:
418:
417:
411:
410:
401:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
368:
362:
361:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
346:
342:
341:
337:
333:
332:
319:
317:
313:
312:Supreme Court
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:A nationwide
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:Chief Justice
214:
210:
206:
203:
200:
198:Authorized by
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
146:
137:
132:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2274:Dependencies
2204:Turkmenistan
2169:Saudi Arabia
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1851:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1764:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1701:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1659:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1596:
1588:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1335:
1331:imprisonment
1319:
1315:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1253:
1249:
1233:
1217:
1214:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1161:
1157:
1137:
1134:20th century
1129:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
918:Ali Shariati
898:Ahmad Fardid
836:Principlists
735:
724:Presidential
679:City Council
669:Municipality
376:Ali Khamenei
281:
264:
262:
257:13 July 2021
170:Jurisdiction
115:
109:October 2008
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
2364:Law of Iran
2333:Asia portal
2234:States with
2154:Philippines
2094:South Korea
2089:North Korea
1984:Afghanistan
1342:Islamic law
995:Visa policy
952:Ali Bagheri
923:Sayyid Qutb
863:Pan-Iranism
858:Nationalism
748:Legislative
625:Secretary:
488:Legislative
296:Islamic law
234:1 July 2021
162:Established
2348:Categories
2214:Uzbekistan
2189:Tajikistan
2104:Kyrgyzstan
2084:Kazakhstan
2004:Bangladesh
1994:Azerbaijan
1644:. pbs.org.
1462:References
853:Liberalism
848:Monarchism
831:Reformists
645:Chairman:
365:Leadership
292:legal code
79:newspapers
2300:Hong Kong
2254:Palestine
2179:Sri Lanka
2174:Singapore
2054:Indonesia
1637:Frontline
1176:Reza Shah
1170:Reza Shah
868:Socialism
694:Elections
420:President
414:Executive
304:civil law
273:Reza Shah
244:Currently
221:Currently
2323:Category
2244:Abkhazia
2194:Thailand
2149:Pakistan
2129:Mongolia
2124:Maldives
2119:Malaysia
2019:Cambodia
1925:Archived
1913:Archived
1834:10 April
1808:10 April
1782:10 April
1777:refworld
1348:See also
1297:Qanon-e
1290:Qanon-e
1240:Mujtahid
985:Passport
954:(acting)
948:Minister
819:factions
769:Experts:
545:Judicial
526:Chairman
432:(acting)
396:Chairman
180:Location
2219:Vietnam
2134:Myanmar
2114:Lebanon
2044:Georgia
1999:Bahrain
1989:Armenia
967:in Iran
500:Speaker
468:Cabinet
322:History
286:by the
277:Pahlavi
211:5 years
93:scholar
2264:Taiwan
2199:Turkey
2164:Russia
2099:Kuwait
2079:Jordan
2069:Israel
2029:Cyprus
2014:Brunei
2009:Bhutan
1868:19 May
1859:
1752:
1718:19 May
1709:
1681:19 May
1667:
1609:
1323:appeal
1292:Ta'zir
1286:diyyeh
1272:sharia
1258:based
1210:sharia
1112:Shi'ah
788:Local:
300:sharia
271:under
184:Tehran
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
2305:Macau
2224:Yemen
2184:Syria
2159:Qatar
2139:Nepal
2074:Japan
2049:India
2039:Egypt
2024:China
1773:(PDF)
1605:–18.
1299:Qisas
1282:Qisas
1277:Hudud
1218:Qisas
327:Islam
279:era.
254:Since
231:Since
100:JSTOR
86:books
2144:Oman
2109:Laos
2064:Iraq
2059:Iran
1870:2015
1857:ISBN
1836:2019
1810:2019
1784:2019
1750:ISBN
1720:2015
1707:ISBN
1683:2015
1665:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1311:riba
1305:The
1256:Shia
817:and
797:2025
792:2021
778:2024
773:2016
759:2024
754:2020
736:2024
730:2021
442:list
424:list
174:Iran
165:1905
72:news
2276:and
1574:doi
298:or
55:by
2350::
1826:.
1800:.
1775:.
1691:^
1650:^
1615:.
1603:16
1570:51
1568:.
1564:.
1498:^
1469:^
1150:.
965:/
950::
528::
502::
444:)
426:)
398::
318:.
1962:e
1955:t
1948:v
1872:.
1838:.
1812:.
1786:.
1758:.
1722:.
1685:.
1582:.
1576::
1086:e
1079:t
1072:v
750::
726::
440:(
422:(
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
