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583:
619:
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158:
634:
27:
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remains one of the only women to lead a branch of the imperial family. On March 15, 2024, there were more discussions about allowing women to rule with discussions of women being allowed to retain their titles upon marriage on March 18 of the same year. As of June 2024, parties did agree women
353:
was deemed too young to rule, Jitō took the throne in his place until he was old enough. When
Kusakabe died, Jitō remained as empress until her grandson came of age. Jitō was the first to use the title "Josei
314:
took the throne. Sushun was assassinated and so the throne was vacant. In a time of need Suiko became the empress, yet she was probably styled as great queen of Yamato. Suiko ruled until her death.
582:
618:
550:
held another
Parliament meeting, suggesting women should be allowed to marry without losing their titles, lead their own branch of the Imperial family, and possibly rule. To this day
594:
366:
The wife of Jitō's son
Kusakabe and Jitō's half-sister. After Genmei's son died, Genmei became empress. After copper was found nere the capital, a new era in her honour (called the
868:. In English "empress" can mean either a reigning monarch or the wife of an emperor, but in Japanese there are separate words for each. The title bestowed on the emperor's wife is
499:. An event was held called "Making Aiko the Imperial heir" which pushed for the rules to be changed and a new line of succession to be introduced, which would be as follows:
277:
and in times when an heir was underaged, a female relative (typically a sister or mother) would take the throne, such as
Empress Jitō (the first person to use the title
681:
1298:
Ooms, Herman (2009). Imperial politics and symbolics in ancient Japan : the Tenmu dynasty, 650-800. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 237–241.
801:
p. 1235, "The
Imperial House Law - Chapter 1: Succession to the Imperial Throne," Japan Year Book 1933, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo
657:
645:
947:
250:) was used to greatly emphasize the emperor's power, and control, adding a divine aspect to it. Unofficially women rulers were typically also called
1360:
811:
337:
being killed in front of the empress, namely the most pure person (being Japan's leader) meant she had to abdicate so it would not stain her reign.
606:
1641:
755:
669:
570:
633:
1197:
1410:
1258:
1078:
930:
853:
746:(女帝) may also refer to an empress regnant, but primarily of another country, not Japan. It literally means "female emperor".
1274:
1672:
542:
There was also a
Parliament meeting held in December 2023 about the matter. In February 2024, the former Prime minister
496:
482:
488:
140:
1616:"Parties Say Japan's Married Princesses Should Keep Status; No Agreement Reached on Status of Husbands, Children"
1333:三訂版, 精選版 日本国語大辞典,デジタル大辞泉,日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),百科事典マイペディア,改訂新版 世界大百科事典,山川 日本史小辞典 改訂新版,ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典,旺文社日本史事典.
1682:
1615:
536:
516:
417:, and may have had plans to make him her heir. Yet when she died, Dōkyō fell from power and was exiled.
409:, the Empress Dowager. Possibly because of this, Kōken abdicated. Yet soon after Kōken would overthrow
1536:
1470:
1334:
531:
547:
511:
506:
413:
and vest all power in herself, becoming
Empress Shōtoku. She possibly fell in love with a monk named
255:
39:
588:
The tomb of
Empress Iitoyo, also known as Empress Tsunuzashi. The validity of her reign in disputed.
526:
521:
185:
390:. She was also the only empress to be preceded by another (her predecessor being her own mother).
151:
About 90% of
Japanese people support the idea of a reigning empress (according to a 2024 survey)
730:
is just a title to avoid confusion with male monarchs. Unlike
European languages, the title of
444:
112:
1400:
1068:
920:
449:
Similar to Empress Meishō, she did not have much power due to the shogunate. She was the last
1677:
1248:
1043:
843:
555:
should marry without losing their title, with no conclusion on the status on their spouses.
1402:
Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867
492:
430:
285:/Shōtoku is the only one to have been granted the title "crown princess" before accession.
220:
44:
8:
1496:
1374:
1308:
1222:
1162:
1128:
1094:
972:
48:
1427:
406:
321:
1406:
1354:
1254:
1074:
926:
849:
1429:
A history of the Japanese people from the earliest times to the end of the Meiji era
454:
424:
381:
948:"More than placeholders: The 'century of empresses' against modern succession laws"
708:
556:
463:
397:
307:
282:
777:(天皇) and is typically referred to only as a regent, thus she does not count as a
551:
467:
350:
303:
190:
180:
624:
Empress Jitō, the third historically verifiable empress, first to use the title
344:
232:
89:
1588:
543:
410:
361:
330:
311:
1666:
1443:
334:
297:
274:
212:
99:
687:
Empress Go-Sakuramachi, the eight and final historically verifiable empress.
367:
703:
26:
891:
387:
157:
1432:. New York, London: Encyclopædia Britannica Co., University of Michigan.
860:
During Japan's long history eight women have ruled as female emperor or
1562:
815:
414:
1444:"Aiko on the Throne? Event Seeks to Pave the Way for a Female Emperor"
600:
Empress Suiko, the first woman whose reign is historically verifiable.
143:(under the Imperial House Law of 1889, which barred women from ruling)
491:
a woman cannot inherit the throne. Yet there has been calls to allow
470:'s legitimacy and validity (concerning her reign) is mostly unknown.
1018:
405:
Under her first reign, Kōken was basically a puppet for her mother,
270:
is only used to differentiate between the male and female monarchs.
1008:
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 46.
612:
Empress Kōgyoku/Saimei, the second historically verifiable empress.
495:
to become the 9th empress regnant. To this day there is an ongoing
433:
and had to abdicate. The 5 year-old empress did not do much as the
429:
Meishō only became empress because her father was involved in the
199:
663:
Empress Kōken/Shōtoku, the sixth historically verifiable empress.
1070:
Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697
329:
After taking the throne, Kōgyoku was soon forced off due to the
698:
473:
434:
371:
349:
Jitō was the wife of Emperor Tenmu. After he died and her son
1642:"Japanese emperor admits his family is running out of heirs"
675:
Empress Meishō, the seventh historically verifiable empress.
639:
Empress Genmei, the fourth historically verifiable empress.
559:
has also admitted the family is running out of male heirs.
651:
Empress Genshō, the fifth historically verifiable empress.
310:
took the throne. Soon though Yōmei died of illness and so
16:
An imperial title referring to a Japanese empress regnant
1045:
Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon
812:"90% in Japan support idea of reigning empress: survey"
1563:"女性皇族が「結婚後も皇族の身分保持」案におおむね賛同 自民・皇室に関する懇談会｜FNNプライムオンライン"
1589:"安定的な皇位継承 "女性皇族が婚姻後も残る案"異論出ず | TBS NEWS DIG (1ページ)"
161:
Empress Suiko, the first verifiable empress regnant
576:Empress Jingū, the first mythical empress regnant.
764:(女性天皇) literally means "female heavenly emperor".
132:Extinct (unless Japan allows female rulers again)
1664:
1523:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912
457:as her own. Empress Go-Sakuramachi died in 1813.
892:"Tennō | Emperor, Imperial, Japan | Britannica"
845:Womansword: What Japanese Words Say About Women
172:
1048:(in French). Oriental Translation Fund. 1834.
738:, much like its male counterpart. Along with
1640:Tokyo, Richard Lloyd Parry (June 25, 2024).
1359:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
466:is not counted among the official monarchs.
1250:Heroic with Grace: Legendary Women of Japan
262:can be seen for female rulers rather than
1537:"動くか皇位継承、与野党の議論本格化 政府は制度精通の内閣官房参与復帰の異例人事"
1469:INC, SANKEI DIGITAL (December 19, 2023).
1129:"-天皇陵-元明天皇 奈保山東陵(げんめいてんのう なほやまのひがしのみささぎ)"
1095:"-天皇陵-持統天皇 檜隈大内陵(じとうてんのう ひのくまのおおうちのみささぎ)"
246:The title (much like the male equivalent
1425:
918:
326:Kōgyoku reigned a second time as Saimei.
156:
1613:
1375:"-天皇陵-仁孝天皇 後月輪陵(にんこうてんのう のちのつきのわのみささぎ)"
1309:"-天皇陵-仁孝天皇 後月輪陵(にんこうてんのう のちのつきのわのみささぎ)"
1246:
1195:
1118:Varley, H. Paul. Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 137.
973:"-天皇陵-推古天皇 磯長山田陵(すいこてんのう しながのやまだのみささぎ)"
842:Cherry, Kittredge (November 14, 2016).
773:Jingū is only sometimes referred to as
402:Kōken reigned a second time as Shōtoku.
1665:
1198:"Life in the cloudy Imperial fishbowl"
945:
922:Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945
919:Henshall, Kenneth (November 7, 2013).
841:
203:may also refer to a reigning empress.
1639:
1614:Shimbun, The Yomiuri (June 1, 2024).
1534:
1398:
1004:
1002:
293:The list of empresses regnant are:
1223:"-天皇陵-明正天皇 月輪陵(めいしょうてんのう つきのわのみささぎ)"
914:
912:
886:
884:
882:
880:
837:
835:
833:
219:) all monarchs were probably called
179:is a Japanese title referring to an
20:
1468:
1163:"-天皇陵-稱徳天皇 高野陵(しょうとくてんのう たかののみささぎ)"
483:Japanese imperial succession debate
374:was also completed under her reign.
197:only refers to a reigning empress.
13:
1247:Mulhern, Chieko Irie (July 1991).
999:
946:Harper, Cathy (December 8, 2022).
14:
1694:
1196:Yoshida, Reiji (March 27, 2007).
909:
877:
830:
474:The debate for a possible future
281:). Out of all empresses regnant,
254:. On most lists retaining to the
1503:(in Japanese). February 20, 2024
680:
668:
656:
644:
632:
617:
605:
593:
581:
569:
25:
1633:
1607:
1581:
1555:
1535:内藤 慎二, 永原 慎吾 (March 15, 2024).
1528:
1515:
1489:
1471:"皇位継承議論促進へ 額賀福志郎衆院議長が各党に意見集約要請"
1462:
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1052:
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767:
333:. Blood was seen as impure and
235:onwards, the women were called
965:
939:
864:. An older term is empress or
804:
795:
721:
1:
1595:(in Japanese). March 18, 2024
1426:Brinkley, F. (Frank) (1915).
788:
537:Princess Tsuguko of Takamado
489:Japanese rules of succession
215:(the first to use the title
7:
692:
517:Prince Hisahito of Akishino
386:Genshō helped complete the
38:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
1699:
1673:Japanese empresses regnant
1497:"女性宮家「緊急的な課題」 立民検討委の皇位継承案"
1275:"Dokyo | Encyclopedia.com"
562:
480:
221:Great King/Queen of Yamato
206:
1399:Meyer, Eva-Maria (1999).
548:Democratic Party of Japan
512:Princess Kako of Akishino
507:Fumihito, Prince Akishino
173:
147:
136:
128:
118:
108:
104:Empress Jitō (officially)
95:
85:
77:
72:
714:
527:Princess Akiko of Mikasa
522:Masahito, Prince Hitachi
189:, which can refer to an
51:may contain suggestions.
36:may need to be rewritten
1620:japannews.yomiuri.co.jp
1335:"紫衣事件(しえじけん)とは？ 意味や使い方"
532:Princess Yōko of Mikasa
288:
848:. Stone Bridge Press.
734:can be abbreviated to
445:Empress Go-Sakuramachi
370:) was ushered in. The
162:
113:Empress Go-Sakuramachi
1058:Ponsonby-Fane, p. 50.
952:Melbourne Asia Review
302:When Suiko's husband
160:
1450:. September 25, 2023
1279:www.encyclopedia.com
1186:Titsingh, pp. 64–65.
503:Aiko, Princess Toshi
493:Aiko, Princess Toshi
437:system was in place.
431:Purple Robe Incident
306:, died, her brother
231:. From the reign of
1683:680s establishments
925:. Scarecrow Press.
487:Due to the current
183:. Unlike the title
1405:(in German). Lit.
896:www.britannica.com
264:Meishō Josei Tennō
163:
73:Josei Tennō (女性天皇)
1412:978-3-8258-3939-0
1260:978-0-7656-3265-4
1080:978-0-524-05347-8
1073:. Society. 1896.
932:978-0-8108-7872-3
855:978-1-61172-919-1
497:succession debate
453:and also adopted
256:emperors of Japan
155:
154:
120:Subsidiary titles
66:
65:
40:quality standards
1690:
1657:
1656:
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1652:
1646:www.thetimes.com
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1569:. March 18, 2024
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1152:Titsingh, p. 63.
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818:. April 28, 2024
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709:Emperor of Japan
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1253:. M.E. Sharpe.
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1202:The Japan Times
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468:Princess Iitoyo
351:Prince Kusakabe
322:Empress Kōgyoku
304:Emperor Bidatsu
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191:empress consort
181:empress regnant
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137:Extinction date
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411:Emperor Junnin
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862:josei tenno
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451:Josei Tennō
388:Nihon Shoki
279:Josei Tennō
273:Before the
268:Josei Tennō
258:, the term
237:Josei Tennō
229:Josei Tennō
195:Josei Tennō
167:Josei Tennō
109:Last holder
1667:Categories
1501:nippon.com
1448:nippon.com
816:Kyodo News
789:References
223:, and not
148:Supporters
86:Created by
57:April 2024
1599:April 12,
1573:April 12,
1547:April 12,
1207:April 10,
814:. Tokyo:
49:talk page
1651:June 25,
1625:June 25,
1355:cite web
693:See also
1019:"-天皇陵-"
957:May 28,
822:June 9,
781:either.
563:Gallery
546:of the
211:Before
207:Origins
1541:産経ニュース
1525:, 2010
1475:産経ニュース
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354:Tennō"
129:Status
47:. The
1339:コトバンク
866:jotei
775:Tennō
744:Jotei
740:Tennō
736:Tennō
715:Notes
415:Dōkyō
252:Tennō
248:Tennō
241:Tennō
225:Tennō
217:Tennō
200:Tennō
1653:2024
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186:Kōgō
174:女性天皇
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124:None
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