Joseph E. Johnston

807: 1444: 1182:, as were many of Bragg's senior subordinates. Jefferson Davis ordered Johnston to visit Bragg and determine whether he should be replaced. Johnston realized that if he recommended Bragg's replacement, he would be the logical choice to succeed him. He considered a field army command more desirable than his current, mostly administrative post. Still, his sense of honor prevented him from achieving this personal gain at Bragg's expense. After interviewing Bragg and several of his subordinates, he produced a generally positive report and refused to relieve the army commander. Davis ordered Bragg to a meeting in Richmond and designated Johnston to take command in the field, but Bragg's wife was ill, and he was unable to travel. Furthermore, in early April, Johnston was forced to bed with lingering problems from his Peninsula wound, and the attention of the Confederates shifted from Tennessee to Mississippi, leaving Bragg in place. 1226:(May 17). The survivors retreated to the fortifications of Vicksburg. Johnston urged Pemberton to avoid being surrounded by abandoning the city and to join forces with Johnston's troops, outnumbering Grant. Still, Davis had ordered Pemberton to defend the city as his highest priority. Grant launched two unsuccessful assaults against the fortifications and settled in for a siege. The soldiers and civilians in the surrounded city waited in vain for Johnston's small force to rescue them. By late May, Johnston had accumulated about 24,000 men but wanted additional reinforcements before moving forward. He considered ordering Bragg to send these reinforcements but was concerned that this could result in the loss of Tennessee. He also bickered with President Davis about whether the order sending him to Mississippi could be construed as removing him from theater command; historian 795: 1400:, added to the pressure in Congress. Diarist Mary Chesnut wrote, "We thought this was a struggle for independence. Now it seems it is only a fight between Joe Johnston and Jeff Davis." In January 1865, the Congress passed a law authorizing Robert E. Lee the powers of general in chief, and recommending that Johnston be reinstated as the commander of the Army of Tennessee. Davis immediately appointed Lee to the position, but refused to restore Johnston. In a lengthy unpublished memo, Davis wrote, "My opinion of General Johnston's unfitness for command has ripened slowly and against my inclinations into a conviction so settled that it would be impossible for me again to feel confidence in him as the commander of an army in the field." Vice President 989:, but he lacked familiarity with the terrain and ceded tactical planning of the battle to the more junior Beauregard as a professional courtesy. At midday, while Beauregard was still unclear about his U.S. opponent's direction in the battle, Johnston decided that the critical point was to the north of his headquarters (the Lewis house, "Portici"), at Henry House Hill. He abruptly announced, "The battle is there. I am going." Beauregard and the staffs of both generals followed his lead and rode off. Johnston encountered a scattered unit, the 4th Alabama, whose field-grade officers had all been killed, and personally rallied the men to reinforce the Confederate line. He consoled the despairing Brig. Gen. 1049:. This movement had repercussions on both sides. President Davis was surprised and disappointed by the unannounced move, which he considered a "precipitate retreat." At about this time, Davis moved to restrict Johnston's authority by bringing Robert E. Lee to Richmond as his military adviser. He began issuing direct orders to some of the forces under Johnston's ostensible command. On the Northern side, McClellan was publicly embarrassed when it was revealed that the Confederate position had not been nearly as strong as he had portrayed. But more importantly, it required him to replan his spring offensive, and instead of an amphibious landing at his preferred target of 1617: 1633: 5747: 361: 206: 1605: 1186: 1026:, Albert Sidney Johnston, and Robert E. Lee. Only Beauregard was placed behind Johnston on the list of five new generals. This led to much bad blood between Johnston and Jefferson Davis, lasting throughout the war. The crux of Davis's counterargument was that Johnston's U.S. commission as a brigadier general was as a staff officer and that his highest line commission was as a lieutenant colonel; both Sidney Johnston and Lee had been full colonels. Johnston sent an intemperately worded letter to Davis, who was offended enough to discuss its tone with his cabinet. 1706: 1066: 196: 1291: 1463:. After three separate days (April 17, 18, and 26, 1865) of negotiations, Johnston surrendered the Army of Tennessee and all remaining Confederate forces still active in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. It was the largest surrender of the war, totaling 89,270 soldiers. President Davis considered that Johnston, surrendering so many troops that had not been explicitly defeated in battle, had committed an act of treason. Johnston was paroled on May 2 at Greensboro. 1211:. On May 9, the Confederate Secretary of War directed Johnston to "proceed at once to Mississippi and take chief command of the forces in the field." Johnston informed Richmond that he was still medically unfit but would obey the order. When he arrived in Jackson on May 13 from Middle Tennessee, he learned that two U.S. Army corps were advancing on the city and that only 6,000 Confederate troops were available to hold it. Johnston ordered a fighting evacuation (the 5519: 1239:

direct rail lines and the vast distances involved, lack of assistance from subordinate commanders, Pemberton's refusal to abandon Vicksburg as suggested, and President Davis' habit of communicating directly to Johnston's subordinates (which meant Johnston was often not aware of what was going on) all contributed to this defeat. Davis considered firing Johnston, but he remained a popular officer and had many political allies in Richmond, most notably Sen.

5529: 1375: 1483:. Johnston was bored with the position, and the company failed for a lack of capital. He established Joseph E. Johnston & Company, an insurance agency for New York Life Insurance Co. and a British insurance company, which Johnston operated out of Savannah (Ga.) from 1868 to 1877. The British company was Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company, and within four years had a network of more than 120 agents across the deep South. 1100:. Johnston's plan for the defense of the Confederate capital was controversial. Knowing that his army was half the size of McClellan's and that the U.S. Navy could directly support McClellan from either river, Johnston attempted to convince Davis and Lee that the best course would be to concentrate on fortifications around Richmond. He was unsuccessful in persuading them and deployed most of his force on the Peninsula. Following lengthy 1334:, to halt his advance and reposition his troops to face the threat. Faced with this unexpected threat, Johnston abandoned his attack and renewed his retreat. On May 20, they again retreated 8 miles further south to Cartersville. The month of May 1864 ended with Sherman's forces attempting to move away from their railroad supply line with another turning movement, but became bogged down by the Confederates' fierce defenses at the 1408:

department on March 6. These commands included three Confederate field armies, including the remnants of the once formidable Army of Tennessee, but they were armies in name only. The Tennessee army had been severely depleted at Franklin and Nashville, lacked sufficient supplies and ammunition, and the men had not been paid for months; only about 6,600 traveled to South Carolina. Johnston also had available 12,000 men under

40: 693:, the sailors who had gone ashore were attacked. Johnston said there were "no less than 30 bullet holes" in his clothing, and one bullet creased his scalp, leaving a scar he had for the rest of his life. Having encountered more combat activities in Florida as a civilian than he had previously as an artillery officer, Johnston decided to rejoin the Army. He departed for Washington, D.C., in April 1838 and was appointed a 1282:, the senior corps commander, who refused. He considered P.G.T. Beauregard, another general with whom he had poor personal relations, and Robert E. Lee. Lee, reluctant to leave Virginia, first recommended Beauregard, but sensing Davis's discomfort, he changed his recommendation to Johnston. After much agonizing, Davis appointed Johnston to command the Army of Tennessee in Dalton, Georgia, on December 27, 1863. 1692: 1428:

attempted to escape to North Carolina to join Johnston, but it was too late.) Recognizing that Sherman was moving quickly, Johnston planned to consolidate his small armies to land a blow against an isolated portion of Sherman's army, advancing in two separate columns. On March 19, 1865, Johnston was able to catch the left wing of Sherman's army by surprise at the

1022:—what is called a four-star general in the modern U.S. Army—but was not pleased that three other men he had outranked in the "old Army" now outranked him, even though Davis backdated his promotion to July 4. Johnston felt that, since he was the senior officer to leave the U.S. Army and join the Confederacy, he should not be ranked behind 1366:

Atlanta. "The fate of Atlanta, from the Confederate standpoint, was all but decided by Johnston." His replacement, Lt. Gen. Hood, was left with the "virtually impossible situation" of defending Atlanta, which he was forced to abandon in September. Davis's decision to remove Johnston was one of the most controversial of the war.

942:, and that every community strong enough to establish and maintain its independence, has a right to assert it. Having been educated in such opinions, I naturally determined to return to the State of which I was a native, join the people among whom I was born, and live with my kindred, and if necessary, fight in their defense." 1175:, stationed principally in Arkansas. Johnston argued throughout his tenure that Holmes's command should be combined with Pemberton's under Johnston's control, or at least to reinforce Pemberton with troops from Holmes's command, but he was unable to convince the government to take either of these steps.) 1365:

In early July, Davis sent Gen. Braxton Bragg to Atlanta to assess the situation. After several meetings with local civilian leaders and Johnston's subordinates, Bragg returned to Richmond and urged President Davis to replace Johnston. Davis removed Johnston from command on July 17, 1864, just outside

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The relationship between Johnston and Davis, difficult since the early days of the war, became bitter as recriminations were traded publicly about who was to blame for Vicksburg. That Johnston never wanted this theater command in the first place, difficulty in effectively moving troops due to lack of

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and urged him to lead his men back into the fight. (General Bee's exhortation to his men inspired Stonewall Jackson's nickname.) Beauregard then convinced Johnston that he would be more valuable in organizing the arrival of reinforcements for the remainder of the battle than in providing at-the-front

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Although many Confederate generals criticized Johnston, Sherman and Grant portrayed him favorably in their memoirs. Sherman described him as a "dangerous and wily opponent" and criticized Johnston's nemeses, Hood and Davis. Grant supported his decisions in the Vicksburg Campaign: "Johnston evidently

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After the surrender, Sherman issued ten days' rations to the hungry Confederate soldiers as well as horses and mules to "insure a crop." He also ordered the distribution of corn meal and flour to civilians throughout the South. This was an act of generosity that Johnston would never forget; he wrote

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Johnston, severely outnumbered, hoped to combine his force with a detachment of Robert E. Lee's army from Virginia, jointly defeat Sherman, and then return to Virginia for an attack on Ulysses S. Grant. Lee initially refused to cooperate with this plan. (Following the fall of Richmond in April, Lee

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on June 28, 1860. Johnston did not enjoy the position, preferring field command to administration in Washington. In addition, he suffered from the pressures of the imminent sectional crisis and the ethical dilemma of administering war matériel that might prove useful to his native South. He did not

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on February 19, 1891, he kept his hat off as a sign of respect, although the weather was cold and rainy. Someone concerned for his health asked him to put on his hat, to which Johnston replied, "If I were in his place, and he were standing here in mine, he would not put on his hat." He did catch a

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on June 27, which Johnston vigorously repulsed. However, U.S. forces were within 17 miles of Atlanta by this time, threatening the city from the west and north. Johnston had yielded over 110 miles of mountainous, and thus more easily defensible, territory in just two months, while the Confederate

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or Fair Oaks. His plan was aggressive but too complicated for his subordinates to execute correctly, and he failed to ensure they understood his orders in detail or to supervise them closely. The battle was tactically inconclusive, but it stopped McClellan's advance on the city and would be the

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venerated hand, without a stain of dishonor. Its blade is still unblemished as when it passed from his hand to mine. I drew it in the war, not for rank or fame, but to defend the sacred soil, the homes and hearths, the women and children; aye, and the men of my mother Virginia, my native South.

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It seeks to tarnish my fair fame as a soldier and a man, earned by more than thirty years of laborious and perilous service. I had but this, the scars of many wounds, all honestly taken in my front and in the front of battle, and my father's Revolutionary sword. It was delivered to me from his

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of volunteers. (After the end of hostilities, he reverted to his peacetime rank of captain in the topographical engineers.) Winfield Scott humorously remarked, "Johnston is a great soldier, but he had an unfortunate knack of getting himself shot in nearly every engagement." Johnston's greatest

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Despite his serious misgivings, Davis restored Johnston to active duty on February 25, 1865. His new command comprised two military departments: the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia; he assumed command of the latter

938:, the highest-ranking U.S. Army officer to do so. He would go on to state, "I believed like most others, that the division of the country would be permanent; and that ... the revolution begun was justified by the maxims so often repeated by Americans, that Free government is founded on the 1045:, was being organized by George B. McClellan. McClellan perceived Johnston's army as overwhelmingly strong in its fortifications, prompting him to plan an amphibious movement around Johnston's flank. In early March, learning of U.S. offensive preparations, Johnston withdrew his army to 826:, an acquaintance of Johnston's from West Point, rebuffed these suggestions, as he did later during the Civil War, much to Johnston's irritation. Despite this disagreement, Davis thought enough of Johnston to appoint him lieutenant colonel in one of the newly formed regiments, the 953:

on May 4, but the Virginia Convention decided two weeks later that only one major general was required in the state army and Robert E. Lee was their choice. Johnston was then offered a state commission as a brigadier general, which he declined, accepting instead a commission as a

1311:, causing him to fall back in the general direction of Atlanta. Johnston saw the preservation of his army as the most crucial consideration and conducted a very cautious campaign. He handled his army well, slowing the U.S. advance and inflicting heavier losses than he sustained. 1490:(1874) was highly critical of Davis and many of his fellow generals. He repeated his grievance about his ranking as a general in the Confederate Army and attempted to justify his career as a cautious campaigner. The book sold poorly, and its publisher failed to make a profit. 1498:

For my own part, I think that Johnston's tactics were right. Anything that could have prolonged the war a year beyond the time that it finally did close, would probably have exhausted the North to such an extent that they might then have abandoned the contest and agreed to a

873:, a native of Abingdon and a cousin of Johnston's by marriage. He had been a former guardian of Preston Johnston. Floyd made Johnston a brevet colonel for his actions at Cerro Gordo, a promotion that caused grumbling within the Army about favoritism. In 1859, President 1234:

a week later, the loss of Vicksburg gave the United States complete control of the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in two. President Davis wryly ascribed the strategic defeat to a "want of provisions inside and a general outside who would not fight."

1549:. After his wife died in 1887, Johnston frequently traveled to veterans' gatherings, where he was universally cheered. In September 1890, a few months before he died, he was elected as an honorary member of the District of Columbia Society of the 791:

anguish during the war was the death of his nephew, Preston Johnston. When Robert E. Lee informed Johnston that a Mexican artillery shell had killed Preston at Contreras, both officers wept, and Johnston grieved for the remainder of his life.

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of the U.S. Army, died on June 10, 1860. Winfield Scott was responsible for naming a replacement, but instead of one name, he offered four possibilities: Joseph E. Johnston, Albert Sidney Johnston (no relation), Robert E. Lee, and

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took in the situation, and wisely, I think, abstained from making an assault on us because it would simply have inflicted losses on both sides without accomplishing any result." Commenting on the Atlanta Campaign, Grant wrote,

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in the spring of 1864, Johnston conducted a series of withdrawals that appeared similar to his Peninsula Campaign strategy. He repeatedly prepared strong defensive positions, only to see Sherman maneuver around them in expert

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Johnston, like Lee, never forgot the magnanimity of the man to whom he surrendered. He would not allow criticism of Sherman in his presence. Sherman and Johnston corresponded frequently, and they met for friendly dinners in

1396:, the public clamored for Johnston's return. The general in charge of the Western Theater, P.G.T. Beauregard, was making little progress against the advancing U.S. force. Political opponents of Jefferson Davis, such as Sen. 1248:

The President detests Joe Johnston for all the trouble he has given him, and General Joe returns the compliment with compound interest. His hatred of Jeff Davis amounts to a religion. With him it colors all things.

1203:, first in a series of unsuccessful maneuvers during the winter of 1862–63 to the north of the fortress city, but followed in April 1863 with an ambitious campaign that began with Grant's army crossing the 994:

tactical leadership. Although Beauregard claimed the majority of public credit, Johnston's behind-the-scenes role was critical to the Confederate victory. After Bull Run, Johnston assisted Beauregard and

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Johnston was an engineer on the Texas-United States boundary survey in 1841; he returned to the area, was appointed chief topographical engineer of the Department of Texas and served from 1848 to 1853.

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During the 1850s, he sought his previous rank, sending letters to the War Department suggesting that he should be returned to a combat regiment with his wartime rank of colonel. Secretary of War

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high-water mark of his invasion. More significant, however, was that Johnston was wounded in his shoulder and chest by an artillery shell fragment near the end of the first day of the battle.

5786: 758:, having been chosen by Scott to be the officer carrying the demand for surrender beforehand to the provincial governor. He was in the vanguard of the movement inland under Brig. Gen. 1903: 1616: 905:. Although Jefferson Davis, now a member of the Senate Military Affairs Committee, favored Albert Sidney Johnston, Secretary of War Floyd chose Joseph E. Johnston for the position. 5177: 1404:

and 17 senators petitioned Lee to use his new authority to appoint Johnston, bypassing Davis, but the general in chief declined. Instead, he recommended the appointment to Davis.

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Realizing that he could not defend Richmond forever from the U.S. Army's overwhelming numbers and heavy siege artillery and that McClellan's army was divided by the rain-swollen

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Wasiak, Joseph E., Jr. "A Failure in Strategic Command: Jefferson Davis, J. E. Johnston and the Western Theater." U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. 1998.

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for his actions at Cerro Gordo. After recovering in a field hospital, he rejoined the army at Puebla. During the advance toward Mexico City, he was second in command of the "

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judges that Johnston "willfully misconstrued" his orders out of resentment of Davis's interference. Pemberton's army surrendered on July 4, 1863. Along with the capture of

665:. He was moderately successful in academics and received only a small number of disciplinary demerits. He graduated in 1829, ranking 13th of 46 cadets, and was appointed a 1207:

southwest of Vicksburg. Catching Lt. Gen. Pemberton by surprise, the U.S. army waged a series of successful battles as it moved northeast toward the state capital of

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in November. Bragg resigned from his command of the Army of Tennessee and returned to Richmond as military adviser to the president. Davis offered the position to

806: 5006: 1330:. As his troops advanced, an enemy force of unknown strength appeared unexpectedly on his right flank. A skirmish ensued, forcing the corps commander, Lt. Gen. 4461: 4456: 1144:

Johnston was prematurely discharged from the hospital on November 24, 1862, and appointed to command the Department of the West, the principal command of the

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to Sherman that his attitude "reconciles me to what I have previously regarded as the misfortune of my life, that of having you to encounter in the field."

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commanded the army during the second day of the battle before Davis quickly turned over command to the more aggressive Robert E. Lee, who would lead the

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candidate William W. Newman. He did not run for reelection in 1880. He was appointed as a commissioner of railroads in the administration of President

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The first issue facing Johnston in the west was the fate of Braxton Bragg. The Confederate government was displeased with Bragg's performance at the

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The income from this venture allowed him to devote time to his great post-war activity, writing his memoirs, as did several fellow officers. His

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Johnston moved from Savannah to Richmond in the winter of 1876–77. The former Confederate general was considered for service in President

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whenever Johnston traveled there. When Sherman died, Johnston served as an honorary pallbearer at his funeral. During the procession in

5866: 5831: 5781: 5480: 5343: 5328: 3759: 3375: 1750: 999: 889:'s government in Veracruz. He was also ordered to inspect possible military routes across the country in case of further hostilities. 5333: 5096: 5066: 4704: 4633: 3331: 3326: 2322: 1322:, which was evacuated on May 13, then retreated 12 miles south to Resaca and constructed defensive positions. However, after a brief 1145: 1326:, Johnston again yielded to Sherman and retreated from Resaca on May 15. Johnston assembled the Confederate forces for an attack at 5836: 5806: 5575: 5247: 5182: 3884: 3859: 3095: 3070: 3020: 3000: 2858: 771: 388: 2595: 869:. In 1857 he led surveying expeditions to determine the Kansas border. Later that year, Davis was replaced as Secretary of War by 5666: 5558: 5450: 5425: 5141: 4838: 4734: 4586: 3919: 3799: 3010: 1504: 1033:

on July 21, 1861, and the Department of Northern Virginia on October 22. From July to November 1861, he was headquartered at the

3809: 5391: 5136: 3879: 3874: 3549: 2835: 1538: 721: 635: 575: 378: 3719: 794: 5641: 4963: 3955: 3950: 3814: 3714: 2965: 2762: 2683: 2668: 2585: 2553: 2536: 2521: 2482: 2467: 2393: 2378: 2363: 2158: 495: 5856: 5621: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5222: 4926: 4898: 4137: 3945: 3914: 3844: 3704: 3278: 2403: 1476: 839: 595: 5212: 5202: 4853: 4561: 3924: 3889: 3784: 3362: 3839: 2261: 1215:, May 14) and retreated with his force north. Grant captured the city and then faced to the west to approach Vicksburg. 5801: 5551: 5363: 5353: 5338: 5106: 4931: 3960: 3909: 3854: 3819: 3804: 3794: 3779: 3754: 3709: 3694: 3629: 3506: 2955: 2229: 2221: 971: 882: 767: 225: 5475: 5358: 5348: 5076: 4672: 4566: 4443: 3940: 3904: 3824: 3764: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3689: 3120: 3112: 2990: 2934: 2653: 2638: 2616: 2568: 2504: 2448: 1508: 1243:. Instead, Bragg's army was removed from Johnston's command, leaving him in control of only Alabama and Mississippi. 1041:

headquarters, concerned primarily with organization and equipment issues, as the principal Northern army, also named

909: 610:.) His grandfather, Peter Johnston, emigrated to Virginia from Scotland in 1726. Joseph was the seventh son of Judge 491: 199: 5573: 669:

in the 4th U.S. Artillery. He would become the first West Point graduate to be promoted to a general officer in the

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Johnston began to make a living for himself and his ailing wife. He became president of a small railroad, the

5661: 4818: 4739: 4556: 4022: 3480: 3288: 2299:. Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William & Mary. Archived from 1389: 1109: 570:

After the war, Johnston served as an executive in the railroad and insurance businesses. He was elected as a

526: 360: 5091: 4833: 4623: 4598: 4310: 3385: 3090: 3030: 2496: 1595: 1530:'s Cabinet, particularly for the post of Secretary of War, but was ultimately not chosen. He served in the 967: 935: 866: 670: 2425: 1318:

on May 4. Johnston's Army of Tennessee fought defensive battles against the Federals at the approaches to

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On July 10, 1845, in Baltimore, Johnston married Lydia Mulligan Sims McLane (1822–1887), the daughter of

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ensued on June 22, followed by Sherman's first (and only) attempt at a massive frontal assault in the

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on April 9, Johnston agreed to meet with General Sherman between the lines at a small farm known as

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Georgia Historical Society, Johnston, Joseph E. (Joseph Eggleston), 1807–1891, Georgiahistory.com.

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Johnston began to move his force west to join Pemberton when he heard of that general's defeat at

1171:. (The other major force in this area was the Trans-Mississippi Department, commanded by Lt. Gen. 673:, reaching a higher rank in the U.S. Army than did his 1829 classmate, Robert E. Lee (2nd of 46). 5716: 5711: 5706: 5396: 5016: 4984: 4979: 4677: 4650: 4042: 3539: 3529: 3301: 3296: 3150: 2183:

Georgia Historical Society, Johnston, Joseph E. (Joseph Eggleston), 1807-1891, Georgiahistory.com

1433: 1388:, to begin a virtual retirement. However, as the Confederacy became increasingly concerned about 1219: 1023: 959: 939: 858:. He developed a mentor relationship and close friendship with one of his junior officers, Capt. 787: 702: 694: 544: 464: 161: 2118:

Jefferson Davis' letter to James Phelan, March 1, 1865, with enclosure. OR 47, pt. 2, 1303-1313.

786:, and received two brevet promotions for the latter two engagements, ending the war as a brevet 5676: 5381: 5081: 4655: 4245: 4082: 4057: 3589: 3490: 3405: 3145: 3054: 2844: 1460: 1267: 1196: 1179: 1105: 1104:

preparations by McClellan at Yorktown, Johnston withdrew and fought a sharp defensive fight at

902: 878: 843: 639: 559:. In the war's final days, Johnston was returned to command of the few remaining forces in the 412: 237: 205: 2786: 838:, on March 1, 1855. (At this same time, Robert E. Lee was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 5297: 5197: 5011: 4660: 4613: 4523: 4491: 4198: 4188: 3634: 3624: 3609: 3559: 3514: 3170: 3155: 3048: 2644:

Downs, Alan. "'The Responsibility Is Great': Joseph E. Johnston and the War in Virginia." In

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In June, Sherman's forces continued maneuvers around the northern approaches to Atlanta. The

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and briefly gained some tactical successes before superior numbers forced him to retreat to

650:, a town near the Tennessee border, where his father Peter built a home he named Panecillo. 5771: 5766: 5731: 5455: 5307: 5280: 4749: 4528: 4511: 4168: 3664: 3649: 3644: 3614: 3599: 3579: 3197: 3101: 2985: 2330: 1813: 1571: 1512: 1507:, a canal project approved in 1876. It was intended to construct a canal westward from the 1275: 1263: 1231: 1208: 1172: 779: 725: 643: 483: 111: 2593:"A Failure in Strategic Command: Jefferson Davis, J. E. Johnston and the Western Theater." 1570:, and Johnston died one month later in Washington, D.C. He was buried next to his wife in 1358:

government became increasingly frustrated and alarmed. When Johnston retreated across the

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Rasmussen, Frederick N. "A much-respected, and conflicted, general of the Confederacy",

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Johnston resigned from the Army in March 1837 and studied civil engineering. During the

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and Sherman praised his actions in the war and became friends with Johnston afterward.

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for the rest of the war. Lee began by driving McClellan from the Peninsula during the

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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia

1065: 195: 4396: 4265: 4235: 4230: 4163: 4102: 4097: 4052: 3554: 3544: 3450: 3430: 3425: 3175: 3165: 3125: 2510: 1697: 1558: 1546: 1421: 1362:, the final significant barrier before Atlanta, President Davis lost his patience. 1343: 1323: 1315: 1308: 1200: 955: 950: 690: 619: 579: 564: 556: 327: 99: 2739:

Narrative of Military Operations: Directed, During the Late War between the States

2561:

Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary

2155: 886: 19:

This article is about the Confederate general. For people with similar names, see

5721: 5701: 5646: 5470: 4759: 4608: 4501: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4361: 4330: 4240: 4183: 4173: 4132: 3160: 3130: 2950: 2690: 2599: 2455: 2424: 2162: 1754: 1654: 1623: 1542: 855: 823: 774:", a unit composed of light infantry or skirmishers. He distinguished himself at 759: 658: 506: 471:. From 1888 to 1889 he was a vice president, from 1889 to 1890 president, of the 2609:

Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West

1660:

On March 20, 2010, a bronze statue of Johnston was dedicated at the site of the

1057:, between the James and York Rivers, as his avenue of approach toward Richmond. 981:(First Manassas), July 21, 1861, Johnston rapidly moved his small army from the 5591: 4538: 4486: 4325: 4290: 4250: 4142: 4122: 4117: 4072: 3351: 3192: 3180: 1516: 1479:

Company, which during his tenure of May 1866 to November 1867, was renamed the

1331: 874: 751: 740: 2794: 913:

yield to temptation, however, as Secretary of War Floyd was accused of doing.

5760: 4806: 4406: 4401: 4391: 4366: 4275: 4270: 4112: 4107: 4092: 4062: 4032: 3370: 2995: 2648:, edited by Steven E. Woodworth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999. 2542: 2420: 2045:"'I lead you to battle': Joseph E. Johnston and the Controversy at Cassville" 1562: 1456: 1413: 1397: 1290: 1240: 1149: 870: 627: 615: 603: 578:, serving a single term. He was appointed as commissioner of railroads under 537: 487: 460: 266: 2217:

A Soldier's General: The Civil War Letters of Major General Lafayette McLaws

1901: 1136:

of late June and beating a U.S. army a second time near Bull Run in August.

1037:

in Manassas. The winter of 1861–62 was relatively quiet for Johnston in his

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and was severely wounded by grapeshot performing reconnaissance before the

713: 490:. He served in Florida, Texas, and Kansas. By 1860 he achieved the rank of 463:. After Virginia declared secession from the United States, he entered the 448: 2413: 846:(no relation). In this role, Johnston participated in actions against the 582:. Johnston died of pneumonia one month after attending Sherman's funeral. 5656: 4047: 3085: 3065: 2730: 2676:

John Bell Hood: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Confederate General

1904:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Conner House" 1164: 1093: 865:

In the fall of 1856, Johnston was transferred to a depot for recruits at

812:

Reconnoissances of Routes from San Antonio de Bexar to El Paso del Norte

2435:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 474. 1108:(May 5) and turned back an attempt at an amphibious turning movement at 1029:

Johnston was placed in command of the Department of the Potomac and the

934:

in 1861, Johnston resigned his commission as a brigadier general in the

5430: 4305: 4067: 3268: 3263: 2747: 2708:

General Joseph Eggleston Johnston, Storm Center of the Confederate Army

2707: 2700: 1125: 706: 344: 2499:

and Julie Hoffman. Harrisburg, PA: National Historical Society, 1991.

1412:, who had been unsuccessfully attempting to resist Sherman's advance, 1195:

The major crisis facing Johnston was defending Confederate control of

1112:(May 7). By late May, the U.S. Army was within six miles of Richmond. 513:

in July 1861, but the victory is usually credited to his subordinate,

4694: 2877: 2828:- held in the Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University 1575: 1567: 1374: 1168: 927: 116: 697:

of topographic engineers on July 7; on that same day, he received a

4699: 2826:

Correspondences of Joseph E. Johnston during the American Civil War

1856:

Johnston, Joseph E., p. 10; Narrative of Military Operations, 1874.

1579: 1139: 921: 729: 646:; both represented Virginia. In 1811, the Johnston family moved to 384: 120: 2443:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. 2091:

Steven Woodsworth, Civil War Gazette interview, December 27, 2006.

1447:

The surrender of Gen. Joe Johnston - Currier & Ives lithograph

1266:

was advancing against Bragg in Tennessee, forcing him to evacuate

1096:

at the tip of the Virginia Peninsula, began to move slowly toward

39: 2661:

A Different Valor: The Story of General Joseph E. Johnston C.S.A.

1988:

Woodworth, pp. 207–10; Ballard, pp. 273–81; Symonds, pp. 205–209.

1520: 1303: 1369: 1270:. Bragg achieved a significant victory against Rosecrans in the 5497:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

2795:

CivilWarHome.com: Joseph Eggleston Johnston – a brief biography

854:

and in the violence over slavery in the future state, known as

614:(1763–1831) and Mary Valentine Wood (1769–1825), a daughter of 685:, he was a civilian topographic engineer aboard a ship led by 2723:

A Memoir of the Life and Public Service of Joseph E. Johnston

1902:

Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (January 1981).

847: 705:

for the actions at Jupiter Inlet and his explorations of the

3219: 2441:

The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem

2136:

Bradley, pp. 28, 45–46; Symonds, pp. 343–46; Eicher, p. 323.

1436:. Unable to secure the capital, Johnston's army withdrew to 1274:(September 19–20), but Ulysses S. Grant defeated him in the 1092:

In early April 1862, McClellan, having landed his troops at

590:

Johnston was born at Longwood House in "Cherry Grove", near

2695:. Great Commanders. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1893. 2602:

US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. 1998.

1909:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from 447:(February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was an American career 2249:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 96, 99. 1013:—Johnston's letter to Jefferson Davis, September 12, 1861 862:, who would later command the U.S. Army against Johnston. 594:, on February 3, 1807. (Longwood House later burned down. 2801: 2559:

Vandiver, Frank Everson. "Joseph Eggleston Johnston." In

2358:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. 2109:

Symonds, pp. 320–35; Castel, pp. 347–65; McMurry, p. 197.

252:

Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia (1865)

249:

Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida (1865)

2475:

Grant and Sherman: The Friendship That Won the Civil War

1119:, Johnston attacked south of the river on May 31 in the 5787:

American military personnel of the Mexican–American War

2633:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. 1961:

Sears, pp. 111–45; Eicher, p. 323; Symonds, pp. 160–74.

2578:

Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.

2371:

Last Stand in the Carolinas: The Battle of Bentonville

2191: 2189: 1865:

Eicher, p. 322; Symonds, pp. 97, 103; McMurry, p. 193.

1804:

Symonds, pp. 54–71; Woodworth, p. 174; Eicher, p. 322.

606:. It is now used as the residence of the president of 2580:

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959.

1294:

The Atlanta Campaign from Dalton to Kennesaw Mountain

885:, and Johnston accompanied him on a journey to visit 532:'s superior force. He suffered a severe wound at the 2809:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

2491:

McMurry, Richard M. "Joseph Eggleston Johnston." In

1687: 746:

Johnston was enthusiastic about the outbreak of the

505:

was undercut by tensions with Confederate president

2857: 2356:

Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi

2186: 1777:

Symonds, pp. 13, 3; Warner, p. 161; Eicher, p. 344.

1541:, having been elected with 58.11% of the vote over 5574:Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from 2386:Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 1874:Symonds, pp. 112–24; McMurry, p, 193; Coski, p. 9. 1553:and was assigned national membership number 1963. 1002:. It was Johnston's idea to make the flag square. 716:and his wife. Her father was the president of the 1720:List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) 1610:Robert E. Lee and Joseph E. Johnston in 1869–1870 5847:Quartermasters General of the United States Army 5758: 5183:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 2778:, Wife Of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston 2631:Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee 1862–1865 2514:To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign 1626:, where he took command of the Army of Tennessee 1140:Appointment to the Western Theater and Vicksburg 922:Manassas and first friction with President Davis 478:Johnston was trained as a civil engineer at the 2127:Symonds, pp. 339–42; Bradley, pp. 22–25, 45–46. 1764: 1762: 543:In 1863, Johnston was placed in command of the 517:. Johnston defended the Confederate capital of 5007:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 2757:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998. 2755:Joseph E. Johnston and the Defense of Richmond 2611:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. 2408:. Fairfax, VA: D. Appleton and Company, 1905. 2388:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. 5559: 2893: 2782:Finding aid for the Joseph E. Johnston Papers 2477:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. 1653:A public monument to Johnston was erected in 1370:North Carolina and surrender at Bennett Place 618:'s sister, Lucy Wood. He was named for Major 5842:People of Virginia in the American Civil War 2853:U.S. House of Representatives 2373:. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing Co., 1995. 2156:North Carolina Historic Sites: Bennett Place 1979:Woodworth, pp. 196–99; Symonds, pp. 193–201. 1759: 1262:While Vicksburg was falling, U.S. Maj. Gen. 5852:Recipients of American presidential pardons 2678:. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. 2659:Govan, Gilbert E., and James W. Livingood. 2462:Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. 2323:"Troopships of World War II: Liberty Ships" 1997:Woodworth, pp. 210–18; Symonds, pp. 209–18. 1795:Symonds, pp. 6, 48–49, 52; McMurry, p. 193. 5566: 5552: 2900: 2886: 2073:Symonds, pp. 275–301; Castel, pp. 128–254. 1392:across Georgia and then north through the 926:When his native state, Virginia, declared 38: 5817:Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C. 2742:. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1874. 2546:Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography 2213: 2082:Symonds, pp. 302–19; Castel, pp. 255–347. 1970:Symonds, pp. 189–91; Ballard, pp. 115–16. 1199:, which was threatened by U.S. Maj. Gen. 1148:, which gave him titular control of Gen. 525:, withdrawing under the pressure of U.S. 379:U.S. House of Representatives 5827:19th-century American military personnel 3096:Treatment of slaves in the United States 2712:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2419: 1442: 1373: 1289: 1184: 1064: 805: 793: 4839:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 3011:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 2286:Symonds, pp. 380–81; Flood, pp. 397–98. 2244: 1943:Sears, pp. 40–110; Symonds, pp. 153–59. 1934:Symonds, pp. 140–46; Sears, pp. 15, 25. 1847:Symonds, pp. 45, 88–96; Eicher, p. 322. 1638:Johnston statue at the location of the 1505:Atlantic and Mexican Gulf Canal Company 5759: 4824:Modern display of the Confederate flag 2907: 2516:. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1992. 2277:Symonds, pp. 376–79; Vandiver, p. 219. 2033:Woodworth, pp. 256–58; Eicher, p. 323. 622:, under whom his father served in the 576:United States House of Representatives 5862:United States Military Academy alumni 5812:Confederate States Army full generals 5576:Virginia's 3rd congressional district 5547: 5042: 4431: 3995: 3218: 3021:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 2919: 2881: 2859:Virginia's 3rd congressional district 2663:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956. 2247:The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes 2042: 1895: 1451:After learning of Lee's surrender at 1060: 962:on May 14. Johnston relieved Colonel 750:. He served on the staff of Lt. Gen. 1566:cold that day, which developed into 1477:Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad 1018:In August, Johnston was promoted to 998:in the design and production of the 676: 16:Confederate Army general (1807–1891) 5797:American people of Scottish descent 5178:Committee on the Conduct of the War 4854:United Daughters of the Confederacy 2259: 1892:Eicher, p. 69; Symonds, pp. 123–30. 1786:Symonds, pp. 40–43; Eicher, p. 322. 1592:Special Collections Research Center 1285: 945:He was initially commissioned as a 743:'s cabinet). They had no children. 13: 5792:American people of English descent 5248:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 5043: 4587:impeachment managers investigation 2966:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 2804:"Joseph E. Johnston (id: J000192)" 2623: 2426:"Johnston, Joseph Eggleston" 2222:University of North Carolina Press 1590:Johnston's papers are held by the 486:, graduating in the same class as 14: 5878: 5867:19th-century Virginia politicians 5832:Members of the Aztec Club of 1847 5782:19th-century American legislators 4673:Reconstruction military districts 3121:Abolitionism in the United States 3076:Plantations in the American South 2991:Origins of the American Civil War 2769: 1503:Johnston was a part owner of the 1470: 877:named Johnston's brother-in-law, 5745: 5527: 5518: 5517: 4656:Enforcement Act of February 1871 4629:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 2548:. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. 1704: 1690: 1631: 1615: 1603: 1488:Narrative of Military Operations 985:to reinforce that of Brig. Gen. 501:Johnston's effectiveness in the 359: 204: 194: 5837:People from Farmville, Virginia 5807:Burials at Green Mount Cemetery 5441:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 5303:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 4864:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 2531:New York: Facts On File, 1988. 2315: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2253: 2238: 2207: 2198: 2177: 2168: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1551:Sons of the American Revolution 1481:Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad 1302:'s advance from Chattanooga to 1031:Confederate Army of the Potomac 272:First Battle of the Loxahatchee 4544:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 1823: 1820:. Retrieved December 22, 2009. 1807: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1740: 1731: 655:United States Military Academy 598:was the birthplace in 1827 of 585: 480:United States Military Academy 350:United States Military Academy 1: 4959:Ladies' Memorial Associations 4661:Enforcement Act of April 1871 4557:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 4432: 2851:Member of the 2836:U.S. House of Representatives 2725:. Baltimore: Woodward, 1891. 2529:Who Was Who in the Civil War. 2348: 1746:Symonds, pp. 10–11, 28, 373; 1596:College of William & Mary 1420:, and 6,000 cavalrymen under 964:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson 602:, an officer on the staff of 45: 5092:Confederate revolving cannon 4834:Sons of Confederate Veterans 4705:South Carolina riots of 1876 4683:Indian Council at Fort Smith 4634:South Carolina riots of 1876 4599:Knights of the White Camelia 3091:Slavery in the United States 2646:Civil War Generals in Defeat 2049:Georgia Historical Quarterly 1818:The Handbook of Texas Online 1679:(#113) in honor of Johnston. 916: 867:Jefferson Barracks, Missouri 766:. He was appointed a brevet 547:. In 1864, he commanded the 7: 5857:United States Army generals 5446:New York City riots of 1863 5271:Battle Hymn of the Republic 5022:United Confederate Veterans 4859:Children of the Confederacy 4849:United Confederate Veterans 4844:Southern Historical Society 3996: 3476:Price's Missouri Expedition 2946:Timeline leading to the War 2920: 2297:"Joseph E. Johnston Papers" 2214:Oeffinger, John C. (2003). 1814:"Joseph Eggleston Johnston" 1683: 1355:Battle of Kennesaw Mountain 772:U.S. Regiment of Voltigeurs 718:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 10: 5883: 5414:Confederate Secret Service 5002:Grand Army of the Republic 4894:Grand Army of the Republic 4712:Southern Claims Commission 2706:James, Alfred P. (1927). " 2262:"The Hayes Administration" 2043:Weiss, Timothy F. (2007). 1838:Symonds, pp. 81–86, 89–91. 1748:Longwood historical marker 1418:Wilmington, North Carolina 1390:Sherman's March to the Sea 800:Benjamin Franklin Reinhart 720:, a prominent politician ( 689:. On January 12, 1838, at 624:American Revolutionary War 467:as one of its most senior 18: 5802:Army of Northern Virginia 5743: 5582: 5513: 5489: 5402:Confederate States dollar 5374: 5316: 5261: 5213:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 5208:Emancipation Proclamation 5170: 5102:Medal of Honor recipients 5059: 5055: 5038: 4990:Confederate Memorial Hall 4972: 4951: 4909: 4881: 4872: 4792:Confederate Memorial Hall 4765:Confederate History Month 4745:Civil War Discovery Trail 4725: 4646:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 4477: 4452:Reconstruction Amendments 4442: 4438: 4427: 4349: 4218: 4211: 4151: 4015: 4008: 4004: 3991: 3933: 3680: 3673: 3504: 3360: 3319: 3287: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3214: 3111: 3061:Emancipation Proclamation 3029: 2930: 2926: 2915: 2866: 2849: 2841: 2834: 2598:October 18, 2022, at the 2473:Flood, Charles Bracelen. 2245:Davison, Kenneth (1972). 2161:January 29, 2015, at the 1712:American Civil War portal 1647: 1585: 1336:Battle of New Hope Church 1130:Army of Northern Virginia 970:in May and organized the 908:Johnston was promoted to 445:Joseph Eggleston Johnston 438: 434: 430: 418: 406: 395: 375: 371: 367: 355: 343: 259: 232:Army of Northern Virginia 218: 187: 170: 147: 128: 106: 89: 69: 61: 57:Joseph Eggleston Johnston 53: 37: 30: 5476:U.S. Sanitary Commission 5387:Battlefield preservation 5293:Marching Through Georgia 5218:Hampton Roads Conference 5193:Confiscation Act of 1862 5188:Confiscation Act of 1861 4964:U.S. national cemeteries 4770:Confederate Memorial Day 4755:Civil War Trails Program 4624:New Orleans riot of 1866 2821:, Sunday, July 31, 2011. 2802:United States Congress. 2460:Civil War High Commands. 2260:Cox, Jacob (June 1893), 1725: 1386:Columbia, South Carolina 1340:Battle of Pickett's Mill 979:First Battle of Bull Run 832:Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 632:Charles Clement Johnston 553:William Tecumseh Sherman 511:First Battle of Bull Run 301:First Battle of Bull Run 5397:Confederate war finance 5017:Southern Cross of Honor 4985:1938 Gettysburg reunion 4980:1913 Gettysburg reunion 4678:Reconstruction Treaties 4651:Enforcement Act of 1870 4534:Freedman's Savings Bank 3151:Lane Debates on Slavery 2976:Lincoln–Douglas debates 2591:Wasiak, Joseph E., Jr. 2493:The Confederate General 2432:Encyclopædia Britannica 1534:from 1879 to 1881 as a 1434:Raleigh, North Carolina 1276:Battles for Chattanooga 1000:Confederate Battle Flag 960:Confederate States Army 940:consent of the governed 782:, was wounded again at 551:against U.S. Maj. Gen. 465:Confederate States Army 200:Brigadier General (USA) 162:Confederate States Army 5456:Richmond riots of 1863 5382:Baltimore riot of 1861 5162:U.S. Military Railroad 5082:Confederate Home Guard 4814:Historiographic issues 4780:Historical reenactment 3279:Revenue Cutter Service 3146:William Lloyd Garrison 3055:Dred Scott v. Sandford 2845:Gilbert Carlton Walker 2787:Joseph E. Johnston in 1501: 1461:Durham, North Carolina 1453:Appomattox Court House 1448: 1381: 1295: 1251: 1224:Big Black River Bridge 1197:Vicksburg, Mississippi 1192: 1180:Battle of Stones River 1089: 1010: 972:Army of the Shenandoah 879:Robert Milligan McLane 844:Albert Sidney Johnston 836:Edwin V. "Bull" Sumner 815: 803: 653:Johnston attended the 640:John Warfield Johnston 545:Department of the West 413:Gilbert Carlton Walker 238:Department of the West 226:Army of the Shenandoah 5421:Great Revival of 1863 5298:Maryland, My Maryland 5087:Confederate railroads 4750:Civil War Roundtables 4619:Meridian riot of 1871 4614:Memphis riots of 1866 3171:George Luther Stearns 3156:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 3049:Crittenden Compromise 2789:Encyclopedia Virginia 2776:Lydia McLane Johnston 2454:Eicher, John H., and 2405:Diary of Mary Chesnut 2303:on September 18, 2017 2154:Symonds, pp. 356–57; 1952:Johnston, pp. 138-39. 1753:May 31, 2016, at the 1662:Battle of Bentonville 1640:Battle of Bentonville 1496: 1446: 1430:Battle of Bentonville 1402:Alexander H. Stephens 1384:Johnston traveled to 1377: 1351:Battle of Kolb's Farm 1298:Faced with Maj. Gen. 1293: 1272:Battle of Chickamauga 1246: 1188: 1121:Battle of Seven Pines 1075:Battle of Seven Pines 1068: 1005: 996:William Porcher Miles 898:Quartermaster General 809: 797: 764:Battle of Cerro Gordo 687:William Pope McArthur 661:in 1825 while he was 563:. U.S. Army generals 534:Battle of Seven Pines 496:Quartermaster General 333:Battle of Bentonville 316:Battle of Seven Pines 289:Battle of Chapultepec 284:Battle of Cerro Gordo 171:Years of service 44:Johnston in uniform, 5308:Daar kom die Alibama 5223:National Union Party 4899:memorials to Lincoln 4819:Lost Cause mythology 4524:Eufaula riot of 1874 4512:Confederate refugees 3725:District of Columbia 3352:Union naval blockade 3198:Underground Railroad 2986:Nullification crisis 2736:Johnston, Joseph E. 2721:Johnson, Bradley T. 2629:Connelly, Thomas L. 2606:Woodworth, Steven E. 2495:, vol. 3, edited by 2354:Ballard, Michael B. 2195:Symonds, pp. 360–65. 2145:Symonds, pp. 346–52. 2024:Chesnut, pp. 248–49. 2015:Symonds, pp. 219–26. 1768:Eicher, pp. 322–323. 1572:Green Mount Cemetery 1515:to connect with the 1264:William S. Rosecrans 1173:Theophilus H. Holmes 1047:Culpeper Court House 748:Mexican–American War 626:, in the command of 536:and was replaced by 484:West Point, New York 459:(1846–1848) and the 457:Mexican–American War 451:, who served in the 279:Mexican–American War 112:Green Mount Cemetery 5466:Supreme Court cases 5233:Radical Republicans 5012:Old soldiers' homes 4996:Confederate Veteran 4922:artworks in Capitol 4641:Reconstruction acts 4502:Colfax riot of 1873 3466:Richmond-Petersburg 3071:Fugitive slave laws 3001:Popular sovereignty 2981:Missouri Compromise 2971:Kansas-Nebraska Act 2327:www.skylighters.org 1829:Symonds, pp. 72–80. 1642:, in North Carolina 1622:Johnston statue in 1528:Rutherford B. Hayes 1360:Chattahoochee River 1342:on May 27, and the 1228:Steven E. Woodworth 1043:Army of the Potomac 987:P. G. T. Beauregard 860:George B. McClellan 683:Second Seminole War 608:Longwood University 592:Farmville, Virginia 530:George B. McClellan 515:P. G. T. Beauregard 83:Farmville, Virginia 5777:Joseph E. Johnston 5287:A Lincoln Portrait 5228:Politicians killed 5152:U.S. Balloon Corps 5147:Union corps badges 4927:memorials to Davis 4797:Disenfranchisement 4668:Reconstruction era 4549:Timber Culture Act 4507:Compromise of 1877 3471:Franklin–Nashville 3141:Frederick Douglass 3044:Cornerstone Speech 2961:Compromise of 1850 2909:American Civil War 2753:Newton, Steven H. 2689:Hughes, Robert M. 2527:Sifakis, Stewart. 2384:Castel, Albert E. 2333:on August 19, 2017 1673:United States Navy 1664:in North Carolina. 1449: 1382: 1379:Carolinas Campaign 1314:Sherman began his 1300:William T. Sherman 1296: 1193: 1190:Vicksburg Campaign 1134:Seven Days Battles 1117:Chickahominy River 1090: 1071:Peninsula Campaign 1061:Peninsula Campaign 1055:Virginia Peninsula 883:minister to Mexico 816: 804: 768:lieutenant colonel 736:, and a member of 734:minister to London 707:Florida Everglades 648:Abingdon, Virginia 612:Peter Johnston Jr. 600:Charles S. Venable 561:Carolinas Campaign 523:Peninsula Campaign 521:, during the 1862 519:Richmond, Virginia 503:American Civil War 498:of the U.S. Army. 473:Aztec Club of 1847 453:United States Army 323:Vicksburg Campaign 306:Peninsula Campaign 296:American Civil War 157:United States Army 139:Confederate States 32:Joseph E. Johnston 5754: 5753: 5541: 5540: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5339:Italian Americans 5324:African Americans 5281:John Brown's Body 5034: 5033: 5030: 5029: 4947: 4946: 4785:Robert E. Lee Day 4529:Freedmen's Bureau 4492:Brooks–Baxter War 4423: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4207: 4206: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3396:Northern Virginia 3342:Trans-Mississippi 3315: 3314: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3102:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3039:African Americans 2876: 2875: 2867:Succeeded by 2819:The Baltimore Sun 2763:978-0-7006-0921-5 2684:978-1-61121-140-5 2674:Hood, Stephen M. 2669:978-0-8371-7012-1 2586:978-0-8071-0823-9 2554:978-0-393-31130-3 2543:Symonds, Craig L. 2537:978-0-8160-1055-4 2522:978-0-89919-790-6 2511:Sears, Stephen W. 2483:978-0-374-16600-7 2468:978-0-8047-3641-1 2394:978-0-7006-0748-8 2379:978-1-882810-02-4 2369:Bradley, Mark L. 2364:978-0-8078-2893-9 2165:; Eicher, p. 323. 1459:near present-day 1410:William J. Hardee 1309:turning movements 1280:William J. Hardee 1213:Battle of Jackson 1205:Mississippi River 1163:'s Department of 1161:John C. Pemberton 1154:Army of Tennessee 1081: Confederate 983:Shenandoah Valley 956:brigadier general 910:brigadier general 852:Wyoming Territory 756:Siege of Veracruz 677:U.S. Army service 667:second lieutenant 638:, and his nephew 596:The rebuilt house 549:Army of Tennessee 492:brigadier general 442: 441: 311:Siege of Yorktown 244:Army of Tennessee 5874: 5749: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5531: 5521: 5520: 5344:Native Americans 5329:German Americans 5122:Partisan rangers 5117:Official Records 5057: 5056: 5040: 5039: 4932:memorials to Lee 4879: 4878: 4440: 4439: 4429: 4428: 4216: 4215: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3993: 3992: 3966:Washington, D.C. 3760:Indian Territory 3720:Dakota Territory 3678: 3677: 3595:Chancellorsville 3386:Jackson's Valley 3376:Blockade runners 3252: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3216: 3215: 3176:Thaddeus Stevens 3166:Lysander Spooner 3126:Susan B. Anthony 2928: 2927: 2917: 2916: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2861: 2842:Preceded by 2832: 2831: 2813: 2692:General Johnston 2497:William C. Davis 2436: 2428: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2329:. Archived from 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2211: 2205: 2204:Symonds, p. 370. 2202: 2196: 2193: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1916:on March 4, 2016 1915: 1908: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1883:Symonds, p. 128. 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1757: 1744: 1738: 1737:Chisholm, p. 474 1735: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1698:Biography portal 1695: 1694: 1693: 1635: 1619: 1607: 1559:Washington, D.C. 1547:Grover Cleveland 1519:on the coast of 1344:Battle of Dallas 1316:Atlanta Campaign 1286:Atlanta Campaign 1258: 1201:Ulysses S. Grant 1110:Eltham's Landing 1086: 1080: 1014: 951:Virginia militia 903:Charles F. Smith 840:2nd U.S. Cavalry 828:1st U.S. Cavalry 695:first lieutenant 691:Jupiter, Florida 663:Secretary of War 636:U.S. congressman 620:Joseph Eggleston 580:Grover Cleveland 565:Ulysses S. Grant 557:Atlanta Campaign 469:general officers 421: 409: 400: 381: 363: 328:Atlanta Campaign 208: 198: 149: 100:Washington, D.C. 96: 80:February 3, 1807 79: 77: 47: 42: 28: 27: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5741: 5727:Satterfield III 5717:Satterfield Jr. 5578: 5572: 5542: 5537: 5501: 5485: 5370: 5334:Irish Americans 5312: 5257: 5166: 5157:U.S. Home Guard 5097:Field artillery 5051: 5050: 5026: 4968: 4943: 4905: 4874: 4868: 4760:Civil War Trust 4727: 4721: 4609:Ethnic violence 4594:Kirk–Holden war 4473: 4434: 4411: 4345: 4203: 4147: 4000: 3975: 3929: 3682: 3669: 3500: 3481:Sherman's March 3461:Bermuda Hundred 3356: 3311: 3283: 3239: 3238: 3202: 3161:J. Sella Martin 3131:James G. Birney 3107: 3025: 2951:Bleeding Kansas 2939: 2922: 2911: 2906: 2872: 2863: 2855: 2847: 2772: 2626: 2624:Further reading 2600:Wayback Machine 2575:Warner, Ezra J. 2456:David J. Eicher 2439:Coski, John M. 2351: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2258: 2254: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2163:Wayback Machine 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100:Castel, p. 562. 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755:Wayback Machine 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1655:Dalton, Georgia 1650: 1643: 1636: 1627: 1624:Dalton, Georgia 1620: 1611: 1608: 1588: 1509:St. Marys River 1473: 1372: 1338:on May 25, the 1288: 1260: 1253: 1146:Western Theater 1142: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1063: 1053:, he chose the 1016: 1012: 924: 919: 856:Bleeding Kansas 824:Jefferson Davis 810:Johnston's map 760:David E. Twiggs 679: 659:John C. Calhoun 657:, nominated by 588: 507:Jefferson Davis 419: 407: 401: 396: 382: 377: 339: 255: 214: 183: 180:1861–1865 (CSA) 177:1829–1861 (USA) 166: 143: 124: 115: 98: 94: 81: 75: 73: 49: 33: 24: 21:Joseph Johnston 17: 12: 11: 5: 5880: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5525: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5481:Women soldiers 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5436:Naming the war 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5072:Campaign Medal 5069: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047:Related topics 5044: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4885: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4794: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4775:Decoration Day 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4731: 4729: 4728:Reconstruction 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4582:second inquiry 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4546: 4539:Homestead Acts 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4487:Alabama Claims 4483: 4481: 4479:Reconstruction 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4467:15th Amendment 4464: 4462:14th Amendment 4459: 4457:13th Amendment 4448: 4446: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4088:J. E. Johnston 4085: 4083:A. S. Johnston 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:R. H. Anderson 4019: 4017: 4010: 4002: 4001: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3885:South Carolina 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3860:North Carolina 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3585:Fredericksburg 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3525:Wilson's Creek 3522: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3337:Lower Seaboard 3334: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3193:Harriet Tubman 3190: 3189: 3188: 3181:Charles Sumner 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3016:States' rights 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2870:George D. Wise 2868: 2865: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2771: 2770:External links 2768: 2767: 2766: 2751: 2734: 2719: 2704: 2687: 2672: 2657: 2642: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2603: 2589: 2572: 2557: 2540: 2525: 2508: 2489: 2486: 2471: 2452: 2437: 2423:, ed. (1911). 2421:Chisholm, Hugh 2417: 2397: 2382: 2367: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2314: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2252: 2237: 2231:978-0807860472 2230: 2224:. p. 52. 2206: 2197: 2185: 2176: 2174:Flood, p. 347. 2167: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1758: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1701: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1665: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1602: 1587: 1584: 1517:Gulf of Mexico 1472: 1471:Post-war years 1469: 1371: 1368: 1332:John Bell Hood 1287: 1284: 1245: 1141: 1138: 1083: 1077: 1062: 1059: 1004: 966:of command at 923: 920: 918: 915: 875:James Buchanan 752:Winfield Scott 741:Andrew Jackson 678: 675: 630:. His brother 587: 584: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 425:George D. Wise 422: 416: 415: 410: 404: 403: 393: 392: 376:Member of the 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 357: 353: 352: 347: 341: 340: 338: 337: 336: 335: 330: 325: 320: 319: 318: 313: 303: 293: 292: 291: 286: 276: 275: 274: 263: 261: 257: 256: 254: 253: 250: 247: 241: 235: 229: 222: 220: 216: 215: 213: 212: 202: 191: 189: 185: 184: 182: 181: 178: 174: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 159: 153: 151: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 132: 130: 126: 125: 110: 108: 104: 103: 97:(aged 84) 93:March 21, 1891 91: 87: 86: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5879: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5748: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5451:Photographers 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426:Gender issues 5424: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5253:War Democrats 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5243:Union Leagues 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142:Turning point 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5112:Naval battles 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875:and memorials 4871: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 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3920:West Virginia 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840:New Hampshire 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800:Massachusetts 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3540:Hampton Roads 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3530:Fort Donelson 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3426:Morgan's Raid 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3371:Anaconda Plan 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3347:Pacific Coast 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3103: 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2618: 2617:0-7006-0461-8 2614: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569:0-313-29560-3 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505:0-918678-65-X 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2449:0-674-01983-0 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2400:Chesnut, Mary 2398: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2180: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1920:September 28, 1912: 1905: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1702: 1699: 1688: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1563:New York City 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532:46th Congress 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1457:Bennett Place 1454: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Braxton Bragg 1411: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1398:Louis Wigfall 1395: 1391: 1387: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1241:Louis Wigfall 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222:(May 16) and 1221: 1220:Champion Hill 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1151: 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Floyd 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834:, under Col. 833: 829: 825: 820: 813: 808: 801: 796: 792: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 701:promotion to 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628:Henry Lee III 625: 621: 617: 616:Patrick Henry 613: 609: 605: 604:Robert E. Lee 601: 597: 593: 583: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 538:Robert E. Lee 535: 531: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 488:Robert E. Lee 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461:Seminole Wars 458: 454: 450: 446: 437: 433: 429: 426: 423: 417: 414: 411: 405: 399: 394: 390: 386: 380: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 351: 348: 346: 342: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 280: 277: 273: 270: 269: 268: 267:Seminole Wars 265: 264: 262: 258: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 221: 217: 211: 210:General (CSA) 207: 203: 201: 197: 193: 192: 190: 186: 179: 176: 175: 173: 169: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 152: 146: 140: 137: 135:United States 134: 133: 131: 127: 122: 118: 113: 109: 105: 101: 92: 88: 84: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 5681: 5392:Bibliography 5375:Other topics 5317:By ethnicity 5285: 5238:Trent Affair 5137:Signal Corps 4994: 4717:White League 4604:Ku Klux Klan 4517:Confederados 4444:Constitution 4316:D. D. Porter 4169:Breckinridge 4087: 3880:Rhode Island 3875:Pennsylvania 3630:Spotsylvania 3590:Stones River 3570:2nd Bull Run 3520:1st Bull Run 3406:Stones River 3307:Marine Corps 3274:Marine Corps 3113:Abolitionism 3100: 3053: 2850: 2818: 2807: 2788: 2754: 2738: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2691: 2675: 2660: 2645: 2630: 2608: 2577: 2560: 2545: 2528: 2513: 2492: 2474: 2459: 2440: 2430: 2404: 2385: 2370: 2355: 2335:. Retrieved 2331:the original 2326: 2317: 2305:. Retrieved 2301:the original 2291: 2282: 2273: 2266:The Atlantic 2265: 2255: 2246: 2240: 2216: 2209: 2200: 2179: 2170: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2059:February 15, 2057:. Retrieved 2055:(4): 424–452 2052: 2048: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1918:. Retrieved 1911:the original 1897: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1817: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1742: 1733: 1677:Liberty Ship 1669:World War II 1589: 1555: 1525: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1474: 1465: 1450: 1426: 1422:Wade Hampton 1416:'s force in 1406: 1383: 1364: 1348: 1313: 1297: 1261: 1256:Mary Chesnut 1252: 1247: 1237: 1217: 1194: 1177: 1143: 1114: 1106:Williamsburg 1091: 1035:Conner House 1028: 1020:full general 1017: 1011: 1006: 976: 944: 936:regular army 925: 907: 894:Thomas Jesup 891: 864: 821: 817: 811: 798:Portrait by 745: 714:Louis McLane 711: 680: 671:regular army 652: 644:U.S. senator 634:served as a 589: 569: 542: 500: 477: 449:army officer 444: 443: 420:Succeeded by 397: 260:Battles/wars 95:(1891-03-21) 25: 5772:1891 deaths 5767:1807 births 5672:J. A. Smith 5198:Copperheads 4910:Confederate 4802:Black Codes 4128:E. K. Smith 4009:Confederate 3956:New Orleans 3951:Chattanooga 3815:Mississippi 3715:Connecticut 3683:territories 3674:Involvement 3635:Cold Harbor 3625:Fort Pillow 3615:Chattanooga 3610:Chickamauga 3560:Seven Pines 3550:New Orleans 3515:Fort Sumter 3456:Valley 1864 3289:Confederacy 3086:Slave Power 3066:Fire-Eaters 2337:October 23, 1539:congressman 1499:settlement. 1346:on May 28. 1268:Chattanooga 1232:Port Hudson 1165:Mississippi 1094:Fort Monroe 1087: Union 1069:Map of the 1039:Centreville 991:Barnard Bee 892:Brig. Gen. 842:under Col. 784:Chapultepec 722:congressman 586:Early years 455:during the 408:Preceded by 246:(1863–1864) 240:(1862–1863) 234:(1861–1862) 62:Nickname(s) 5761:Categories 5662:DeJarnette 5431:Juneteenth 4952:Cemeteries 4829:Red Shirts 4740:Centennial 4690:Red Shirts 4098:Longstreet 4028:Beauregard 3971:Winchester 3946:Charleston 3915:Washington 3850:New Mexico 3845:New Jersey 3705:California 3681:States and 3665:Five Forks 3650:Mobile Bay 3620:Wilderness 3600:Gettysburg 3580:Perryville 3565:Seven Days 3496:Appomattox 3421:Gettysburg 3381:New Mexico 3248:Combatants 3223:Combatants 3136:John Brown 2864:1879–1881 2349:References 1657:, in 1912. 1536:Democratic 1438:Greensboro 1126:G.W. Smith 1073:up to the 780:Churubusco 345:Alma mater 129:Allegiance 76:1807-02-03 54:Birth name 5409:Espionage 5203:Diplomacy 5171:Political 5127:POW camps 4873:Monuments 4700:Scalawags 4695:Redeemers 4433:Aftermath 4382:Pinkerton 4321:Rosecrans 4286:McClellan 4189:Memminger 3925:Wisconsin 3890:Tennessee 3810:Minnesota 3785:Louisiana 3660:Nashville 3605:Vicksburg 3535:Pea Ridge 3486:Carolinas 3441:Red River 3436:Knoxville 3416:Tullahoma 3411:Vicksburg 3391:Peninsula 3363:campaigns 3229:Campaigns 3006:Secession 2414:287696932 2307:March 30, 1576:Baltimore 1568:pneumonia 1543:Greenback 1394:Carolinas 1328:Cassville 1254:—Diarist 1169:Louisiana 1167:and East 974:in July. 930:from the 928:secession 917:Civil War 802:(c. 1860) 776:Contreras 738:President 527:Maj. Gen. 402:1879–1881 398:In office 356:Signature 117:Baltimore 5712:Montague 5682:Johnston 5647:Flournoy 5622:Williams 5612:J. Smith 5523:Category 5364:Seminole 5354:Cherokee 5107:Medicine 5060:Military 4973:Veterans 4807:Jim Crow 4572:timeline 4367:Ericsson 4350:Civilian 4331:Sheridan 4291:McDowell 4251:Farragut 4236:Burnside 4226:Anderson 4219:Military 4199:Stephens 4159:Benjamin 4152:Civilian 4038:Buchanan 4016:Military 3961:Richmond 3910:Virginia 3855:New York 3830:Nebraska 3820:Missouri 3805:Michigan 3795:Maryland 3780:Kentucky 3755:Illinois 3730:Delaware 3710:Colorado 3695:Arkansas 3655:Franklin 3575:Antietam 3446:Overland 3401:Maryland 3320:Theaters 3226:Theaters 2731:25524368 2596:Archived 2159:Archived 1751:Archived 1684:See also 1675:named a 1580:Maryland 1158:Lt. Gen. 1098:Yorktown 730:Delaware 572:Democrat 391:district 385:Virginia 219:Commands 148:Service/ 121:Maryland 5692:Waddill 5652:Averett 5642:Tredway 5607:Jackson 5597:Jackson 5592:Neville 5490:Related 5359:Choctaw 5349:Catawba 5132:Rations 5077:Cavalry 4939:Removal 4567:efforts 4551:of 1873 4397:Stevens 4392:Stanton 4377:Lincoln 4336:Sherman 4271:Halleck 4261:Frémont 4246:Du Pont 4184:Mallory 4143:Wheeler 4078:Jackson 4058:Forrest 3998:Leaders 3941:Atlanta 3905:Vermont 3825:Montana 3765:Indiana 3740:Georgia 3735:Florida 3700:Arizona 3690:Alabama 3640:Atlanta 3555:Corinth 3507:battles 3451:Atlanta 3431:Bristoe 3332:Western 3327:Eastern 3232:Battles 3031:Slavery 2935:Origins 2921:Origins 1667:During 1594:at the 1521:Florida 1513:Georgia 1304:Atlanta 1209:Jackson 1051:Urbanna 977:In the 958:in the 949:in the 850:in the 788:colonel 754:in the 726:senator 703:captain 574:in the 555:in the 5732:Bliley 5702:Ellett 5677:Walker 5667:Porter 5657:Caskie 5627:Archer 5617:Tucker 5602:Machir 5533:Portal 5471:Tokens 4407:Welles 4387:Seward 4372:Hamlin 4341:Thomas 4276:Hooker 4241:Butler 4194:Seddon 4179:Hunter 4164:Bocock 4138:Taylor 4133:Stuart 4123:Semmes 4103:Morgan 4063:Gorgas 4043:Cooper 3934:Cities 3870:Oregon 3835:Nevada 3775:Kansas 3745:Hawaii 3645:Crater 3545:Shiloh 3505:Major 3491:Mobile 3361:Major 3235:States 3186:Caning 2856:from 2761: 2748:444839 2746: 2729: 2701:869760 2699: 2682: 2667: 2652: 2637: 2615: 2584: 2567: 2552: 2535: 2520: 2503: 2481: 2466: 2447: 2412: 2392: 2377: 2362: 2228: 1671:, the 1648:Honors 1586:Legacy 1324:battle 1320:Dalton 1085: 1079: 896:, the 814:, 1849 699:brevet 642:was a 228:(1861) 150:branch 123:, U.S. 107:Buried 102:, U.S. 85:, U.S. 5737:Scott 5637:Coles 5632:Jones 5587:Moore 5276:Dixie 5263:Music 4882:Union 4726:Post- 4562:trial 4362:Chase 4357:Adams 4326:Scott 4301:Meigs 4296:Meade 4266:Grant 4256:Foote 4231:Buell 4212:Union 4174:Davis 4118:Price 4108:Mosby 4053:Ewell 4048:Early 4033:Bragg 3895:Texas 3790:Maine 3750:Idaho 3256:Union 1914:(PDF) 1907:(PDF) 1726:Notes 1102:siege 881:, as 848:Sioux 728:from 383:from 5722:Gary 5707:Lamb 5697:Wise 5687:Wise 5461:Salt 5067:Arms 4917:List 4889:List 4402:Wade 4311:Pope 4281:Hunt 4113:Polk 4073:Hood 4068:Hill 3900:Utah 3865:Ohio 3770:Iowa 3302:Navy 3297:Army 3269:Navy 3264:Army 2759:ISBN 2744:OCLC 2727:OCLC 2697:OCLC 2680:ISBN 2665:ISBN 2650:ISBN 2635:ISBN 2613:ISBN 2582:ISBN 2565:ISBN 2550:ISBN 2533:ISBN 2518:ISBN 2501:ISBN 2479:ISBN 2464:ISBN 2445:ISBN 2410:OCLC 2390:ISBN 2375:ISBN 2360:ISBN 2339:2017 2309:2018 2226:ISBN 2061:2018 1922:2013 1156:and 778:and 724:and 188:Rank 90:Died 70:Born 48:1862 4306:Ord 4093:Lee 2710:". 1574:in 1511:in 1152:'s 830:at 494:as 482:at 389:3rd 387:'s 65:Joe 5763:: 2806:. 2716:14 2714:. 2458:, 2429:. 2402:, 2325:. 2264:, 2220:. 2188:^ 2053:91 2051:. 2047:. 1816:, 1761:^ 1598:. 1582:. 1578:, 1523:. 1440:. 1424:. 732:, 709:. 540:. 475:. 119:, 46:c. 5567:e 5560:t 5553:v 2901:e 2894:t 2887:v 2812:. 2765:. 2750:. 2733:. 2703:. 2686:. 2671:. 2656:. 2641:. 2619:. 2588:. 2571:. 2556:. 2539:. 2524:. 2507:. 2485:. 2470:. 2451:. 2416:. 2396:. 2381:. 2366:. 2341:. 2311:. 2234:. 2063:. 1924:. 114:, 78:) 74:( 23:.

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Knowledge

Joseph E. Johnston

Index