Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

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well-defended feudal liberties. Behind his numerous reforms lay a comprehensive program influenced by the doctrines of enlightened absolutism, natural law, mercantilism, and physiocracy. With a goal of establishing a uniform legal framework to replace heterogeneous traditional structures, the reforms were guided at least implicitly by the principles of freedom and equality and were based on a conception of the state's central legislative authority. Joseph's accession marks a major break since the preceding reforms under Maria Theresa had not challenged these structures, but there was no similar break at the end of the Josephinian era. The reforms initiated by Joseph II were continued to varying degrees under his successor Leopold and later successors, and given an absolute and comprehensive "Austrian" form in the Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch of 1811. They have been seen as providing a foundation for subsequent reforms extending into the 20th century, handled by much better politicians than Joseph II.

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The ordinary people were not happy. They loathed the Emperor's interference in every detail of their daily lives. As it seems, Joseph was reforming the policies of the Habsburg empire based on his own criteria and personal inclinations rather than for the good of the people. From many of Joseph's regulations, enforced by the secret police, it looked to the Austrians as though Joseph were trying to reform their characters as well as their institutions. Only a few weeks before Joseph's death, the director of the Imperial Police reported to him: "All classes, and even those who have the greatest respect for the sovereign, are discontented and indignant."

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Beales, appearing over three decades and based on exhaustive searches in many archives. Beales looks at the emperor's personality, with its arbitrary behavior and mixture of affability and irascibility. Beales shows that Joseph genuinely appreciated Mozart's music and greatly admired his operas. Like most other scholars, Beales has a negative view of Joseph's foreign policies. Beales finds that Joseph was despotic in the sense of transgressing established constitutions and rejecting sound advice, but not despotic in the sense of any gross abuse of power.

1030:. Rentals paid by peasants were to be regulated by officials of the crown and taxes were levied upon all income derived from land. The landlords, however, found their economic position threatened, and eventually reversed the policy. Indeed, in Hungary and Transylvania, the resistance of the magnates was such that Joseph had to content himself for a while with halfway measures. Of the five million Hungarians, 40,000 were nobles, of whom 4,000 were magnates who owned and ruled the land; most of the remainder were serfs legally tied to particular estates. 557: 6783: 1685: 6223: 1629: 1337: 1625:

he portrayed Joseph as a Liberal hero. The Russian scholar Pavel Pavlovich Mitrofanov published a thorough biography in 1907 that set the standard for a century after it was translated into German in 1910. The Mitrofanov interpretation was highly damaging to Joseph: he was not a populist emperor and his liberalism was a myth; Joseph was not inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment but by pure power politics. He was more despot than his mother. Dogmatism and impatience were the reasons for his failures.

747:) and began to draw up minutes for his mother to read. These papers contain the germs of his later policy, and of all the disasters that finally overtook him. He was a friend to religious toleration, anxious to reduce the power of the church, to relieve the peasantry of feudal burdens, and to remove restrictions on trade and knowledge. In these, he did not differ from Frederick, or his own brother and successor Leopold II, all enlightened rulers of the 18th century. He tried to liberate 614: 1453: 649: 10372: 4121: 821:, whose conversation with Frederick may be said to mark the starting point of the First Partition of Poland. To this and to every other measure which promised to extend the dominions of his house, Joseph gave hearty approval. Thus, when Frederick fell severely ill in 1775, Joseph assembled an army in Bohemia which, in the event of Frederick's death, was to advance into Prussia and demand Silesia (a territory Frederick had conquered from Maria Theresa in the 6481: 1405: 49: 770:. As an absolutist ruler, however, he was also convinced of his right to speak for the state uncontrolled by laws, and of the wisdom of his own rule. He had also inherited from his mother the belief of the House of Austria in its "August" quality and its claim to acquire whatever it found desirable for its power or profit. He was unable to understand that his philosophical plans for the moulding of humanity could meet with pardonable opposition. 3255: 720: 1008: 1092: 458: 944:, a Swedish general who had been favored at the courts of both Marie Antoinette and Joseph. The attempt failed after the King was recognized from the back of a coin. Marie Antoinette became increasingly desperate for help from her homeland, even giving French military secrets to Austria. Nevertheless, even though Austria was at war with France at the time, it refused to directly help the by now completely estranged French Queen. 1037:, 1784–1785, in which over a hundred nobles were killed, the emperor acted. His Imperial Patent of 1785 abolished serfdom but did not give the peasants ownership of the land or freedom from dues owed to the landowning nobles. It did give them personal freedom. Emancipation of the peasants from the Kingdom of Hungary promoted the growth of a new class of taxable landholders, but it did not abolish the deep-seated ills of 1217: 987:(1739–1813) introduced a uniform system of accounting for state revenues, expenditures, and debts of the territories of the Austrian crown. Austria was more successful than France in meeting regular expenditures and in gaining credit. However, the events of Joseph II's last years also suggest that the government was financially vulnerable to the European wars that ensued after 1792. 1669:(1934). Padover celebrated Joseph's radicalism, saying his "war against feudal privileges" made him one of the great "liberators of humanity". Joseph's failures were attributed to his impatience and lack of tact, and his unnecessary military adventures, but despite all this Padover claimed the emperor was the greatest of all Enlightenment monarchs. While Padover depicted a sort of 610:. Isabella was fearful of pregnancy and early death, largely a result of the early loss of her mother. Her own pregnancy proved especially difficult as she suffered symptoms of pain, illness and melancholy both during and afterward, though Joseph attended to her and tried to comfort her. She remained bedridden for six weeks after their daughter's birth. 1235:(the central Catholic act of worship) was celebrated. Opponents of the reforms blamed them for revealing Protestant tendencies, with the rise of Enlightenment rationalism and the emergence of a liberal class of bourgeois officials. Anti-clericalism emerged and persisted, while the traditional Catholics were energized in opposition to the emperor. 1364:, including an offensive clause to be used against the Ottomans. This was a significant diplomatic development, as it neutralised the previous Russian-Prussian alliance which had threatened the monarchy into peace during the War of the Bavarian Succession. The agreement with Russia would later lead Austria into the expensive and largely futile 1321:'s library, the archivist took Joseph to a dark room containing religious documents and lamented the lack of light which prevented Joseph from being able to read them. Joseph put the man at rest by saying "Ah, when it comes to theology, there is never much light." Thus, Joseph was undoubtedly a much laxer Catholic than his mother. 847:. Real fighting was averted by the unwillingness of Frederick to embark on a new war and by Maria Theresa's determination to maintain peace. However, the war cost Joseph most of his influence over the other German princes, who were wary of his potential designs on their lands, and looked to Frederick as their protector. 933:. Joseph kept an eye on the development of the revolution, and became actively involved in the planning of a rescue attempt. These plans failed, however, either due to Marie Antoinette's refusal to leave her children behind in favor of a faster carriage or Louis XVI's reluctance to become a fugitive king. 1706:

concludes that despite his many setbacks, Joseph's reign "represented a decisive phase in the process of the modernization of the Austrian Monarchy". The failures came because he "simply wanted to do too much, too fast". Szabo concludes that by far the most important scholarship on Joseph is by Derek

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In 1888, Hungarian historian Henrik Marczali published a three-volume study of Joseph, the first important modern scholarly work on his reign, and the first to make systematic use of archival research. Marczali was Jewish and a product of the bourgeois-liberal school of historiography in Hungary, and

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would live on through the Austrian Enlightenment. To an extent, Joseph II's enlightenment beliefs were exaggerated by the author of what Beales called the "false Constantinople letters". Long considered genuine writings of Joseph II, these forged works have erroneously augmented the emperor's memory

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of Austria, which applied to all citizens equally, was published on 1 November 1786 after 10 years working on it since 1776. § 1: "Every subject expects from the territorial prince security and protection, so it is the duty of the territorial prince, the rights of subjects to determine clearly and to

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to Vienna, where he gave the keys of the chest in which the Crown was locked to the Crown guards Joseph Keglević and Miklos Nádasdy. Joseph refrained from staging a coronation, that later resulted in him earning the nickname "kalapos király" ("King with a hat") in Hungary, and Ferenc Széchényi pulled

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principate and the traditions of jurisdiction and administration. In the place of provincial autonomy, he established an unlimited centralism, which reduced Lombardy politically and economically to a fringe area of the Empire. As a reaction to these radical changes, the middle-class reformers shifted

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Nobility throughout his empire was largely opposed to his policies on taxes and his egalitarian and despotic attitudes. In the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary everyone resented the way he tried to do away with all regional government, and to subordinate everything to his own personal rule in Vienna.

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Progressively ill with smallpox and strained by sudden childbirth and tragedy, Isabella died the following week. The loss of his beloved wife and their newborn child was devastating for Joseph, after which he felt keenly reluctant to remarry, though he dearly loved his daughter and remained a devoted

399:; however, his commitment to secularizing, liberalizing and modernizing reforms resulted in significant opposition, which resulted in failure to fully implement his programs. Meanwhile, despite making some territorial gains, his reckless foreign policy badly isolated Austria. He has been ranked with 1416:

Multiple interferences with old customs began to produce unrest in all parts of his dominions. Meanwhile, Joseph threw himself into a succession of foreign policies, all aimed at aggrandizement, and all equally calculated to offend his neighbors—all taken up with zeal, and dropped in discouragement.

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Though Maria Josepha loved her husband, she felt timid and inferior in his company. Lacking common interests or pleasures, the relationship offered little for Joseph, who confessed he felt no love (nor attraction) for her in return. He adapted by distancing himself from his wife to the point of near

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By the 18th century, centralization was the trend in medicine because more and better-educated doctors were requesting improved facilities. Cities lacked the budgets to fund local hospitals, and the monarchy wanted to end costly epidemics and quarantines. Joseph attempted to centralize medical care

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To equalize the incidence of taxation, Joseph caused an appraisal of all the lands of the Habsburg monarchy to be made so that he might impose a single and egalitarian tax on land. The goal was to modernize the relationship of dependence between the landowners and peasantry, relieve some of the tax

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defending Vienna's historic center were surrounded by a ditch and glacis about 500m wide, which were kept clear of vegetation and buildings for defensive purposes. Under Joseph the ditch was filled and carriage drives and walkways were built through the glacis, and the area planted with ornamental

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was incorporated into the frontier in 1761 and the frontier regiments became the backbone of the military order, with the regimental commander exercising military and civilian power. "Populationistik" was the prevailing theory of colonization, which measured prosperity in terms of labor. Joseph II

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Almost immediately on the back of their newfound parenthood, the couple then endured two consecutive miscarriages—an ordeal particularly hard on Isabella—followed quickly by another pregnancy. Pregnancy was again provoking melancholy, fears and dread in Isabella. In November 1763, while six months

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In the cities, the new economic principles of the Enlightenment called for the destruction of the autonomous guilds, already weakened during the age of mercantilism. Joseph II's tax reforms and the institution of Katastralgemeinde (tax districts for the large estates) served this purpose, and new

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After the death of his father in 1765, he became emperor and was made co-regent by his mother in the Austrian dominions. As emperor, he had little true power, and his mother had resolved that neither her husband nor her son should ever deprive her of sovereign control in her hereditary dominions.

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Joseph set about building a rationalized, centralized, and uniform government for his diverse lands, a hierarchy under himself as a supreme autocrat. The personnel of government was expected to be imbued with the same dedicated spirit of service to the state that he himself had. It was recruited

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As a man of the Enlightenment he ridiculed the contemplative monastic orders, which he considered unproductive. Accordingly, he suppressed a third of the monasteries (over 700 were closed) and reduced the number of monks and nuns from 65,000 to 27,000. The Church's ecclesiastical tribunals were

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The various commissions he established to formulate and carry out the reforms met resistance among the nobility, the peasantry, and some officials. Most of the reforms were abrogated shortly before or after Joseph's death in 1790; they were doomed to failure from the start because they tried to

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tore down the monuments when it became independent in 1918. While the Czechs credited Joseph II with educational reforms, religious toleration, and the easing of censorship, they condemned his policies of centralization and Germanization that they blamed for causing a decline in Czech culture.

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A new era of historiography began in the 1960s. American Paul Bernard rejected the German national, radical, and anticlerical images of Joseph and instead emphasized long-run continuities. He argued that Joseph's reforms were well suited to the needs of the day. Many failed because of economic

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Joseph's participation in the Ottoman war was reluctant, attributable not to his usual acquisitiveness, but rather to his close ties to Russia, which he saw as the necessary price to be paid for the security of his people. After initial defeats, the Austrians won a string of victories in 1789,

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Four months after the second anniversary of their wedding, Maria Josepha grew ill and died from smallpox. Joseph neither visited her during her illness nor attended her funeral, though he later expressed regret for not having shown her more kindness, respect, or warmth. One thing the union did

1522:) and Hungary, and his other dominions were restive under the burdens of his war with the Ottomans. His empire was threatened with dissolution, and he was forced to sacrifice some of his reform projects. On 30 January 1790, he formally withdrew all his reforms in Hungary except for three: the 1643:

P. G. M. Dickson noted that Joseph II rode roughshod over age-old aristocratic privileges, liberties, and prejudices, thereby creating for himself many enemies, and they triumphed in the end. Joseph's attempt to reform the Hungarian lands illustrates the weakness of absolutism in the face of

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To produce a literate citizenry, elementary education was made compulsory for all boys and girls, and higher education on practical lines was offered for a select few. Joseph created scholarships for talented poor students and allowed the establishment of schools for Jews and other religious

840:, traveling under the name of "Count Falkenstein". He was well received and much flattered by the Encyclopedists, but his observations led him to predict the approaching downfall of the French monarchy, and he was not impressed favorably by the French army or navy. 913:

In 1789, he decreed that peasants must be paid in cash payments rather than labor obligations. These policies were violently rejected by the nobility, clergy, merchants and the peasants, since their barter economy lacked money. Joseph also abolished the

1510:). In Hungary, there was no codified civil code until 1959. The Crown was brought back to Hungary in 1790, on this occasion the people held a mass celebration. One reason for his refusal to be crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary might have been that 1352:

from Russian influence. Mayer argues that Joseph was an excessively belligerent, expansionist leader, who sought to make the Habsburg monarchy the greatest of the European powers. His main goal was to acquire Bavaria, if necessary in exchange for the

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and ordered to study in seminaries under government supervision, while bishops had to take a formal oath of loyalty to the crown. He financed the large increase in bishoprics, parishes, and secular clergy by extensive sales of monastic lands.

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stressed profound contradictions inherent in his policies that made them a failure. For example, Joseph encouraged small-scale peasant holdings, thus retarding economic modernization that only the large estates could handle. French historian

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without favor for a class or ethnic origins, and promotion was solely by merit. To further uniformity, the emperor made German the compulsory language of official business throughout the Habsburg Monarchy, which affected especially the

1743:" of his time, Joseph was a lover and patron of the arts and is remembered as such. He was known as the "Musical King" and steered Austrian high culture towards a more Germanic orientation. He commissioned the German-language opera 1357:, but in 1778 and again in 1785 he was thwarted by King Frederick II of Prussia, whom he feared greatly; on the second occasion, a number of other German princes, wary of Joseph's designs on their lands, joined Frederick's side. 1328:, a region with a large Yiddish-speaking traditional Jewish population. The charter abolished communal autonomy whereby the Jews controlled their internal affairs; it promoted Germanization and the wearing of non-Jewish clothing. 548:. His practical training was conferred by government officials, who were directed to instruct him in the mechanical details of the administration of the numerous states composing the Austrian dominions and the Holy Roman Empire. 1376:, a key Turkish fortress in the Balkans. These victories however would not amount to any significant gains for the monarchy. Under the threat of Prussian intervention and with the worrying state of the revolution in France, the 990:

The Emperor also attempted to simplify the administration of his dominions, often a patchwork of states united in personal union by the Habsburg monarch. As an example, in 1786 he abolished the separate administration of the

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guide the way of the actions how it is needed by universal and special prosperity." It is a clear distinction between the rights of subjects and the duties of the territorial prince and not vice versa. "Territorial prince" (

599:.) Joseph loved his bride, Isabella, finding her both stimulating and charming, and she sought with special care to cultivate his favor and affection. Isabella also found a best friend and confidant in her husband's sister, 1254:

The Secularization Decree issued on 12 January 1782 banned several monastic orders not involved in teaching or healing and liquidated 140 monasteries (home to 1484 monks and 190 nuns). The banned monastic orders: Jesuits,

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had written in a letter to Charlemagne in 798: "And those people should not be listened to who keep saying the voice of the people is the voice of God, since the riotousness of the crowd is always very close to madness."

1467:(in northern Italy), the cautious reforms of Maria Theresa enjoyed support from local reformers. Joseph II, however, by creating a powerful imperial officialdom directed from Vienna, undercut the dominant position of the 1368:. Joseph II travelled with only a few servants on horseback as "Count Falkenstein". He preferred to stop at a regular inn—forcing Catherine II to convert a wing of her palace, cajoling her gardener to act as inn-keeper. 1246:

that were previously predominant in the monarchy. Limited religious freedom of worship was given to major non-Catholic Christian sects, although conversion from Catholicism was still restricted. This was followed by the

781:. The overweening character of the Emperor was obvious to Frederick II of Prussia, who, after their first interview in 1769, described him as ambitious, and as capable of setting the world on fire. The French minister 1078:, which opened in 1784. Centralization worsened sanitation problems, causing epidemics and a 20% death rate in the new hospital; the city nevertheless became preeminent in the medical field in the next century. 1487:

responded with a letter in German to Joseph II: "I write German, not because of the instruction, Your Grace, but because I have to do with a German citizen." The "German citizen" Joseph II let them bring the

1314:, as he found it highly compatible with his own Enlightenment philosophy, although he apparently never joined a Lodge himself. Freemasonry attracted many anticlericals and was condemned by the Church. 886:

He undertook the spread of education, the secularization of church lands, the reduction of the religious orders and the clergy, in general, to complete submission to the lay state, the issue of the

1437:. These plans also had to be given up in the face of the opposition of neighbors, and in particular of France. Then Joseph resumed his attempts to obtain Bavaria—this time by exchanging it for the 10409: 1188:

Joseph's policy of religious "toleration" was the most aggressive of any state in Europe. Probably the most unpopular of all his reforms was his attempted modernization of the highly traditional

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The Habsburg Empire also had a policy of war, expansion, colonization and trade as well as exporting intellectual influences. While opposing Prussia and Turkey, Austria maintained its defensive

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and died. The loss of his daughter was deeply traumatic for him and left him grief-stricken and scarred. Lacking children, Joseph II was ultimately succeeded by his younger brother, who became

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The death of Maria Theresa on 29 November 1780 left Joseph free to pursue his own policy, and he immediately directed his government on a new course, attempting to realize his ideal of

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Joseph sharply cut the number of holy days to be observed in the Habsburg monarchy and ordered ornamentation in churches to be reduced. He forcibly simplified the manner in which the

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to pay him a visit in March 1782. Joseph received the Pope politely and showed himself a good Catholic, but refused to be influenced. On the other hand, Joseph was very friendly to

777:, the well educated Isabella of Parma, was handed over to him. Joseph appears to have been completely in love with her, but Isabella preferred the companionship of Joseph's sister, 902:, appeared "reasonable". He strove for administrative unity with characteristic haste to reach results without preparation. Joseph carried out measures of the emancipation of the 800:

of 1778–1779, but in the last resort the empress spoke the final word. Therefore, until the death of his mother in 1780, Joseph was never quite free to follow his own instincts.

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also stressed economic development. Habsburg influence was an essential factor in Balkan development in the last half of the 18th century, especially for the Serbs and Croats.

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total avoidance, seeing her only at meals and upon retiring to bed. Maria Josepha, in turn, suffered considerable misery in finding herself locked in a cold, loveless union.

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When Maria Theresa died, Joseph started issuing edicts, over 6,000 in all, plus 11,000 new laws designed to regulate and reorder every aspect of the empire. The spirit of

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Constituta regia quae regnante August, Imperatore et rege Apostol. Josepho II. politicorum Pars 1., 2. (1.) De publicorum negotiorum administratione, (2.) De Politia ...

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burden on the peasantry, and increase state revenues. Joseph looked on the tax and land reforms as being interconnected and strove to implement them at the same time.

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Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

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with ruined health and was left abandoned. His minister Kaunitz refused to visit his sick-room and did not see him for two years. His brother Leopold remained in

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minorities. In 1784 he ordered that the country change its language of instruction from Latin to German, a highly controversial step in a multilingual empire.

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Joseph's image in popular memory has been varied. After his death there were many monuments to him built by the central government across his lands. The

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change too much in too short a time, and tried to radically alter the traditional customs and relationships that the villagers had long depended upon.

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Dickson, P. G. M. (2007). "Count Karl von Zinzendorf's 'New Accountancy': the Structure of Austrian Government Finance in Peace and War, 1781–1791".

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in most instances, and imposed the principle of complete equality of treatment for all offenders. He lightened censorship of the press and theatre.

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Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

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Joseph's travels through Russia in 1780 included a visit with the Russian empress Catherine, which started talks that would later lead to the

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and went into premature labor, resulting in the birth of their second child, Archduchess Maria Christina, who died shortly after being born.

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in Vienna. He asked that his epitaph read: "Here lies a ruler who, despite his best intentions, was unsuccessful in all of his endeavors." (

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Joseph died in 1790, making negotiations with Austria about possible rescue attempts more difficult. It was not until 21 June 1791 that an

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Piaschka, Richard (1975). "Austrian Policy towards the Balkans in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century: Maria Theresa and Josef II".

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Mayer, Matthew Z. (2004). "The Price for Austria's Security: Part I – Joseph II, the Russian Alliance, and the Ottoman War, 1787–1789".

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Die Kroenung Josephs II. in Frankfurt am Main. Logistisches Meisterwerk, zeremonielle Glanzleistung und Kulturgueter fuer die Ewigkeit

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trees and provided with lanterns and benches. This green public space persisted until the second half of the 19th century, when the

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Joseph, by threatening to resign his place as co-regent, could induce his mother to abate her dislike for religious toleration.

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MÁSODIK KÖNYV. A PÁLYA KEZDETE., 33. KÖNYVDÍSZ A XVIII. SZÁZAD MÁSODIK FELÉBŐL., Ferencz Széchényi, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár

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declared that Joseph II was not a true King of Hungary as he was never crowned, thus any act from his reign was null and void.

898:(replacing Latin or in some instances local languages)—everything which from the point of view of 18th-century philosophy, the 328: 1494: 11587: 11537: 11407: 11259: 11088: 11053: 11032: 11017: 10962: 10881: 10790: 9037: 8932: 8441: 8300: 8290: 8264: 8042: 7924: 7883: 7857: 7847: 3613: 3595: 3540: 3359: 3235: 1618: 1124: 11532: 11078: 11063: 10936: 10795: 10780: 10508: 9055: 9043: 8920: 8315: 8305: 8173: 8032: 6807: 6097: 2026: 1542:. At last, Joseph, worn out and broken-hearted, recognized that his servants could not, or would not, carry out his plans. 1292: 696:

provide him was the improved possibility of laying claim to a portion of Bavaria, though this would ultimately lead to the

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In 1778, he commanded the troops collected to oppose Frederick, who supported the rival claimant to Bavaria. This was the

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responded by convening of a meeting and said there: "We'll see whether his patriotism also passes to the Crown." Julius

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Joseph's feelings towards religion are reflected in a witticism he once spoke in Paris. While being given a tour of the

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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

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away from cooperation to strong resistance. From this basis appeared the beginnings of the later Lombard liberalism.

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was benevolent and paternal. He intended to make his people happy, but strictly in accordance with his own criteria.

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for centuries. These legendary quotations have created a larger-than-life impression of Joseph II as a Voltaire and

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Collectio ordinationum imperatoris Josephi II-i et repraesentationum diversorum regni Hungariae comitatuum Pars 1.

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as a well-meaning but somewhat befuddled monarch of limited but enthusiastic musical skill, easily manipulated by

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Joseph never remarried. In 1770, Joseph's only surviving child, the seven-year-old Maria Theresa, became ill with

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Joseph was documented by contemporaries as being impressive, but not necessarily likable. In 1760, his arranged

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Bronza, Boro (2010). "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788".

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Conflicting Constructions of Memory: Attacks on Statues of Joseph II in the Bohemian Lands after the Great War

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promoted by Prince Kaunitz, stressing consolidation of the borderlands by reorganization and expansion of the

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Geschichte des Temeser Banats, Band 1, S. 303, Leonhard Böhm, O. Wigand, Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, 1861.

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and the exploitation of the landless squatters. Feudalism in the Habsburg monarchy finally ended in 1848.

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By 1790, rebellions had broken out in protest against Joseph's reforms in the Austrian Netherlands (the

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In 1784, Joseph II attempted to make German an official language in Hungary after he had renamed the

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The busy Joseph inspired a complete reform of the legal system, abolished brutal punishments and the

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Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829

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Fête organized to celebrate the marriage of Emperor Joseph II to Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria

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in 1770; the two rulers initially got along well. On the second occasion, he was accompanied by

440:. He died with no known surviving legitimate offspring and was succeeded by his younger brother 11438: 11387: 10312: 10214: 10171: 10030: 9911: 9318: 9263: 8799: 8209: 8108: 7661: 7350: 6749: 6571: 5982: 5751: 5474: 5216: 5068: 5038: 5002: 4766: 3473: 2982:

Dickson, P. G. M. (April 1995). "Monarchy and Bureaucracy in Late Eighteenth-century Austria".

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A medal minted during the reign of Joseph II, commemorating his grant of religious liberty to

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Hier liegt ein Fürst, der trotz der besten Meinung keiner seiner Pläne durchsetzen konnte

1318: 1243: 984: 891: 545: 408: 400: 101: 9662: 9637: 3297:"Changing Perspectives on the "Revolutionary Emperor": Joseph II Biographies since 1790" 2546:

Paul P. Bernard, "The Limits of Absolutism: Joseph II and the Allgemeines Krankenhaus."

825:). However, Frederick recovered, and thereafter became wary and mistrustful of Joseph. 792:

He could and did place a great strain on her patience and temper, as in the case of the

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Europe at the time of Joseph's death in 1790. The red line marks the borders of the

1192:, which in medieval times had helped establish the Holy Roman Empire beginning with 11049:

Archduchess Maria Antonietta, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies

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in 1777. In April of that year, he paid a visit to his sister the queen of France,

629: 625: 365: 10040: 6222: 2850: 2790: 2597: 2505: 2455:"Emperor Joseph II, The Law on the German Language in Administration. 18 May 1784" 1703: 1628: 1053:

factory privileges ended guild rights while customs laws aimed at economic unity.

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During these years, Joseph traveled much. He met Frederick the Great privately at

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The arrival of Isabella of Parma on the occasion of her wedding to Joseph II, 1760

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Archduchess Hermine, Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter

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in 1781 was a major shift away from the inquisitive religious policies of the

1196:. Calling himself the guardian of Catholicism, Joseph II struck vigorously at 419:

monarchs. False but influential letters depict him as a somewhat more radical

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Archduchess Maria Anna, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies

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For political reasons, and under constant pressure, in 1765, he relented and

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Where Joseph differed from great contemporary rulers, and was akin to the

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was named for the Emperor in 1777 and bears this name up to the present.

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The marriage of Joseph and Isabella resulted in the birth of a daughter,

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Elisabeth Franziska, Countess Countess von Waldburg zu Zeil und Hohenems

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backwardness and Joseph's unfortunate foreign policy. British historian

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in 1789, Joseph sought to help the family of his estranged sister Queen

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for him, but it was not performed because of its technical difficulty.

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ranked Joseph II as one of the three great Enlightenment monarchs with

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Joseph died on 20 February 1790. He is buried in tomb number 42 in the

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Joseph II depicted plowing a field near Slawikowitz in rural southern

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influence also led to the inclusion of agriculture in these reforms.

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The Balkan policy of both Maria Theresa and Joseph II reflected the

1324:

In 1789 he issued a charter of religious toleration for the Jews of

1091: 1007: 719: 544:, and by the example of his contemporary (and sometimes rival) King 457: 11327: 9682: 9277: 9270: 5958: 4218: 3314: 2424: 1724: 1670: 1539: 1464: 704: 638: 588: 531: 4897: 3260:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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He was a supporter of the arts, particularly of composers such as

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In Destiny's Hands: Five Tragic Rulers, Children of Maria Theresa

1422: 1421:, which debarred his Flemish subjects from the navigation of the 1216: 1074:

through the construction of a single, large hospital, the famous

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As the son of Francis I, Joseph succeeded him as titular Duke of

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Maria Henrietta, Princess Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst

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Karoline Marie, Princess August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

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was stripped of its prerogatives, and not even called together.

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from 29 November 1780 until his death. He was the eldest son of

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Joseph II: Volume 1, In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780

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Joseph was made a member of the constituted council of state (

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Wolfgang Amadè Mozart : essays on his life and his music

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in 1782, removing many restrictions and regulations on Jews.

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Joseph II and the campaign of 1788 against the Ottoman Turks

522:. His formal education was provided through the writings of 3584:

Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie

1221: 810:

The Meeting of Frederick II and Joseph II in Neisse in 1769

518:

Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the

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between France and Austria. (The bride's mother, Princess

1299:, and their wealth was taken over by the Religious Fund. 3380:

The limits of enlightenment : Joseph II and the law

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The Revolutionary Emperor, Joseph the Second, 1741–1790

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and was friendly to Russia though trying to remove the

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Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

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Enlightenment and reform in eighteenth-century Europe

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From Louis XIV to Napoleon: the fate of a great power

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During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title

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Joseph was also eager to enforce Austria's claim on

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than he probably was. His policies are now known as

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Prince Filippo "Filippino", Grand Prince of Tuscany

3647:Dioszeg: Paul Medgyes, 1790. 318 p. – available at 2346: 1677:historians in the 1930s made Joseph a precursor of 11023:Margarethe Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis 6397: 6129: 3581: 2870: 2849: 1632:Medal commemorating the Austrian victory over the 883:acting on a definite system for the good of all. 11563:Recipients of the Military Order of Maria Theresa 11094:Maria Christina, Hereditary Princess of Salm-Salm 3223:Joseph II: Volume 2, Against the World, 1780–1790 1665:reached a wide American public with his colorful 11474: 10958:Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria 3658:. Viennae: Kurzbek, 1788. 397 s. – available at 1778:. In the film version, he is portrayed by actor 1556:Joseph was succeeded by his brother Leopold II. 30:"Joseph II" redirects here. For other uses, see 11553:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece 8012:Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 2641:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 1812:and its associated buildings were built there. 1667:The Revolutionary Emperor: Joseph II of Austria 1479:in Vienna the German National Theatre in 1776. 10978:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg and Büdingen 10417: 8697:Generations are numbered from the children of 3469:"Joseph II's Reshaping of the Austrian Church" 10403: 9168: 8675: 7646: 6867: 6098: 5525: 4850: 4151: 3860: 2847: 2806: 2211:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1380:of 1791 ended the war with only token gains. 271:English: Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam 11548:People of the War of the Bavarian Succession 11028:|Archduke Joseph August, Palatine of Hungary 9297: 9268: 9254: 918:in 1787, a reform that remained until 1795. 906:, which his mother had begun, and abolished 11099:Maria Anna, Princess Elias of Bourbon-Parma 9363: 3425:(1994), 228 pp; a short scholarly biography 2833:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2763:, Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, 21 June 1785. 2422: 486:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 11352:Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 10514:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily 10410: 10396: 9175: 9161: 8682: 8668: 7653: 7639: 6874: 6860: 6112: 6105: 6091: 5532: 5518: 4857: 4843: 4158: 4144: 3867: 3853: 3411:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2464:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from 1824:Ancestors of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 947: 352:from 18 August 1765 and sole ruler of the 47: 11170:Helena, Hereditary Duchess of Württemberg 10907:Archduke Joseph Karl, Palatine of Hungary 3131: 3096: 2990:(436). Oxford University Press: 323–367. 1799:Joseph also converted Vienna's defensive 1176:Learn how and when to remove this message 1060: 862:and Duke of Calabria (as a proxy for the 751:, but that did not last after his death. 551: 506:Learn how and when to remove this message 273:German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam 11408:Maria Carolina, Crown Princess of Saxony 11114:Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen 9182: 4743: 4658: 4624: 4590: 4553: 4508: 4474: 3265: 2693: 1683: 1646: 1627: 1563: 1451: 1445:, organized by Frederick II of Prussia. 1441:—and only provoked the formation of the 1403: 1335: 1215: 1213:outside the jurisdiction of the Church. 1209:abolished and marriage was defined as a 1006: 951: 718: 647: 612: 555: 348:; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was 11558:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria 10862:Maria Teresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies 6881: 5539: 4864: 4165: 3874: 3466: 3376: 3283: 2981: 2953:"Hungarian Declaration of Independence" 2736:Geschichte des ungarischen Privatrechts 2712: 2569: 2534: 2489: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2269:Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen 658:Imperial Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew 232: 1765; died 1767) 207: 1760; died 1763) 14: 11475: 10912:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians 10550:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria 8933:Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary 8898:Maximilian Francis, Elector of Cologne 7660: 3638:The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey 3546: 3452:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 51–62. 3445: 3344: 3216: 3180: 2900:Beales, Derek. "The False Joseph II", 2888: 2876: 2352: 2190: 2070: 2066: 2056: 1948: 1838: 1834: 890:(1781) providing limited guarantee of 758:in the intensity of his belief in the 591:of France and his popular wife, Queen 11306: 11274:Great-great-great-great-grandchildren 11245:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg 10897:Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary 10801:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria 10791:Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria 10729: 10657: 10519:Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este 10429: 10391: 9413: 9194: 9156: 8663: 7925:Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias 7634: 6855: 6734: 6396: 6128: 6086: 5513: 4838: 4139: 3848: 3294: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 2969: 2918: 2661: 2581: 2266: 2256: 2252: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2208: 2198: 2194: 2178: 2172: 2162: 2146: 2136: 2132: 2120: 2114: 2104: 2088: 2078: 2074: 2050: 2040: 2027:Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 2024: 2014: 2010: 1998: 1992: 1982: 1966: 1956: 1952: 1936: 1930: 1920: 1904: 1894: 1890: 1878: 1872: 1862: 1846: 1842: 1734: 1619:Hungarian Declaration of Independence 1614:, more radical than he probably was. 1534:In November 1788, Joseph returned to 652:Coronation of the Archduke Joseph as 10796:Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary 10781:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8921:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8780:Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8033:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 5498:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 3582:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2017). 3097:Wingfield, Nancy Meriwether (1997). 2809:"II. József visszavonja rendeleteit" 1596:and Frederick the Great of Prussia. 1559: 1114:adding citations to reliable sources 1085: 1028:extended full legal freedom to serfs 484:adding citations to reliable sources 451: 346:Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 11393:Maria Leopoldina, Queen of Portugal 11362:Duchess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria 11109:Isabella, Princess Georg of Bavaria 10998:Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen 10968:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 10963:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani 10606:Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón 10591:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord 10474:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 9003:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8842:Gian Gastone, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8837:Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany 8733:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8225:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 7930:Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias 3521:, 1991 41 (March): pp. 21–27. 3430:Joseph II and Enlightened Despotism 2652:Catherine the Great Robert K Massie 2452: 2439:McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, 2429:. Nelson Cengage. pp. 139–140. 1661:The Austrian-born American scholar 1506:) does not mean "people's prince" ( 995:, merging it with the neighbouring 723:Joseph II (right) with his brother 601:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 24: 11523:Patrons of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 11342:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 11018:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans 10867:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen 10575:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria 10504:Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela 8892:Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau 8718:Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8689: 8093:Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary 3517:Henderson, Nicholas. "Joseph II", 3338: 2329:Family tree of the German monarchs 1764:Joseph is prominently featured in 1651:Posthumous portrait of Joseph II, 1340:Joseph II and his soldiers in 1787 874: 74: 25: 11619: 11603:Monarchs of Galicia and Lodomeria 11498:18th-century archdukes of Austria 11134:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryska 10847:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 10821:Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria 10786:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 10693:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria 8986:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8816:Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8124:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 7521:Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets 3631: 3295:Szabo, Franz A. J. (March 2011). 3101:. Vol. 28. pp. 147–171. 2957:Habsburg H-Net Discussion Network 2807:MNLadmin10644 (31 January 2012). 1710: 1331: 983:As privy finance minister, Count 637:pregnant, Isabella fell ill with 342:Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam 11503:18th-century monarchs of Bohemia 11493:18th-century Holy Roman Emperors 11332:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg 11250:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone 11059:Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony 10638: 10371: 10370: 8754:Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 6781: 6479: 6221: 5148: 4458: 4120: 4119: 3665: 3608:. iUniverse: Bloomington, Ind. 3547:McHugh, James T (1 March 1995). 3253: 2237:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick 1417:He endeavored to get rid of the 1306:and liberal innovations induced 1090: 456: 327: 11449:Archduchess Maria Anna Karolina 11398:Clementina, Princess of Salerno 11158:Great-great-great-grandchildren 11003:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain 10902:Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska 10857:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia 10771:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony 10622:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria 10545:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia 8821:Francesco Maria, Duke of Rovere 8759:Cardinal Carlo, Bishop of Ostia 3150: 3125: 3090: 2975: 2945: 2912: 2894: 2841: 2800: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2747: 2729: 2718: 2687: 2655: 2646: 2633: 2620: 2575: 2540: 2483: 1125:"Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor" 1101:needs additional citations for 1002: 929:of France and her husband King 682:Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor 229: 204: 11383:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 11378:Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth 11307: 10776:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 10730: 10601:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor 10560:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph 10524:Maria Antonia, Queen of France 10494:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 10489:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma 8915:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 3674:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 3174: 2923:. Clarendon Press. p. 9. 2446: 2433: 2416: 2403: 2358: 2117:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 1995:Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans 1366:Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791) 1362:Austro-Russian Alliance (1781) 1261:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin 845:War of the Bavarian Succession 832:upon the death of the elector 823:War of the Austrian Succession 798:War of the Bavarian Succession 698:War of the Bavarian Succession 520:War of the Austrian Succession 378:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma 13: 1: 11583:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 11513:Burials at the Imperial Crypt 11255:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg 10658: 10469:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 9144:* also an archduke of Austria 8874:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 7798:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias 4258: 3302:The Journal of Modern History 2856:. New York: HarperPerennial. 2598:10.1080/07075332.2004.9641031 2506:10.1080/07075332.2007.9641118 2339: 2091:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 2053:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 1933:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 1746:Die Entführung aus dem Serail 1652: 869: 587:, was the eldest daughter of 447: 298:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 58: 11588:Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia 11538:18th-century Roman Catholics 11235:Archduke Franz Karl Salvator 11175:Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg 10755:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 9414: 9300:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 7537:Maximilian I the Last Knight 7440:Maximilian I the Last Knight 7191:Maximilian I the Last Knight 6987:Frederick II the Quarrelsome 4825:from the Wittelsbach dynasty 3622:Absolutism in Central Europe 3567:10.1016/0362-3319(95)90020-9 2585:International History Review 2493:International History Review 2441:A History of World Societies 2423:von Guttner, Darius (2015). 2149:Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 1757:was commissioned to write a 7: 11533:18th-century male musicians 10917:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia 10529:Archduke Maximilian Francis 10479:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 10454:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 9269: 8939:Joseph, Palatine of Hungary 8800:Leopoldo, Governor of Siena 8631:also an infante of Portugal 7793:Charles, Prince of Asturias 7384:Styria, Carinthia, Carniola 3346:Beales, Derek Edward Dawson 3218:Beales, Derek Edward Dawson 3182:Beales, Derek Edward Dawson 2317: 1969:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 1849:Charles V, Duke of Lorraine 1815: 1717:first Czechoslovak Republic 1576:, enacted in 1781, and the 1399: 1081: 838:Marie Antoinette of Austria 714: 254:Archduchess Maria Christina 10: 11624: 11518:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 11124:Renata, Princess Radziwiłł 11054:Archduke Leopold Ferdinand 11033:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 10882:Archduchess Maria Karoline 10683:Princess Isabella of Parma 10555:Francis IV, Duke of Modena 10499:Archduchess Maria Carolina 10464:Archduchess Maria Karolina 10419:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 9195: 9109:Prince Franz Karl Salvator 8790:Mattias, Governor of Siena 8265:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 8078:Francis IV, Duke of Modena 7858:Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw 7175:Ladislaus I the Posthumous 6685:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 6034:North German Confederation 5950:Confederation of the Rhine 5449:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 5146: 3679:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 3554:The Social Science Journal 3467:Dickson, P. G. M. (1993). 3228:Cambridge University Press 3192:Cambridge University Press 2662:Mayer, Matthew Z. (1997). 2548:Eighteenth-Century Studies 2324:Edict on Idle Institutions 2184: 2068: 1942: 1836: 1033:After the collapse of the 921:After the outbreak of the 807:in 1769 (later painted in 779:Marie Christine of Austria 573:Princess Isabella of Parma 415:as one of the three great 395:Joseph was a proponent of 32:Joseph II (disambiguation) 29: 11573:Children of Maria Theresa 11434:Franz Joseph I of Austria 11426: 11370: 11319: 11315: 11302: 11273: 11205:Archduchess Maria Antonia 11157: 11079:Archduke Leopold Salvator 11074:Archduchess Maria Theresa 11064:Archduke Joseph Ferdinand 11042:Great-great-grandchildren 11041: 10950: 10937:Archduke Rainer Ferdinand 10839: 10763: 10742: 10738: 10725: 10709:Archduchess Maria Theresa 10701: 10670: 10666: 10653: 10636: 10615:Great-great-grandchildren 10614: 10596:Francis V, Duke of Modena 10583: 10537: 10509:Archduchess Maria Josepha 10446: 10442: 10425: 10357: 10311: 10213: 10170: 10149: 10096: 10065: 10049: 9996: 9930: 9882: 9846: 9813: 9732: 9691: 9535: 9424: 9420: 9409: 9314:Methodological skepticism 9205: 9201: 9190: 9141: 9124: 9071: 9030: 8995: 8978: 8907: 8866: 8850: 8829: 8808: 8772: 8746: 8710: 8695: 8619: 8594: 8587: 8547: 8540: 8520: 8504: 8466: 8459: 8432: 8379: 8361: 8354: 8273: 8197: 8184:Francis V, Duke of Modena 8101: 8020: 7984: 7958: 7917: 7866: 7803:Diego, Prince of Asturias 7785: 7754: 7733: 7717: 7701: 7675: 7668: 7483: 7378: 7043: 6998: 6899:Leopold I the Illustrious 6889: 6790: 6779: 6748: 6744: 6737:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 6730: 6683: 6652: 6629: 6606: 6536: 6488: 6477: 6410: 6406: 6392: 6321: 6276: 6253: 6230: 6219: 6144:Elder House of Luxembourg 6142: 6138: 6124: 6051: 6032: 6013: 5991: 5967: 5948: 5637: 5596: 5547: 5496: 5447: 5364: 5339: 5314: 5295: 5276: 5251: 5232: 5195: 5176: 5157: 4989: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4790: 4734: 4649: 4615: 4583: 4544: 4499: 4467: 4456: 4418: 4257: 4186: 4177: 4115: 3882: 3785: 3777: 3761: 3751: 3742: 3727: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3672: 3487:10.1017/S0018246X00016125 3377:Bernard, Paul P. (1979). 3284:Padover, Saul K. (1934). 3136:. Yale University Press. 3134:The City as a Work of Art 3132:Donald J., Olsen (1986). 2984:English Historical Review 2254: 2246: 2218: 2196: 2192: 2156: 2134: 2126: 2098: 2076: 2072: 2034: 2012: 2004: 1976: 1954: 1950: 1914: 1892: 1884: 1875:Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 1856: 1840: 1456:Portrait of Joseph II by 1429:for the partition of the 794:First Partition of Poland 674:married his second cousin 645:father to Maria Theresa. 628:as Cupid and Archduchess 374:Maria Carolina of Austria 323: 313: 303: 293: 281: 270: 265: 261: 250:Archduchess Maria Theresa 240: 181: 169: 155: 131: 127: 117: 107: 93: 82: 68: 46: 41: 11508:Austrian Roman Catholics 11240:Archduke Hubert Salvator 11069:Archduke Peter Ferdinand 11008:Archduke Charles Stephen 10988:Archduke Johann Salvator 10983:Archduke Ludwig Salvator 10811:Archduchess Maria Amalia 9038:Prince Leopold Ferdinand 8927:Charles, Duke of Teschen 8649:also a prince of Belgium 8637:also a prince of Tuscany 8625:also an infante of Spain 7424:Frederick V the Peaceful 7183:Frederick V the Peaceful 6971:Frederick I the Catholic 6792:House of Nassau-Weilburg 6490:House of Valois-Burgundy 6002:Archduke John of Austria 4571:Ladislaus the Posthumous 3604:Vovk, Justin C. (2010). 2919:Sadie, Stanley. (1996). 2175:Maria Theresa of Austria 1529: 737:Kunsthistorisches Museum 678:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 664:April 1764 (painting by 595:. Isabella's father was 218:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 11149:Archduke Joseph Francis 11084:Archduke Franz Salvator 10942:Archduke Heinrich Anton 10922:Archduke Leopold Ludwig 10872:Archduke Karl Ferdinand 10852:Archduchess Maria Luisa 10484:Archduke Charles Joseph 9056:Prince Leopold Salvator 9044:Prince Joseph Ferdinand 8643:also a prince of Modena 7940:Ferdinand IV of Hungary 6979:Leopold VI the Glorious 6915:Adalbert the Victorious 5197:Capetian House of Anjou 4419:1198–1306 (Kings) 3354:. London: I.B. Tauris. 3276:Encyclopædia Britannica 2813:Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár 2696:East European Quarterly 1688:Statue of Josef II. in 1350:Danubian Principalities 1277:Order of Saint Benedict 1076:Allgemeines Krankenhaus 1035:peasant revolt of Horea 948:Administrative policies 686:Maria Amalia of Austria 624:as the groom, Archduke 546:Frederick II of Prussia 434:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 11608:Sons of queens regnant 11528:18th-century composers 11454:Archduke Ludwig Viktor 11439:Maximilian I of Mexico 11418:Archduchess Maria Anna 11388:Ferdinand I of Austria 11190:Archduchess Margaretha 11185:Archduchess Immaculata 11129:Archduke Karl Albrecht 10973:Archduke Karl Salvator 10887:Archduke Wilhelm Franz 9364: 9298: 9264:Enlightened absolutism 9255: 9115:Prince Hubert Salvator 9050:Prince Peter Ferdinand 9021:Prince Johann Salvator 9015:Prince Ludwig Salvator 8210:Maximilian I of Mexico 8205:Emperor Franz Joseph I 7432:Albert VI the Prodigal 7151:Albert III the Pigtail 7097:Leopold I the Glorious 7073:Rudolf II the Debonair 6963:Leopold V the Virtuous 6750:House of Orange-Nassau 6572:Isabella Clara Eugenia 5219:(1382–1385; 1386–1395) 5005:(1038–1041; 1044–1046) 4261:870–1198 (Dukes) 3474:The Historical Journal 3435:Bright, James Franck. 2996:10.1093/ehr/CX.436.323 2848:Norman Davies (1998). 2643:(1976) Volume 1 p. 259 2462:Slovak Studies Program 1803:into public park. The 1693: 1658: 1640: 1581: 1570:enlightened absolutism 1553:in German original). 1460: 1413: 1341: 1287:(Order of Preachers), 1228: 1061:Education and medicine 1016: 961: 740: 669: 633: 568: 552:Marriages and children 397:enlightened absolutism 11403:Archduke Joseph Franz 11260:Archduke Joseph Árpád 10806:Archduke Anton Victor 9230:Counter-Enlightenment 9062:Prince Franz Salvator 8957:Prince Rainier Joseph 8880:Prince Charles Joseph 8785:Cardinal Giovan Carlo 8703:Grand Duke of Tuscany 8189:Ferdinand Karl Viktor 8083:Ferdinand Karl Joseph 7513:William the Courteous 7497:Rudolf IV the Founder 7400:William the Courteous 7159:Albert IV the Patient 7135:Rudolf IV the Founder 7032:Ottokar II of Bohemia 7008:Vladislaus of Moravia 6255:House of Hohenstaufen 4209:Přemysl the Ploughman 3800:Galicia and Lodomeria 3660:ULB's Digital Library 3649:ULB's Digital Library 2797:(oxfordreference.com) 2426:The French Revolution 1687: 1650: 1631: 1567: 1493:out of politics. The 1490:Holy Crown of Hungary 1455: 1407: 1339: 1219: 1010: 955: 881:enlightened despotism 722: 651: 616: 597:Philip, Duke of Parma 559: 536:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 364:, and the brother of 358:Empress Maria Theresa 11444:Archduke Karl Ludwig 11220:Archduke Franz Josef 11119:Archduchess Eleonora 10993:Archduchess Mathilda 9184:Age of Enlightenment 9091:Prince Leopold Maria 9009:Prince Karl Salvator 8699:Francesco de' Medici 7505:Leopold III the Just 7392:Leopold III the Just 7143:Leopold III the Just 7089:Frederick I the Fair 7035:(claimant 1251–1278) 7027:(claimant 1250–1268) 7024:Frederick I of Baden 7019:(claimant 1248–1250) 7011:(claimant 1246–1247) 6955:Henry II Jasomirgott 6947:Leopold the Generous 6939:Leopold III the Good 6631:House of Wittelsbach 6015:German Confederation 5969:German Confederation 5178:House of Wittelsbach 4482:Henry the Carinthian 4410:Vladislaus III Henry 3684:Cadet branch of the 2906:, 18 (1975), 467–95 2741:20 July 2011 at the 2550:1975 9(2): 193–215. 2334:Patent of Toleration 1755:Ludwig van Beethoven 1574:Patent of Toleration 1524:Patent of Toleration 1439:Austrian Netherlands 1355:Austrian Netherlands 1346:alliance with France 1240:Patent of Toleration 1110:improve this article 900:Age of Enlightenment 888:Patent of Toleration 480:improve this section 146:Archduchy of Austria 18:Joseph II of Austria 11413:Archduke Franz Karl 11215:Archduchess Assunta 11180:Archduchess Dolores 10951:Great-grandchildren 10584:Great-grandchildren 10565:Archduke Maximilian 10190:Feijóo y Montenegro 10141:Vorontsova-Dashkova 9097:Prince Franz Joseph 8945:Prince Anton Victor 8419:Franz Karl Salvator 8281:Crown Prince Rudolf 8139:Frederick Ferdinand 8109:Emperor Ferdinand I 7935:Charles II of Spain 7808:Philip III of Spain 7725:Philip I of Castile 7081:Rudolf III the Good 6931:Leopold II the Fair 6883:Monarchs of Austria 6131:County of Luxemburg 5554:Carolingian dynasty 5541:Monarchs of Germany 5234:House of Luxembourg 4866:Monarchs of Hungary 4814:Wittelsbach dynasty 4308:Boleslaus the Brave 3876:Holy Roman emperors 3769:Archduke of Austria 3531:Macek, Bernhard A. 3428:Blanning, T. C. W. 3087:, pp. 133–136. 3063:, pp. 130–131. 2972:, pp. 125–127. 2715:, pp. 384–385. 2537:, pp. 293–300. 2411:Frederick the Great 1907:Eleonore of Austria 1776:movie based upon it 1741:enlightened despots 1590:Catherine the Great 1495:Austrian Civil Code 1374:capture of Belgrade 1244:Counter Reformation 985:Karl von Zinzendorf 940:, with the help of 581:1756 defensive pact 409:Frederick the Great 401:Catherine the Great 102:Frankfurt Cathedral 11225:Archduke Karl Pius 11165:Archduke Gottfried 10932:Archduke Sigismund 10877:Archduke Friedrich 9329:Natural philosophy 8602:Ferdinand Zvonimir 7874:Philip IV of Spain 7762:Philip II of Spain 7662:Austrian archdukes 7529:Sigismund the Rich 7408:Leopold IV the Fat 7105:Albert II the Wise 7016:Herman VI of Baden 6907:Henry I the Strong 6891:House of Babenberg 6399:Duchy of Luxemburg 5639:Kingdom of Germany 5603:Kingdom of Germany 5316:House of Jagiellon 5278:House of Jagiellon 4354:Svatopluk the Lion 3764:Holy Roman Emperor 3745:King of the Romans 3420:Blanning, T. C. W. 2903:Historical Journal 2639:Stanford J. Shaw, 1739:Like many of the " 1735:Patron of the arts 1694: 1659: 1641: 1582: 1578:Edict of Tolerance 1520:Brabant Revolution 1461: 1435:Republic of Venice 1414: 1342: 1297:Premonstratensians 1249:Edict of Tolerance 1229: 1017: 974:Kingdom of Hungary 962: 960:of Joseph II, 1787 892:freedom of worship 741: 684:, and Archduchess 680:, the daughter of 670: 666:Martin van Meytens 654:King of the Romans 634: 569: 565:Martin van Meytens 350:Holy Roman Emperor 70:Holy Roman Emperor 11470: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11139:Archduke Leo Karl 10721: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10647:Holy Roman Empire 10634: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10385: 10384: 10353: 10352: 10349: 10348: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9378:Scientific method 9235:Critical thinking 9150: 9149: 8723:Cardinal Giovanni 8657: 8656: 8615: 8614: 8583: 8582: 8536: 8535: 8476:Crown Prince Otto 8455: 8454: 8366:Emperor Charles I 8301:Leopold Ferdinand 8043:Alexander Leopold 8028:Emperor Francis I 7909:Sigismund Francis 7904:Ferdinand Charles 7848:Maximilian Ernest 7628: 7627: 7621: 7613: 7609:Sigismund Francis 7605: 7601:Ferdinand Charles 7597: 7589: 7581: 7573: 7565: 7557: 7549: 7541: 7533: 7525: 7517: 7509: 7501: 7490: 7485:House of Habsburg 7476: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7404: 7396: 7385: 7380:House of Habsburg 7371: 7363: 7355: 7347: 7339: 7331: 7323: 7319:Francis I Stephen 7315: 7307: 7299: 7291: 7290:(1657, 1665–1705) 7283: 7279:Sigismund Francis 7275: 7271:Ferdinand Charles 7267: 7259: 7251: 7250:(1590, 1619–1637) 7243: 7235: 7227: 7219: 7211: 7203: 7195: 7187: 7179: 7171: 7163: 7155: 7147: 7139: 7131: 7123: 7117: 7109: 7101: 7093: 7085: 7077: 7069: 7061: 7050: 7045:House of Habsburg 7036: 7028: 7020: 7012: 6991: 6983: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6951: 6943: 6935: 6927: 6919: 6911: 6903: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6676: 6668: 6654:House of Habsburg 6645: 6622: 6599: 6591: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6560: 6552: 6538:House of Habsburg 6529: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6472: 6464: 6453: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6314: 6306: 6295: 6269: 6246: 6214: 6206: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6080: 6079: 6006: 6005:(Imperial Regent) 5644:Holy Roman Empire 5573:Louis the Younger 5507: 5506: 5414: 5366:House of Habsburg 5253:House of Habsburg 5144: 5143: 5087: 5079: 4832: 4831: 4786: 4785: 4736:Habsburg-Lorraine 4730: 4729: 4645: 4644: 4611: 4610: 4579: 4578: 4540: 4539: 4495: 4494: 4454: 4453: 4133: 4132: 3843: 3842: 3827:Count of Flanders 3752:Succeeded by 3728:Succeeded by 3686:House of Lorraine 3614:978-1-4502-0081-3 3597:978-3-406-69748-7 3541:978-3-631-60849-4 3361:978-0-85771-242-4 3237:978-0-521-24240-0 2725:Koeblergerhard.de 2673:McGill University 2453:Votruba, Martin. 2314: 2313: 2310: 2309: 1790:in the 2006 film 1638:Siege of Belgrade 1560:Memory and legacy 1410:Holy Roman Empire 1389:Military Frontier 1378:Treaty of Sistova 1186: 1185: 1178: 1160: 1026:In 1781–1782, he 1015:on 19 August 1769 923:French Revolution 864:Kingdom of Naples 860:King of Jerusalem 815:Mährisch-Neustadt 766:when directed by 577:a union fashioned 575:in October 1760, 516: 515: 508: 390:Habsburg-Lorraine 362:Emperor Francis I 360:and her husband, 354:Habsburg monarchy 335: 334: 288:Habsburg-Lorraine 277: 276: 193:Isabella of Parma 150:Holy Roman Empire 138:Schönbrunn Palace 86:18 August 1765 – 16:(Redirected from 11615: 11598:Kings of Croatia 11593:Kings of Hungary 11578:Sons of emperors 11543:Authoritarianism 11317: 11316: 11304: 11303: 11281:Archduke Dominic 11200:Archduke Leopold 11144:Archduke Wilhelm 10740: 10739: 10727: 10726: 10668: 10667: 10655: 10654: 10642: 10444: 10443: 10427: 10426: 10412: 10405: 10398: 10389: 10388: 10374: 10373: 9422: 9421: 9411: 9410: 9369: 9303: 9274: 9260: 9203: 9202: 9192: 9191: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9154: 9153: 9103:Prince Karl Pius 9079:Prince Gottfried 8795:Prince Francesco 8684: 8677: 8670: 8661: 8660: 8592: 8591: 8545: 8544: 8464: 8463: 8359: 8358: 8316:Leopold Salvator 8174:Rainer Ferdinand 7655: 7648: 7641: 7632: 7631: 7619: 7611: 7603: 7595: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7563: 7555: 7547: 7539: 7531: 7523: 7515: 7507: 7499: 7488: 7474: 7466: 7458: 7450: 7442: 7434: 7426: 7418: 7410: 7402: 7394: 7383: 7369: 7361: 7359:Francis Joseph I 7353: 7345: 7337: 7329: 7321: 7313: 7305: 7297: 7289: 7281: 7273: 7265: 7257: 7249: 7241: 7233: 7225: 7217: 7209: 7201: 7193: 7185: 7177: 7169: 7161: 7153: 7145: 7137: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7113:Otto I the Merry 7107: 7099: 7091: 7083: 7075: 7067: 7059: 7048: 7034: 7026: 7018: 7010: 6989: 6981: 6973: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6923:Ernest the Brave 6917: 6909: 6901: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6785: 6746: 6745: 6732: 6731: 6713: 6705: 6697: 6674: 6666: 6643: 6620: 6608:House of Bourbon 6597: 6589: 6581: 6574: 6566: 6558: 6550: 6527: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6483: 6470: 6459: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6412:House of Limburg 6408: 6407: 6394: 6393: 6375: 6367: 6359: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6323:House of Limburg 6312: 6301: 6290: 6267: 6244: 6225: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6140: 6139: 6126: 6125: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6004: 5563:Louis the German 5534: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5409: 5341:House of Zápolya 5297:House of Hunyadi 5159:House of Přemysl 5152: 5082: 5074: 4888: 4887: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4810:Elector Palatine 4741: 4740: 4656: 4655: 4622: 4621: 4588: 4587: 4567: 4551: 4550: 4506: 4505: 4472: 4471: 4462: 4405:Henry Bretislaus 4283:Saint Wenceslaus 4260: 4184: 4183: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4123: 4122: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3778:Preceded by 3711:Preceded by 3701: 3700:20 February 1790 3694: 3670: 3669: 3619:Wilson, Peter H. 3601: 3578: 3514: 3463: 3441:full text online 3416: 3410: 3402: 3373: 3334: 3291: 3280: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3213: 3168: 3167: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2959:. 14 April 1849. 2949: 2943: 2942: 2916: 2910: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2855: 2852:Europe a history 2845: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2804: 2798: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2754:Münchner Zeitung 2751: 2745: 2733: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2670: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2470: 2459: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2350: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1793:Marie Antoinette 1692:, Czech Republic 1657: 1654: 1481:Ferenc Széchényi 1181: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1118: 1094: 1086: 938:attempt was made 927:Marie Antoinette 813:), and again at 663: 630:Marie Antoinette 626:Maximilian Franz 585:Louise Élisabeth 511: 504: 500: 497: 491: 460: 452: 366:Marie Antoinette 331: 263: 262: 233: 231: 208: 206: 162: 159:20 February 1790 89: 88:20 February 1790 63: 60: 51: 39: 38: 21: 11623: 11622: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11458: 11422: 11366: 11311: 11290: 11286:Archduke Eduard 11269: 11195:Archduke Rainer 11153: 11037: 10946: 10927:Archduke Ernest 10835: 10831:Archduke Rudolf 10759: 10734: 10713: 10697: 10662: 10649: 10646: 10645:Armorial of the 10643: 10626: 10610: 10579: 10533: 10438: 10421: 10416: 10386: 10381: 10380: 10367: 10345: 10307: 10209: 10166: 10145: 10092: 10061: 10057:Carvalho e Melo 10045: 9992: 9926: 9878: 9842: 9809: 9728: 9687: 9531: 9416: 9397: 9383:Spanish America 9257:Encyclopédistes 9220:Civil liberties 9197: 9186: 9181: 9151: 9146: 9137: 9125:13th generation 9120: 9072:12th generation 9067: 9031:11th generation 9026: 8996:10th generation 8991: 8974: 8969:Cardinal Rudolf 8903: 8862: 8846: 8825: 8804: 8768: 8742: 8706: 8691: 8688: 8658: 8653: 8611: 8588:19th generation 8579: 8541:18th generation 8532: 8516: 8500: 8468: 8460:17th generation 8451: 8434: 8428: 8424:Hubert Salvator 8381: 8375: 8355:16th generation 8350: 8311:Peter Ferdinand 8306:Josef Ferdinand 8286:Franz Ferdinand 8274:15th generation 8269: 8250:Charles Stephen 8235:Ludwig Salvator 8198:14th generation 8193: 8102:13th generation 8097: 8073:Cardinal Rudolf 8021:12th generation 8016: 7985:11th generation 7980: 7954: 7913: 7899:Leopold Wilhelm 7862: 7781: 7750: 7729: 7713: 7697: 7671: 7664: 7659: 7629: 7624: 7487: 7479: 7416:Ernest the Iron 7382: 7374: 7047: 7039: 6994: 6885: 6880: 6850: 6837: 6794: 6786: 6777: 6752: 6740: 6718: 6687: 6679: 6656: 6648: 6633: 6625: 6610: 6602: 6540: 6532: 6492: 6484: 6475: 6414: 6402: 6380: 6325: 6317: 6280: 6272: 6257: 6249: 6234: 6226: 6217: 6146: 6134: 6120: 6111: 6081: 6076: 6047: 6028: 6009: 5987: 5963: 5944: 5811:Frederick (III) 5642: 5633: 5601: 5592: 5588:Louis the Child 5578:Charles the Fat 5552: 5543: 5538: 5508: 5503: 5492: 5443: 5360: 5335: 5310: 5291: 5272: 5247: 5228: 5191: 5172: 5153: 5140: 4985: 4877: 4868: 4863: 4833: 4828: 4782: 4744:1780–1918 4726: 4659:1526–1780 4641: 4625:1471–1526 4607: 4591:1457–1471 4575: 4565: 4554:1437–1457 4536: 4509:1310–1437 4491: 4475:1306–1310 4463: 4450: 4414: 4253: 4173: 4164: 4134: 4129: 4111: 3878: 3873: 3838: 3825: 3812: 3805:Duke of Brabant 3803: 3798: 3788:King of Hungary 3783: 3772: 3767: 3757: 3748: 3738: 3733: 3731:Maria Christina 3724: 3721:Duke of Teschen 3716: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3634: 3598: 3460: 3439:(1897), 222 pp 3404: 3403: 3391: 3362: 3341: 3339:Further reading 3269:, ed. (1911). " 3254: 3252: 3238: 3202: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3130: 3126: 3114: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2931: 2917: 2913: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2846: 2842: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2805: 2801: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743:Wayback Machine 2734: 2730: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2692: 2688: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2421: 2417: 2409:Mitford, Nancy 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2320: 2315: 1818: 1759:funeral cantata 1737: 1713: 1663:Saul K. Padover 1655: 1562: 1532: 1402: 1334: 1293:Pauline Fathers 1285:Dominican Order 1190:Catholic Church 1182: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1119: 1117: 1107: 1095: 1084: 1063: 1005: 993:Duchy of Mantua 978:Diet of Hungary 950: 896:German language 877: 875:Domestic policy 872: 717: 661: 660:in Frankfurt, 3 593:Marie Leczinska 579:to bolster the 571:Joseph married 554: 541:Encyclopédistes 512: 501: 495: 492: 477: 461: 450: 438:Antonio Salieri 272: 257: 236: 235: 227: 223: 220: 210: 202: 198: 195: 177: 165:Vienna, Austria 164: 160: 136: 100: 87: 78: 64: 61: 55:Anton von Maron 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11621: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11374: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11354: 11344: 11334: 11323: 11321: 11313: 11312: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11277: 11275: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11210:Archduke Anton 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11161: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11013:Archduke Eugen 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10826:Archduke Louis 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10746: 10744: 10736: 10735: 10723: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10705: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10685: 10674: 10672: 10664: 10663: 10651: 10650: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10587: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10450: 10448: 10440: 10439: 10423: 10422: 10415: 10414: 10407: 10400: 10392: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10317: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10219: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10102: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9529: 9527:Wollstonecraft 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9428: 9426: 9418: 9417: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9266: 9261: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9199: 9198: 9188: 9187: 9180: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9132:Prince Dominic 9128: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9047: 9041: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8982: 8980: 8979:9th generation 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8911: 8909: 8908:8th generation 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8870: 8868: 8867:7th generation 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8854: 8852: 8851:6th generation 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8830:5th generation 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8812: 8810: 8809:4th generation 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8773:3rd generation 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8747:2nd generation 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8711:1st generation 8708: 8707: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690:Tuscan princes 8687: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8664: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8596: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8472: 8470: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8346:Joseph Francis 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8326:Albrecht Franz 8323: 8321:Franz Salvator 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8296:Ferdinand Karl 8293: 8288: 8283: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8179:Heinrich Anton 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8159:Leopold Ludwig 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8134:Karl Ferdinand 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7997:Charles Joseph 7994: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7971:Leopold Joseph 7968: 7962: 7960: 7959:9th generation 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7950:Charles Joseph 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7919: 7918:8th generation 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7867:7th generation 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7828:Maximilian III 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7786:6th generation 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7756: 7755:5th generation 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7735: 7734:4th generation 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7718:3rd generation 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7705: 7703: 7702:2nd generation 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7676:1st generation 7673: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7658: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7614: 7606: 7598: 7590: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7526: 7518: 7510: 7502: 7493: 7491: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7469: 7461: 7453: 7445: 7437: 7429: 7421: 7413: 7405: 7397: 7388: 7386: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7364: 7356: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7324: 7316: 7308: 7300: 7292: 7284: 7276: 7268: 7260: 7252: 7244: 7236: 7228: 7220: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7156: 7148: 7140: 7132: 7124: 7118: 7110: 7102: 7094: 7086: 7078: 7070: 7062: 7053: 7051: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7021: 7013: 7004: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6984: 6976: 6968: 6960: 6952: 6944: 6936: 6928: 6920: 6912: 6904: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6879: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6814:Marie-Adélaïde 6811: 6805: 6798: 6796: 6795:(1890–present) 6788: 6787: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6756: 6754: 6742: 6741: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6708: 6700: 6691: 6689: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6669: 6660: 6658: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6637: 6635: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6592: 6584: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6544: 6542: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6513: 6505: 6496: 6494: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6465: 6454: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6418: 6416: 6404: 6403: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6329: 6327: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6307: 6296: 6284: 6282: 6278:House of Namur 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6238: 6236: 6232:House of Namur 6228: 6227: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6150: 6148: 6136: 6135: 6122: 6121: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6024:Franz Joseph I 6020: 6018: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 5998: 5996: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5712:Lothair II/III 5709: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5481:Francis Joseph 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5453: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5355:John Sigismund 5352: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5080: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4967: 4953: 4939: 4923: 4909: 4894: 4892: 4885: 4883:House of Árpád 4879: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4819:Prince-elector 4816: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4795:Duke of Poland 4791: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4772:Francis Joseph 4769: 4764: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4716:Charles Albert 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516:John the Blind 4512: 4510: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4446:Wenceslaus III 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4390:Conrad II Otto 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3841: 3840: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3740: 3739: 3729: 3726: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3706:Regnal titles 3703: 3702: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3651: 3640: 3633: 3632:External links 3630: 3629: 3628: 3626:online edition 3616: 3602: 3596: 3579: 3544: 3529: 3515: 3464: 3458: 3443: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3389: 3374: 3360: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3315:10.1086/658104 3309:(1): 111–138. 3292: 3281: 3267:Chisholm, Hugh 3250: 3236: 3214: 3200: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3149: 3142: 3124: 3089: 3077: 3075:, p. 133. 3065: 3053: 3051:, p. 130. 3041: 3039:, p. 128. 3029: 3027:, p. 127. 3017: 2974: 2962: 2944: 2929: 2911: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2862: 2840: 2815:(in Hungarian) 2799: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2746: 2728: 2717: 2705: 2686: 2654: 2645: 2632: 2626:Jeremy Black, 2619: 2592:(2): 257–299. 2574: 2562: 2539: 2527: 2482: 2471:on 5 June 2010 2445: 2432: 2415: 2402: 2400:, p. 146. 2390: 2388:, p. 313. 2378: 2376:, p. 300. 2366: 2364:Hopkins, p. 63 2357: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1736: 1733: 1712: 1711:Popular memory 1709: 1634:Ottoman Empire 1599:The legacy of 1561: 1558: 1547:Imperial Crypt 1531: 1528: 1431:Ottoman Empire 1427:Russian Empire 1419:Barrier Treaty 1401: 1398: 1372:including the 1333: 1332:Foreign policy 1330: 1211:civil contract 1184: 1183: 1098: 1096: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1062: 1059: 1004: 1001: 997:Duchy of Milan 949: 946: 876: 873: 871: 868: 834:Maximilian III 819:Prince Kaunitz 716: 713: 553: 550: 514: 513: 464: 462: 455: 449: 446: 333: 332: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 310: 305: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 285: 279: 278: 275: 274: 268: 267: 259: 258: 256: 255: 252: 246: 244: 238: 237: 225: 221: 216: 215: 214: 213: 200: 196: 191: 190: 189: 188: 185: 183: 179: 178: 175:Imperial Crypt 173: 171: 167: 166: 163:(aged 48) 157: 153: 152: 133: 129: 128: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 97: 91: 90: 84: 80: 79: 72: 66: 65: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11620: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11427:Grandchildren 11425: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11305: 11301: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11265:Archduke Géza 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10840:Grandchildren 10838: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10816:Archduke John 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10728: 10724: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10641: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10570:Archduke Karl 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538:Grandchildren 10536: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10432:Maria Theresa 10428: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10408: 10406: 10401: 10399: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10377: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10356: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10313:United States 10310: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10073:Budai-Deleanu 10071: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9731: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9437:Ashley-Cooper 9435: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9408: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9339:Progressivism 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9288:Individualism 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9171: 9166: 9164: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9145: 9140: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9085:Prince Rainer 9083: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8738:Prince Pietro 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8728:Prince Garzia 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8685: 8680: 8678: 8673: 8671: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8650: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8399:Leopold Maria 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8331:Karl Albrecht 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8260:Joseph August 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8240:John Salvator 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8230:Karl Salvator 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8220:Ludwig Viktor 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8144:Wilhelm Franz 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8063:Rainer Joseph 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7843:Ferdinand III 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7767:Maximilian II 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7644: 7642: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7618: 7615: 7610: 7607: 7602: 7599: 7594: 7591: 7586: 7585:Ferdinand III 7583: 7578: 7575: 7570: 7567: 7562: 7559: 7554: 7551: 7546: 7543: 7538: 7535: 7530: 7527: 7522: 7519: 7514: 7511: 7506: 7503: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7473: 7472:Ferdinand III 7470: 7465: 7462: 7457: 7454: 7449: 7446: 7441: 7438: 7433: 7430: 7425: 7422: 7417: 7414: 7409: 7406: 7401: 7398: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7368: 7365: 7360: 7357: 7352: 7349: 7344: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7328: 7325: 7320: 7317: 7312: 7311:Maria Theresa 7309: 7304: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7264: 7261: 7256: 7253: 7248: 7247:Ferdinand III 7245: 7240: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7215:Maximilian II 7213: 7208: 7205: 7200: 7197: 7192: 7189: 7184: 7181: 7176: 7173: 7168: 7165: 7160: 7157: 7152: 7149: 7144: 7141: 7136: 7133: 7128: 7125: 7120:Frederick II 7119: 7114: 7111: 7106: 7103: 7098: 7095: 7090: 7087: 7082: 7079: 7074: 7071: 7066: 7063: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7033: 7030: 7025: 7022: 7017: 7014: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6988: 6985: 6980: 6977: 6972: 6969: 6964: 6961: 6956: 6953: 6948: 6945: 6940: 6937: 6932: 6929: 6924: 6921: 6916: 6913: 6908: 6905: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6712: 6709: 6704: 6701: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6673: 6670: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6642: 6641:Maximilian II 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6596: 6593: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6570: 6565: 6562: 6557: 6554: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6526: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6509: 6506: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460:(1411–1415), 6458: 6455: 6452: 6447: 6444: 6439: 6436: 6431: 6430:Wenceslaus II 6428: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6374: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6358: 6355: 6350: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302:(1197–1214), 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291:(1197–1247), 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6211: 6208: 6203: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6187: 6184: 6179: 6176: 6171: 6168: 6163: 6160: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6067:Frederick III 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053:German Empire 6050: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993:German Empire 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5895:Ferdinand III 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Maximilian II 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855:Frederick III 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5438:Maria Theresa 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404:Ferdinand III 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5324:Vladislaus II 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5105:Ladislaus III 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891:Grand Princes 4889: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:Piast dynasty 4796: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4722:Maria Theresa 4720: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Ferdinand III 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Vladislaus II 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4527:Wenceslaus IV 4525: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4441:Wenceslaus II 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4395:Wenceslaus II 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4369:Vladislaus II 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4344:Bretislaus II 4342: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333:Vratislaus II 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Boleslaus III 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4067:Ferdinand III 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047:Maximilian II 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4027:Frederick III 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3781:Maria Theresa 3776: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3693:13 March 1741 3692: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3671: 3666:Regnal titles 3661: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590:: C.H. Beck. 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3519:History Today 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3481:(1): 89–114. 3480: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3459:9783643106117 3455: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3390:0-252-00735-2 3386: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3262:public domain 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3226:. Cambridge: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3201:0-521-24240-1 3197: 3193: 3190:. Cambridge: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3143:0-300-04212-4 3139: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2930:0-19-816443-2 2926: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2897: 2891:, p. 65. 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2865: 2863:0-06-097468-0 2859: 2854: 2853: 2844: 2836: 2830: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2702:(4): 471–478. 2701: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2666: 2658: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2572:, p. 79. 2571: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2361: 2355:, p. 77. 2354: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Jeffrey Jones 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766:Peter Shaffer 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1708: 1705: 1704:Jean Berenger 1700: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1617:In 1849, the 1615: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1572:included the 1571: 1566: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1411: 1406: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1180: 1177: 1169: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: – 1126: 1122: 1121:Find sources: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1099:This section 1097: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1021:death penalty 1014: 1009: 1000: 998: 994: 988: 986: 981: 979: 975: 969: 967: 959: 954: 945: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 916:death penalty 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811: 806: 801: 799: 795: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 738: 734: 730: 729:Pompeo Batoni 726: 725:Peter Leopold 721: 712: 710: 706: 701: 699: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 667: 659: 655: 650: 646: 642: 640: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 609: 608:Maria Theresa 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 566: 563:(painting by 562: 558: 549: 547: 543: 542: 537: 533: 529: 528:Edward Gibbon 525: 521: 510: 507: 499: 489: 485: 481: 475: 474: 470: 465:This section 463: 459: 454: 453: 445: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 424: 423: 418: 417:Enlightenment 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 330: 326: 322: 319: 316: 312: 309: 308:Maria Theresa 306: 302: 299: 296: 292: 289: 286: 284: 280: 269: 264: 260: 253: 251: 248: 247: 245: 243: 239: 219: 212: 211: 194: 187: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135:13 March 1741 134: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 103: 98: 96: 92: 85: 81: 76: 71: 67: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11356: 11346: 11336: 11326: 10749: 10687: 10677: 10659: 10468: 10361: 10106:Catherine II 9558:Beaumarchais 9388:Universality 9359:Reductionism 9306: 9283:Human rights 9143: 8963:Prince Louis 8873: 8857: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8570:Karl Philipp 8442:Joseph Árpád 8409:Franz Joseph 8114:Joseph Franz 8053:Anton Victor 7991: 7894:Ferdinand IV 7772:Ferdinand II 7709:Maximilian I 7561:Ferdinand II 7326: 7255:Ferdinand IV 6834:(since 2000) 6739:(since 1815) 6694: 6525:Maximilian I 6461: 6450: 6449:(1411–1443) 6422:Wenceslaus I 6373:Wenceslaus I 6303: 6292: 5929: 5900:Ferdinand IV 5890:Ferdinand II 5860:Maximilian I 5837: 5820: 5778: 5763:Henry (VIII) 5761: 5747:Frederick II 5702:Conrad (III) 5694: 5687: 5621: 5598:East Francia 5549:East Francia 5499: 5456: 5411:Ferdinand IV 5406:(1637–1657) 5398:Ferdinand II 5286:Vladislaus I 5129:Ladislaus IV 5076:Ladislaus II 5071:(1162–1172) 4973: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4901: 4750: 4686:Ferdinand II 4617:Jagiellonian 4584:Non-dynastic 4468:Non-dynastic 4431:Wenceslaus I 4380:Sobeslaus II 4359:Vladislaus I 4328:Spytihněv II 4323:Bretislaus I 4293:Boleslaus II 4278:Vratislaus I 4096: 4062:Ferdinand II 4032:Maximilian I 4002:Frederick II 3786: 3762: 3743: 3719: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3677: 3654: 3643: 3621: 3605: 3583: 3561:(1): 69–85. 3558: 3552: 3532: 3518: 3478: 3472: 3448: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3379: 3350: 3306: 3300: 3286: 3274: 3222: 3186: 3163: 3158: 3152: 3133: 3127: 3098: 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Court 9931:Netherlands 9775:Mendelssohn 9770:Lichtenberg 9648:Montesquieu 9366:Sapere aude 9349:Rationalism 9344:Rationality 9334:Objectivity 8951:Prince John 8491:Carl Ludwig 8215:Karl Ludwig 8154:Joseph Karl 8002:Leopold VII 7976:Charles III 7746:Ferdinand I 7683:Frederick V 7620:(1665–1705) 7612:(1662–1665) 7604:(1632–1662) 7596:(1623–1632) 7588:(1619–1623) 7572:(1595–1619) 7564:(1564–1595) 7556:(1521–1564) 7553:Ferdinand I 7548:(1519–1521) 7540:(1490–1519) 7532:(1439–1490) 7524:(1406–1439) 7516:(1386–1406) 7508:(1365–1386) 7500:(1363–1365) 7475:(1590–1637) 7467:(1564–1590) 7459:(1521–1564) 7456:Ferdinand I 7451:(1519–1521) 7443:(1493–1519) 7435:(1457–1463) 7427:(1424–1493) 7419:(1402–1424) 7411:(1386–1411) 7403:(1386–1406) 7395:(1365–1386) 7370:(1916–1918) 7362:(1848–1916) 7354:(1835–1848) 7351:Ferdinand I 7346:(1792–1835) 7338:(1790–1792) 7335:Leopold VII 7330:(1765–1790) 7322:(1740–1765) 7314:(1740–1780) 7306:(1711–1740) 7303:Charles III 7298:(1705–1711) 7282:(1662–1665) 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I 4087:Charles VII 4042:Ferdinand I 3987:Frederick I 3982:Lothair III 3912:Charles III 3887:Charlemagne 3175:Works cited 3115:|work= 2889:Beales 1987 2877:Beales 2009 2819:10 February 2757: [ 2353:Beales 1987 1810:Ringstrasse 1729:Józsefváros 1656: 1823 1601:Josephinism 1584:Biographer 1504:Landesfürst 1477:Burgtheater 1443:Fürstenbund 1312:Freemasonry 1289:Franciscans 1281:Cistercians 1273:Poor Clares 1269:Carthusians 1257:Camaldolese 1226:Protestants 1198:papal power 1194:Charlemagne 966:Josephinism 676:, Princess 427:Josephinism 344:; English: 318:Catholicism 108:Predecessor 62: 1775 11477:Categories 11309:Francis II 10732:Leopold II 10205:Villarroel 10200:Jovellanos 10136:Radishchev 10083:Micu-Klein 10021:Niemcewicz 9988:Swammerdam 9978:Nieuwentyt 9968:Mandeville 9823:Farmakidis 9709:Burlamaqui 9618:La Mettrie 9593:Fontenelle 9548:d'Argenson 9543:d'Alembert 9467:Harrington 9393:Utopianism 9293:Liberalism 9250:Empiricism 9225:Classicism 9215:Capitalism 8467:Descent of 8435:of Hungary 8371:Maximilian 8119:Franz Karl 8088:Maximilian 7945:Leopold VI 7838:Wenceslaus 7833:Albert VII 7777:Charles II 7617:Leopold VI 7577:Albert VII 7464:Charles II 7343:Francis II 7287:Leopold VI 7239:Albert VII 7127:Leopold II 6910:(994–1018) 6808:William IV 6766:William II 6595:Charles IV 6564:Philip III 6508:Charles II 6165:(998–1026) 6147:(963–1136) 6133:(963–1354) 6118:Luxembourg 6072:William II 5959:Napoleon I 5940:Francis II 5935:Leopold II 5915:Charles VI 5828:Wenceslaus 5816:Charles IV 5722:Henry (VI) 5717:Conrad III 5646:(962–1806) 5641:within the 5551:during the 5487:Charles IV 5463:Leopold II 5380:Maximilian 5305:Matthias I 5223:Charles II 5167:Wenceslaus 5135:Andrew III 5084:Stephen IV 5051:Stephen II 4982:(997–1000) 4976:. 972–997) 4761:Francis II 4756:Leopold II 4711:Charles II 4676:Rudolph II 4671:Maximilian 4603:Matthias I 4521:Charles IV 4501:Luxembourg 4436:Ottokar II 4349:Bořivoj II 4107:Francis II 4102:Leopold II 4082:Charles VI 4052:Rudolph II 4017:Charles IV 3907:Charles II 3839:1780–1790 3818:Luxembourg 3773:1765–1790 3755:Leopold II 3749:1764–1765 3725:1765–1766 3383:. Urbana. 3085:Szabo 2011 3073:Szabo 2011 3061:Szabo 2011 3049:Szabo 2011 3037:Szabo 2011 3025:Szabo 2011 2970:Szabo 2011 2795:Vox populi 2340:References 1805:Linienwall 1673:Democrat, 1611:philosophe 1508:Volksfürst 1499:Civil Code 1385:Cameralism 1265:Carmelites 1136:newspapers 910:in 1781. 870:Sole reign 709:Leopold II 538:, and the 524:David Hume 448:Early life 442:Leopold II 422:philosophe 370:Leopold II 122:Leopold II 95:Coronation 11348:HI&RH 11320:Spouse(s) 10743:Spouse(s) 10689:HI&RH 10671:Spouse(s) 10660:Joseph II 10436:Francis I 10326:Jefferson 10268:Hutcheson 10157:Obradović 10126:Lomonosov 10121:Kheraskov 10031:Śniadecki 9795:Weishaupt 9790:Thomasius 9780:Pufendorf 9623:Lavoisier 9608:d'Holbach 9603:Helvétius 9583:Descartes 9578:Condorcet 9573:Condillac 9507:Priestley 9324:Modernity 9245:Democracy 8886:Leopold I 8521:Palatines 8469:Charles I 8433:Palatines 8414:Karl Pius 8389:Gottfried 8245:Friedrich 8169:Sigismund 8007:Ferdinand 7992:Joseph II 7884:Ferdinand 7853:Leopold V 7741:Charles I 7693:Sigismund 7688:Albert VI 7593:Leopold V 7545:Charles I 7448:Charles I 7367:Charles I 7327:Joseph II 7263:Leopold V 7199:Charles I 6902:(976–994) 6820:Charlotte 6760:William I 6664:Charles V 6587:Philip IV 6548:Philip II 6446:Elisabeth 6365:Charles I 6349:Henry VII 6288:Ermesinde 6210:Conrad II 6202:William I 6194:Henry III 6178:Giselbert 6157:(963–998) 6154:Siegfried 6062:William I 6043:William I 5978:Francis I 5930:Joseph II 5925:Francis I 5905:Leopold I 5880:Rudolf II 5865:Charles V 5850:Albert II 5845:Sigismund 5801:Henry VII 5757:Conrad IV 5678:Henry III 5673:Conrad II 5605:(919–962) 5600:(911–919) 5556:(843–911) 5457:Joseph II 5420:Leopold I 5242:Sigismund 5205:Charles I 5123:Stephen V 5111:Andrew II 4997:Stephen I 4812:from the 4797:from the 4777:Charles I 4751:Joseph II 4701:Leopold I 4691:Frederick 4532:Sigismund 4487:Rudolph I 4426:Ottokar I 4400:Ottokar I 4385:Frederick 4375:Frederick 4268:Bořivoj I 4239:Křesomysl 4187:Legendary 4179:Přemyslid 4097:Joseph II 4092:Francis I 4072:Leopold I 4037:Charles V 4022:Sigismund 4007:Henry VII 3967:Henry III 3962:Conrad II 3932:Louis III 3897:Lothair I 3714:Francis I 3575:0362-3319 3527:0018-2753 3511:162762308 3495:0018-246X 3437:Joseph II 3423:Joseph II 3407:cite book 3331:144338172 3323:0022-2801 3271:Joseph II 3117:ignored ( 3107:cite book 3004:0013-8266 2939:231661778 2614:153786907 2556:0013-2586 2522:153577075 2514:0707-5332 1238:Joseph's 1166:July 2023 1039:feudalism 931:Louis XVI 904:peasantry 783:Vergennes 745:Staatsrat 622:Ferdinand 467:does not 388:, styled 340:(German: 338:Joseph II 324:Signature 118:Successor 112:Francis I 42:Joseph II 11371:Children 10764:Children 10702:Children 10447:Children 10376:Category 10321:Franklin 10288:Playfair 10258:Ferguson 10215:Scotland 10162:Mrazović 10116:Kantemir 10111:Fonvizin 10050:Portugal 10016:Krasicki 10011:Konarski 10006:Kołłątaj 9958:Koerbagh 9907:Genovesi 9892:Beccaria 9854:Berkeley 9785:Schiller 9750:Humboldt 9724:Saussure 9719:Rousseau 9683:Voltaire 9638:Maréchal 9613:Jaucourt 9568:Châtelet 9563:Chamfort 9512:Reynolds 9415:Thinkers 9319:Midlands 9308:Lumières 9278:Humanism 9271:Haskalah 8701:, first 8380:Habsburg 8336:Leo Karl 8129:Albrecht 7966:Joseph I 7823:Matthias 7813:Rudolf V 7569:Matthias 7295:Joseph I 7231:Matthias 7223:Rudolf V 7167:Albert V 7065:Albert I 7057:Rudolf I 6618:Philip V 6500:Philip I 6462:and then 6341:Henry VI 6304:and then 6299:Theobald 6242:Henry IV 6186:Conrad I 6170:Henry II 6114:Monarchs 5910:Joseph I 5885:Matthias 5806:Louis IV 5796:Albert I 5786:Rudolf I 5732:Henry VI 5683:Henry IV 5668:Henry II 5663:Otto III 5612:Conrad I 5568:Carloman 5426:Joseph I 5330:Louis II 5093:Béla III 5015:Andrew I 4806:Antiking 4706:Joseph I 4651:Habsburg 4546:Habsburg 4339:Conrad I 4303:Vladivoj 4249:Hostivít 4219:Nezamysl 4167:Monarchs 4125:Category 4077:Joseph I 4057:Matthias 4012:Louis IV 3992:Henry VI 3972:Henry IV 3957:Henry II 3952:Otto III 3937:Berengar 3902:Louis II 3370:60750917 3348:(2005). 3246:13823416 3220:(2009). 3210:13823416 3184:(1987). 2908:in JSTOR 2829:cite web 2791:Alcuinus 2739:Archived 2681:46579421 2606:40109472 2559:in Jstor 2318:See also 1816:Ancestry 1774:and the 1768:'s play 1725:Budapest 1671:New Deal 1636:and the 1580:in 1782. 1540:Florence 1485:Keglević 1469:Milanese 1465:Lombardy 1433:and the 1400:Reaction 1319:Sorbonne 1082:Religion 852:Lorraine 796:and the 756:Jacobins 731:, 1769, 715:Co-ruler 705:pleurisy 639:smallpox 589:Louis XV 532:Voltaire 386:Lorraine 382:Habsburg 314:Religion 10331:Madison 10303:Stewart 10243:Burnett 10238:Boswell 10223:Beattie 10195:Moratín 10180:Cadalso 10131:Novikov 10066:Romania 10041:Wybicki 10036:Staszic 9983:Spinoza 9953:Huygens 9948:Grotius 9902:Galvani 9897:Galiani 9847:Ireland 9828:Feraios 9800:Wieland 9765:Lessing 9760:Leibniz 9733:Germany 9714:Prévost 9699:Abauzit 9663:Quesnay 9653:Morelly 9643:Meslier 9628:Leclerc 9588:Diderot 9477:Johnson 9452:Collins 9447:Bentham 9432:Addison 9425:England 9373:Science 9210:Atheism 8595:Charles 8548:Charles 8512:Dominic 8505:Tuscany 8382:Tuscany 8341:Wilhelm 8149:Stephen 8038:Charles 7879:Charles 7049:Austria 6802:Adolphe 6711:Francis 6703:Leopold 6672:Mary II 6468:John II 6457:Anthony 6333:Henry V 6310:Waleran 6162:Henry I 5822:Günther 5780:Alfonso 5774:Richard 5769:William 5742:Otto IV 5707:Henry V 5696:Hermann 5658:Otto II 5617:Henry I 5500:italics 5469:Francis 5386:Rudolph 5211:Louis I 5117:Béla IV 5063:Géza II 5057:Béla II 5045:Coloman 5027:Solomon 4980:Stephen 4956:Taksony 4823:Bavaria 4318:Oldřich 4313:Jaromír 4234:Vnislav 4214:Valasca 4171:Bohemia 3997:Otto IV 3977:Henry V 3947:Otto II 3922:Lambert 3892:Louis I 3831:Hainaut 3814:Lothier 3809:Limburg 3796:Bohemia 3792:Croatia 3624:(2000) 3535:(2010) 3503:2639517 3399:4857752 3264:: 1784:Salieri 1771:Amadeus 1690:Josefov 1606:Diderot 1423:Scheldt 1326:Galicia 1150:scholar 1013:Moravia 908:serfdom 830:Bavaria 775:consort 762:of the 656:in the 488:removed 473:sources 413:Prussia 234: 226: 222: 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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

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