322:
Landen, Haven, Kapen ende
Rivieren, aenwhsinghe der Drooghten, Landen, Clijpen ende Ondiepten; verscheijdentheijt der plaetsen, 800 deselve in mijlen, graden ende Compas-streecken van den omderen syn ghelegen. Alles van nieuws oversien, verbeetert ende vermeerdert, door Mr. Joris Carolus. Sierman. Leermeester ende Caert-schryver van de groote en cleyne Zeevaert binnen de vermaerde Coopstadt Amsteldam. Ghedruckt tot Amsteldam. By Jan Janssen Boeckvercooper opât Water in de Paskaert. Anno
321:
Het nieuw vermeerde Licht, ghenaemt de
Sleutel vanât Tresoor, Spiegel, Gesicht, ende vierighe Colon des Grooten Zeevaerts. Dat is claer ende seeckere beschrijcinghe van de Oost, West, Suydt ende Noordsche Navigatie, verciert met alle noodige perfecte ende duijdelycke Pas-kaarten, Opdoeninghen der
104:
on July 6/16, "ready for the first opportunity to discover", and on August 9/19 "two ships of the
Hollanders, that were appointed for northern discovery, were seene thwart of Faire Haven, sayling to the southwards"â the ice was packed along the northern coast of Spitsbergen. Even in shallops the
241:
Edward
Heawood, writing in response to Conway's claim of Carolus being the first discoverer of Edge Island, wrote a "Correspondence" refuting his claim. Carolus, who never made any claim of having discovered the said island (which is counter to his usual boastful claims of discovery), shows
258:(which Heawood questioned as to why Carolus should refer to a land he allegedly discovered as âunknownâ?), extends the longitude of the island to 30°, instead of its actual 4° of longitude. Heawood asserts that Carolus may have only copied both coastlines from earlier mapsâin particular,
238:. Wielder believed this to the first record of Edge Island's south coast, when in fact this coastline as well was only copied from an earlier chart which merely showed a vague mass that was supposed to represent Spitsbergen.
319:"When at length his years and growing feebleness prevented him from voyaging, he settled down at Amsterdam as teacher of navigation, and published a book of charts and sailing directions, now very rare, entitled
3640:
230:
argued in 1901 that
Carolusâ chart indicated that he had discovered Edge Island; but, as Wielder points out, Conway was ignorant of a map (engraved in 1612) by the Dutch cartographer
3026:
3670:
273:
region. Passing through the strait he allegedly reached the impossible latitude of 80° N. The results of this voyage were presented in a (now lost) chart to the
116:, which may have been discovered earlier the same year by the Dutchman Fopp Gerritsz., sailing in a whaleship sent by the Englishman John Clarke, of
400:
227:
84:
on a voyage of discovery. Carolus claimed to have reached 83° N, but this would have been impossible given the ice conditions described by
2188:
511:
1149:
3569:
784:
792:
3144:
2150:
563:
441:
No Man's Land: A History of
Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country
2741:
2339:
1927:
316:, which applied to the States General for a monopoly on whaling rights at the islands (which was granted on October 28, 1617).
3620:
3533:
1479:
2344:
3675:
3427:
3108:
2930:
2820:
2589:
1178:
1127:
234:, which illustrated a coastline to the east of Spitsbergen. The coastline, indented, with islands offshore, was labelled
2878:
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353:
274:
3655:
2979:
137:
3210:
3196:
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3007:
978:
504:
1901:
394:
Development and
Achievements of Dutch Northern and Arctic Cartography in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
3665:
3660:
3650:
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3003:
1346:
1336:
920:
622:
101:
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2806:
2316:
1449:
3635:
2715:
2601:
2444:
1490:
951:
719:
3163:
2785:
2619:
2560:
2514:
743:
632:
262:
may correspond to the land (without name) placed between
Spitsbergen and Matsyn on a Dutch map of 1611.
3523:
2248:
2222:
2215:
1666:
1567:
1559:
1542:
1160:
706:
558:
497:
1955:
3346:
2956:
2652:
2451:
2236:
2118:
1921:
1803:
1654:
1503:
1441:
1428:
1301:
1027:
679:
250:, which Conway said represented Edge Island) some 18° too far east (relative to the mainland), while
3496:
3087:
3081:
2999:
2873:
2658:
2384:
2260:
2110:
1998:
1782:
49:
798:
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3226:
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1682:
1509:
711:
148:, was later (1620) applied to the island as a whole, giving it the name it retains to this day.
3501:
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999:
2334:
324:
1634." This work was copied by many subsequent authors, many of whom claimed it as their own.
3630:
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2798:
2547:
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2311:
2291:
1886:
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1497:
1407:
1389:
1306:
1277:
1267:
1155:
1092:
866:
1547:
3360:
3352:
3295:
2883:
2747:
2673:
2665:
2465:
2405:
2364:
1977:
1968:
1839:
1834:
1738:
1602:
1359:
1321:
928:
698:
666:
610:
590:
455:
409:
2728:
1133:
1116:
277:, and mentioned in a resolution of November 26, 1615. Carolus later (see below) described
8:
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1008:
811:
616:
192:
45:
1121:
439:
3202:
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3075:
2639:
2614:
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2050:
2014:
1990:
1881:
1728:
1703:
1699:
1689:
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1573:
1552:
1433:
1423:
1170:
1058:
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553:
533:
472:
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3380:
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2733:
2607:
2574:
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2520:
2502:
2419:
2168:
2037:
1985:
1891:
1844:
1772:
1761:
1473:
1463:
1455:
1351:
1341:
1252:
1247:
1230:
1196:
1063:
1050:
871:
777:
735:
730:
520:
349:
342:
Mr. Joris
Carolus (ca. 1566 - ca. 1636) 'Stierman ende caertschryver tot Enchuysen',
3591:
3323:
3015:
2895:
2721:
2694:
2634:
2509:
2439:
2424:
2163:
2092:
2087:
2061:
2056:
1938:
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1814:
1581:
1401:
1366:
1262:
1257:
1191:
1105:
887:
879:
765:
685:
637:
627:
600:
464:
418:
180:
129:
3581:
3528:
3513:
3419:
3414:
3338:
3303:
3239:
3138:
3053:
3020:
2752:
2535:
2527:
2496:
2412:
2372:
2126:
2082:
2022:
1946:
1916:
1911:
1871:
1849:
1797:
1733:
1723:
1674:
1396:
1381:
1234:
1203:
1165:
915:
843:
837:
760:
725:
585:
450:
231:
160:
155:
Carolus charted a map of the islands. The map labels various features, including
93:
85:
65:
2104:
3555:
3538:
3491:
3450:
3440:
3409:
3268:
3258:
3150:
3100:
2965:
2915:
2888:
2833:
2629:
2624:
2473:
2326:
2180:
2142:
2099:
2032:
2006:
1960:
1933:
1906:
1876:
1819:
1777:
1767:
1647:
1640:
1537:
1517:
1329:
1289:
1220:
1016:
991:
946:
910:
904:
896:
856:
851:
825:
805:
573:
281:
in a book he published, saying it extended to 79° N and was enclosed by land.
176:
3614:
3518:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3395:
3390:
3366:
3310:
3187:
3181:
3176:
2775:
2686:
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2434:
2229:
2208:
2076:
1854:
1824:
1792:
1787:
1624:
1530:
1413:
1208:
1021:
971:
964:
956:
861:
770:
219:
76:(âOrange Treeâ), under Jacob de Gouwenaer, one of the two ships sent by the
3549:
3543:
3155:
3119:
2985:
2812:
2762:
2701:
2555:
2243:
2194:
2044:
1866:
1829:
1809:
1750:
1284:
1272:
1215:
1143:
1044:
941:
935:
832:
820:
693:
671:
595:
548:
270:
37:
3586:
3486:
3434:
3252:
3039:
2827:
2202:
2134:
1896:
1755:
1718:
1618:
1610:
1418:
754:
203:
152:
368:
Arctic
Exploration and Development, c. 500 B.C. to 1915: an encyclopedia
3385:
3288:
3272:
3114:
3047:
2948:
2357:
2306:
2266:
1588:
1314:
1242:
1184:
577:
545:
476:
430:
278:
255:
2907:
1744:
1296:
1079:
293:
145:
113:
61:
489:
468:
422:
404:
2839:
206:âs south coast. Carolus showed the coastline split into two parts:
168:
41:
3466:
2846:
1111:
1087:
1075:
309:
117:
97:
77:
68:(1601â04) he turned to the art of navigation and became a pilot (
1633:
284:
In 1617, Carolus was again sent on a voyage of discovery by the
1712:
1037:
312:. Both islands were depicted on a map Carolus supplied to the
1098:
289:
285:
100:. According to Fotherbyâwho saw the Dutch ships riding off
3641:
Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)
2303:
344:
in: Daalder, R.; Loomeijer, F.R. et al. (Ed.) (2005).
88:, who was also on a voyage of discovery in the ship
112:On the same voyage Carolus came upon the island of
265:The following year, 1615, Carolus was sent by the
199:("The Giant", Cloven Cliff), among other things.
3671:Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company
3612:
451:"CorrespondenceâJoris Carolus and Edge Island"
140:, master of the other ship sent on discovery,
72:). In 1614 he was pilot of the Enkhuizen ship
505:
384:(1957), p. 50. Hart says it occurred in 1613.
382:De eerste Nederlandse tochten ter walvisvaart
300:. He claimed to have discovered two islands:
222:) in the east. Islands are shown offshore of
105:English were only able to go as far north as
132:) after the master of his ship, and a cape
512:
498:
405:"Joris Carolus, Discoverer of Edge Island"
396:, in Arctic Vol. 37, No. 4, December 1984.
308:, at 66° N and twenty Dutch miles east of
3570:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
3145:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
448:
365:
346:Koersvast: vijf eeuwen navigatie op zee
3613:
437:
399:
359:
2289:
531:
519:
493:
444:. Cambridge, At the University Press.
2931:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1128:Norse colonization of North America
210:(âUnknown Coastâ) in the west, and
60:Carolus apparently was a native of
13:
2460:United States Exploring Expedition
120:. Carolus named it after himself:
14:
3687:
3534:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
2902:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
254:, which is supposed to represent
151:Following his 1614 expedition to
3428:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2821:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
136:. This latter name, in honor of
109:(modern GrĂ„huken, at 79° 48âN).
438:Conway, William Martin (1906).
348:, Zaltbommel, The Netherlands.
202:The map also shows what may be
16:Dutch cartographer and explorer
374:
334:
1:
2807:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
2742:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2290:
449:Heawood, Edward (July 1906).
327:
304:, between 60° and 63° N, and
64:. After he lost a leg at the
30:
23:
3621:17th-century Dutch explorers
3164:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
2980:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
2786:French Antarctic Expeditions
2716:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2602:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
720:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
7:
2249:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
1928:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
793:Andrée's balloon expedition
10:
3692:
3676:Whaling in the Netherlands
1450:Franklin's lost expedition
1150:Christian IV's expeditions
532:
340:Schilder, GĂŒnter. (2005).
3267:
2998:
2585:
2325:
2302:
2298:
2285:
1804:Great Northern Expedition
1698:
1480:RaeâRichardson expedition
1229:
1074:
680:British Arctic Expedition
572:
544:
540:
527:
356: ; pp. 46â59 (Dutch)
128:(which name was moved to
55:
3088:British Antarctic Survey
3082:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2327:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
50:Dutch East India Company
44:who was employed by the
3656:Explorers of the Arctic
3564:Pole of inaccessibility
3227:Antarctic Treaty System
1568:2nd Grinnell expedition
392:GĂŒnter Schilder (1984)
366:Holland, Clive (1994).
144:(âThe Golden Catâ) of
124:. He also named a bay
3666:People from Enkhuizen
3661:History of the Arctic
3651:Explorers of Svalbard
3646:Dutch polar explorers
3234:Transglobe Expedition
3133:Operation Deep Freeze
2542:Challenger expedition
1408:Coppermine expedition
929:Drifting ice stations
456:Geographical Journal
410:Geographical Journal
370:. New York: Garland.
92:, sent by the rival
3636:Dutch cartographers
3404:South magnetic pole
2070:Brusilov expedition
1179:Danish colonization
617:North magnetic pole
314:Noordsche Compagnie
298:Noordsche Compagnie
269:on a voyage to the
267:Noordsche Compagnie
82:Noordsche Compagnie
46:Noordsche Compagnie
3095:Operation Windmill
3076:Operation Highjump
2051:Rusanov expedition
1956:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1700:North East Passage
1504:McClure expedition
179:), Mari mag. bay (
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3062:Operation Tabarin
2924:Far Eastern Party
2770:Nimrod Expedition
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
1840:M. Pronchishcheva
1762:Siberian Cossacks
1231:Northwest Passage
564:Research stations
521:Polar exploration
214:(a corruption of
122:Mr. Joris eylandt
3683:
3109:Ronne Expedition
2594:
2588:
2452:Dumont d'Urville
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
1835:V. Pronchishchev
542:
541:
529:
528:
514:
507:
500:
491:
490:
486:
484:
483:
445:
434:
385:
378:
372:
371:
363:
357:
338:
296:chambers of the
181:Magdalenefjorden
138:Jan Jacobsz. May
102:Amsterdam Island
74:den Orangienboom
35:
32:
28:
25:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3596:
3271:
3263:
3139:McMurdo Station
3008:Modern research
3006:
2994:
2729:O. Nordenskjöld
2592:
2586:
2581:
2497:Ross expedition
2321:
2294:
2273:
1702:
1694:
1235:Northern Canada
1233:
1225:
1078:
1070:
576:
568:
536:
523:
518:
481:
479:
469:10.2307/1776105
423:10.2307/1775214
389:
388:
379:
375:
364:
360:
339:
335:
330:
232:Petrus Plancius
185:Hollandsche bay
173:Greene harbergh
157:Generaels hoeck
94:Muscovy Company
86:Robert Fotherby
66:Siege of Ostend
58:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:Vostok Station
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3507:Cherry-Garrard
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3347:Southern Cross
3343:
3342:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3277:
3275:
3269:Farthest South
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2966:Ross Sea party
2962:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2927:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2766:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2660:Southern Cross
2653:Southern Cross
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2597:
2595:
2583:
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2553:
2538:
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2531:
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2512:
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2454:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2399:Bellingshausen
2389:
2382:
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2375:
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2342:
2337:
2331:
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2213:
2212:
2211:
2199:
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2197:
2185:
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2183:
2171:
2166:
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2159:
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2145:
2131:
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2129:
2107:
2102:
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2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
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1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1704:Russian Arctic
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1146:
1141:
1139:SnÊbjörn galti
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1041:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1006:
996:
995:
994:
989:
975:
968:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
932:
925:
924:
923:
918:
913:
901:
900:
899:
885:
876:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
840:
835:
830:
829:
828:
823:
808:
803:
802:
801:
789:
788:
787:
775:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
696:
691:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
647:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
582:
580:
574:Farthest North
570:
569:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
538:
537:
525:
524:
517:
516:
509:
502:
494:
488:
487:
463:(2): 189â190.
446:
435:
417:(6): 623â632.
401:Conway, Martin
397:
387:
386:
373:
358:
332:
331:
329:
326:
275:States General
260:Onbekende Cust
252:Onbekende Cust
236:Gerrits Eylant
208:Onbekende Cust
134:Jan Meys hoeck
107:Castlins Point
57:
54:
36:) was a Dutch
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:Discovery Hut
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:A. Sibiryakov
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:Glavsevmorput
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:J. Richardson
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:M. Corte-Real
1251:
1249:
1248:G. Corte-Real
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:C. Richardson
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1003:
997:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
981:
980:Georgiy Sedov
976:
974:
973:
969:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
933:
931:
930:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
906:
902:
898:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
886:
884:
883:
882:
877:
873:
870:
868:
867:Riiser-Larsen
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
847:
846:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
816:
815:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
794:
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:
776:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:
752:
751:
750:
749:
747:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
717:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:
684:
683:
682:
681:
677:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:
658:
657:
656:
655:
653:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
539:
535:
530:
526:
522:
515:
510:
508:
503:
501:
496:
495:
492:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
447:
443:
442:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
403:(June 1901).
402:
398:
395:
391:
390:
383:
377:
369:
362:
355:
354:90-5994-108-X
351:
347:
343:
337:
333:
325:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
306:Opdams island
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
228:Martin Conway
225:
221:
220:Novaya Zemlya
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
142:de goude Cath
139:
135:
131:
130:GouwenaerbÄen
127:
126:Gowenaers bay
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
21:
20:Joris Carolus
3631:1630s deaths
3626:1560s births
3562:
3550:Pole of Cold
3548:
3474:
3465:
3433:
3426:
3402:
3373:
3359:
3353:Borchgrevink
3345:
3332:
3317:
3297:
3282:
3251:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3195:
3186:
3169:
3162:
3143:
3131:
3107:
3093:
3086:
3074:
3060:
3046:
3032:
3025:
2986:
2978:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2909:
2900:
2862:
2854:
2845:
2838:
2826:
2819:
2805:
2793:Pourquoi-Pas
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2763:Orcadas Base
2761:
2753:
2740:
2734:C. A. Larsen
2722:
2714:
2700:
2693:
2680:
2672:
2666:Borchgrevink
2659:
2651:
2608:
2600:
2575:C. A. Larsen
2568:
2549:
2540:
2522:
2504:
2495:
2482:
2467:
2458:
2445:
2406:
2392:
2385:
2366:
2351:
2261:
2254:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2201:
2187:
2174:
2149:
2135:
2133:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2075:
2068:
2049:
2015:
2013:
1999:
1997:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1947:
1945:
1926:
1802:
1760:
1743:
1711:
1675:
1673:
1653:
1652:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1604:
1589:
1575:
1566:
1553:
1524:
1512:Investigator
1511:
1502:
1478:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1435:
1406:
1383:
1368:
1353:
1323:
1308:
1278:
1197:
1177:
1148:
1144:Erik the Red
1126:
1104:
1097:
1054:submersibles
1051:
1045:Arktika 2007
1043:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1010:
1001:
998:
979:
977:
970:
963:
934:
927:
903:
889:
888:
880:
878:
844:
842:
813:
810:
799:S. A. Andrée
791:
778:
753:
745:
742:
718:
700:
687:
678:
660:
651:
649:
615:
605:
480:. Retrieved
460:
454:
440:
414:
408:
393:
381:
376:
367:
361:
345:
341:
336:
320:
318:
313:
305:
301:
297:
283:
271:Davis Strait
266:
264:
259:
251:
247:
243:
240:
235:
223:
215:
211:
207:
201:
196:
188:
184:
172:
164:
156:
150:
141:
133:
125:
121:
111:
106:
89:
81:
73:
69:
59:
38:cartographer
19:
18:
3253:Lake Vostok
3203:Tryoshnikov
3125:Schlossbach
3016:Christensen
2958:James Caird
2879:E. R. Evans
2645:Dobrowolski
2615:de Gerlache
2317:Expeditions
2203:Aviaarktika
2157:Samoylovich
2028:Kolomeitsev
1922:Middendorff
1882:Gedenshtrom
1302:I. Fyodorov
1064:Chilingarov
952:E. Fyodorov
559:Expeditions
302:New Holland
204:Edge Island
177:GrĂžnfjorden
153:Spitsbergen
34: 1636
27: 1566
3615:Categories
3476:Terra Nova
3381:Shackleton
3324:J. C. Ross
3283:Resolution
3273:South Pole
3048:New Swabia
2972:Mackintosh
2944:Shackleton
2863:Terra Nova
2856:Terra Nova
2590:Heroic Age
2550:Challenger
2510:J. C. Ross
2420:Bransfield
2352:Resolution
2267:icebreaker
2231:Chelyuskin
1972:expedition
1950:Expedition
1892:Matyushkin
1850:Kh. Laptev
1845:Chelyuskin
1739:Heemskerck
1729:Chancellor
1724:Willoughby
1719:Koch boats
1662:Stefansson
1596:McClintock
1560:Inglefield
1402:J. C. Ross
1309:Resolution
1161:Cunningham
1059:Sagalevich
748:expedition
707:Stephenson
667:C. F. Hall
654:expedition
628:J. C. Ross
591:Heemskerck
578:North Pole
482:2009-11-21
328:References
279:Baffin Bay
256:Kvalpynten
218:, part of
189:Feer-haven
165:Bell sound
161:South Cape
3575:Tolstikov
3361:Discovery
3331:HMS
3316:HMS
3298:Adventure
3296:HMS
3281:HMS
3217:Tolstikov
2938:Endurance
2723:Antarctic
2708:Drygalski
2681:Discovery
2674:Discovery
2635:Arctowski
2548:HMS
2521:HMS
2515:Abernethy
2503:HMS
2481:USS
2468:Vincennes
2466:USS
2446:Astrolabe
2386:San Telmo
2367:Adventure
2365:HMS
2350:HMS
2345:Kerguelen
2307:Continent
2292:Antarctic
2169:Urvantsev
2127:Vilkitsky
1980:Jeannette
1978:USS
1970:Jeannette
1934:Weyprecht
1912:Pakhtusov
1862:Chichagov
1855:D. Laptev
1798:Permyakov
1773:Stadukhin
1768:Perfilyev
1745:Mangazeya
1683:H. Larsen
1648:Rasmussen
1603:HMS
1574:USS
1523:HMS
1510:HMS
1474:Collinson
1464:HMS
1456:HMS
1434:HMS
1382:HMS
1367:HMS
1352:HMS
1337:Mackenzie
1324:Discovery
1322:HMS
1307:HMS
1279:Discovery
1258:Frobisher
1221:Rasmussen
1134:Gunnbjörn
1080:Greenland
1009:USS
1000:USS
872:Ellsworth
814:Roosevelt
744:Nansen's
701:Discovery
699:HMS
686:HMS
633:Abernethy
601:Marmaduke
380:Hart, S.
294:Enkhuizen
193:Fairhaven
146:Amsterdam
114:Jan Mayen
90:Thomasine
62:Enkhuizen
3587:A. Fuchs
3544:V. Fuchs
3524:McKinley
3487:E. Evans
3446:Bjaaland
3441:Amundsen
3391:Marshall
3304:Furneaux
3156:V. Fuchs
3120:E. Ronne
3115:F. Ronne
3054:Ritscher
2908:SY
2896:Filchner
2840:Framheim
2834:Amundsen
2640:RacoviÈÄ
2625:Amundsen
2620:Lecointe
2489:Ringgold
2483:Porpoise
2373:Furneaux
2209:Shevelev
2164:Begichev
2143:Amundsen
2105:NagĂłrski
2083:Brusilov
2077:Sv. Anna
1991:Melville
1961:Palander
1917:Tsivolko
1877:Sannikov
1872:Billings
1815:Chirikov
1734:Barentsz
1676:St. Roch
1667:Bartlett
1641:Amundsen
1625:Sverdrup
1525:Resolute
1414:Franklin
1342:Kotzebue
1209:Sverdrup
1192:Scoresby
1166:Lindenov
1017:Plaisted
1002:Nautilus
947:Shirshov
921:Belyakov
916:Baydukov
890:Nautilus
852:Amundsen
812:SS
771:Sverdrup
766:Johansen
736:Brainard
731:Lockwood
586:Barentsz
169:Bellsund
80:company
70:Stierman
48:and the
42:explorer
3592:Messner
3539:Hillary
3519:Balchen
3467:Polheim
3461:Wisting
3339:Crozier
3311:Weddell
3289:J. Cook
3259:Kapitsa
3240:Fiennes
3182:Klenova
3151:Hillary
3101:Ketchum
3027:BANZARE
3002:·
2847:Polheim
2813:Shirase
2799:Charcot
2609:Belgica
2528:Crozier
2440:Morrell
2435:Weddell
2413:Lazarev
2358:J. Cook
2312:History
2262:Arktika
2238:Krassin
2223:Voronin
2195:Schmidt
2181:Ushakov
2120:Vaygach
2088:Albanov
2057:Rusanov
2038:Kolchak
2033:Matisen
2007:Makarov
1986:De Long
1887:Wrangel
1867:Lyakhov
1820:Malygin
1778:Dezhnev
1605:Pandora
1576:Advance
1543:Kennedy
1538:Belcher
1531:Kellett
1518:McClure
1442:Beechey
1436:Blossom
1429:Simpson
1397:Crozier
1390:Hoppner
1347:J. Ross
1315:J. Cook
1263:Gilbert
1156:J. Hall
1122:IngĂłlfr
1112:Naddodd
1106:Vikings
1093:Brendan
1088:Pytheas
1076:Iceland
1030:Arktika
1022:Herbert
987:Badygin
957:Krenkel
942:Papanin
911:Chkalov
897:Wilkins
862:Wisting
806:F. Cook
712:Markham
672:Bessels
661:Polaris
652:Polaris
623:J. Ross
606:Carolus
554:History
477:1776105
431:1775214
310:Iceland
197:de Reus
195:), and
118:Dunkirk
98:England
78:whaling
3502:Bowers
3497:Wilson
3456:Hassel
3451:Helmer
3420:Mackay
3410:Mawson
3375:Nimrod
3333:Terror
3318:Erebus
3245:Burton
3040:Rymill
2916:Mawson
2910:Aurora
2889:Lashly
2874:Wilson
2777:Nimrod
2754:Scotia
2561:Murray
2536:Cooper
2523:Terror
2505:Erebus
2474:Wilkes
2425:Palmer
2393:Vostok
2340:Bouvet
2264:-class
2244:Gakkel
2112:Taymyr
2093:Konrad
2062:Kuchin
2000:Yermak
1907:Lavrov
1825:Ovtsyn
1810:Bering
1788:Ivanov
1751:Hudson
1713:Pomors
1690:Cowper
1655:Karluk
1554:Isabel
1548:Bellot
1498:Austin
1466:Terror
1458:Erebus
1354:Griper
1330:Clerke
1290:Baffin
1273:Hudson
1204:Nansen
1117:GarĂ°ar
1038:Barneo
905:ANT-25
881:Italia
857:Nobile
826:Henson
785:Amedeo
761:Nansen
726:Greely
596:Hudson
534:Arctic
475:
429:
352:
292:, and
248:Marfyn
244:Morfyn
224:Morfyn
216:Matsyn
212:Morfyn
56:Career
3582:Crary
3529:Dufek
3492:Oates
3482:Scott
3415:David
3396:Adams
3367:Barne
3188:Mirny
3177:Somov
2987:Quest
2884:Crean
2869:Scott
2748:Bruce
2702:Gauss
2695:Gauss
2569:Jason
2556:Nares
2430:Davis
2407:Mirny
2380:Smith
2335:Roché
2255:Lenin
2175:Sadko
2100:Wiese
2045:Sedov
2016:Zarya
1939:Payer
1902:Litke
1897:Anjou
1830:Minin
1793:Vagin
1783:Popov
1756:Poole
1611:Young
1424:Dease
1369:Hecla
1360:Parry
1285:Bylot
1268:Davis
1243:Cabot
1216:Peary
1198:Jason
1185:Egede
1099:Papar
1011:Skate
992:Wiese
972:NP-37
965:NP-36
845:Norge
833:Sedov
821:Peary
779:Jason
694:Nares
688:Alert
643:Hayes
611:Parry
549:Ocean
473:JSTOR
427:JSTOR
290:Hoorn
286:Delft
3514:Byrd
3435:Fram
3386:Wild
3068:Marr
3034:BGLE
3021:Byrd
2949:Wild
2828:Fram
2630:Cook
2151:AARI
2136:Maud
2023:Toll
1948:Vega
1634:GjĂža
1619:Fram
1582:Kane
1419:Back
1384:Fury
1375:Lyon
1297:Munk
936:NP-1
838:Byrd
755:Fram
746:Fram
638:Kane
350:ISBN
246:(or
40:and
3211:3rd
3197:2nd
3171:1st
3004:IGY
3000:IPY
1590:Fox
1486:Rae
1052:Mir
1028:NS
465:doi
419:doi
187:or
183:),
171:),
163:),
96:of
3617::
2116:/
471:.
461:28
459:.
453:.
425:.
415:17
413:.
407:.
288:,
226:.
52:.
31:c.
24:c.
2593:"
2587:"
2530:)
2526:(
2517:)
2508:(
513:e
506:t
499:v
485:.
467::
433:.
421::
191:(
175:(
167:(
159:(
29:â
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