437:
658:
285:
403:, of all the business affairs for which the country had to pay with its blood. Captained by Christina and her manager Salamanca, monster of immorality; she was, as the vulgar like to say, his figurehead. To introduce themselves into the Spanish railway business and to pounce upon it like a pack of hungry wolves was a thing no one admired, because it was not admirable.
375:
convinced
Isabella II to make him Minister of Finance. Queen Isabella soon sacked the entire council of ministers, establishing a new government under General Narváez, the third time in four years that Narváez had been president of the Council of Ministers. As Salamanca's favors to his friends became
1031:
Ha existido hasta el célebre 28 de junio (de 1854) una sociedad en comandita para la explotación de todos los agios, de todos los negocios que el país había de pagar con su sangre. Capitaneábala
Cristina y su gerente Salamanca, monstruo de inmoralidad; era, como el vulgo suele decir, su testaferro.
507:
and a fall from grace that sent him into exile in France for 16 months. The line was successfully completed and began service on 7 February 1851. Queen
Isabella II presided over the opening of the line and more than a thousand invitees enjoyed a generous party at Salamanca's personal expense. Three
676:
Although the bank was never a financial success, Salamanca used its capital to make purchases, such as 71-block lot purchased from María Luisa de Borbón, paid for with a check for 1 million reales drawn on the bank. When the time came that the check had to be made good, Salamanca turned to Queen
758:
He died at
Carabanchel Bajo in 1883, 6 million reales in debt. In the course of a life of luxury and sybaritic extremes, José de Salamanca had been a lawyer, conspirator, mayor, judge, banker, underwriter of public works, theatrical impresario, director of businesses, engineer, agriculturalist,
609:, Salamanca and his associates announced it to sow panic. The stock exchange, sensitive to any abrupt change in public affairs, plummeted, and Salamanca profited by some 30 million reales in a single day. Fernando Muñoz and General Narváez each received 2 million.
234:
That year
Ferdinand VII died, bringing to power his wife, Maria Christina, as regent for the three-year-old queen Isabella II. The revolutionary movements of the regency era first propelled the future marquess onto the national scene. In 1835 he was named mayor of
692:
From 1860 onward, Salamanca's career began to decline due to a series of unsuccessful undertakings. He was already far past his financial prime when the queen named him
Marquess of Salamanca in 1863 and Count of los Llanos in 1864; the latter title made him a
214:
was detained for an attempted coup. Salamanca was probably involved in the coup; he went to Madrid in an unsuccessful attempt to seek a royal pardon for
Torrijos. His revolutionary ardor was calmed for a time and, thanks to his father's friendship with
597:
Taking advantage of his privileged position in public affairs, Salamanca knew that several generals were considering a coup. He also knew that Narváez was maintaining a correspondence with some of them, intending to get them to drop the plan.
166:
for the young Queen
Isabella. As a businessman, he undertook many projects that shaped modern Spain: railways, construction of entire neighborhoods, banking and investments; at the same time, he was associated with no small amount of
677:
Isabella, who owed money to the bank. However, she insisted on paying the debt with her shares in the Madrid-Aranjuez railway, shares for which she had paid 4 million reales, but which were by this time practically worthless.
527:("Strawberry Train") keeps alive the nickname earned by the Madrid-Aranjuez line in its early years. The present-day Aranjuez station is located at a small distance from the original terminus immediately at the
627:
Where the law has most failed is on the routes that have been granted to Señor
Salamanca, and the reason is because this man is associated with a powerful man who has too much and too fatal an influence on the
1109:
Donde más se ha faltado a la ley es en los caminos que se han concedido al señor
Salamanca, y la razón es porque dicho señor está asociado a un hombre poderoso que tiene demasiada y fatal influencia sobre
590:—Spain's largest stock exchange—saw a series of enthusiastic sessions. Optimism reigned at the stability provided by the government of Narvaez. However, after several days of analysis, Salamanca began to
460:
by renting out the state salt monopoly for five years. This amount was twice what he had earned since obtaining this monopoly. Not for the first time, he restored his relations with Narváez. Narváez and
376:
public knowledge, he consorted with various generals who were plotting to overthrow the government. Narváez's solidification of power sent Salamanca into exile in France, where he remained until 1849.
669:
remains the great stain on Salamanca's reputation. The bank was his idea, and he convinced the queen to establish it. Founded in 1844, it was to be an institution more or less on a par with the
508:
months later, the line was bringing in 50,000 reales every day. On 13 August 1852, Salamanca sold the line to the state for 60.2 million reales, then rented it back for 1,500,000 reales a year.
448:
During the 42 years of his life that Salamanca spent in Madrid, Salamanca had a major career as a financier and businessman. It is for this that he is most remembered. He was a founder of the
251:
38:
1032:
Presentarse al negocio de los ferrocarriles en la España comercial y abalanzarse a todos la comandita como manada de lobos hambrientos, fue cosa que a nadie admiró, porque no era de admirar.
698:
613:(...) It is very "salty", and although I was much enraged, I am weak, I want ... but do not say it because then I come to propose a business where we're going to give Spain many millions.
297:
Once in Madrid, Salamanca developed a great inclination toward business, which would bring him both great successes and great difficulties. After serving briefly as a judge in a Madrid
1098:, y aunque me ha hecho rabiar mucho, soy flaco, le quiero... pero no se lo diga usted, porque enseguida me viene a proponer un negocio en el que vamos a dar a España muchos millones.
154:
of that city now bears his name. He had an adventurous life with many ups and downs. At one time he probably had the largest fortune in Spain. His prominent associates included
243:); while there he married Petronila Livermore y Salas. After serving as mayor of Vera, he was chosen to represent the province of Almería in the Revolutionary Government at
220:
803:
788:
787:
there is a street called the Paseo de Salamanca in his honor. In Madrid, a neighborhood and a plaza bear his name. The plaza was designed by municipal architect
322:
493:
348:
As well as achieving such prominence (if not always honor and success) in business, his political star was also on the rise. On 28 March 1847 he was named
326:
310:
618:
497:
524:
314:
927:
503:
The construction of the line caused Salamanca some economic difficulties, and coincided with the financial crisis of 1846, not to mention Salamanca's
453:
748:
462:
309:(Madrid Stock Exchange). He became a prominent figure in the highest circles of Madrid society. Among his associates over the next few years were
1273:
318:
673:. It was founded with capital of 100 million reales, which it distributed generously as credit among Spain's emerging capitalist investors.
1293:
949:
1278:
1283:
992:, Biografías y Vidas, retrieved 6 March 2010, says he obtained the salt monopoly in 1837; that would be before his arrival in Madrid.
1162:
885:
349:
129:
424:
Salamanca was back in Spain, and in 1856 when Moderates regained power, Salamanca returned to favor and was given the title of
383:("black beast") by the new Progressive government that swept to power in June and July 1854 on the wings of unrest, ending the
492:(Madrid-Aranjuez Railway Company) was established with a capital of 45 million reales. This time his partners were the banker
488:
Salamanca also invested in railways, beginning the construction of the line from Madrid to Aranjuez. On 24 December 1845 the
1045:, Vía Libre – Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles, 2000-12-19, retrieved 6 March 2010, somewhat anachronistically says
465:(second husband of the queen mother Maria Christina) came to be his partners in a number of subsequent business ventures.
555:
155:
1171:"Su vida galante era tan intensa que podía competir en sibaritismo y sensualidad con la de los monarcas orientales"
1061:, Vía Libre – Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles, 2000-12-19, retrieved 6 March 2010, puts the sale price at
641:), in the Spanish Senate, referring to Salamanca's friendship with Fernando Muñoz, the queen's step-father-in-law.
634:
706:
372:
1173:: "His love life was so intense as to compete in sybaritism and sensuality with those of oriental monarchs."
1263:
262:
255:
353:
680:
The bank was ultimately rescued by being merged into the Bank of San Fernando, forming the basis for the
342:
1288:
796:
792:
575:
571:
980:, Asociación Histórico-Cultural Torrijos 1831 de Alhaurín de la Torre, Málaga. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
365:
196:
638:
259:
1140:
892:, Departamento de Historia Contemporánea, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
473:
436:
216:
187:, finishing his studies in 1828. It was probably in Granada that he first met groups opposed to the
1268:
528:
211:
1127:
780:
399:
There had existed until the celebrated 28 June a limited partnership for the exploitation of all
1021:, Vía Libre – Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles, 19 December 2000. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
657:
1058:
1042:
1018:
965:
943:
759:
livestock rancher, government minister, senator, deputy, marquess, count, and Grandee of Spain.
341:. His possession of the salt monopoly, however, gained him the enmity, for the time, of General
744:
192:
739:
512:
240:
772:
989:
914:
1258:
1253:
670:
228:
172:
168:
143:
807:("The Marquis of Salamanca") is a 1948 Spanish biopic about him. The marquis is played by
730:
368:, as parliament began investigating the alleged financial irregularities of his ministry.
8:
1144:
666:
652:
449:
266:
1121:
1157:
882:
702:
469:
391:
334:
151:
385:
1188:
547:
330:
188:
602:
539:
717:
713:
712:
However, he was not without other palaces. He owned the Palacio de Vista Alegre in
694:
425:
274:
183:
Salamanca studied philosophy and law at the Colegio de San Bartolomé y Santiago in
120:
77:
784:
477:
284:
1166:
953:
889:
701:, one of the most elegant and best built of the era. The building at what is now
591:
587:
550:; his investments were not limited to Spain. They extended throughout Europe and
306:
861:, Base documental d'Història Contemporània de Catalunya. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
858:
559:
520:
468:
Salamanca was credited with development of the neighborhood of Madrid that was
136:
1081:
1247:
681:
338:
977:
37:
808:
776:
563:
551:
457:
159:
456:(1846) Upon returning from his first exile he earned close to 300 million
734:
in Paris, and he rented a palace in Rome, each with an army of servants.
371:
Salamanca had been saved from his own disastrous stock speculations when
298:
236:
1182:
883:
La Alta Burguesia de los Negocios y sus Palacios en el Madrid en el XIX
752:
356:; when the government fell in October of that year, he was briefly the
200:
224:
768:
516:
606:
543:
270:
207:
57:
302:
125:
1141:
BBVA presenta en Madrid las obras maestras del Museo de Montserrat
472:. This was the first phase of the expansion of Madrid proposed by
244:
184:
661:
Statue of the Salamanca in the Madrid plaza that bears his name.
535:
476:.. One of his last business ventures was a similar expansion of
1205:
José de Salamanca, marqués de Salamanca: el Montecristo español
725:
721:
441:
278:
163:
147:
1217:
Zavala, José María, «María Cristina de Borbón, en la picota».
791:, who also designed the pedestal for his statue in the plaza.
859:
José María Salamanca Mayol (1811–1883) (Marqués de Salamanca)
360:
president of the Council of Ministers (that is, effectively,
1084:, Western New York Railroad Archive. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
379:
Five years later, he was in exile again, characterized as a
928:
DANCE REVIEW; Flamenco as a Narrative, and Simply as Itself
720:, and another in Aranjuez. He also owned extensive land in
567:
400:
119:
José de Salamanca y Mayol, 1st Marquis of Salamanca and
1059:
José de Salamanca y el Ferrocarril de Madrid a Aranjuez
1043:
José de Salamanca y el Ferrocarril de Madrid a Aranjuez
1019:
José de Salamanca y el Ferrocarril de Madrid a Aranjuez
968:, Arcola Theatre London, 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
665:
The 1844 panic may have been "very 'salty'", but the
511:
Today, that route is part of the line from Madrid to
146:, he was responsible for an extension to the city of
223:(effectively, prime minister), he was made mayor of
534:Salamanca also invested in railways from Madrid to
504:
203:when she was tried and condemned to death in 1831.
755:, which did not succeed in restoring his fortune.
30:1st Marquess of Salamanca, 1st Count of los Llanos
18:1st Marquess of Salamanca, 1st Count of los Llanos
743:(the years 1868–1874, including the years of the
1245:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
411:(newspaper), 24 July 1854, at the outset of the
956:, flamencofestival.org. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
581:
292:
254:forced Maria Christina to restore the liberal
124:(23 May 1811 – 21 January 1883) was a Spanish
917:, Biografías y Vidas, retrieved 6 March 2010.
864:
646:
490:Sociedad del Ferrocarril de Madrid a Aranjuez
697:. Not long after this he was forced to sell
767:There are streets named after Salamanca in
178:
128:, politician and businessman. He served as
1077:
1075:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
934:, 4 February 2003. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
36:
747:), in 1879 he won the right to build the
463:Agustín Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Riánsares
305:on salt, and began also to invest in the
1147:), October 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
656:
435:
288:Portrait of the young José de Salamanca.
283:
1226:Yo, José de Salamanca, el «Gran Bribón»
1072:
995:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
206:Shortly after his return to his native
1274:Economy and finance ministers of Spain
1246:
1221:, nº 91. Arlanza ediciones S.A., 2006.
966:Mariana Pineda – Federico Garcia Lorca
570:: hence the name of the small city of
415:, after Salamanca had gone into exile.
364:prime minister), but was displaced by
199:, who became a martyr for the Spanish
1069:; there were four reales to a peseta.
1049:; there were four reales to a peseta.
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
221:President of the Council of Ministers
1176:
821:
716:, the Palacio de Buena Esperanza en
687:
500:, Maria Christina's brother-in-law.
277:, which brought him to the capital,
258:, which was elaborated into the new
252:Mutiny of La Granja de San Ildefonso
1294:19th-century Spanish businesspeople
1126:. Imprenta Nacional. 1876. p.
601:When the news arrived that General
556:Atlantic and Great Western Railroad
515:, where it divides into a route to
301:, in 1839 he obtained the official
156:Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
13:
1279:Moderate Party (Spain) politicians
895:
505:failure at the Bank of Isabella II
14:
1305:
1239:
1212:Málaga: Personajes en su historia
709:and is used for art exhibitions.
1284:19th-century Spanish politicians
1231:Torrente Fortuño, José Antonio,
594:in a seemingly clumsy strategy.
1228:. Ed. Planeta, Barcelona, 1994.
1207:. Ediciones Lira, Madrid, 1963.
1150:
1134:
1114:
1102:
1087:
1052:
1036:
1024:
707:Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria
108:José María de Salamanca y Mayol
983:
971:
959:
937:
920:
523:. A Sunday tourist train, the
431:
142:Prominent during the reign of
1:
1233:Salamanca, bolsista romántico
1197:
881:Luis Enrique Otero Carvajal,
705:n.º 10 is owned today by the
635:Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha
605:had risen up in rebellion in
1214:. Ed. Arguval, Málaga, 1986.
1143:, www.abadiamontserrat.com (
795:in western New York and its
582:Panic at the Bolsa de Madrid
574:in western New York and its
440:Salamanca's house-palace in
7:
1235:. Ed. Taurus, Madrid, 1969.
1063:"15,05 millones de pesetas"
1047:"11,25 millones de pesetas"
546:, and from Aranjuez to the
483:
420:Long before the end of the
373:Francisco Serrano Domínguez
293:Deputy, minister, and exile
91:Petronila Livermore y Salas
10:
1310:
1219:La Aventura de la Historia
751:to bring potable water to
724:, the Palacio de Mitra in
650:
647:Failed Bank of Isabella II
1067:"375.000 pesetas anuales"
990:José de Salamanca y Mayol
978:1831: Expedición a Málaga
915:José de Salamanca y Mayol
762:
354:Joaquín Francisco Pacheco
350:Finance Minister of Spain
281:to serve in this office.
130:Finance Minister of Spain
107:
102:
98:
84:
64:
44:
35:
28:
23:
814:
529:Royal Palace of Aranjuez
265:. Salamanca was elected
179:Youth, student and mayor
1210:Lacomba, Juan Antonio,
1184:El marqués de Salamanca
804:El marqués de Salamanca
366:Florencio García Goyena
299:court of first instance
1203:Hernández Girbal, F.:
1123:Guía oficial de España
799:were named after him.
745:First Spanish Republic
662:
644:
637:, Marquess del Duero (
624:
474:Carlos María de Castro
445:
418:
289:
217:Francisco Cea Bermúdez
210:, the liberal general
152:Salamanca neighborhood
781:Castellón de la Plana
773:Navalmoral de la Mata
660:
625:
611:
439:
397:
352:in the government of
287:
1165:4 April 2010 at the
952:26 July 2011 at the
888:4 April 2010 at the
797:surrounding township
671:Bank of San Fernando
586:In autumn 1844, the
576:surrounding township
263:Constitution of 1837
256:Constitution of 1812
229:province of Alicante
173:corporate corruption
1264:Marquesses of Spain
1145:Museu de Montserrat
1082:Salamanca, New York
740:Sexenio Democrático
667:Bank of Isabella II
653:Bank of Isabella II
513:Alcázar de San Juan
450:Bank of Isabella II
343:Ramón María Narváez
241:province of Almería
212:José María Torrijos
1224:Rico, Eduardo G.,
1065:and the rental at
932:The New York Times
703:Paseo de Recoletos
663:
494:Nazario Carriquiri
446:
422:bienio progresista
413:bienio progresista
392:bienio progresista
389:and beginning the
335:Daniel Weisweiller
333:agents in Madrid,
311:Nazario Carriquiri
290:
1289:Grandees of Spain
926:Anna Kisselgoff,
731:hôtel particulier
699:his Madrid palace
688:Financial decline
498:Count of Retamoso
116:
115:
112:
111:
24:José de Salamanca
1301:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1156:Otero Carvajal,
1154:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1056:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
941:
935:
924:
918:
912:
893:
879:
862:
856:
718:Carabanchel Alto
714:Carabanchel Bajo
695:Grandee of Spain
642:
622:
554:, including the
525:Tren de la Fresa
444:, built in 1855.
426:senator for life
416:
323:José Buschenthal
315:Alejandro Aguado
121:Grandee of Spain
100:
99:
78:Carabanchel Bajo
74:
72:
54:
52:
40:
21:
20:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1269:Counts of Spain
1244:
1243:
1242:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1177:
1167:Wayback Machine
1155:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1073:
1057:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
954:Wayback Machine
942:
938:
925:
921:
913:
896:
890:Wayback Machine
880:
865:
857:
822:
817:
765:
749:Canal del Duero
690:
655:
649:
643:
632:
623:
619:General Narváez
617:
588:Bolsa de Madrid
584:
521:Spanish Levante
519:and one to the
486:
452:(1844) and the
434:
417:
407:
386:década moderada
307:Bolsa de Madrid
295:
181:
132:and briefly as
94:
76:
75:21 January 1883
70:
68:
56:
50:
48:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1241:
1240:External links
1238:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1175:
1149:
1133:
1113:
1101:
1086:
1071:
1051:
1035:
1023:
994:
982:
970:
958:
936:
919:
894:
863:
819:
818:
816:
813:
764:
761:
689:
686:
651:Main article:
648:
645:
630:
615:
603:Martín Zurbano
583:
580:
560:New York State
485:
482:
433:
430:
409:La Ilustración
405:
294:
291:
197:Mariana Pineda
180:
177:
137:prime minister
114:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
96:
95:
93:
92:
88:
86:
82:
81:
66:
62:
61:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
991:
986:
979:
974:
967:
962:
955:
951:
948:
947:
940:
933:
929:
923:
916:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
891:
887:
884:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
860:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
820:
812:
810:
806:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:San Sebastián
782:
778:
774:
770:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
735:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
685:
683:
682:Bank of Spain
678:
674:
672:
668:
659:
654:
640:
636:
629:
620:
614:
610:
608:
604:
599:
595:
593:
589:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Mediterranean
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
481:
479:
478:San Sebastián
475:
471:
470:named for him
466:
464:
459:
455:
454:Bank de Cádiz
451:
443:
438:
429:
427:
423:
414:
410:
404:
402:
396:
394:
393:
388:
387:
382:
377:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
339:Ignacio Bauer
336:
332:
328:
327:Agustín Muñoz
324:
320:
319:Gaspar Remisa
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:Ferdinand VII
190:
186:
176:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
106:
101:
97:
90:
89:
87:
83:
79:
67:
63:
59:
47:
43:
39:
34:
31:
27:
22:
16:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1158:
1152:
1136:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1026:
985:
973:
961:
945:
939:
931:
922:
809:Alfredo Mayo
802:
801:
789:Pablo Aranda
777:Torremolinos
766:
757:
738:
736:
729:
711:
691:
679:
675:
664:
626:
612:
600:
596:
585:
564:Pennsylvania
552:the Americas
533:
510:
502:
489:
487:
467:
447:
421:
419:
412:
408:
398:
390:
384:
381:bestia negra
380:
378:
370:
361:
357:
347:
331:Rothschilds'
296:
250:In 1837 the
249:
233:
205:
195:, including
182:
160:queen mother
141:
133:
118:
117:
29:
15:
1259:1833 deaths
1254:1811 births
944:Sara Baras
639:Progressive
432:Businessman
273:in the new
260:Progressive
231:) in 1833.
144:Isabella II
55:23 May 1811
1248:Categories
1198:References
753:Valladolid
737:After the
722:Los Llanos
592:sell short
191:regime of
189:absolutist
71:1883-01-21
51:1811-05-23
1169:, writes
793:Salamanca
769:Talayuela
572:Salamanca
517:Andalusia
480:in 1881.
169:political
139:in 1847.
1163:Archived
1159:op. cit.
950:Archived
886:Archived
633:General
631:—
616:—
496:and the
484:Railways
406:—
362:de facto
358:de facto
329:and the
303:monopoly
201:liberals
134:de facto
126:nobleman
1094:Es muy
946:Sabores
628:matter.
540:Córdoba
245:Seville
225:Monòver
185:Granada
80:, Spain
60:, Spain
779:, and
763:Legacy
726:Lisbon
607:Nájera
566:, and
544:Málaga
458:reales
442:Madrid
279:Madrid
275:Cortes
271:Málaga
267:deputy
219:, the
208:Málaga
164:regent
150:; the
148:Madrid
58:Málaga
1110:éste.
1096:salao
815:Notes
783:. In
401:agios
103:Names
1189:IMDb
728:, a
568:Ohio
536:Irún
337:and
269:for
237:Vera
171:and
162:and
85:Wife
65:Died
45:Born
1187:at
1128:554
558:in
542:to
227:, (
1250::
1074:^
997:^
930:,
897:^
866:^
823:^
811:.
775:,
771:,
684:.
578:.
562:,
538:,
531:.
428:.
395:.
345:.
325:,
321:,
317:,
313:,
247:.
175:.
158:,
1130:.
621:.
239:(
73:)
69:(
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
