Hygiene - Knowledge

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household member and who requires a good knowledge of hygiene. People with reduced immunity to infection, who are looked after at home, make up an increasing proportion of the population (as of 2009, up to 20%). The largest proportion are the elderly who have co-morbidities that reduce their immunity to infection. It also includes the very young, patients discharged from hospital, taking immuno-suppressive drugs, or using invasive systems, etc. For patients discharged from hospital, or being treated at home, special "medical hygiene" procedures may need to be performed for them, such as catheter or dressing replacement, which puts them at higher risk of infection.

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and everyday life settings, the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene developed a "risk-based" or targeted approach to home hygiene that seeks to ensure that hygiene measures are focused on the places and times most critical for infection transmission. While targeted hygiene was originally developed as an effective approach to hygiene practice, it also seeks, as far as possible, to sustain "normal" levels of exposure to the microbial flora of our environment to the extent that is important to build a balanced immune system.

682:-producing MRSA strains), and that effectiveness of laundry processes may be an important factor in defining the rate of community spread of these strains. Experience in the United States suggests that these strains are transmissible within families and in community settings such as prisons, schools, and sport teams. Skin-to-skin contact (including unabraded skin) and indirect contact with contaminated objects such as towels, sheets, and sports equipment seem to represent the mode of transmission. 672:-producing strains). The risks are not apparent until, for example, they are admitted to hospital, when they can become "self infected" with their own resistant organisms following a surgical procedure. As persistent nasal, skin, or bowel carriage in the healthy population spreads "silently" across the world, the risks from resistant strains in both hospitals and the community increases. In particular the data indicates that clothing and household linens are a risk factor for spread of 830:. If the product is a disinfectant, the label on the product should say "disinfectant" or "kills" pathogens. Some commercial products, e.g. bleaches, even though they are technically disinfectants, say that they "kill pathogens" but are not actually labelled as "disinfectants". Not all disinfectants kill all types of pathogens. All disinfectants kill bacteria (called bactericidal). Some also kill fungi (fungicidal), bacterial spores (sporicidal), or viruses (virucidal). 652:

makes it difficult to assess the extent of this risk. This also indicates that risks from clothing and household linens are somewhat less than those associated with hands, hand contact and food contact surfaces, and cleaning cloths, but even so these risks need to be managed through effective laundering practices. In the home, this should be carried out as part of a multibarrier approach to hygiene which includes hand, food, respiratory, and other hygiene practices.

1488: 8250: 1112:, but, as of 2014, the evidence for effectiveness of individual recommendations is "limited and inconclusive". Clinicians assess the sleep hygiene of people who present with insomnia and other conditions, such as depression, and offer recommendations based on the assessment. Sleep hygiene recommendations include establishing a regular sleep schedule, using naps with care, not exercising physically or mentally too close to bedtime, and avoiding 478: 578: 883: 727: 60: 2618: 1907:. As the steam accumulates in the upper part of the room a person in charge uses a bough to direct the steam to the bathers who are lying on the ground, with which he later gives them a massage, then the bathers scrub themselves with a small flat river stone and finally the person in charge introduces buckets with water along with soap and grass used to rinse. This bath had also ritual importance, and was tied to the goddess 697:

the variability in test conditions between studies such as wash cycle time, number of rinses, and other factors. The consequent variability in the data (i.e., the reduction in contamination on fabrics) in turn makes it extremely difficult to propose guidelines for laundering with any confidence. As a result, there is significant variability in the recommendations for hygienic laundering given by different agencies.

8274: 944: 157: 8262: 1665:), and bathtubs were made of bronze or timber. Bath beans – a powdery soap mixture of ground beans, cloves, eaglewood, flowers, and even powdered jade – were recorded in the Han Dynasty. Bath beans were considered luxury toiletries, while common people simply used powdered beans without spices mixed in. Luxurious bathhouses built around hot springs were recorded in 690:

as the temperature is increased. Chemical inactivation of microbes by the surfactants and activated oxygen-based bleach used in detergents contributes to the hygiene effectiveness of laundering. Adding hypochlorite bleach in the washing process achieves inactivation of microbes. A number of other factors can contribute including drying and ironing.

3378: 1518:. Point-of-use water quality interventions can reduce diarrheal disease in communities where water quality is poor or in emergency situations where there is a breakdown in water supply. Since water can become contaminated during storage at home (e.g. by contact with contaminated hands or using dirty storage vessels), 5682:...Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period... 1208:

Although there is substantial evidence that some microbial exposures in early childhood can in some way protect against allergies, there is no evidence that humans need exposure to harmful microbes (infection) or that it is necessary to develop a clinical infection. Nor is there evidence that hygiene

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In 2013, the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene reviewed 30 studies of the hygiene effectiveness of laundering at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 70 °C (158 °F), under varying conditions. A key finding was the lack of standardization and control within studies, and

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were constructed in urban areas to serve the public, who typically demanded the infrastructure to maintain personal cleanliness. The complexes usually consisted of large, swimming pool-like baths, smaller cold and hot pools, saunas, and spa-like facilities where people could be depilated, oiled, and

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that the answer lies in more fundamental changes in lifestyles that have led to decreased exposure to certain microbial or other species, such as helminths, that are important for development of immuno-regulatory mechanisms. There is still much uncertainty as to which lifestyle factors are involved.

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facilities. Adherence to regular hygiene practices is often regarded as a socially responsible and respectable behavior, while neglecting proper hygiene can be perceived as unclean or unsanitary, and may be considered socially unacceptable or disrespectful, while also posing a risk to public health.

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About two million people die every year due to diarrheal diseases; most of them are children less than five years of age. The most affected are people in developing countries who live in extreme conditions of poverty, normally peri-urban dwellers or rural inhabitants. Providing access to sufficient

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can result in infection or irritation. The ear canals require less care than other parts of the body because they are sensitive and mostly self-cleaning. There is a slow and orderly migration of the skin lining the ear canal from the eardrum to the outer opening of the ear. Old earwax is constantly

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Medical hygiene pertains to hygiene practices that prevent or minimize disease and the spreading of disease in relation to administering medical care to those who are infected or who are more at risk of infection in the home. Members of "at-risk" groups are cared for at home by a carer who may be a

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work to reduce microbial contamination levels on fabrics. Soil and microbes from fabrics are severed and suspended in the wash water. These are then "washed away" during the rinse and spin cycles. In addition to physical removal, micro-organisms can be killed by thermal inactivation which increases

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Infectious disease risks from contaminated clothing can increase significantly under certain conditions - for example, in healthcare situations in hospitals, care homes, and the domestic setting where someone has diarrhoea, vomiting, or a skin or wound infection. The risk increases in circumstances

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has declined, popular folklore continues to sometimes assert that dirt is healthy and hygiene unnatural. This has caused health professionals to be concerned that hygiene behaviors which are the foundation of public health are being undermined. In response to the need for effective hygiene in home

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Good home hygiene means engaging in hygiene practices at critical points to break the chain of infection. Because the "infectious dose" for some pathogens can be very small (10–100 viable units or even less for some viruses), and infection can result from direct transfer of pathogens from surfaces

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Christian hygiene existed (and still exists) as one small but ever important part of this modernization project. Hygiene provides an incredibly mundane, deeply routinized, marker of Christian civility ...Identifying the rural poor as 'The Great Unwashed,' Haymaker published Christian pamphlets on

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Microbiological and epidemiological data indicates that clothing and household linens are a risk factor for infection transmission in home and everyday life settings as well as institutional settings. The lack of quantitative data linking contaminated clothing to infection in the domestic setting

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hygiene involves practices that prevent disease and its spread via soiled clothing and household linens such as towels. Items most likely to be contaminated with pathogens are those that come into direct contact with the body, e.g., underwear, personal towels, facecloths, nappies. Cloths or other

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Home hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices that prevent or minimize the spread of disease at home and other everyday settings such as social settings, public transport, the workplace, public places, and more. Hygiene in a variety of settings plays an important role in preventing the spread of

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The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian

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Personal hygiene involves those practices performed by a person to care for their bodily health and well-being through cleanliness. Motivations for personal hygiene practice include reduction of personal illness, healing from illness, optimal health and sense of wellbeing, social acceptance, and

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product acts against bacteria in some unspecified way. Some products labelled "antibacterial" kill bacteria while others may contain a concentration of active ingredient that only prevents them from multiplying. It is, therefore, important to check whether the product label states that it "kills

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Thorough cleaning is important to prevent the spread of fungal infections. Molds can live on wall and floor tiles and on shower curtains. Mold can be responsible for infections, cause allergic reactions, deteriorate/damage surfaces, and cause unpleasant odors. Primary sites of fungal growth are

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from toothpaste bond to teeth for its preventative effects against tooth decay. It is also not recommended to brush immediately after drinking acidic substances, including sparkling water. It is also recommended to floss once a day, with a different piece of floss at each flossing session. The

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At present, these components of hygiene tend to be regarded as separate issues, although based on the same underlying microbiological principles. Preventing the spread of diseases means breaking the chain of infection transmission so that infection cannot spread. "Targeted hygiene" is based on

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to prevent harm to consumers. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering industry-to-market practices, food safety considerations include the origins of food including the practices relating to

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House deep-cleaning an intensive cleaning process targeting often-neglected areas, enhancing aesthetics, and improving health by reducing allergens and bacteria. It typically includes tasks like detailed dusting, appliance cleaning, and carpet shampooing, recommended biannually to maintain a

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People tend to develop a routine for attending to their personal hygiene needs. Other personal hygienic practices include covering one's mouth when coughing, disposal of soiled tissues appropriately, making sure toilets are clean, and making sure food handling areas are clean, besides other

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may be applied to cuts, wounds, and abrasions of the skin to prevent the entry of harmful bacteria that can cause sepsis. Day-to-day hygiene practices, other than special medical hygiene procedures, are no different for those at increased risk of infection than for other family members. The

332:(such as potentially infectious bacteria and viruses – colloquially called "germs") are constantly shed via mucous membranes, feces, vomit, skin scales, and other means. When circumstances combine, people are exposed, either directly or via food or water, and can develop an infection. 3788: 308:

infectious diseases. It includes procedures like hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, food and water hygiene, general home hygiene (hygiene of environmental sites and surfaces), care of domestic animals, and home health care (the care of those who are at greater risk of infection).

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in the hours before bedtime. Further recommendations include limiting worry, limiting exposure to light in the hours before sleep, getting out of bed if sleep does not come, not using the bed for anything but sleep, and having a peaceful, comfortable, and dark sleep environment.

5636:... Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christian] who wished to attend the baths ... 1859:

that "Bathing and the custom of washing oneself is so quotidian amongst the Indians, both of cold and hot lands, as is eating, and this is done in fountains and rivers and other water to which they have access, without anything other than pure water..."

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Along with the use of allopathic medicine, greater hygiene was one of the most frequently mobilized markers of the boundary between Christians and other communities of Chhattisgarh... The missionaries had made no secret of preaching 'soap; along with

195:, respiratory hygiene, food hygiene at home, hygiene in the kitchen, hygiene in the bathroom, laundry hygiene,and medical hygiene at home.And also environmental hygiene in the society to prevent all kinds of bacterias from penetrating into our homes. 6962:

Water plays a role in other Christian rituals as well.... In the early days of Christianity, two to three centuries after Christ, the lavabo (Latin for "I wash myself"), a ritual handwashing vessel and bowl, was introduced as part of Church

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could reduce diarrhea by almost fifty percent and respiratory infections by nearly twenty-five percent Hand washing with soap also reduces the incidence of skin diseases, and eye infections like trachoma and intestinal worms, especially

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monasteries (popular centers for resorting and retiring) were always equipped with bathhouses. These baths were also used ritually when the monks took full immersion baths at the two Christian festivals of renewal. The rules of the

1358:. The occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food is known as a food-borne disease outbreak. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potential 659:

Hygiene measures, including laundry hygiene, are an important part of reducing spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of infectious organisms. In the community, otherwise-healthy people can become persistent skin carriers of

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to heat the bathhouse, which he had never seen before in Europe. Coal was so plentiful that Chinese people of every social class had bathrooms in their houses, and people took showers every day in the winter for enjoyment.

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systems for foods. In considering market-to-consumer practices, the usual thought is that food ought to be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of the food for the consumer. Food safety,

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government. Industrially-manufactured bar soaps became available in the late 18th century, as advertising campaigns in Europe and America promoted popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health.

411:, dirt, grease, and other harmful or unwanted substances stuck to the hands. Drying of the washed hands is part of the process as wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated. If soap and water are unavailable, 1107:

Sleep hygiene is the recommended behavioral and environmental practices that promote better quality sleep. These recommendations were developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate

1677:), public bathhouses became popular and people could find them readily. Bathing became an essential part of social life and recreation. Bathhouses often provided massage, nail cutting service, rubdown service, 323:

The main sources of infection in the home are people (who are carriers or are infected), foods (particularly raw foods), water, pets, and domestic animals. Sites that accumulate stagnant water – such as sinks,

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The terms cleanliness and hygiene are often used interchangeably, which can cause confusion. In general, hygiene refers to practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms. Cleaning processes (e.g.,

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and hand wash facilities is important to prevent odors and make them socially acceptable. Social acceptance is an important part of encouraging people to use toilets and wash their hands, in situations where

4188: 966:, washing scalp hair, keeping hair short or removing hair, wearing clean clothing, brushing teeth, and trimming fingernails and toenails. Some practices are gender-specific, such as by a woman during her 6846:

Cleanliness and Godliness: These examples indicate that real cleanliness was becoming the preserve of Europeans, and, it has to be added, of Christianity. Soap became an attribute of God — or rather the

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bathhouse had slabbed floors and brick domed ceilings. A huge boiler would be installed in the back of the house, connected with the bathing pool through a tunnel. Water could be pumped into the pool by

1439:, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations". Due to their close linkages, water, sanitation, hygiene are together abbreviated and funded under the term 1020:

extends personal hygiene as it pertains to the maintenance of a good personal and public appearance, which need not necessarily be hygienic. It may involve, for example, using deodorants or perfume,

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Cities regulated public bathing – the 26 public baths of Paris in the late 13th century were strictly overseen by the civil authorities and guild laws banned prostitutes from bathhouse admission.

433:(WHO) recommends washing hands for at least 20 seconds before and after certain activities. These include the five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce 2127: 328:, waste pipes, cleaning tools, and face cloths – readily support microbial growth and can become secondary reservoirs of infection, though species are mostly those that threaten "at risk" groups. 4474: 4445: 2185:

Bathing and grooming were regarded with suspicion by moralists, however, because they unveiled the attractiveness of the body. Bathing was said to be a prelude to sin, and in the penitential of

1574: 1467:. Other hygiene practices, such as safe disposal of waste, surface hygiene, and care of domestic animals, are important in low income communities to break the chain of infection transmission. 3352: 343:. Utilities such as toilets and wash basins were invented to deal safely with human waste but still have risks associated with them. Safe disposal of human waste is a fundamental need; poor 2253:

Until the late 19th century, only the elite in Western cities typically possessed indoor facilities for relieving bodily functions. The poorer majority used communal facilities built above

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refers to maintaining the body's cleanliness. Hygiene activities can be grouped into the following: home and everyday hygiene, personal hygiene, medical hygiene, sleep hygiene, and

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A major contribution of the Christian missionaries was better health care of the people through hygiene. Soap, tooth-powder and brushes came to be used increasingly in urban areas.

1636:, recommends that people take a hot shower every five days, and wash their hair every three days. It was also considered good manners to take a bath provided by the host before a 1047:

being transported from the deeper areas of the ear canal out to the opening where it usually dries, flakes, and falls out. Attempts to clean the ear canals through the removal of

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In 14th century Tuscany, newlywed couples commonly took a bath together and we find an illustration of this custom in a fresco in the town hall of San Gimignano. As evident in

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Many people equate hygiene with "cleanliness", but hygiene is a broad term. It includes such personal habit choices as how frequently to take a shower or bath, wash hands, trim

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quantities of safe water and facilities for a sanitary disposal of excreta, and introducing sound hygiene behaviors are important in order to reduce the burden of disease.

3617:"The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including hand washing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers" 1775:

is a system of medicine developed in ancient times that is still practiced in India, mostly combined with conventional Western medicine. Contemporary Ayurveda stresses a

5713:...but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body"... 4052:"Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: A position paper" 1966:-fed flow. Bathing outside of urban centers involved smaller, less elaborate bathing facilities, or simply the use of clean bodies of water. Roman cities also had large 2269:

of water. Though it took decades for his findings to gain wide acceptance, governments and sanitary reformers were eventually convinced of the health benefits of using

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combined flocculation/disinfection systems — available as sachets of powder that act by coagulating and flocculating sediments in water followed by release of chlorine

1733:), houses of prominent families, such as the families of court nobles or samurai, had baths. The bath had lost its religious significance and instead became leisure. 1974:, into which public and private latrines drained. Romans did not have demand-flush toilets but did have some toilets with a continuous flow of water under them. The 7100: 4102: 3948: 1901:) that heats a small portion of the room's wall made of volcanic rocks; after this wall has been heated, water is poured on it to produce steam, an action known as 8543: 4646: 1541:

UV irradiation — Community or household UV systems may be batch or flow-though. The lamps can be suspended above the water channel or submerged in the water flow.

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remains a significant problem in developing and in developed countries; even in the European region it is estimated that 120 million people do not have access to

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inanimate surfaces, including carpets and soft furnishings. Airborne fungi are usually associated with damp conditions, poor ventilation, or closed air systems.

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the Gospel of Christ was central to the 'missionary' aspect of missionary nursing, the gospel of soap and water was central to 'nursing' aspect of their works.

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has been used to define substances that both clean and disinfect. More recently this term has been applied to alcohol-based products that disinfect the hands (

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Luby S, Agboatalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimmer W, Atref A, Hoekstra RM (2005). "Effect of hand-washing on child health: a randomized control trial".

2490:(1025), the most authoritative medical textbook of the Middle Ages. He mentioned that people can transmit disease to others by breath, noted contagion with 1669:. While royal bathhouses and bathrooms were common among ancient Chinese nobles and commoners, public bathhouses were a relatively late development. In the 8312: 5266: 5127:

Luby S, Agboatwalla M, Schnell BM, Hoekstra RM, Rahbar MH, Keswick BH (2002). "The effect of antibacterial soap on impetigo incidence, Karachi, Pakistan".

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via hands or food to the mouth, nasal mucous, or the eye, "hygienic cleaning" procedures should be adopted to eliminate pathogens from critical surfaces.

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Rutherdale M (2006). "Ordering the Bath: Children, Health, and Hygiene in Northern Canadian Communities, 1900–1970". In Warsh CK, Strong-Boag V (eds.).

4877: 4719:"99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis" 4482: 8055: 7104: 6515:"99 Zulu Indigenous Practices in Water and Sanitation: Preliminary Field Research on Indigenous Practices in Water and Sanitation Conducted at Ulundi" 4337: 8045: 6454: 1745:(to bathe in a shallow wooden tub). In the 17th century, the first European visitors to Japan recorded the habit of daily baths in mixed sex groups. 312:

identifying the routes of pathogen spread in the home and introducing hygiene practices at critical times to break the chain of infection. It uses a

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through hygiene and introducing and distributing soap, and "cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian".

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Most of these practices were developed in the 19th century and were well-established by the mid-20th century. Some procedures (such as disposal of

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It is recommended that all healthy adults brush twice a day, softly, with the correct technique, replacing their toothbrush every few months (~3).

597:. To be effective as a hygiene measure, this process must be followed by thorough rinsing under running water to remove pathogens from the surface. 5189:"Guidelines for the prevention of infection and cross-infection in the domestic environment: focus on home hygiene issues in developing countries" 4036: 335:

The main "highways" for the spread of pathogens in the home are the hands, hand and food contact surfaces, and cleaning cloths and utensils (e.g.

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and hygiene, gave advice and warnings about how contagion can contaminate water, food, and garments, and could spread through the water supply.

9865: 6087: 2544:. He also promoted morning and evening baths, and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented a type of 558:

formation can occur during flushing, particularly when someone has diarrhea. Pathogens can survive in the scum or scale left behind on baths,

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fabric items used during food preparation, or for cleaning the toilet or cleaning up material such as feces or vomit are a particular risk.

9419: 8536: 5291: 4107:(MRSA), Clostridium difficile and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in the home and community: assessing the problem, controlling the spread" 1137:

Personal care services hygiene pertains to the care and use of instruments used in the administration of personal care services to people:

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In some cases, combined pathogen removal with kill is used, e.g., laundering of clothing and household linens such as towels and bed linen.

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Household water treatment and safe storage ensure drinking water is safe for consumption. These interventions are part of the approach of

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health and hygiene,... of personal hygiene' (filled with soap, toothpaste, and floss), attempt to shape Christian Outreach and Ethnicity.

6677: 2494:, and discussed the transmission of disease through water and dirt. The concept of invisible contagion was eventually widely accepted by 661: 7109: 6875:

In this way, Western forms of hygiene, health care and child rearing became an important part of creating the modern Christian in Korea.

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prevention of spread of illness to others. What is considered proper personal hygiene can be culture-specific and may change over time.

10360: 8095: 7095: 7016: 5174: 4213: 3413:"The chain of infection transmission in the home and everyday life settings, and the role of hygiene in reducing the risk of infection" 423:

in water can be used as long as hands are not visibly excessively dirty or greasy. Hand hygiene is central to preventing the spread of

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Modern sanitation was not widely adopted until the 19th and 20th centuries. According to medieval historian Lynn Thorndike, people in

6976: 5203: 7035: 4976:"Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4262: 2552:. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not known, but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste." 2316:, the English "founder of modern nursing". At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called 1855:

Bathing was not restricted to the elite, but was practiced by all people; the chronicler Tomás López Medel wrote after a journey to

231:. In medicine and everyday life, hygiene practices are preventive measures that reduce the incidence and spread of germs leading to 8305: 4120: 5811:

Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet... is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.

4015: 10407: 8529: 8128: 8100: 7140: 6488:"Comparative studies on the effect of locally made black soap and conventional medicated soaps on isolated human skin microflora" 1547:

multibarrier methods — Some systems use two or more of the above treatments in combination or in succession to optimize efficacy.

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El baño temascal novohispano, de Moctezuma a Revillagigedo. Reflexiones sobre prácticas de higiene y expresiones de sociabilidad

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for example after leaving the latrine, lavatory, or bathhouse, or before prayer, or after eating a meal, or ritual handwashing.

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to other foods, humans, or animals. Culinary hygiene practices specify safe ways to handle, store, prepare, serve, and eat food.

10200: 10187: 8801: 8557: 8105: 7421: 4163: 3949:"The infection risks associated with clothing and household linens in home and everyday life settings, and the role of laundry" 1587: 1068: 6064:

Bodily and Spiritual Hygiene in Medieval and Early Modern Literature: Explorations of Textual Presentations of Filth and Water

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is a primary cause of diarrhea disease in low-income communities. Respiratory viruses and fungal spores spread via the air.

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Curtis V, Cairncross S (2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community: a systematic review".

1823: 1431:, coupled with hygiene promotion, is essential in reducing infectious diseases. This approach has been integrated into the 1051:

can push debris and foreign material into the ear that the natural movement of ear wax out of the ear would have removed.

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solar disinfection — Solar disinfection is an effective method, especially when no chemical disinfectants are available.

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whose second target states: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end

1283:, especially in an operating room, but in more general health-care settings as well, where diseases can be transmitted 791: 245:

In the manufacturing of food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and other products, good hygiene is a critical component of

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products, such as Tooth Mousse, is in debate. Visits to a dentist for a checkup every year at least are recommended.

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Larson EL, Lin SX, Gomez-Pichardo C (2004). "Predictors of infectious disease symptoms in inner city households".

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State of the World's Hand Hygiene: A global call to action to make hand hygiene a priority in policy and practice

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By the 15th century, the manufacture of soap in Christendom had become virtually industrialized, with sources in

2293: 679: 4498:"Is there a place for Tooth Mousse® in the prevention and treatment of early dental caries? A systematic review" 4390: 1213:. If this is the case, there is no conflict between the goals of preventing infection and minimizing allergies. 10345: 10036: 9634: 9353: 9331: 8762: 8266: 8085: 8035: 7847: 7744: 7505: 7406: 7319: 5603: 3323: 1658: 1647:

Ancient bath facilities have been found in ancient Chinese cities, such as Dongzhouyang archaeological site in

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difference is that, if hygiene practices are not correctly carried out, the risk of infection is much greater.

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Maillard JY, Bloomfield SF, Courvalin P, Essack SY, Gandra S, Gerba CP, Rubino JR, Scott EA (September 2020).

202:, and wash clothes. It also includes attention to keeping surfaces in the home and workplace clean, including 10004: 8702: 8336: 8278: 7918: 7689: 3173:

WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care

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bacteria". An antibacterial is not necessarily anti-fungal or anti-viral unless this is stated on the label.

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Cole E (2000). "Allergen control through routine cleaning of pollutant reservoirs in the home environment".

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The earliest written account of elaborate codes of hygiene can be found in several Hindu texts, such as the

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practices. Some cultures do not kiss or shake hands in order to reduce transmission of bacteria by contact.

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is a broad term for a substance that kills, inactivates or otherwise controls living organisms. It includes

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Many religions require or encourage ritual purification via bathing or immersing the hands in water. In

1827: 1644:, bathing became a regular activity, and for government officials bathing was required every five days. 457:), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or 257:) remove infectious microbes as well as dirt and soil, and are thus often the means to achieve hygiene. 11209: 10727: 10515: 9629: 9042: 8782: 8321: 8000: 7925: 7830: 7366: 6373: 5327: 3494: 2949: 2072:

is partly due to Biblical toilet etiquette which encourages washing after all instances of defecation.

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Gender and Mission Encounters in Korea: New Women, Old Ways: Seoul-California Series in Korean Studies

5345: 4189:"Home Hygiene: Prevention of infection at home and in everyday life: a learning and training resource" 2480:

theory dates back to the Persian medicine in the medieval, where it was proposed by Persian physician

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to keep human waste from contaminating the water. This encouraged the widespread adoption of both the

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Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization

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Culinary hygiene (or food hygiene) pertains to practices of food management and cooking that prevent

430: 176: 5037:"Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review" 4663: 4655:"The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health: Summary" 1891:("house"), consists of a room, often in the form of a small dome, with an exterior firebox known as 759: 92: 11359: 11226: 10794: 10402: 10327: 9951: 9813: 9688: 9542: 8657: 8647: 7960: 7659: 7371: 7267: 4408: 2806: 2790: 2391: 2003:

clergy encouraged believers to bath, which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the

1992: 1491: 904: 893: 744: 565: 77: 17: 3726:"Hygiene procedures in the home and their effectiveness: a review of the scientific evidence base" 10138: 10056: 9922: 9452: 9250: 8957: 8895: 8729: 8697: 8500: 8231: 8158: 7990: 6561: 2794: 1519: 1237: 897: 737: 70: 8809: 5302: 11136: 10874: 10660: 10565: 10283: 9725: 9510: 9260: 9133: 8739: 8596: 8586: 8254: 8226: 8005: 7729: 7215: 7126: 6425: 4804: 2868: 2860: 2739: 2410: 2289: 2141:

In the 11th and 12th centuries, bathing was essential to the Western European upper class: the

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Practices that are generally considered proper hygiene include showering or bathing regularly,

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where slavery was in vogue Christianity advocated its end and personal hygiene was encouraged

6540: 6429: 6342: 4933:"Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis" 4780: 3115:"Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis" 2983: 2977: 2486: 2332: 2258: 2019: 2007: 1633: 1209:

measures such as hand washing, food hygiene, etc., are linked to increased susceptibility to

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de la Roncière C (1988). "Tuscan notables on the eve of the Renaissance". In Duby G (ed.).

5430: 4647:"The Hygiene Hypothesis and its Implications for Home Hygiene, Lifestyle and Public Health" 2731: 2530: 2519: 2313: 2266: 1808: 1479:

is still seen as a possible alternative, e.g. in rural areas of some developing countries.

1329: 542:

handles, door and tap handles, work surfaces, and bath and basin surfaces) in the kitchen,

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Washing one's hands, a form of hygiene, is the most effective way to prevent the spread of

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when soap-making became an established industry. Recipes for soap-making are described by

526: 339:

of transmission). Pathogens can also be spread via clothing and household linens, such as

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Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.

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On the other hand, bathing also sparked erotic phantasies, played upon by the writers of

2155: 2069: 420: 161: 6834:. Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. pp. 22–23. 6589:

Bistline RG Jr (1996). "Anionic and Related Lime Soap Dispersants". In Stache HW (ed.).

5774: 5756: 632: 11354: 10829: 10458: 10365: 10294: 9939: 9934: 9843: 9823: 9457: 9300: 9265: 9119: 9085: 8635: 7818: 7401: 7250: 6528: 6459: 6198: 6165: 5535: 5502: 5152: 5115: 5061: 5036: 4957: 4932: 4743: 4718: 4691: 4595: 4570: 4524: 4497: 4300: 4078: 4051: 3990: 3641: 3616: 3547: 3520: 3149: 3114: 2637: 2569: 2328: 2196: 2159: 1938: 1843: 1603: 1424: 1257: 1201: 1195: 1182:. Neglecting bodily hygiene, or the cleanliness of one's environment, may be a sign of 849:). Alcohol hand sanitizers however are not considered to be effective on soiled hands. 834: 367: 8871: 5956:

Braunstein P (1988). "Solitude: eleventh to the thirteenth century". In Duby G (ed.).

5103: 4994: 4915: 4571:"The role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health: A review of empirical evidence" 2839:

also lists a variety of rules concerning proper hygiene after using the bathroom. The

2277:

and the moral imperative that bathrooms should be indoors and as private as possible.

2218:(a late 15th century guide on European baths) and various artistic depictions such as 11170: 11164: 10922: 10915: 10784: 10625: 10483: 10225: 10166: 10026: 9979: 9781: 9283: 8952: 8942: 8932: 8917: 8734: 8717: 8581: 8510: 7980: 7975: 7903: 7852: 7626: 7606: 7594: 7554: 7525: 7493: 7411: 7304: 7272: 7168: 6951: 6931:

cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian

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Developing and promoting hygiene in home and everyday life to meet 21st Century needs

3310:"The global burden of hygiene-related diseases in relation to the home and community" 3285: 3275: 3252: 3242: 3219: 3209: 3186: 3176: 3154: 3095: 3085: 2499: 2402: 2186: 2057: 1583: 1376: 1355: 1321: 1295: 1080:

recommends not rinsing the mouth with water after brushing – only to spit out excess

1017: 784: 686: 246: 117: 48: 11093: 6419: 5119: 4446:"Wait, Before You Brush — Why Brushing your Teeth After Eating Could be Bad for You" 4304: 4263:"Efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer on hands soiled with dirt and cooking oil" 3994: 2438: 2219: 2204: 2189:

we find a full catalogue of the sins that ensued when men and women bathed together.

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when coughing and sneezing reduces the spread of pathogens particularly during the

37: 4319: 3521:"The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence" 2433:(baths). Bathing establishments in various cities were rated by Arabic writers in 506:

Carry tissues and use them to catch coughs and sneezes, or sneeze into your elbow.

11291: 11004: 10938: 10859: 10288: 10088: 10083: 9927: 9875: 9683: 9660: 9505: 9482: 8866: 8831: 8707: 8652: 8505: 8206: 7908: 7711: 7704: 7639: 7579: 7461: 7451: 7381: 7354: 7339: 7294: 7284: 7235: 6693:

International Encyclopaedia of Tribal Religion: Christianity and tribal religions

6657: 6618: 6555: 6367: 6332: 6301: 6270: 6240: 6113: 5457: 4975: 4769:. Texas DSHS website: Texas Department of State Health Services. 2015. p. 6. 3857: 3537: 3058: 2995: 2989: 2892: 2672: 2576: 2461:

with interconnected networks of sewers. The city of Fustat also had multi-storey

2000: 1856: 1788: 1476: 1444: 1436: 1347: 1346:(or food hygiene) is used as a scientific method/discipline describing handling, 1271: 8836: 6221: 5292:"Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Following Emergencies and Disasters" 5052: 554:

is not high, provided they are properly maintained, although some splashing and

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Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India

5267:"Water quality interventions to prevent diarrhoea: Cost and cost-effectiveness" 4857:"Sustainable Development Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all" 4586: 4068: 3632: 3360:. the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. July 2021. Archived from 3007: 2905: 2659:. In the Middle East, soap was produced from the interaction of fatty oils and 2621: 2454: 2422: 2395: 2117: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2015: 1967: 1963: 1946: 1648: 1515: 1511: 1372: 1325: 1267: 1226:

Medical hygiene pertains to hygiene practices related to the administration of

1113: 846: 621: 412: 278: 199: 44: 6917:

Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the Formation of Naga Political Identity

6181: 5518: 5140: 4514: 3656: 3308:

Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Fara GM, Nath KJ, Scott EA, Van der Voorden C (2009).

3289: 3256: 11343: 11235: 10849: 10834: 10814: 10615: 10600: 10585: 10498: 10493: 10387: 10371: 10310: 9999: 9956: 9915: 9808: 9791: 9749: 9462: 9013: 8982: 8603: 8290: 8201: 8080: 7888: 7862: 7739: 7699: 7664: 7654: 7634: 7376: 7334: 7309: 7257: 7245: 7240: 7149: 6614: 6189: 5825:

Made in Naples: Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)

5526: 4948: 4288: 4244: 3223: 3190: 3130: 3099: 2565: 2458: 2442: 2387: 2317: 2285: 2238: 2004: 1996: 1971: 1758: 1620: 1607: 1401: 1392: 1380: 1291: 1160: 1102: 617: 547: 438: 408: 296: 272: 266: 11177: 11101: 8849: 6746:

Securing the City: Neoliberalism, Space, and Insecurity in Postwar Guatemala

5503:"Adverse drug reaction and concepts of drug safety in Ayurveda: An overview" 4618: 2409:(Iraq) had 65,000 baths, along with a sewer system. Cities and towns of the 1911:; it is also therapeutic when medicinal herbs are used in the water for the 11071: 10907: 10869: 10819: 10789: 10757: 10747: 10742: 10655: 10635: 10555: 10355: 10334: 10305: 10210: 10148: 9910: 9890: 9838: 9786: 9737: 9537: 9487: 9098: 8669: 8452: 8398: 8221: 7649: 7498: 7488: 7466: 7396: 7289: 7203: 6642: 6499: 6207: 5668:

Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion

5544: 5148: 5111: 5070: 5002: 4966: 4923: 4752: 4700: 4604: 4533: 4296: 4087: 4014:. Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2011. Archived from 3986: 3556: 3158: 2876: 2727: 2676: 2588: 2491: 2466: 2446: 2434: 2430: 2383: 2274: 2151: 2147: 2135: 2077: 2065: 2045: 1988: 1975: 1954: 1831: 1776: 1726: 1698: 1686: 1670: 1666: 1625: 1464: 1405: 1363: 1351: 1280: 1060: 995: 979: 973: 967: 963: 959: 948: 842: 823: 613: 551: 539: 491: 387:(or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's 384: 377: 284: 254: 192: 3019: – Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by waters 2425:

along with much greater quantities of water for ritual washing, mainly in

2284:

probably bathed more than people did in the 19th century. Some time after

1852:

as being "...Very neat and cleanly, bathing every day each afternoon...".

693:

Drying laundry on a line in direct sunlight is known to reduce pathogens.

10889: 10779: 10697: 10620: 10570: 10473: 10103: 9905: 9828: 9803: 9552: 9532: 9437: 9397: 9321: 8692: 8687: 8608: 8591: 8216: 7913: 7611: 7520: 7483: 7091: 4974:

Fewtrell L, Kauffman RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM (2005).

3139: 2767: 2719: 2633: 2580: 2561: 2281: 2234: 2163: 2089: 1819: 1784: 1764: 1703: 1678: 1641: 1615: 1343: 1337: 1315: 1149: 1145: 1007: 857: 535: 220: 188: 4279: 4147:"Effectiveness of laundering processes used in domestic (home) settings" 3581: 3474: 2350:, which dates back to the 7th century, has a number of elaborate rules. 1618:

inscriptions describe people washing their hair and body in a bath. The

1525:

Methods for treatment of drinking water at the household level include:

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam

4367:"Oral Hygiene | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research" 3001: 2680: 2549: 2545: 2297: 2101: 2041: 2011: 1754: 1682: 1460: 1428: 1081: 1043: 983: 861: 751: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 709: 446: 344: 6486:

Ikpoh I, Lennox J, Agbo B, Udoekong N, Ekpo I, Iyam S (January 2012).

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Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000

5571: 5202:

Priadi CR, Putri GL, Foster T, Willetts J, Odagiri M (February 2022),

4664:"Too clean, or not too clean: the Hygiene Hypothesis and home hygiene" 1412: 612:. Pathogen kill is achieved using a "micro-biocidal" product, i.e., a 11250: 10996: 10994: 10987: 10985: 10962: 10839: 10672: 10650: 10640: 10595: 10575: 10545: 10535: 10510: 10433: 10382: 10113: 9592: 8625: 8620: 8553: 8459: 8448: 8426: 8360: 7940: 7759: 7329: 7210: 4101:

Bloomfield SF, Cookson BD, Falkiner FR, Griffith C, Cleary V (2006).

3724:

Beumer R, Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Fara GM, Nath KJ, Scott EA (2008).

2943: 2931: 2920: 2759: 2751: 2707: 2656: 2652: 2541: 2477: 2418: 2211: 1780: 1495: 1427:(or low- and middle-income countries), universal access to water and 1397: 1156: 1125: 1003: 827: 594: 442: 424: 329: 11122: 6718:

Healing Henan: Canadian Nurses at the North China Mission, 1888–1947

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conducted methods of sanitation by using water stored in pottery at

882: 726: 577: 477: 59: 11243: 11064: 10972: 10854: 10774: 10732: 10707: 10682: 10630: 10560: 10505: 10468: 10463: 10453: 10448: 10438: 10096: 10011: 9587: 9562: 9515: 9060: 8630: 8573: 8415: 8349: 7806: 7559: 7193: 7163: 6593:. Surfactant science series. Vol. 56. CRC Press. p. 632. 6338: 4338:"Brushing & Flossing: Technique & Choosing Dental Products" 2986: – Process of removing hazardous materials from the human body 2723: 2684: 2617: 2612: 2481: 2462: 2270: 2254: 2178: 2053: 1772: 1404:

are closely related. Unhealthy food creates a cycle of disease and

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and medical care that prevents or minimizes the spread of disease.

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Bloomfield SF, Stanwell-Smith R, Crevel R, Pickup J (April 2006).

4037:"Spread of Antibiotic Resistant Strains in the Home and Community" 4009:"Recommendations for future collaboration between the U.S. and EU" 3606: 11298: 11284: 11217: 11150: 11115: 11043: 10799: 10722: 10692: 10645: 10605: 10530: 10488: 9771: 9024: 8474: 8405: 8370: 5281: 4100: 4049: 3697: 3661: 2699: 2692: 2592: 2505: 2426: 2406: 2336: 2262: 2142: 2121: 2061: 2037: 1958: 1942: 1839: 1253: 1247: 1240:

of infectious persons or materials to prevent spread of infection

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sterilization of instruments used by service providers including

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Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the

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Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences

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Irish LA, Kline CE, Gunn HE, Buysse DJ, Hall MH (October 2014).

3947:

Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Signorelli C, Nath KJ, Scott EA (2011).

3411:

Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Signorelli C, Nath KJ, Scott EA (2012).

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is the practice that a person performs on their anal area after

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Christian Identity and Dalit Religion in Hindu India, 1868–1947

6536: 6051:. Vol. II. Revelations of the Medieval World. p. 232. 5960:. Vol. II. Revelations of the Medieval World. p. 525. 5829:

Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)

5175:"Use of ash and mud for hand-washing in low income communities" 2962:) was the personification of health, cleanliness, and hygiene. 2953: 2854: 2836: 2743: 2715: 2711: 2664: 2600: 2596: 2584: 2537: 2450: 2301: 2109: 1918: 1717: 1637: 1471: 1388: 1384: 1359: 1164: 1048: 1037: 559: 454: 340: 325: 224: 172: 156: 5253:"Household water storage, handling and point-of-use treatment" 5126: 4144: 2398:

after using the toilet, for purity and to minimize pathogens.

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were used in regions where water was considered essential for

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There are a number of common oral hygiene misconceptions. The

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Routine cleaning of hands, food, sites, and surfaces (such as

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Self-supply for safely managed water: To promote or to deter?

4214:"Cleaning and disinfection: Chemical Disinfectants Explained" 3946: 3410: 2992: – Hygiene services for people experiencing homelessness 2957: 2937: 2926: 2914: 2908: 2864: 2832: 2826: 2812: 2763: 2755: 2747: 2688: 2671:, soap was produced using olive oil together with alkali and 2668: 2377: 2369: 2353: 2346:

stresses the importance of cleanliness and personal hygiene.

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monks also played a role in the development and promotion of

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de Boileu E (1993). "Le Livre des Métiers". In Amt E (ed.).

4644: 4475:"The Medical Benefit of Daily Flossing Called Into Question" 3765:"10 Important Bathroom Rules – With Printable Toilet Rules!" 2974: – Location where aquatic life congregate to be cleaned 2300:, hygienic practices came to be regarded as synonymous with 2233:, public bathing continued to be a popular past time in the 11314: 11306: 10764: 10687: 10525: 8790: 8061:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

7867: 6863:. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 83. 5089: 4973: 4781:"Food Safety Definition & Why is Food Safety Important" 4164:"Clothing, household linens, laundry and hygiene Factsheet" 3587: 2818: 2629: 2513: 2470: 2361: 2105: 1982: 1908: 1690: 1440: 1383:

and food and guidelines for the management of governmental

1299: 987: 590: 495: 392: 388: 10238: 4931:

Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL (August 2008).

3864:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–16, 2867:

plays a role in Christian rituals as well, and in certain

608:

Using a process or product that inactivates the pathogens

10884: 6941: 6939: 6535:. The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture. Vol. 4. 5556: 5554: 5201: 4930: 4125:

SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy

3723: 3600: 3487: 3112: 2998: – Hygiene measures that give the illusion of safety 2660: 2242: 2167: 1912: 1902: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1818:

chronicles describe the bathing habits of the peoples of

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reduces the spread of pathogens. The infection risk from

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mandates the washing of the hands and face prior to the

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or other solid materials in order to remove remnants of

6485: 5191:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 2002. 4657:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 2012. 4166:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 2013. 4145:

Bloomfield SF, Exner M, Signorelli C, Scott EA (2013).

4121:"Hanging your clothes under sun OR using laundry dryer" 3964: 3307: 3021:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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disinfection of reusables (i.e., linen, pads, uniforms)

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Jefferson T, Foxlee R, Del Mar C, et al. (2007).

5034: 3512: 3475:"Around home – household hygiene – Hygiene for Health" 2603:

treat skin diseases in regions where water is scarce.

2473:

on each floor carrying waste to underground channels.

1762: 1740: 1734: 1715: 10928: 10905: 5602:. Channel Four Television Corporation. Archived from 5225:"Combating waterborne disease at the household level" 3719: 3717: 3427:"environmental hygiene — European Environment Agency" 2863:

is performed upon waking up and before eating bread.

2675:. Soap was exported from Syria to other parts of the 2469:, which were connected to a water supply system, and 1849:

Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España

1652: 860:

and disinfectants, which combat micro-organisms, and

6803:. North Eastern Hill University Press. p. 151. 6720:. University of British Columbia Press. p. 27. 5994: 5992: 5501:

Ajanal M, Nayak S, Prasad BS, Kadam A (2013-10-23).

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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in backyards and courtyards. This changed after Dr.

1632:) ritual, politics, and culture compiled during the 6950:. University Press of New England. pp. 46–48. 5831:] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. 5250: 4260: 3855: 3206:

Hygiene in food processing: principles and practice

3113:Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL (2008). 2241:also played a prominent role in the development of 1413:

Hygiene aspects in low- and middle-income countries

1189: 84:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7105:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 6492:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research 6397:Menocal MR, Scheindlin RP, Sells MA, eds. (2000). 5692: 5690: 5622:Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective 3856:Saad-Hussein A, Ibrahim KS (2019), Laher I (ed.), 3714: 2859:bath following menstruation and childbirth, while 2162:, encouraged the practice of therapeutic bathing. 605:Hygiene cleaning to improve sanitation in Kampala 5989: 5661: 5659: 5560: 5255:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 5230:. World Health Organization. 2007. Archived from 5177:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 5129:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 4649:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 4645:Stanwell Smith R, Bloomfield SF, Rook GA (2012). 4172:"Laundry treatments at high and low temperatures" 4149:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 4109:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 4039:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 4030: 4028: 3951:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3728:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 3415:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3312:. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 3038: 3036: 2980: – Activities aiming to reduce contamination 2044:were not lost in Europe with the collapse of the 1132: 1031: 656:where someone has reduced immunity to infection. 316:based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( 11341: 4901: 4495: 1294:) were refined in response to late-20th century 1072:Teaching a child how to properly brush the teeth 994:may be either washed with liquids or wiped with 717:Disinfectants and antibacterials in home hygiene 6948:The Hand Book: Surviving in a Germ-Filled World 5797:Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications 5687: 5393:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–91. 3690: 3669: 3649: 2948:), "healthful, sound, salutary, wholesome". In 2936:, "good for the health, healthy", in turn from 1985:(mostly from Egypt), among other alternatives. 1791:. Detoxification also plays an important role. 1362:. In this way, food safety often overlaps with 962:regularly and especially before handling food, 8320: 6046: 6026:Women's Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook 5656: 5172: 4261:Pickering AJ, Davis J, Boehm AB (2011-09-01). 4225:Fraise AP, Maillard J, Sattar S, eds. (2013). 4094: 4025: 3931: 3495:"Show Me the Science – How to Wash Your Hands" 3395: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3079: 3042: 3033: 2679:and to Europe. Two key Islamic innovations in 1529:chemical disinfection using chlorine or iodine 47:. For the community in the United States, see 11320: 11304: 10254: 8903: 8537: 8306: 7134: 6832:Cleanliness and Culture: Indonesian Histories 6659:An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology 6268: 5799:. University of Michigan Press. p. 613. 5790: 5788: 5570:(Thesis) (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from 5246: 5244: 4229:(5th ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 3960: 3958: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3204:Lelieveld H, Holah J, Napper D, eds. (2014). 2778: 2177:intended for the upper class; in the tale of 1962:massaged. Water was constantly changed by an 1864: 1847: 1178:Excessive body hygiene is a possible sign of 453:), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing 6977:"Is the Church of Ethiopia a Judaic Church?" 6299: 5973:The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History 5923:Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou E, Tourta A (1997). 5876: 5624:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315. 5615: 5613: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5388: 4496:Raphael S, Blinkhorn A (25 September 2015). 3588:Centers for Disease Control (2 April 2020). 3518: 2895: 2887:First attested in English in 1676, the word 2687:, described by al-Razi, and the addition of 2181:the bath was a crucial element of the plot. 589:Mechanical removal (i.e., cleaning) using a 562:, and washbasins after washing and bathing. 171:is a set of practices performed to preserve 11256: 11233: 11224: 11215: 8330:Used to refer to daily self-care activities 6780:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 160. 6748:. Duke University Press. pp. 180–181. 6414: 6410: 6408: 5670:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11. 4878:"The global burden of disease: 2004 update" 3657:"WHO: How to handwash? With soap and water" 3324:"Surface Hygiene | HARTMANN SCIENCE CENTER" 3296: 3272:Cosmetic microbiology: a practical approach 3175:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2009. 2695:technology perfected in the Islamic world. 2437:. Medieval Islamic cities such as Baghdad, 2374:(prayers), as well as regularly performing 2018:facilities that were separated by sex near 1215:A consensus is now developing among experts 911:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 514:Hygiene in the kitchen, bathroom and toilet 10361:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues 10261: 10247: 8544: 8530: 8313: 8299: 8096:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7141: 7127: 7096:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6945: 6889:The Forger's Tale: The Search for Odeziaku 5955: 5785: 5701:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. 5641: 5619: 5241: 5219: 5217: 5181: 4034: 3955: 3575:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3340: 3239:Containment in the pharmaceutical industry 2632:with a pleasant smell was invented in the 2405:(8th–13th centuries), its capital city of 1483:Household water treatment and safe storage 1454:Research shows that, if widely practiced, 700: 469:A tippy tap for handwashing after using a 210: 8056:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 8046:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 6891:. Indiana University Press. p. 284. 6527: 6197: 6023: 5696: 5665: 5610: 5534: 5444: 5060: 4956: 4742: 4690: 4594: 4564: 4562: 4549:"How often do you need to see a dentist?" 4523: 4513: 4278: 4077: 4067: 3811: 3640: 3546: 3536: 3274:(Third ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. 3148: 3138: 1629: 1611: 1567: 1140:Personal care hygiene practices include: 976:hold body hygiene and toiletry supplies. 931:Learn how and when to remove this message 811:Learn how and when to remove this message 144:Learn how and when to remove this message 7052: 7033: 7014: 6974: 6588: 6446: 6405: 6390: 5879:Perception and Action in Medieval Europe 5822: 5794: 5484:"Aryan Code of Toilets (2nd Century AD)" 5024:"Health impact of handwashing with soap" 4710: 3899:"Types of Hygiene – Humanitarian Global" 3862:Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World 3830: 2651:), who also gave a recipe for producing 2616: 2327: 2195: 2126: 1933: 1803: 1578:Swedish advert for toiletries, 1905–1906 1573: 1566:Three young women bathing, 440–430 1561: 1486: 1408:that affects infants and adults as well. 1078:National Health Service (NHS) of England 1067: 942: 600: 576: 564: 525: 517: 476: 464: 366: 353: 302: 155: 10408:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths 9618:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract 8791:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene 8101:Health departments in the United States 6452: 6061: 5998: 5900: 5251:Nath KJ, Bloomfield S, Jones M (2006). 5214: 5166: 4870: 4546: 4391:"Are you brushing your teeth too hard?" 4174:. UK health and Safety Executive. 2013. 2606: 2465:buildings (with up to six floors) with 585:Hygienic cleaning can be done through: 509:Dispose of tissues as soon as possible. 260:Other uses of the term are as follows: 14: 11342: 10201:Infectious disease (medical specialty) 10093:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance 8106:Council on Education for Public Health 6914: 6886: 6829: 6775: 6743: 6715: 6690: 6655: 6591:Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry 6163: 6118:Gode Cookery: Tales of the Middle Ages 5970: 5647: 5488:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets 5339: 5337: 5021: 4723:Clinical & Experimental Immunology 4559: 4443: 4001: 3519:Huang C, Ma W, Stack S (August 2012). 2773: 2267:transmitted by the fecal contamination 2027:Hygiene in Christianity § History 1748: 1689:, noted Chinese bathhouses were using 1588:History of water supply and sanitation 1002:to toilet tissue as an alternative to 485: 191:. Home and every day hygiene includes 27:Practices performed to preserve health 10242: 8525: 8294: 8164:Professional degrees of public health 8071:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 7122: 6798: 6695:. Ohio University Press. p. 40. 6613: 6553: 6330: 6238: 6131: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5854: 5650:The Didascalia Apostolorum in English 5455: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 4854: 4056:American Journal of Infection Control 3621:American Journal of Infection Control 3571:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" 3379:"Environmental hygiene in healthcare" 3084:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. 3080:Anderson PL, Lachan JP, eds. (2008). 2555: 2296:and others put this into practice in 2048:. Starting in the early Middle Ages, 1433:Sustainable Development Goal Number 6 872: 9448:Compartmental models in epidemiology 8261: 8154:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 6858: 6365: 6303:Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology 6111: 5881:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61. 5418:"Marco Polo's Descriptions of China" 5369: 4832:"Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation" 4821: 4716: 4317: 3836: 3762: 3269: 3236: 2624:in blocks of 600 g (21 oz) 2599:also utilized mixtures of smoke and 2564:, various ethnic groups such as the 2358:(ritual purity) involves performing 909:adding citations to reliable sources 876: 749:adding citations to reliable sources 720: 427:in home and everyday life settings. 371:Hand hygiene sign in public restroom 82:adding citations to reliable sources 53: 10393:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers 8273: 7422:Workers' right to access the toilet 7263:Human right to water and sanitation 6092:Bill & Melinda Gates foundation 5975:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press. 5925:Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki 5857:The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions 5343: 5334: 4395:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3677:"Hand Hygiene: How, Why & When" 2312:who worked in Vienna, Austria, and 1685:, who traveled to China during the 1233:Medical hygiene practices include: 1186:and other psychological disorders. 867: 685:During laundering, temperature and 24: 6512: 6453:Lebling RW Jr (July–August 2003). 5944: 5754: 5727:"Middle Ages Weddings and Hygiene" 5356: 3208:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Woodhead. 2925:, meaning "(art) of health", from 2875:which prescribes several kinds of 2873:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 2718:. In the 17th century the Spanish 2548:, which he popularized throughout 1953:Regular bathing was a hallmark of 1730: 1722:, ritual purification with water. 1714:The origin of Japanese bathing is 1674: 1221: 639: 25: 11376: 7695:Commercial determinants of health 7148: 7069: 6662:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 5724: 5428: 5391:Science and Civilisation in China 4937:American Journal of Public Health 4671:Clinical and Experimental Allergy 3858:"Health Impact of Airborne Fungi" 3590:"When and How to Wash Your Hands" 3119:American Journal of Public Health 3061:. World Health Organization (WHO) 3010: – cleanliness of the pupils 2112:. Great bathhouses were built in 215:Hygiene is a practice related to 10197:Economics of Infectious Diseases 8272: 8260: 8249: 8248: 7278:National public health institute 7075: 7046: 7027: 7008: 6968: 6908: 6880: 6852: 6823: 6766: 6737: 6709: 6684: 6680:from the original on 2016-05-05. 6649: 6607: 6582: 6547: 6521: 6506: 6479: 6359: 6324: 6293: 6269:Kidd J, Rees R, Tudor R (2000). 6262: 6232: 6214: 6157: 6105: 6080: 6055: 6032: 4735:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04133.x 4683:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02463.x 3979:10.1097/00006199-200405000-00006 2799:Islamic hygienical jurisprudence 2348:Islamic hygienical jurisprudence 2092:larger towns and cities such as 1863:The Mesoamerican bath, known as 1811:from the Loubat collection, 1904 1535:filtration using ceramic filters 1500:polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 1492:Solar water disinfection (SODIS) 1336:This section is an excerpt from 1190:Hygiene hypothesis and allergies 1096: 881: 725: 376:This section is an excerpt from 238:Hygiene practices vary from one 58: 7675:Open-source healthcare software 7417:Sociology of health and illness 6369:Law and Piety in Medieval Islam 6334:Encyclopedia of the Black Death 6017: 5964: 5894: 5845: 5816: 5767: 5748: 5718: 5588: 5494: 5476: 5407: 5382: 5312: 5259: 5195: 5173:Bloomfield SF, Nath KJ (2009). 5080: 5012: 4892: 4797: 4773: 4759: 4635: 4611: 4540: 4489: 4467: 4437: 4419: 4401: 4383: 4359: 4330: 4311: 4254: 4203: 4181: 4153: 4138: 4113: 4043: 3911: 3891: 3849: 3839:Proceedings of Healthy Building 3805: 3781: 3756: 3732: 3563: 3467: 3443: 3419: 3371: 3328:www.hartmann-science-center.com 3316: 2453:(Egypt) also had sophisticated 2304:, as they are in modern times. 1794: 1309: 1200:Although media coverage of the 1054: 736:needs additional citations for 362: 69:needs additional citations for 10346:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues 10206:Infectious disease informatics 10037:Transmission-based precautions 8036:Caribbean Public Health Agency 7848:Sexually transmitted infection 7745:Statistical hypothesis testing 7506:Occupational safety and health 7407:Sexual and reproductive health 7320:Occupational safety and health 6984:Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne 6376:. pp. 106, 114, 189–190. 6143:Global Handwashing Partnership 6088:"Water Sanitation and Hygiene" 5927:. Kapon Editions. p. 87. 5906:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5462:. University of Hawaii Press. 5372:"Ancient Chinese Bath Culture" 4767:Texas Food Establishment Rules 4427:"How to keep your teeth clean" 4415:. American Dental Association. 3870:10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_59-1 3263: 3230: 3197: 3165: 3106: 3082:Hygiene and its role in health 3073: 3051: 2766:, and other places was better 2366:(ablution) for the five daily 2323: 2031: 1799: 1662: 1133:Personal care services hygiene 1032:Hygiene of internal ear canals 13: 1: 9623:Chest/Lower respiratory tract 9398:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane 8759:Behavioral/lifestyle factors 7690:Social determinants of health 7110:Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 6401:. Cambridge University Press. 6164:Majeed A (22 December 2005). 6039: 5561:Noriega Hernández JC (2004). 5104:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66912-7 4995:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8 4916:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6 3383:Government of South Australia 3026: 2869:denominations of Christianity 2645: 2642:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 2523: 2052:situated baths within church 1761:. Bathing is one of the five 1419:Water, sanitation and hygiene 1180:obsessive–compulsive disorder 1173: 1152:, and other service providers 1084:. They claim that this helps 358:Hand washing during pandemic 43:For the social movement, see 10995: 10986: 10963: 9185:Aerosol-generating procedure 8963:Silent/Subclinical infection 8663:Multidrug-resistant bacteria 7750:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 7511:Human factors and ergonomics 6990:(2): 203–216. Archived from 6399:The Literature of Al-Andalus 6166:"How Islam changed medicine" 5761:Lectures in Medieval History 5507:Journal of Young Pharmacists 5389:Golas PJ, Needham J (1999). 5320:"Managing water in the home" 3538:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.019 2944: 2932: 2921: 2882: 2831:is necessary for performing 2738:A major contribution of the 2722:manufacturers purchased the 2484:(also known as Avicenna) in 2248: 2036:Contrary to popular belief, 1929: 1584:Public health § History 624:; or by application of heat. 437:of disease: after using the 7: 11092: 10929: 10906: 10268: 9849:Vaccine-preventable disease 9797:Monoclonal antibody therapy 7931:Good manufacturing practice 7735:Randomized controlled trial 6300:Chant C, Goodman D (2005). 6066:. de Gruyter. p. 535. 5908:, Oxford University Press, 5652:. C.J. Clay. pp. 9–10. 5459:Japan: A View from the Bath 5053:10.1136/BMJ.39393.510347.BE 4479:American Dental Association 4267:Journal of Water and Health 2965: 2853: 2825: 2817: 2512: 2510:("impure substances"). The 2504: 2502:, they referred to them as 2376: 2368: 2360: 2352: 2226: 1991:has always placed a strong 1783:. Hygiene measures include 1763: 1741: 1735: 1716: 1653: 1551:portable water purification 1091:amorphous calcium phosphate 10: 11381: 9990:Respiratory source control 8322:Activities of daily living 8001:Theory of planned behavior 7926:Good agricultural practice 7831:Public health surveillance 7723:epidemiological statistics 7367:Public health intervention 6919:. Routledge. p. 284. 6421:The Golden Age of the Moor 6374:Cambridge University Press 6001:Water: A Spiritual History 5346:"Bathing in Ancient Times" 4983:Lancet Infectious Diseases 4904:Lancet Infectious Diseases 4587:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.001 4069:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.04.011 3812:Australia H (2023-10-31). 3789:"Proper use of the toilet" 3633:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 2958: 2938: 2927: 2915: 2909: 2788: 2782: 2779:Religious hygienic customs 2610: 2288:'s experiments proved the 2237:. In Britain, the rise of 2228: 2024: 1606:can be traced back to the 1581: 1557: 1522:in the home is important. 1416: 1335: 1313: 1193: 1100: 1058: 1042:Excessive cleaning of the 1035: 471:urine-diverting dry toilet 375: 295:, used in connection with 42: 31: 11276: 11194: 11021: 10948: 10898: 10421: 10319: 10276: 10180: 10134:Global Health Initiatives 10124:Evolutionary epidemiology 10072: 9864: 9819:Post-exposure prophylaxis 9755:Antimicrobial stewardship 9713: 9700: 9605: 9496: 9478:Multiplicity of infection 9443:Basic reproduction number 9418: 9390: 9376: 9362: 9346: 9314: 9276: 9219:Percutaneous inoculation 9205: 9167: 9160: 9142: 9074: 9041: 9034: 8998: 8991: 8894: 8781: 8703:Host–pathogen interaction 8678: 8572: 8565: 8488: 8438: 8384: 8335: 8328: 8244: 8179: 8138: 8123:World Toilet Organization 8118:World Health Organization 8025: 8014: 7951: 7876: 7792: 7720: 7685:Public health informatics 7625: 7430: 7392:Right to rest and leisure 7221:Globalization and disease 7156: 7114:World Health Organization 6498:(4): 533–537 – via 6455:"Flight of the Blackbird" 6182:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1486 6049:A History of Private Life 6028:. Routledge. p. 162. 6003:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5958:A History of Private Life 5519:10.1016/j.jyp.2013.10.001 5324:World Health Organization 5299:World Health Organisation 5271:World Health Organization 5141:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.430 4882:World Health Organization 4515:10.1186/s12903-015-0095-6 4218:Home Hygiene & Health 4193:Home Hygiene & Health 3684:World Health Organization 3241:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2845:obligatory Baháʼí prayers 2803:Ritual washing in Judaism 2421:technology that supplied 1924: 1379:, as well as policies on 431:World Health Organization 177:World Health Organization 9952:Protective sequestration 9814:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 9105:Generational difference 8658:Horizontal gene transfer 8648:Antimicrobial resistance 8169:Schools of public health 7961:Diffusion of innovations 7660:Health impact assessment 7372:Public health laboratory 7268:Management of depression 6623:. London: Dent. p. 5859:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61. 4949:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610 4717:Rook G (11 March 2010). 4547:Hammond C (2014-09-26). 4444:Kleist MK (2013-04-01). 3740:"Hygiene in the Kitchen" 3611:, Cookson B, O'Boyle C, 3131:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610 2807:Islamic toilet etiquette 2791:Ablution in Christianity 2572:to treat skin diseases. 2382:(bathing), which led to 2154:contained references to 2088:were common in medieval 1873:, from the Nahuatl word 1828:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 1709: 1651:. Bathrooms were called 1597: 1502:plastic beverage bottles 1286:ethanol-based sanitizers 622:waterless hand sanitizer 530:Hygiene in the bathroom 490:Correct respiratory and 10139:Microbial phylogenetics 10057:Wastewater surveillance 9578:Geographic distribution 9453:Critical community size 9251:Surgical site infection 9099:Iatrogenic/Medical care 9018:Microbial translocation 9014:Endogenous reactivation 9009:Normal flora overgrowth 8958:Opportunistic infection 8730:Opportunistic infection 8501:Personal care assistant 8232:Social hygiene movement 8159:Doctor of Public Health 7991:Social cognitive theory 7793:Infectious and epidemic 7575:Fecal–oral transmission 7059:A Greek-English Lexicon 7040:A Greek-English Lexicon 7021:A Greek-English Lexicon 6562:Oxford University Press 6463:: 24–33. Archived from 6245:, AuthorHouse, p. 5877:Kleinschmidt H (2005). 5041:British Medical Journal 4320:"How to Remove Ear Wax" 4103:"Methicillin resistant 3818:www.healthdirect.gov.au 3525:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 3043:UNICEF and WHO (2021), 2795:Hygiene in Christianity 2730:from the cash-strapped 2386:being built across the 2022:and pilgrimage sites. 1913: 1903: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1779:and good digestion and 1706:attended by the staff. 1681:, food, and beverages. 1592: 1445:development cooperation 1330:transmission of disease 1246:of instruments used in 1159:of instruments used in 847:alcohol hand sanitizers 826:are products that kill 701:Medical hygiene at home 435:fecal-oral transmission 211:Definition and overview 11321: 11305: 11257: 11234: 11225: 11216: 10211:Microbial bioterrorism 9834:efficacy/effectiveness 9242:Surgical intervention 9134:Breakthrough infection 8756:Genetic predisposition 8740:Susceptible individual 8587:Germ theory of disease 8227:Germ theory of disease 8006:Transtheoretical model 6426:Transaction Publishers 6306:. Routledge. pp. 6272:Life in Medieval Times 5370:Awen (30 April 2019). 5326:. 2002. Archived from 5301:. 2005. Archived from 5277:on September 30, 2016. 5273:. 2008. Archived from 5026:. WELL. Archived from 4575:Sleep Medicine Reviews 4195:. 2018. Archived from 4035:Bloomfield SF (2013). 3451:"Environmental health" 2950:ancient Greek religion 2896: 2815:, washing oneself via 2740:Christian missionaries 2625: 2411:medieval Islamic world 2392:Islamic toilet hygiene 2340: 2290:germ theory of disease 2207: 2191: 2138: 2064:as a bodily need. The 2056:and monasteries. Pope 1950: 1917:. It is still used in 1865: 1848: 1812: 1579: 1571: 1512:Drinking water quality 1503: 1456:hand washing with soap 1073: 951: 824:Chemical disinfectants 606: 582: 570: 531: 523: 522:Hygiene in the kitchen 482: 474: 473:in Pumpuentsa, Ecuador 415:that is at least 60% ( 372: 359: 165: 10810:Righteous indignation 10047:Universal precautions 9005:Endogenous overgrowth 8857:Poultry and livestock 8439:Optional-instrumental 8111:Public Health Service 7996:Social norms approach 7986:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 7432:Preventive healthcare 7325:Pharmaceutical policy 7174:Chief Medical Officer 7084:Medical Knowledge app 7053:Liddell HG, Scott R. 7034:Liddell HG, Scott R. 7015:Liddell HG, Scott R. 6275:. Heinemann. p. 6222:"Ṭahāra | Islam" 5775:"Middle Ages Hygiene" 5344:Sun J (1 July 2021). 4409:"Brushing Your Teeth" 4105:Staphylococcus aureus 3270:Geis PA, ed. (2020). 3237:Wood JP, ed. (2020). 2984:Human decontamination 2978:Contamination control 2789:Further information: 2683:was the invention of 2620: 2487:The Canon of Medicine 2333:Ali Gholi Agha hammam 2331: 2199: 2183: 2130: 2025:Further information: 2008:Clement of Alexandria 1937: 1822:during and after the 1807: 1634:Warring States period 1577: 1565: 1520:safe storage of water 1490: 1417:Further information: 1354:in ways that prevent 1071: 946: 604: 580: 569:Hygiene in the toilet 568: 529: 521: 480: 468: 370: 357: 303:Home hygiene overview 159: 10328:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā 10149:Genomic reassortment 10129:Genetic epidemiology 9968:Health communication 9896:Flattening the curve 9886:Disease surveillance 9669:Systemic/Generalized 9433:Animal disease model 8913:Asymptomatic carrier 8187:Sara Josephine Baker 8086:Public Health Agency 7971:Health communication 7836:Disease surveillance 7802:Asymptomatic carrier 7784:Statistical software 7472:Preventive nutrition 7300:Medical anthropology 7189:Environmental health 6975:Pedersen KS (1999). 6946:Z Wahrman M (2016). 5697:Squatriti P (2002). 5666:Thurlkill M (2016). 5431:"Marco Polo's World" 3924:The janitorial store 2607:Soap and soap makers 2536:In the 9th century, 2529:), while discussing 2520:Ibn al-Haj al-Abdari 2415:water supply systems 2314:Florence Nightingale 1995:. Despite rejecting 1809:Codex Magliabechiano 1508:self-supply of water 1425:developing countries 905:improve this section 745:improve this article 678:(including MRSA and 292:occupational hygiene 78:improve this article 34:Industrial hygienist 10398:Theological virtues 10301:Positive psychology 10216:Pandemic prevention 10172:Viral phylodynamics 10153:Re-emerging disease 10042:Travel restrictions 9246:Postoperative wound 9215:Blood-borne disease 9197:Respiratory droplet 9109:Vertical/Congenital 9094:Nosocomial/Hospital 9051:Spillover infection 8465:Emergency responses 8197:Carl Rogers Darnall 8192:Samuel Jay Crumbine 7966:Health belief model 7819:Notifiable diseases 7755:Regression analysis 7590:Waterborne diseases 7179:Cultural competence 6176:(7531): 1486–1487. 5823:Forgione A (2013). 5606:on 4 February 2007. 5596:"Roman bath houses" 4450:Naperville Magazine 4280:10.2166/wh.2011.138 3577:. 11 February 2020. 3059:"Hygiene: Overview" 3017:Waterborne diseases 2785:Ritual purification 2774:Society and culture 2613:Soap § History 2540:invented a type of 2158:, and, inspired by 2156:ritual purification 2070:Christian countries 2014:. The Church built 1993:emphasis on hygiene 1749:Indian subcontinent 1624:, a work regarding 1602:Bathing culture in 1516:safe drinking water 1328:, and minimize the 1248:surgical procedures 486:Respiratory hygiene 425:infectious diseases 314:risk-based approach 175:. According to the 162:infectious diseases 10830:Self-transcendence 10422:Individual virtues 10366:Nine Noble Virtues 10295:Nicomachean Ethics 10162:Selection pressure 9458:Force of infection 9086:Contagious disease 9021:Endogenous seeding 8918:Chain of infection 8842:Injection drug use 8753:Vaccination status 8636:Case fatality rate 8554:infectious disease 7795:disease prevention 7730:Case–control study 7402:Security of person 7251:Health care reform 6830:Taylor JG (2011). 6776:Bauman CM (2008). 6460:Saudi Aramco World 6242:Muslims in America 6062:Classen A (2017). 5999:Bradley I (2012). 5795:E Clark M (2006). 5779:middle-ages.org.uk 5648:Gibson MD (1903). 5435:www.dianewolff.com 4888:on March 24, 2009. 3919:"Hygiene cleaning" 3814:"Personal hygiene" 3047:, New York: UNICEF 2638:Islamic Golden Age 2626: 2556:Sub-Saharan Africa 2396:washing with water 2341: 2208: 2160:Benedict of Nursia 2139: 1955:Roman civilization 1951: 1939:Roman public baths 1842:at the arrival of 1813: 1604:Chinese literature 1580: 1572: 1504: 1377:pesticide residues 1322:food contamination 1202:hygiene hypothesis 1196:Hygiene hypothesis 1074: 952: 873:Regular activities 607: 583: 571: 532: 524: 483: 475: 373: 360: 166: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11332: 10484:Conscientiousness 10351:Epistemic virtues 10236: 10235: 10226:Tropical medicine 10167:Synthetic biology 10068: 10067: 10027:Social distancing 9980:Outbreak response 9601: 9600: 9428:Agent-based model 9414: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9405: 8953:Natural reservoir 8943:Infectious period 8933:Incubation period 8890: 8889: 8846:Natural disaster 8815:Tropical diseases 8798:Biodiversity loss 8735:Risk of infection 8725:Microbiome health 8718:Immunosuppression 8519: 8518: 8511:Care of residents 8470:Safety procedures 8456: 8288: 8287: 8240: 8239: 8150:Higher education 7981:Positive deviance 7976:Health psychology 7952:Health behavioral 7879:safety management 7853:Social distancing 7627:Population health 7607:Smoking cessation 7555:Pharmacovigilance 7526:Injury prevention 7494:Infection control 7412:Social psychology 7362:Prisoners' rights 7305:Medical sociology 7273:Public health law 7169:Biological hazard 6957:978-1-61168-955-6 6926:978-1-317-41398-1 6915:Thomas J (2015). 6898:978-81-7755-050-4 6887:Channa S (2009). 6870:978-0-520-09869-5 6841:978-90-04-25361-2 6810:978-81-250-2812-3 6799:Baral KC (2005). 6787:978-0-8028-6276-1 6755:978-0-8223-4958-7 6744:Thomas K (2011). 6727:978-0-7748-5821-2 6716:Grypma S (2008). 6702:978-0-8214-1709-6 6691:Newell S (2006). 6673:978-0-415-01306-2 6656:McNeil I (1990). 6634:978-0-460-04437-0 6575:978-0-19-981257-8 6439:978-1-56000-581-0 6383:978-1-107-06711-0 6352:978-1-59884-253-1 6331:Byrne JP (2012). 6256:978-1-4259-4243-4 6073:978-3-11-052379-9 6010:978-1-4411-6767-5 5982:978-0-8386-3391-5 5971:Hembry P (1990). 5915:978-0-19-504652-6 5888:978-1-84383-146-4 5866:978-1-4408-6232-8 5838:978-88-6649-039-5 5806:978-0-7216-2597-3 5708:978-0-521-52206-9 5677:978-0-7391-7453-1 5631:978-0-88920-912-1 5469:978-0-8248-1657-5 5422:Facts and Details 5350:theworldofchinese 5022:Ensink J (2006). 4861:Our World in Data 4371:www.nidcr.nih.gov 4236:978-1-118-42587-9 3879:978-3-319-74365-3 3744:www.hansgrohe.com 3615:(December 2007). 3431:www.eea.europa.eu 3281:978-0-429-52443-1 3248:978-0-429-07494-3 3215:978-0-85709-863-4 3182:978-92-4-159790-6 3091:978-1-60456-195-1 2861:washing the hands 2837:Islamic tradition 2500:Ayyubid Sultanate 2403:Abbasid Caliphate 2187:Burchard of Worms 2114:Byzantine centers 2086:Public bathhouses 2058:Gregory the Great 1970:, such as Rome's 1570:. Ancient Greece. 1356:foodborne illness 1296:disease outbreaks 1155:sterilization by 1089:effectiveness of 1018:Personal grooming 941: 940: 933: 821: 820: 813: 795: 451:menstrual hygiene 247:quality assurance 154: 153: 146: 128: 49:Hygiene, Colorado 16:(Redirected from 11372: 11326: 11310: 11262: 11239: 11230: 11221: 11097: 11000: 10991: 10968: 10934: 10911: 10896: 10895: 10825:Self-cultivation 10378:Prussian virtues 10341:Cardinal virtues 10263: 10256: 10249: 10240: 10239: 10221:Tropical disease 10157:Reverse zoonosis 10144:One Health Model 9973:Health education 9962:Community health 9881:Cordon sanitaire 9854:Ring vaccination 9824:Repurposed drugs 9711: 9710: 9630:Gastrointestinal 9473:Machine learning 9277:Gastrointestinal 9228:Intravenous line 9165: 9164: 9079:/Cross-infection 9066:Reverse zoonosis 9039: 9038: 8996: 8995: 8901: 8900: 8882:War and conflict 8750:Nutrition status 8713:Immunodeficiency 8570: 8569: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8523: 8522: 8489:Related articles 8446: 8406:Meal preparation 8345:Personal hygiene 8315: 8308: 8301: 8292: 8291: 8276: 8275: 8264: 8263: 8252: 8251: 8146:Health education 8023: 8022: 7877:Food hygiene and 7858:Tropical disease 7670:Infant mortality 7645:Community health 7521:Controlled Drugs 7457:Health promotion 7387:Right to housing 7231:Health economics 7143: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7119: 7079: 7063: 7062: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6996: 6981: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6795: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6554:Kalın İ (2014). 6551: 6545: 6544: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6412: 6403: 6402: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6366:Reid MH (2013). 6363: 6357: 6356: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6239:Hasan I (2006), 6236: 6230: 6229: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6044: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5996: 5987: 5986: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5953: 5942: 5938: 5919: 5918: 5898: 5892: 5873: 5855:Black W (2019). 5849: 5843: 5842: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5733:. Archived from 5722: 5716: 5715: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5576: 5569: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5456:Clark S (1994). 5453: 5442: 5438: 5425: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5367: 5354: 5353: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5330:on May 18, 2016. 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5296: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5123: 5098:(9481): 225–33. 5084: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5031: 5016: 5010: 5006: 4980: 4970: 4960: 4927: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4884:. Archived from 4874: 4868: 4864: 4855:Roser M (2023). 4851: 4849: 4847: 4838:. 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Archived from 4334: 4328: 4327: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4282: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4221: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4071: 4062:(9): 1090–1099. 4047: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3929: 3928: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3550: 3540: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3359: 3349: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3305: 3294: 3293: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3152: 3142: 3125:(8): 1372–1381. 3110: 3104: 3103: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3022: 3013: 2972:Cleaning station 2961: 2960: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2899: 2858: 2849:Orthodox Judaism 2830: 2822: 2650: 2647: 2528: 2527: 1250–1336 2525: 2517: 2509: 2496:Islamic scholars 2476:A basic form of 2381: 2373: 2365: 2357: 2310:Ignaz Semmelweis 2261:discovered that 2232: 1916: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1879:, a compound of 1878: 1868: 1851: 1834:(the Mexica, or 1768: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1721: 1676: 1664: 1656: 1631: 1613: 1610:(1600–1046 1569: 1510:for households. 1371:, food hygiene, 1216: 1184:major depression 947:A clear plastic 936: 929: 925: 922: 916: 885: 877: 868:Personal hygiene 816: 809: 805: 802: 796: 794: 753: 729: 721: 635:and air quality. 581:Hygiene cleaning 481:Washing hygiene 393:soap or handwash 337:fecal–oral route 267:personal hygiene 185:Personal hygiene 149: 142: 138: 135: 129: 127: 86: 62: 54: 38:Dental hygienist 21: 11380: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11360:Medical hygiene 11340: 11339: 11338: 11329: 11272: 11190: 11017: 10944: 10894: 10417: 10403:Three Treasures 10320:Virtue families 10315: 10289:Moral character 10272: 10267: 10237: 10232: 10176: 10089:Antigenic shift 10084:Antigenic drift 10075: 10064: 9928:Barrier nursing 9876:Contact tracing 9867: 9860: 9705: 9703: 9696: 9607: 9597: 9498: 9492: 9483:Serial interval 9402: 9386: 9377:Cervico-vaginal 9372: 9363:Trans-placental 9358: 9342: 9310: 9272: 9208:Vascular system 9207: 9201: 9156: 9144: 9138: 9078: 9070: 9030: 8987: 8905: 8886: 8777: 8708:Immune response 8674: 8653:Drug resistance 8597:Infectious dose 8561: 8550: 8520: 8515: 8506:Assisted living 8484: 8480:Sexual activity 8434: 8380: 8355:Feeding oneself 8331: 8324: 8319: 8289: 8284: 8236: 8207:Margaret Sanger 8175: 8134: 8018: 8016: 8010: 7953: 7947: 7919:Safety scandals 7878: 7872: 7794: 7788: 7722: 7716: 7712:Social medicine 7705:Race and health 7640:Child mortality 7621: 7580:Open defecation 7462:Human nutrition 7452:Family planning 7440:Behavior change 7426: 7382:Right to health 7295:Maternal health 7285:Health politics 7236:Health literacy 7152: 7147: 7088: 7080: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7051: 7047: 7032: 7028: 7013: 7009: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6958: 6944: 6937: 6927: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6859:Choi H (2009). 6857: 6853: 6842: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6811: 6788: 6771: 6767: 6756: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6689: 6685: 6674: 6654: 6650: 6635: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6552: 6548: 6526: 6522: 6511: 6507: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6413: 6406: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6237: 6233: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6145:. 19 March 2015 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6110: 6106: 6097: 6095: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6060: 6056: 6045:illustrated in 6042: 6037: 6033: 6022: 6018: 6011: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5969: 5965: 5954: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5916: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5867: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5793: 5786: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5753: 5749: 5740: 5738: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5695: 5688: 5678: 5664: 5657: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5618: 5611: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5552: 5499: 5495: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5387: 5383: 5368: 5357: 5342: 5335: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5047:(7635): 77–80. 5017: 5013: 5009: 4978: 4897: 4893: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4845: 4843: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4813: 4811: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4666: 4653: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4625: 4623:medlineplus.gov 4619:"Healthy Sleep" 4617: 4616: 4612: 4567: 4560: 4545: 4541: 4502:BMC Oral Health 4494: 4490: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4457: 4442: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4349: 4342:www.colgate.com 4336: 4335: 4331: 4316: 4312: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4237: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4099: 4095: 4048: 4044: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3963: 3956: 3945: 3932: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3854: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3771: 3761: 3757: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3722: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3698:"UNICEF Malawi" 3696: 3695: 3691: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3627:(10): S27–S64. 3607:Bloomfield SF, 3605: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3457: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3409: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3306: 3297: 3282: 3268: 3264: 3249: 3235: 3231: 3216: 3202: 3198: 3183: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3111: 3107: 3092: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3020: 3011: 2996:Hygiene theater 2990:Hygiene program 2968: 2922:hygieinē technē 2891:comes from the 2885: 2809: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2648: 2615: 2609: 2577:Southern Africa 2558: 2526: 2449:(Morocco), and 2326: 2282:Medieval Europe 2251: 2034: 2029: 2001:early Christian 1932: 1927: 1857:Central America 1802: 1797: 1789:tongue scraping 1751: 1729:(794–1185 1712: 1673:(960–1279 1628:(1046–256 1600: 1595: 1590: 1560: 1494:application in 1485: 1477:open defecation 1437:open defecation 1421: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1391:inspection and 1352:storage of food 1341: 1318: 1312: 1224: 1222:Medical hygiene 1214: 1198: 1192: 1176: 1135: 1105: 1099: 1063: 1057: 1040: 1034: 998:, or by adding 937: 926: 920: 917: 902: 886: 875: 870: 817: 806: 800: 797: 754: 752: 742: 730: 719: 703: 642: 640:Laundry hygiene 516: 488: 463: 462: 381: 365: 305: 213: 150: 139: 133: 130: 87: 85: 75: 63: 52: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11378: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11318: 11311: 11302: 11295: 11288: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11263: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11231: 11222: 11213: 11206: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11188: 11181: 11174: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11089: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11054: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11008: 11001: 10992: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10960: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10935: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10902: 10900: 10893: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10663: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10429:Accountability 10425: 10423: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10331: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10291: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10273: 10266: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10243: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10195: 10190: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10119:Emergent virus 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10091: 10086: 10080: 10078: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10054: 10052:Vector control 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9995:N95 respirator 9987: 9982: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9954: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9937: 9932: 9931: 9930: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9872: 9870: 9868:pharmaceutical 9862: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9735: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9717: 9715: 9714:Pharmaceutical 9708: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9665:Cardiovascular 9663: 9658: 9653: 9650: 9645: 9644:Nervous system 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9611: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9513: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9468:Infection rate 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9230: 9225: 9223:Injection site 9217: 9211: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9192:Dental aerosol 9189: 9188: 9187: 9177: 9171: 9169: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9114: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9088: 9082: 9080: 9076:Human-to-human 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9002: 9000: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8973:Super-spreader 8970: 8968:Superinfection 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8909: 8907: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8877:Vector control 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8806:Climate zones 8804: 8802:Climate change 8799: 8796: 8793: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8618: 8616:Quorum sensing 8613: 8612: 8611: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8589: 8584: 8578: 8576: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8549: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8418: 8413: 8411:Managing money 8408: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8390: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8341: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8318: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8295: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8270: 8258: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8148: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8029: 8027: 8020: 8015:Organizations, 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7882: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7721:Biological and 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7687: 7682: 7680:Multimorbidity 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7617:Vector control 7614: 7609: 7604: 7602:School hygiene 7599: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7585:Sanitary sewer 7582: 7577: 7572: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7543:Patient safety 7540: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7436: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7226:Harm reduction 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7146: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070:External links 7068: 7065: 7064: 7045: 7026: 7007: 6967: 6956: 6935: 6925: 6907: 6897: 6879: 6869: 6851: 6840: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6809: 6796: 6793:'salvation'... 6786: 6772: 6765: 6754: 6736: 6726: 6708: 6701: 6683: 6672: 6648: 6633: 6620:King Charles I 6606: 6599: 6581: 6574: 6546: 6531:, ed. (2001). 6520: 6505: 6478: 6445: 6438: 6404: 6389: 6382: 6358: 6351: 6323: 6316: 6292: 6285: 6261: 6255: 6231: 6213: 6156: 6130: 6104: 6079: 6072: 6054: 6031: 6016: 6009: 5988: 5981: 5963: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5933: 5920: 5914: 5904:, ed. (1991), 5893: 5887: 5874: 5865: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5815: 5805: 5784: 5766: 5747: 5717: 5707: 5686: 5676: 5655: 5640: 5630: 5609: 5587: 5550: 5513:(4): 116–120. 5493: 5475: 5468: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5426: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5381: 5355: 5333: 5311: 5308:on 2022-03-01. 5280: 5258: 5240: 5237:on 2021-03-08. 5213: 5194: 5180: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5124: 5086: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5032: 5030:on 2010-06-19. 5018: 5011: 5008: 5007: 4971: 4943:(8): 1372–81. 4928: 4898: 4891: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4852: 4827: 4820: 4796: 4772: 4758: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4659: 4651: 4641: 4634: 4610: 4558: 4539: 4488: 4485:on 2018-04-16. 4466: 4436: 4418: 4400: 4397:. 3 June 2019. 4382: 4358: 4329: 4310: 4273:(3): 429–433. 4253: 4250: 4249: 4235: 4222: 4209: 4202: 4199:on 2022-07-02. 4180: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4159: 4152: 4137: 4112: 4093: 4042: 4024: 4021:on 2012-07-08. 4000: 3954: 3930: 3910: 3890: 3878: 3848: 3829: 3804: 3793:lessonotes.com 3780: 3755: 3731: 3713: 3702:www.unicef.org 3689: 3668: 3648: 3599: 3580: 3562: 3511: 3486: 3466: 3442: 3418: 3394: 3370: 3367:on 2022-05-17. 3339: 3315: 3295: 3280: 3262: 3247: 3229: 3214: 3196: 3181: 3164: 3105: 3090: 3072: 3050: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3014: 3008:School hygiene 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2967: 2964: 2884: 2881: 2783:Main article: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2649: 865–925 2622:Marseille soap 2611:Main article: 2608: 2605: 2557: 2554: 2550:Islamic Iberia 2459:sewage systems 2455:waste disposal 2423:drinking water 2394:also requires 2325: 2322: 2250: 2247: 2220:Albrecht Dürer 2205:Albrecht Dürer 2132:Byzantine Bath 2118:Constantinople 2094:Constantinople 2082:anal cleansing 2033: 2030: 2016:public bathing 2005:Church Fathers 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1885:("steam") and 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1750: 1747: 1711: 1708: 1704:turning wheels 1649:Henan Province 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1484: 1481: 1414: 1411: 1373:food additives 1360:health hazards 1342: 1334: 1326:food poisoning 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1279:scrubbing up, 1277: 1274: 1264: 1250: 1241: 1223: 1220: 1211:atopic disease 1194:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169:cleaning hands 1167: 1153: 1134: 1131: 1101:Main article: 1098: 1095: 1059:Main article: 1056: 1053: 1033: 1030: 939: 938: 889: 887: 880: 874: 871: 869: 866: 819: 818: 733: 731: 724: 718: 715: 702: 699: 641: 638: 637: 636: 633:home's hygiene 628: 625: 598: 515: 512: 511: 510: 507: 487: 484: 413:hand sanitizer 409:microorganisms 382: 374: 364: 361: 304: 301: 285:dental hygiene 279:mental hygiene 212: 209: 152: 151: 66: 64: 57: 45:Social hygiene 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11377: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11301: 11300: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11155: 11153: 11152: 11148: 11146: 11145: 11141: 11139: 11138: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11127: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11014: 11013: 11009: 11007: 11006: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10897: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10850:Sportsmanship 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10815:Righteousness 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10728:Nonattachment 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10388:Seven virtues 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10335:Brahmavihārās 10332: 10330: 10329: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10312: 10311:Virtue ethics 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10277:About virtues 10275: 10271: 10264: 10259: 10257: 10252: 10250: 10245: 10244: 10241: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10071: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10032:Sterilization 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10003: 10001: 10000:Surgical mask 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9957:Public health 9955: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9863: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9809:Phage therapy 9807: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9792:Immunotherapy 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9750:Antimicrobial 9748: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9699: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9641:Genitourinary 9640: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9604: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9499:in population 9495: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9463:Herd immunity 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347:Genitourinary 9345: 9339: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9289:Contamination 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9257:Vector-borne 9256: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9043:Cross-species 9040: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8983:Window period 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8948:Latent period 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8827:Deforestation 8825: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8772:Stress levels 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8604:Pathogenicity 8602: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8542: 8540: 8535: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8460:Child rearing 8458: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8311: 8309: 8304: 8302: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8281: 8280: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8202:Joseph Lister 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8081:Health Canada 8079: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026:Organizations 8024: 8021: 8013: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7950: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7863:Vaccine trial 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740:Relative risk 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7700:Health equity 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7665:Health system 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655:Global health 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7635:Biostatistics 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7377:Right to food 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7310:Mental health 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7258:Housing First 7256: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7246:Health system 7244: 7243: 7242: 7241:Health policy 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7150:Public health 7144: 7139: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7078: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7011: 6997:on 2016-03-04 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6602: 6600:0-8247-9394-3 6596: 6592: 6585: 6577: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6467:on 2007-12-14 6466: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6416:van Sertima I 6411: 6409: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6319: 6317:1-134-63620-2 6313: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6288: 6286:0-435-32594-9 6282: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6119: 6115: 6112:Matterer JL. 6108: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6035: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5936: 5934:960-7254-47-3 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5789: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5737:on 2017-01-30 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5577:on 2013-04-06 5573: 5566: 5565: 5557: 5555: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5400:0-521-58000-5 5396: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5376:View of China 5373: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5190: 5184: 5176: 5169: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5135:(4): 430–35. 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4910:(5): 275–81. 4909: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4842:on 2021-04-14 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4810: 4806: 4805:"Food safety" 4800: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677:(4): 402–25. 4676: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4563: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4456:on 2020-02-20 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4348:on 2017-11-20 4347: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4318:Stöppler MC. 4314: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4141: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4029: 4017: 4010: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3973:(3): 190–97. 3972: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3900: 3894: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3476: 3470: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3140:2027.42/61196 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3032: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2934: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2467:flush toilets 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443:Islamic Spain 2440: 2436: 2435:travel guides 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Islamic world 2385: 2380: 2379: 2372: 2371: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294:Joseph Lister 2291: 2287: 2286:Louis Pasteur 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239:Protestantism 2236: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:bidet showers 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:mixed bathing 1994: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Cloaca Maxima 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1806: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1759:Vishnu Purana 1756: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1621:Book of Rites 1617: 1609: 1608:Shang dynasty 1605: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1564: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1407: 1403: 1402:food security 1399: 1394: 1393:certification 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:biotechnology 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:food labeling 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:medical waste 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1272:medical waste 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1244:sterilization 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1219: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161:body piercing 1158: 1154: 1151: 1150:aestheticians 1147: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1103:Sleep hygiene 1097:Sleep hygiene 1094: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 975: 974:Toiletry bags 971: 969: 965: 961: 960:washing hands 956: 950: 945: 935: 932: 924: 914: 910: 906: 900: 899: 895: 890:This section 888: 884: 879: 878: 865: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 839: 836: 835:antibacterial 831: 829: 825: 815: 812: 804: 793: 790: 786: 783: 779: 776: 772: 769: 765: 762: – 761: 757: 756:Find sources: 750: 746: 740: 739: 734:This section 732: 728: 723: 722: 714: 711: 707: 698: 694: 691: 688: 683: 681: 677: 676: 671: 667: 663: 657: 653: 649: 646: 634: 629: 626: 623: 619: 618:antibacterial 615: 611: 603: 599: 596: 592: 588: 587: 586: 579: 575: 567: 563: 561: 557: 553: 552:flush toilets 549: 545: 541: 537: 528: 520: 508: 505: 504: 503: 501: 497: 493: 479: 472: 467: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 379: 369: 356: 352: 348: 346: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 321: 319: 315: 309: 300: 298: 297:public health 294: 293: 288: 286: 281: 280: 275: 274: 273:sleep hygiene 269: 268: 263: 258: 256: 250: 248: 243: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 208: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 163: 158: 148: 145: 137: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 109: 105: 102: 98: 95: – 94: 90: 89:Find sources: 83: 79: 73: 72: 67:This article 65: 61: 56: 55: 50: 46: 39: 35: 30: 19: 11313: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11265: 11249: 11242: 11208: 11201: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11121: 11114: 11107: 11100: 11084: 11077: 11072:Brahmacharya 11070: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11042: 11035: 11028: 11010: 11003: 10978: 10971: 10955: 10937: 10921: 10914: 10870:Tranquillity 10820:Self-control 10790:Renunciation 10748:Philanthropy 10743:Perspicacity 10703:Magnificence 10656:Intelligence 10636:Impartiality 10556:Faithfulness 10444:Authenticity 10370: 10356:Five virtues 10333: 10326: 10306:Trait theory 10293: 9940:Notification 9911:Hand washing 9906:Food hygiene 9900: 9891:Disinfection 9787:Immunization 9738:Anthelmintic 9726:prophylactic 9614:Respiratory 9538:Hyperendemic 9488:WAIFW matrix 9143:Environment- 8896:Transmission 8872:Urbanization 8670:Host tropism 8566:Determinants 8552:Concepts in 8386:Instrumental 8344: 8277: 8265: 8253: 8222:Radium Girls 8217:Typhoid Mary 7904:Microbiology 7774: 7766: 7650:Epidemiology 7548:Organization 7499:Oral hygiene 7489:Hand washing 7478: 7467:Healthy diet 7397:Right to sit 7290:Labor rights 7101:Hand hygiene 7082: 7058: 7048: 7039: 7029: 7020: 7010: 6999:. Retrieved 6992:the original 6987: 6983: 6970: 6961: 6947: 6930: 6916: 6910: 6902: 6888: 6882: 6874: 6860: 6854: 6845: 6831: 6825: 6814: 6800: 6791: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6745: 6739: 6731: 6717: 6711: 6692: 6686: 6658: 6651: 6619: 6609: 6590: 6584: 6556: 6549: 6532: 6529:al-Hassan AY 6523: 6508: 6500:ResearchGate 6495: 6491: 6481: 6469:. Retrieved 6465:the original 6458: 6448: 6420: 6398: 6392: 6368: 6361: 6333: 6326: 6302: 6295: 6271: 6264: 6241: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6147:. Retrieved 6142: 6133: 6121:. Retrieved 6117: 6114:"Daily Life" 6107: 6096:. Retrieved 6091: 6082: 6063: 6057: 6048: 6034: 6025: 6019: 6000: 5972: 5966: 5957: 5924: 5905: 5896: 5878: 5870: 5856: 5847: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5810: 5796: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5750: 5739:. Retrieved 5735:the original 5730: 5720: 5712: 5698: 5681: 5667: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5621: 5604:the original 5599: 5590: 5579:. 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