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health department official, after finding suspiciously swollen lymph glands. Wilson and O'Brien then summoned
Wilfred H. Kellogg, San Francisco's city bacteriologist, and the three men performed an autopsy as night closed. Looking through his microscope, Kellogg thought he saw plague bacilli. Late at night, Kellogg ran the suspicious samples of lymph fluid to Angel Island to be tested on animals in Kinyoun's better-equipped laboratory - an operation that would take at least four days.
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701:, consisting of Southern Pacific, newspaper and shipping lawyers, to negotiate a settlement with the MHS, whereby the federal government would remove Kinyoun from San Francisco with the promise that the state would secretly cooperate with the MHS in stamping out the plague epidemic. Wyman agreed to this proposal, forever damaging his relationship with Kinyoun, who was reassigned to Detroit immediately after the meeting.
723:, yet other laws to gag reports amongst the medical community were enacted and $ 100,000 was allocated to a public campaign led by Gage to deny the plague's existence. In his final speech to the California State Legislature in early January 1903, Gage blamed the federal government, in particular, Kinyoun, the MHS, and the San Francisco Board of Health for damaging the state's economy.
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Service), and formalized and expanded the
Hygienic Laboratory into three new divisions with numerous additional personnel. Kinyoun had drafted this statute. Kinyoun had also been an active supporter of a bill to establish federal regulation of biological products such as serums and vaccines. Congress passed that bill the same day as Kinyoun's bill to expand the MHS.
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Kinyoun privately argued against the harshest public health measures, warning Wyman that a quarantine might be unconstitutional, and urged
California to concentrate its plague control efforts on killing rats rather than imposing quarantine and isolation, but nonetheless carried out Wyman's orders. On
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On March 11, Kinyoun's lab presented its results. Two guinea pigs and one rat died after being exposed to samples from the first victim, proving the plague was indeed in
Chinatown. On March 13, another lab animal, a monkey who was exposed to the plague, died. All the dead animals tested positive for
731:
Although his colleagues in the MHS and the medical community supported him and urged him not to retire, Kinyoun believed he had no alternative and resigned on May 1, 1902. Two months later, Congress expanded the MHS, renaming it the Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service (later the Public Health
704:
Before
Kinyoun left for Detroit in May 1901 he had to face one final tribulation: the claim by a deaf-mute fisherman who claimed that Kinyoun, who had vaccinated him, had ordered riflemen to shoot him. Kinyoun initially attempted to avoid arrest by hiding out at an Army post, but turned himself in.
578:
On
February 7, 1900, Wong Chut King, the owner of a lumber yard, died in his bed after suffering for four weeks. In the morning, the body was taken to a Chinese undertaker, where it was examined by San Francisco police surgeon Frank P. Wilson on March 6, 1900. Wilson called for A.P. O'Brien, a city
483:
As the director of the
Hygienic Laboratory, he researched on a plethora of different infectious diseases and their respective etiology and vaccine treatment while urging necessary hospital protocols and regulations for isolation of infected patients. Cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, and plague were
821:
In 1917, Kinyoun joined the Army as an expert epidemiologist assigned to North and South
Carolina assigned to investigate statewide typhoid epidemics. During his service he was diagnosed with lymphosarcoma. Joseph Kinyoun died on February 14, 1919, in Washington, DC. A collection of his papers is
559:. The ship sailed between Honolulu and San Francisco regularly. Cargo from Honolulu unloaded at a dock near the outfall of Chinatown's sewers may have allowed rats carrying the plague to leave the ship and transmit the infection. However, it is difficult to trace the infection to a single vessel.
547:
In this atmosphere of grave danger, in
January 1900, Kinyoun ordered all ships coming to San Francisco from China, Japan, Australia, and Hawaii to fly yellow flags to warn of possible plague on board. Many entrepreneurs and sailing men felt that this was bad for business, and unfair to ships that
747:
before becoming a bacteriologist for the District of Columbia Health Department, a position he held until his death. He also worked with colleagues at the MHS and other agencies on a variety of public health problems, especially water quality, bacillary dysentery, and hookworm disease in poor
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Kinyoun was active in many national professional societies, serving as Vice President of the American Society of Tropical Medicine during its first full year in 1904 and as First Vice President of the American Public Health Association in 1906. In 1909, Kinyoun served as president of the
610:
San Francisco authorities initially responded by declaring a quarantine that would have prevented persons of Asian descent from leaving the affected areas, but relaxed the restriction when a Chinese cultural association, claiming that the MHS was violating their rights under the
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He developed a safer, more reliable, and widely used smallpox vaccination technique, the "Kinyoun method," which featured rapid rolling of the needle parallel to the skin surface, and "Kinyoun portable bed disinfectors" for bedding, clothing, dressings, and for killing lice.
511:
The federal MHS had an uneasy relationship with state authorities in California, who had clashed with its past enforcement efforts. Wyman ordered Kinyoun to pay no attention to California quarantine officials, which ultimately put Kinyoun at odds with California Governor
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in June 1899, had two plague deaths at sea, and there were two more cases of stowaways found dead in the bay, with postmortem cultures proving they had the plague. Similar incidents occurred in other ports: in New York in November 1899, the British ship
756:, which he had helped form more than a decade earlier; he devoted his presidential address to the future of immunology and the still-novel concept of natural and acquired immunity. He took part in many other professional societies, including the
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that had raged through India and East Asia for nearly fifty years had reached the Hawaiian Islands in 1899. Kinyoun had warned in 1895 that the plague would eventually reach the United States and had begun researching the plague in 1896.
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He was ultimately exonerated when testimony showed that soldiers pursuing an escaped prisoner had fired warning shots at the fisherman, who was suspected of aiding the escapee, and that Kinyoun had actually intervened to defend him.
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Southern children. His interest in disease prevention led him to advocate reforms on public health issues as basic sanitation and hygiene, tuberculosis control, water safety, meat safety, bread quality, and milk sanitation.
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One newspaper claimed, without any factual basis, that Kinyoun had released his laboratory monkeys into San Francisco. Death threats were made against him, requiring him to travel with bodyguards under an assumed name.
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moved the laboratory from Staten Island to Washington, DC in 1891, he placed 26-year-old Kinyoun in charge of the nation's first federal bacteriology laboratory. His code name during his MHS career was Abutment.
813:
The couple had at least five children: Bettie Kinyoun; Joseph Perry Kinyoun; Alice Kinyoun Houts; Conrad Kinyoun; and John Nathan Kinyoun. After his first child, Bettie died at the age of 3 from contracting
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neighborhood; a sudden increase in dead rats was observed as local rats became infected. Rumors of the plague's presence abounded in the city, quickly gaining the notice of authorities from MHS stationed on
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in 1866 after his house burned down during the Civil War. At the age of 16, he studied medicine with his father, John Hendricks Kinyoun, who was a general practitioner. His family joined a Baptist church.
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508:) on August 5. San Francisco, which received ship traffic from Hawaii and a number of other ports where the plague was endemic, was likely to be a key battleground against the spread of the plague.
153:
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James and Susan Elizabeth "Lizzie" Perry married in 1883. His wife was active in groups such as the Committee of Women of the National Tuberculosis Congress and the Women’s Committee of the
1954:
693:
Gage responded to the declaration by urging California's other elected officials, as well as party leaders and delegates to the Republican National Convention, to put pressure on President
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that he and other federal employees had falsified evidence by injecting cadavers with bacilli. He was ultimately proven correct by independent testing and the appearance of further cases.
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Report of the Special Health Commissioners Appointed by the Governor to Confer with the Federal Authorities at Washington Respecting the Alleged Existence of Bubonic Plague in California
1904:
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May 15, Kinyoun, with Board of Health support, declared an epidemic. The local press claimed that the epidemic was a hoax that Kinyoun had invented to increase his agency's funding.
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Despite the secret agreement for Kinyoun's removal, Gage went back on his promise of assisting federal authorities and continued to obstruct their study and quarantine efforts.
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in 1882 with an M.D. degree. He did postdoctoral studies in pathology and bacteriology at the Carnegie Laboratory, where he became the first bacteriology student and studied
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2004:
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and other business interests, joined in the fight. Governor Gage publicly denied the existence of any pestilential outbreak in San Francisco, fearing that any word of the
1748:"409: An act to authorize Joseph J. Kinyoun, passed assistant surgeon of the Marine-Hospital Service, to accept a medal from the President of the Republic of Venezuela".
719:. In response to what he said to be massive scaremongering by the MHS, Gage pushed a censorship bill to gag any media reports of plague infection. The bill failed in the
548:
were free of plague. City promoters were confident that plague could not take hold, and they were unhappy with what they saw as Kinyoun's high-handed abuse of authority.
1959:
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transferred Kinyoun to the San Francisco Quarantine station as head of the Marine Hospital Service for the port, with a promotion to the rank of surgeon (equivalent to
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before becoming a bacteriologist for the District of Columbia Health Department, a position he held until his death. In 1909, Kinyoun served as president of the
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1974:
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1949:
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372:(November 25, 1860 – February 14, 1919) was an American physician and the founder of the United States' Hygienic Laboratory, the predecessor of the
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1989:
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to reverse the MHS's plague eradication measures and to remove Kinyoun from his position. Behind the scenes, Gage sent a special commission to
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from entering state borders. Wyman also instructed Kinyoun to inoculate all persons of Asian heritage in Chinatown, using an experimental
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at Staten Island Quarantine Station as an assistant surgeon, taking over the direction of the Laboratory of Hygiene in 1887. When the
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1934:
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2014:
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Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon General of the Marine Hospital Service of the United States for the Fiscal Year 1901
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Kinyoun JJ. 1915. A note on Uhlenhuths method for sputum examination, for tubercle bacilli. Am. J. Public Health 5:867–870.
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published in a Chinese-language daily paper in June 1900; epidemiologist Joseph J. Kinyoun being injected in the head with
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1999:
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1494:
Power, J. Gerard (April 1995). "Media Dependency, Bubonic Plague, and the Social Construction of the Chinese Other".
953:
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1984:
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In October 1900, Kinyoun was the subject of a political cartoon about his being kicked out of his federal position.
623:, resentful of being singled out for blame for the plague by authorities, resisted efforts to inspect their homes.
387:. He resigned his position in 1901 after being attacked for his diagnoses, including claims by California Governor
2222:
536:
brought three cases of plague from Brazil, but the cases were confined to the ship. The Japanese freighter S.S.
2951:
818:, he poured himself into his work and even set up a public diphtheria laboratory at Georgetown Medical School.
2819:
1900:
1850:
945:
Joseph James Kinyoun: Discoverer of Bubonic Plague in America and Father of the National Institutes of Health
430:, the oldest of five children born to Elizabeth Ann Conrad and John Hendricks Kinyoun. His family settled in
373:
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blocking the quarantine order from federal District Judge William W. Morrow. Residents of San Francisco's
394:
Kinyoun's later career was spent in private companies and as a professor of bacteriology and pathology at
1939:
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803:
616:
1809:
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Between 1901 and 1902, the plague outbreak continued to worsen. In a 1901 address to both houses of the
2273:
990:"The Forgotten Forefather: Joseph James Kinyoun and the Founding of the National Institutes of Health"
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1919:
568:
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427:
123:
1815:
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634:'s presence would deeply damage the city's and state's economy. Supportive newspapers, such as the
620:
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43:
1371:
When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America And the Fears They Have Unleashed
1314:
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2414:
2149:
2060:
1571:
Trauner, Joan B. (Spring 1978). "The Chinese as Medical Scapegoats in San Francisco, 1870–1905".
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887:. Origins of the National Institutes of Health. U.S. National Library of Medicine. May 8, 1987.
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556:
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715:, Gage accused federal authorities, particularly Kinyoun, of injecting plague bacteria into
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instructed Kinyoun to place Chinatown under a second quarantine, as well as blocking all
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Marine Hospital Service, United States; Public Health Service, United States (1901).
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30:
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The Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from March 1897 to March 1899
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1754:. Vol. 30. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office. 1899. p. 1549
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1369:
1210:
1092:"Changes in the U. S. Marine-Hospital Service for the week ended August 10, 1899"
807:
231:
1707:
Morens, David M.; Harden, Victoria A.; Houts, Joseph Kinyoun; Fauci, Anthony S.
1544:
Morens, David M.; Harden, Victoria A.; Houts, Joseph Kinyoun; Fauci, Anthony S.
1064:
Morens, David M.; Harden, Victoria A.; Houts, Joseph Kinyoun; Fauci, Anthony S.
914:. Vol. 17, no. 3. International Society for Heart Research. p. 7.
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1426:
Gassaway, James M. (March 14, 1900). "A case of plague in San Francisco, Cal".
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Wherever it came from, the disease was soon established in the cramped Chinese
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His career was nearly ended by his insistence, while serving as head of the
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1794:
1637:"Public Health Politics and the San Francisco Plague Epidemic of 1900–1904"
1146:
1031:
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In 1899, Kinyoun was decorated "in recognition of scientific services," by
671:
501:
258:
1005:
659:
598:'s experimental plague vaccine. Two other doctors appear to be developing
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2688:
2599:
2593:
779:
675:
652:, echoed and elaborated on Gage's denials, attacking Kinyoun personally.
451:
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on January 30, 1900, with 3 deaths out of 17 cases of confirmed plague.
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2211:
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in San Francisco, on taking vigorous measures to contain the spread of
1955:
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
1584:
831:
775:
410:
1734:
1396:
1329:
1821:. Chronology of NIH Directors. National Institutes of Health (NIH).
716:
1455:
Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894-1901
484:
the four main epidemic diseases that the laboratory investigated.
447:
235:
1980:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1970:
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
1667:
926:"Kinyoun, John H. (1825-1903), Account Books, 1859-1898 (C3863)"
487:
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1474:
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The Barbary Plague: The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco
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on their heads from the oversized inoculations. Federal judge
1898:
2005:
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
845:' Joseph J. Kinyoun Memorial Lecture is named in his honor.
667:
The clash between Gage and federal authorities intensified.
240:
Founder and first director of the U.S. Laboratory of Hygiene
1960:
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
1471:
735:
After leaving government service, Kinyoun went to work for
599:
426:
Joseph James "Joe" Kinyoun was born November 25, 1860, in
1674:(1 ed.), Sacramento: Superintendent State Printing,
905:"The National Institutes of Health and Joseph J. Kinyoun"
2051:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
1965:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
743:), then as a professor of bacteriology and pathology at
2010:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1715:. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
1608:
Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
1599:
1552:. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
1072:. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
3153:
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
2233:
National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award
1975:
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
778:
bacteria. It was a variation of a method developed by
1950:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1128:"A History of Plague in the United States of America"
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1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
843:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
2056:
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
1791:
Founder of NIH Laboratory of Hygiene, Medical Doctor
626:
California Governor Henry Gage, a close ally of the
471:
On October 4, 1886, Kinyoun began his career in the
2305:
Presidents of the American Society for Microbiology
1990:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
758:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
450:. Then he was a visiting scientist in Europe under
1945:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
1810:PBS American Experience: Plague at the Golden Gate
1713:Dr. Joseph Kinyoun The Indispensable Forgotten Man
1706:
1550:Dr. Joseph Kinyoun The Indispensable Forgotten Man
1543:
1522:
1175:
1070:Dr. Joseph Kinyoun The Indispensable Forgotten Man
1063:
1038:
988:Morens, David M.; Fauci, Anthony S. (2012-08-31).
466:
3114:
1825:
1702:
1700:
1642:. Mark Skubik, San Jose State University. 2002.
1452:
1446:
551:In January 1900, the four-masted steamship S.S.
1484:Chase 2003, pp. 70, 72, 79–81, 85, 115, 119–122
1401:The Journal of the American Medical Association
941:
3163:Directors of the National Institutes of Health
1995:National Institute of General Medical Sciences
2289:
2066:National Institutes of Health Clinical Center
1884:
1697:
1631:
1629:
1627:
2082:Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health
488:San Francisco Quarantine station (1899–1901)
1334:Journal of the American Medical Association
1227:Journal of the American Medical Association
987:
931:. The State Historical Society of Missouri.
3173:Benjamin Harrison administration personnel
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2282:
1891:
1877:
1624:
1394:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1121:
1119:
1117:
822:held at the National Library of Medicine.
29:
1930:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
1668:California State Board of Health (1901),
1457:. Sacramento: New York University Press.
1021:
898:
896:
894:
686:, one known to have severe side effects.
1935:National Human Genome Research Institute
1425:
1361:
1182:. Random House Digital. pp. 13–28.
784:
739:in Glenolden, Pennsylvania (now part of
658:
585:
1570:
1352:
1327:
1160:
1114:
942:Joseph K. Houts, Jr (15 October 2021).
3115:
2243:National Center for Research Resources
2015:National Institute of Nursing Research
1367:
1307:"Bubonic Plague at San Francisco, Cal"
968:
891:
3138:People from East Bend, North Carolina
2277:
1872:
1610:. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Press.
1605:
1493:
1330:"The Bubonic Plague in San Francisco"
1173:
56:August 1887 – April 30, 1899
2248:National Institutes of Health Police
2228:National Institutes of Health campus
2046:John E. Fogarty International Center
1735:"Joseph J. Kinyoun Papers 1899-1939"
1125:
902:
2253:Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
2218:United States Public Health Service
2092:National Diabetes Education Program
2000:National Institute of Mental Health
1777:Works by or about Joseph J. Kinyoun
1313:. U.S. Government Printing Office:
13:
3168:Cleveland administration personnel
1649:from the original on March 4, 2016
885:"Birth of the Hygienic Laboratory"
762:Association of American Physicians
14:
3194:
3183:McKinley administration personnel
3178:Marine Hospital Service personnel
3133:People from Johnson County, Texas
2036:Center for Information Technology
1826:Luiggi, Cristina (June 4, 2011).
1770:
1606:Risse, Guenter (March 14, 2012).
1413:10.1001/jama.1900.24620280022001f
1346:10.1001/jama.1900.24610200021001g
754:American Society for Microbiology
518:San Francisco plague of 1900–1904
400:American Society for Microbiology
230:Discovered a bacterium strain of
3158:20th-century American physicians
1985:National Institute on Drug Abuse
1496:Journal of Communication Inquiry
1395:Montgomery, Douglass W. (1900).
1245:from the original on May 7, 2016
1239:10.1001/jama.1901.52470150038003
1223:"On The Plague in San Francisco"
1096:The Philadelphia Medical Journal
797:
304:
2223:Division of Intramural Research
1741:
1737:. National Library of Medicine.
1727:
1688:
1678:from the original on 2016-05-04
1661:
1564:
1487:
1419:
1388:
1321:
1298:
1287:from the original on 2016-06-09
1257:
1215:
1196:
969:Luiggi, Cristina (2011-05-28).
726:
467:Hygienic Laboratory (1887–1896)
1084:
981:
962:
935:
918:
877:
825:
454:. He was awarded a Ph.D. from
1:
2820:Aaron Frederick Rasmussen Jr.
2266:indicate acting officeholders
1901:National Institutes of Health
1397:"The Plague in San Francisco"
1271:Philadelphia Medical Journal.
870:
421:
374:National Institutes of Health
181:Joseph J. Kinyoun burial site
2779:Robert George Everitt Murray
2588:Rebecca Craighill Lancefield
2397:Charles-Edward Amory Winslow
2041:Center for Scientific Review
2020:National Library of Medicine
1816:"Joseph James Kinyoun, M.D."
1328:Kellogg, Wilfred H. (1900).
1233:(15): 1042. April 13, 1901.
865:List of Liberty ships (Je–L)
745:George Washington University
721:California State Legislature
713:California State Legislature
416:
402:. In 1915, he developed the
396:George Washington University
277:George Washington University
7:
1940:National Institute on Aging
848:
804:Council of National Defense
771:stain, a procedure used to
617:temporary restraining order
575:, including Chief Kinyoun.
406:stain, a procedure used to
10:
3199:
1508:10.1177/019685999501900106
767:In 1915, he developed the
523:A Japanese ship, the S.S.
2961:
2800:
2665:Cornelis Bernard van Niel
2639:
2478:
2319:William Thompson Sedgwick
2311:
2261:
2203:
2105:
2074:
2028:
1920:National Cancer Institute
1912:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1453:Echenberg, Myron (2007).
1102:(8): 333. August 19, 1899
903:Bing, Richard J. (2010).
628:Southern Pacific Railroad
542:Port Townsend, Washington
500:In 1899, Surgeon General
461:
440:St. Louis Medical College
428:East Bend, North Carolina
363:
359:
343:
333:
317:
299:
294:
290:
286:
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268:
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223:
213:
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193:
145:
129:
124:East Bend, North Carolina
110:
105:
101:
89:
60:
49:
41:
37:
28:
21:
3148:American bacteriologists
3143:American microbiologists
2564:Arthur Trautwein Henrici
2445:Francis Charles Harrison
2238:NIH Public Access Policy
1374:. Random House Digital.
1277:Occidental Medical Times
1126:Link, Vernon B. (1955).
444:Bellevue Medical College
438:Kinyoun was educated at
218:Bellevue Medical College
44:U.S. Hygienic Laboratory
42:1st Director of the
2880:Barbara Hotham Iglewski
2624:William McDowell Hammon
2528:William Mansfield Clark
2415:Thomas Jonathan Burrill
2403:Charles Edward Marshall
2150:James Augustine Shannon
2061:Vaccine Research Center
1368:Markel, Howard (2005).
1174:Chase, Marilyn (2004).
1135:Public Health Monograph
494:bubonic plague epidemic
473:Marine Hospital Service
381:Marine Hospital Service
324:Marine Hospital Service
273:Marine Hospital Service
170:38.750500°N 93.844083°W
3011:Clifford Wayne Houston
2898:Joan Wennstrom Bennett
2856:Robert Pierce Williams
2844:Frederick C. Neidhardt
2814:Harlyn Odell Halvorson
2808:Helen Riaboff Whiteley
2647:Walter James Nungester
2582:Selman Abraham Waksman
2463:Arthur Parker Hitchens
2409:David Hendricks Bergey
2145:William H. Sebrell, Jr
1925:National Eye Institute
1787:"Joseph James Kinyoun"
836:Order of the Liberator
790:
664:
607:
2826:Edwin Herman Lennette
2767:Robert Edward Hungate
2755:Dennis Wallace Watson
2749:Salvador Edward Luria
2737:Riley Dee Housewright
2695:Philip Rarick Edwards
2677:Charles Arthur Stuart
2671:Halvor Orin Halvorson
2576:Oswald Theodore Avery
2534:Milton Joseph Rosenau
2498:Alice Catherine Evans
2469:Norman MacLeod Harris
2457:Edwin George Hastings
2439:Charles Krumwiede Jr.
2427:Robert Earle Buchanan
2421:Leo Frederick Rettger
2385:Frederic Poole Gorham
2343:Frederick George Novy
2165:Donald S. Fredrickson
2087:Visible Human Project
1428:Public Health Reports
1066:"The Year of the Rat"
1006:10.1128/mBio.00139-12
855:Biologics Control Act
834:as an Officer of the
788:
737:H. K. Mulford Company
662:
589:
583:the plague bacteria.
557:Port of San Francisco
456:Georgetown University
334:Years of service
175:38.750500; -93.844083
2999:Stanley Robert Maloy
2904:Richard Lane Crowell
2886:Alice Shih-Hou Huang
2850:John Charles Sherris
2773:Morris Frank Shaffer
2761:Edwin Michael Foster
2743:William Bowen Sarles
2719:Robert Lyman Starkey
2701:Charles Albert Evans
2683:Perry William Wilson
2552:James Morgan Sherman
2546:Thomas Milton Rivers
2540:Karl Friedrich Meyer
2510:Stanhope Bayne-Jones
2492:Robert Stanley Breed
2433:Samuel Cate Prescott
2391:William Hallock Park
2373:Joseph James Kinyoun
2331:Herbert William Conn
1546:"Life After the MHS"
912:Heart News and Views
789:Kinyoun's microscope
669:U.S. Surgeon General
613:Fourteenth Amendment
506:lieutenant commander
370:Joseph James Kinyoun
2785:Linzy Leon Campbell
2558:Paul Franklin Clark
2367:Harry Luman Russell
2325:William Henry Welch
2170:James B. Wyngaarden
1851:Hygienic Laboratory
1838:Government offices
1828:"One-Man NIH, 1887"
1797:. February 14, 2009
971:"One-Man NIH, 1887"
555:laid anchor in the
442:and graduated from
165: /
149:Centerview Cemetery
2975:Abigail A. Salyers
2922:David Schlessinger
2868:Moselio Schaechter
2862:Rita Rossi Colwell
2612:Thomas Francis Jr.
2516:James Howard Brown
2451:Lore Alford Rogers
2379:Veranus Alva Moore
2349:Edwin Oakes Jordan
2195:Monica Bertagnolli
1573:California History
1267:American Medicine,
1209:2016-05-11 at the
791:
665:
608:
432:Post Oak, Missouri
385:the bubonic plague
328:United States Army
16:American physician
3110:
3109:
3053:Jeffery F. Miller
3041:Jeffery F. Miller
3017:Alison D. O'Brien
2725:John Roger Porter
2713:John Edward Blair
2355:Erwin Frink Smith
2271:
2270:
2155:Robert Q. Marston
2135:Lewis R. Thompson
2120:Milton J. Rosenau
2115:Joseph J. Kinyoun
1867:
1866:
1861:Milton J. Rosenau
1858:Succeeded by
1617:978-1-4214-0510-0
1464:978-0-8147-2232-9
1358:Shah 2001, p. 120
1340:(20): 1235–1237.
1283:: 171–179. 1901.
684:Waldemar Haffkine
604:William W. Morrow
596:Waldemar Haffkine
592:political cartoon
573:San Francisco Bay
529:San Francisco Bay
367:
366:
295:Uniformed service
249:Scientific career
133:February 14, 1919
121:November 25, 1860
96:Milton J. Rosenau
73:Benjamin Harrison
23:Joseph J. Kinyoun
3190:
3005:Diane E. Griffin
2934:Kenneth I. Berns
2791:Philipp Gerhardt
2659:Gail Monroe Dack
2618:Harold Joel Conn
2522:Edwin Broun Fred
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2180:Harold E. Varmus
2125:John F. Anderson
2097:BRAIN Initiative
1893:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1849:Director of the
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:. The Scientist.
1822:
1806:
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1781:Internet Archive
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1149:. Archived from
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1000:(4): e00139–12.
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699:Washington, D.C.
695:William McKinley
514:Henry Tifft Gage
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106:Personal details
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81:William McKinley
77:Grover Cleveland
68:Grover Cleveland
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3059:Timothy Donohue
3035:David C. Hooper
2987:Thomas E. Shenk
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2796:
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2190:Francis Collins
2175:Bernadine Healy
2130:George W. McCoy
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1819:The NIH Almanac
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1709:"End of an Era"
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1434:(11): 577–578.
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808:First World War
800:
741:Merck & Co.
729:
490:
477:Surgeon General
469:
464:
424:
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351:
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305:
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232:Vibrio cholerae
214:Alma mater
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3080:
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3071:Susan E. Sharp
3068:
3062:
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3055:(Mar-Dec 2014)
3050:
3049:(Jan-Feb 2014)
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1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
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1911:
1906:
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1894:
1889:
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1758:September 10,
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860:Kinyoun stain
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263:Public health
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234:which causes
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146:Resting place
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59:
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48:
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32:
27:
20:
3077:Peggy Cotter
2993:James Tiedje
2981:Ronald Atlas
2962:2001–present
2916:Gail Cassell
2731:Orville Wyss
2570:Charles Thom
2486:Hans Zinsser
2263:
2210:
2160:Robert Stone
2114:
1855:1887 – 1899
1848:
1843:
1818:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:Find a Grave
1790:
1756:. Retrieved
1750:
1743:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1712:
1690:
1680:, retrieved
1670:
1663:
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1607:
1601:
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1576:
1572:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1549:
1499:
1495:
1489:
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1448:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1407:(2): 86–89.
1404:
1400:
1390:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1310:
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1280:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1249:December 26,
1247:. Retrieved
1230:
1226:
1217:
1198:
1177:
1151:the original
1138:
1134:
1104:. Retrieved
1099:
1095:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1069:
997:
993:
983:
974:
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944:
937:
920:
911:
879:
840:
829:
820:
812:
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792:
766:
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734:
730:
727:Later career
710:
707:
703:
692:
688:
672:Walter Wyman
666:
654:
647:
641:
635:
625:
609:
581:
577:
569:Angel Island
561:
552:
550:
546:
537:
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524:
522:
510:
502:Walter Wyman
499:
491:
482:
470:
437:
425:
393:
378:
369:
368:
269:Institutions
259:Bacteriology
248:
160:93°50′38.7″W
157:38°45′01.8″N
135:(1919-02-14)
91:Succeeded by
51:
3128:1919 deaths
3123:1860 births
3083:Robin Patel
2969:Martha Howe
2946:Stuart Levy
2689:Harry Eagle
2600:Stuart Mudd
826:Recognition
806:during the
780:Robert Koch
676:East Asians
540:arrived in
534:J.W. Taylor
525:Nippon Maru
516:during the
452:Robert Koch
194:Nationality
173: /
3117:Categories
2653:René Dubos
2212:NIH Record
2140:Rolla Dyer
1913:Institutes
1844:New office
1682:2015-12-26
1653:August 19,
1291:2015-12-26
871:References
816:diphtheria
538:Nanyo Maru
422:Early life
413:bacteria.
389:Henry Gage
300:Allegiance
179: (
117:1860-11-25
2801:1976–2000
2640:1951–1975
2479:1926–1950
2312:1900–1925
2107:Directors
1719:March 25,
1556:March 25,
1516:145556040
1076:March 25,
1014:2150-7511
832:Venezuela
776:acid-fast
643:Chronicle
621:Chinatown
606:looks on.
553:Australia
458:in 1896.
417:Biography
411:acid-fast
339:1917–1919
337:1886–1902
61:President
52:In office
2075:Programs
1676:archived
1644:Archived
1593:25157817
1440:41455049
1285:Archived
1269:and the
1243:Archived
1207:Archived
1147:14371919
1141:: 1–11.
1032:22736540
849:See also
782:in 1882.
760:and the
717:cadavers
649:Bulletin
646:and the
318:Service/
202:Children
197:American
2264:Italics
2204:Related
2029:Centers
1801:June 4,
1779:at the
1023:3388889
769:Kinyoun
680:vaccine
448:cholera
404:Kinyoun
348:Surgeon
236:cholera
3103:(2022)
3097:(2021)
3091:(2020)
3085:(2019)
3079:(2018)
3073:(2017)
3067:(2016)
3061:(2015)
3043:(2013)
3037:(2012)
3031:(2011)
3025:(2010)
3019:(2009)
3013:(2008)
3007:(2007)
3001:(2006)
2995:(2005)
2989:(2004)
2983:(2003)
2977:(2002)
2971:(2001)
2954:(2000)
2948:(1999)
2942:(1998)
2936:(1997)
2930:(1996)
2924:(1995)
2918:(1994)
2912:(1993)
2906:(1992)
2900:(1991)
2894:(1990)
2888:(1989)
2882:(1988)
2876:(1987)
2870:(1986)
2864:(1985)
2858:(1984)
2852:(1983)
2846:(1982)
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2822:(1978)
2816:(1977)
2810:(1976)
2793:(1975)
2787:(1974)
2781:(1973)
2775:(1972)
2769:(1971)
2763:(1970)
2757:(1969)
2751:(1968)
2745:(1967)
2739:(1966)
2733:(1965)
2727:(1964)
2721:(1963)
2715:(1962)
2709:(1961)
2703:(1960)
2697:(1959)
2691:(1958)
2685:(1957)
2679:(1956)
2673:(1955)
2667:(1954)
2661:(1953)
2655:(1952)
2649:(1951)
2632:(1950)
2626:(1949)
2620:(1948)
2614:(1947)
2608:(1946)
2602:(1945)
2596:(1944)
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2578:(1941)
2572:(1940)
2566:(1939)
2560:(1938)
2554:(1937)
2548:(1936)
2542:(1935)
2536:(1934)
2530:(1933)
2524:(1932)
2518:(1931)
2512:(1930)
2506:(1929)
2500:(1928)
2494:(1927)
2488:(1926)
2471:(1925)
2465:(1924)
2459:(1923)
2453:(1922)
2447:(1921)
2441:(1920)
2435:(1919)
2429:(1918)
2423:(1917)
2417:(1916)
2411:(1915)
2405:(1914)
2399:(1913)
2393:(1912)
2387:(1911)
2381:(1910)
2375:(1909)
2369:(1908)
2363:(1907)
2357:(1906)
2351:(1905)
2345:(1904)
2339:(1903)
2333:(1902)
2327:(1901)
2321:(1900)
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1204:p. 224
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640:, the
600:buboes
564:ghetto
462:Career
320:branch
309:
255:Fields
1899:U.S.
1647:(PDF)
1640:(PDF)
1589:JSTOR
1512:S2CID
1436:JSTOR
1154:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
929:(PDF)
908:(PDF)
773:stain
408:stain
355:(USA)
353:Major
350:(MHS)
1905:list
1803:2013
1760:2023
1721:2023
1655:2007
1612:ISBN
1558:2023
1459:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1251:2015
1184:ISBN
1143:PMID
1108:2023
1078:2023
1028:PMID
1010:ISSN
994:mBio
950:ISBN
841:The
637:Call
344:Rank
130:Died
111:Born
1581:doi
1504:doi
1409:doi
1342:doi
1315:491
1235:doi
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