1313:
enough to saturate perfectly every particle of meal; bake on the griddle for hoe-cake, and in the skillet or oven for dodger or pone. The griddle or oven must be made hot enough to bake, but not to burn, but with a quick heat. The lid must be heated also before putting it on the skillet or oven, and that heat must be kept up with coals of fire placed on it, as there must be around and under the oven. The griddle must be well supplied with live coals under it. The hoe-cake must be put on thin, not more than or quite as thick as your forefinger; when brown, it must be turned and both sides baked to a rich brown color. There must be no burningâbaking is the idea. Yet the baking must be done with a quick lively heat, the quicker the better.
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Indian fritters ... variously known as "hoe cake", ... or "Johnny cake."... Indian boiled cornbread is present in
Southern cuisine as "corn meal dumplings", ... and as "hush puppies", ... Southerners cook their beans and field peas by boiling them, as did the Indians ... like the Indians they cure their meat and smoke it over hickory coals.
432:
In the
Bahamas, "johnny cake" refers to a bread made with flour, sugar, butter, and water. After being kneaded, the bread is baked until lightly browned, and has a soft and malleable middle. This bread is usually eaten with soup or on its own. The common bread consumed in the Bahamas in 1725 was made
389:
In preparation, meal may or may not be scalded with hot water or hot milk in accordance to preference. After mixing meal with water or milk it is dropped on a smoking hot spider set atop a stove into cakes about 3"x3"x1/2" in size. The secret of cooking jonny cakes is to watch them closely and keep
1312:
Corn-dodger, corn-pone, and hoe-cake are different only in the baking. The meal is prepared for each precisely in the same way. Take as much meal as you want, some salt, and enough pure water to knead the mass. Mix it well, let it stand for fifteen or twenty minutes, not longer, as this will be long
495:
Johnnycakes refer to flat discs of deep-fried wheat bread dough in Curaçao, other Dutch overseas territories and areas with significant Dutch
Antillean communities. They are usually leavened with baking powder or soda and generally do not contain cornmeal. They are usually eaten filled with a slice
318:
To a far greater degree than anyone realizes, several of the most important food dishes that the
Southeastern Indians live on today is the "soul food" eaten by both black and white Southerners. Hominy, for example, is still eaten ... Sofkee live on as grits ... cornbread used by Southern cooks ...
1183:
Paraphrased: Johnny cake boards made for this purpose, were about ten inches wide, fifteen inches long, and rounded at the top. After one side baked brown, the turned the johnny-cake over to treat the other side the same way. If no suitable board was handy, the cook might take the metal blade of a
517:
Settlement, the
British imported flour, with rations given to the enslaved. In the early Belize Settlement, âJohnny Cakes,â also known as âJourney Cakes,â were prepared over a firehart and eaten by the enslaved woodcutters. Belizean Journey Cakes are a small baked bread, leavened with baking power
482:
are a
Dominican Republic version of the johnnycake, supposedly brought over in the nineteenth century by English-speaking migrants (possibly of Afro-Caribbean descent). These cakes are made with flour, baking powder, butter and water; they are typically deep-fried. They are a popular beach snack,
412:
rather than cornmeal and cooked as smaller, individually-sized portions, is sometimes called "johnny cake". It is uncertain if this name was influenced by the term for North
American cornmeal bread. Australian johnny cakes are baked in the hot ashes of a fire or fried in fat in a frying pan
437:, an English naturalist who visited North America and the Caribbean in the early 1700s, "Their bread is made of Maiz, or Indian Corn, and also of Wheat; the first they cultivate but not sufficient for their consumption. Wheat is imported to them in Flower from the Northern Colonies."
881:
Austral
English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases, and Usages, with Those Aboriginal-Australian and Maori Words which Have Become Incorporated in the Language and the Commoner Scientific Words that Have Had Their Origin in
1327:
The food of a younger land: a portrait of
American food; Before the national highway system, before chain restaurants, and before frozen food, when the nation's food was seasonal, regional, and traditional: from the lost WPA
688:
The food of a younger land: a portrait of
American food; Before the national highway system, before chain restaurants, and before frozen food, when the nation's food was seasonal, regional, and traditional: from the lost WPA
265:. The origin of the name is the method of preparation: they were cooked on a type of iron pan called a hoe. There is conflicting evidence regarding the common belief that they were cooked on the blades of gardening hoes.
350:
The difference between johnnycake and hoecake originally lay in the method of preparation, though today both are often cooked on a griddle or in a skillet. Some recipes call for baking johnnycakes in an oven, similar to
504:
Fried johnnycakes, also called fried dumplings, are a traditional staple across the island. They are made of flour, sugar, salt, baking powder, margarine or butter, and water or milk. The kneaded dough is fried in oil.
347:
In the American south during the 18th century versions were made with rice or hominy flour and perhaps cassava. A 1905 cookbook includes a recipe for "Alabama Johnny Cake" made with rice and 'meal'.
518:
and scored on top with the kiss of a fork during proofing, to prevent âpuffingâ of the bread. Merchant Baymen of the Bay of Honduras (Belize), were linked to the New England Colonies.
390:
them supplied with enough sausage or bacon fat so they will become crisp, and not burn. Cook slowly for half an hour, turn occasionally, and when done serve with plenty of butter.
314:
because it was very cheap and could be made in many different sizes and forms. It could be fashioned into high-rising, fluffy loaves or simply fried for a fast meal.
385:(WPA) guide to American food culture in the beginning decades of the twentieth century, Rhode Island "jonny cakes" were made in the 1930s as follows:
219:
The earliest attestation of the term "johnny cake" is from 1739 (in South Carolina); the spelling "journey cake" is attested only from 1775 on the
974:
279:
using ground corn for cooking are credited with teaching Europeans how to make the food. It is also claimed that johnnycakes were made by the
1246:
268:
A hoecake can be made either out of cornbread batter or leftover biscuit dough. A cornbread hoecake is thicker than a cornbread pancake.
141:. The food originates from the indigenous people of North America. It is still eaten in the Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Canada, Colombia,
2306:
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The world's peoples: a popular account of their bodily & mental characters, beliefs, traditions, political and social institutions
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made from yellow or white cornmeal that is mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and sometimes sweetened. In the
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203:, Rhode Island. The building shown was built in 1886, and company history dates from the early 1700s or earlier.
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Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States
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Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States
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1417:. Griffith University School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Journalism Media Centre
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238:, the term was the name given "... by the Americans to a cake made of Indian corn (maize)."
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made of cornmeal, salt, and water. Early cooks set thick corn dough on a wooden board or
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Quisqueya la bella: the Dominican Republic in historical and cultural perspective
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Jonnycake, shawnee cake, hoecake, johnny cake, journey cake, and johnny bread
1689:
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is first attested in 1745, and the term is used by American writers such as
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Dishing Up Maine: 165 Recipes That Capture Authentic Down East Flavors
234:, recorded in Northern England in the sixteenth century. According to
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New England Country Store Cookbook by Peter W. Smith (iUniverse 2003)
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337:
310:, which were important trade items. Cornbread was popular during the
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290:(maize). Corn was used to make all kinds of dishes from the familiar
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From this culture came one of the main staples of the Southern diet:
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The modern johnnycake is a staple in the traditional cuisine of
355:, which are still baked in the oven as they were traditionally.
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230:, recorded in New England in 1765, itself derived from the word
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2098:
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1973:
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1188:. The dough baked on this metal surface was called a hoe-cake.
514:
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1357:. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Macquarie Library. 1981. p. 954.
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183:, although this can also refer to cornbread fried in a pan.
172:
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music disco group sang about Johnny Cakes in their song, â
1248:
The Original Buckeye Cook Book and Practical Housekeeping
933:
America's Founding Food: The Story of New England Cooking
448:â, eating fried fish and Johnny Cakes on Saturday night.
420:
Deep-fried johnnycakes filled with cheese, common in the
1624:
Vogel, William Frederick. "Home Life in Early Indiana".
212:"jannock" redirects here. For the wheat flatbread, see
1614:, fourth edition. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. (1889
1129:
712:
549:
1628:
10:2 (June 1914) 1-29. Indiana: Indiana University.
1599:, Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press, 2006,
1271:
1217:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 127.
930:Stavely, Keith W. F.; Fitzgerald, Kathleen (2004).
849:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 125.
241:Another suggested derivation is that it comes from
980:. Historic London Town and Gardens. Archived from
714:
1214:The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection
929:
846:The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection
2697:
1380:"Bold Palates, Australia's Gastronomic Heritage"
1040:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 141.
1155:Hudson, Charles (1976). "A Conquered People".
771:"Jonnycakes from the Kenyon Corn Meal Company"
2459:
1647:
975:"How the Hoe Cake (Most Likely) Got Its Name"
909:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 277.
680:
678:
676:
542:, the same food is referred to as a hoecake.
530:, where it is believed to have originated in
1349:
1347:
1251:. Reilly & Britton Company. p. 31.
936:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 34.
133:, it is prepared on the Atlantic coast from
2466:
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45:
2307:Jack & Jason's Pancakes & Waffles
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1537:Adventure Guide to the Dominican Republic
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1597:The Providence and Rhode Island Cookbook
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1210:
1148:
1104:"The Big Flavors Of Little Rhode Island"
1005:
899:
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713:Porter, Darwin; Danforth Prince (2009).
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404:In Australia the bread usually known as
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1619:Social Relations in Our Southern States
1533:
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1308:Social Relations in Our Southern States
164:and is often claimed as originating in
14:
2698:
1465:
1411:"Food for thought at NAIDOC Week 2017"
1272:Dojny, Brooke; Scott Dorrance (2006).
1244:
1154:
1012:(3rd ed.). Little Brown. p.
874:
768:
753:
751:
749:
160:The modern johnnycake is found in the
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1211:Weir, Robert M.; Hess, Karen (1998).
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1184:hoe, and clean it and grease it with
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226:The word is likely based on the word
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1442:Catesby's Birds of Colonial America
1377:
1305:
769:Meehan, Mary Beth (2 August 2006).
746:
358:Johnnycakes may also be made using
51:A Johnnycake in a cast iron fry pan
24:
1621:. New York: Henry B. Price (1860).
1589:
1278:. Storey Publishing. p. 211.
1092:
811:
277:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
245:, although some writers disagree.
157:, Antigua, and the United States.
25:
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1384:www.southaustralianhistory.com.au
1190:Vogel, William Frederick (1954).
2766:Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
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1445:. UNC Press Books. p. 165.
1102:Lukas, Paul (13 November 2002).
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433:of corn and flour. According to
79:
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1469:Aunt Clara's Dominican Cookbook
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1409:Eley, Talisa (23 August 2017).
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1077:. G. P. Putnam's sons. p.
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1006:Bartlett, John Russell (1860).
999:
967:
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644:
496:of Gouda cheese or salted cod.
377:According to the manuscript of
223:, but may be the earlier form.
168:. A modern johnnycake is fried
145:, Dominican Republic, Jamaica,
1439:(1999). Feduccia, Alan (ed.).
1245:Wilcox, Estelle Woods (1905).
1130:Dragonwagon, Crescent (2007).
893:
833:
805:
788:
762:
706:
534:. A modern jonnycake is fried
427:
336:Johnnycakes are an unleavened
323:
13:
1:
1330:. New York: Riverhead Books.
1161:University of Tennessee Press
667:
660:inch (76 by 76 by 13 mm)
394:
383:Works Progress Administration
207:
1661:
1506:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 226.
1037:The Soul of Southern Cooking
399:
195:Kenyon Corn Meal Company, a
186:
7:
2620:History of California bread
1626:Indiana Magazine of History
1540:. Hunter Pub. p. 236.
819:Online Etymology Dictionary
545:
460:Dominican style Yaniqueques
374:, or other sweet toppings.
32:Johnnycake (disambiguation)
27:American cornmeal flatbread
10:
2797:
2726:Dominican Republic cuisine
1534:Pariser, Harry S. (1994).
1193:Home Life in Early Indiana
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283:as far back as the 1600s.
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1617:Hundley, Daniel R., Esq.
1570:The Real Taste of Jamaica
1472:. Lulu. pp. 12, 25.
960:Oxford English Dictionary
798:Oxford English Dictionary
508:
271:
74:
64:
56:
44:
2781:African-American cuisine
2682:United States portal
2656:Category:American breads
1610:Bartlett, John Russell.
1568:Donaldson, Enid (1996).
1355:The Macquarie Dictionary
1325:Kurlansky, Mark (2009).
1157:The Southeastern Indians
685:Kurlansky, Mark (2009).
637:
2776:Native American cuisine
2625:List of American breads
1500:Cambeira, Alan (1997).
906:The Virginia House-wife
692:. Penguin. p. 86.
2494:Amish friendship bread
1572:. Warwick Publishing.
1466:Benady, Ilana (2005).
1134:. Workman Publishing.
717:Frommer's Bermuda 2010
540:Southern United States
472:
461:
446:Brown Girl in the Ring
424:
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333:
332:Johnnycakes on a plate
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177:Southern United States
162:cuisine of New England
1964:HortobĂĄgyi palacsinta
1132:The Cornbread Gospels
1069:Keane, Augustus Henry
1034:Starr, Kathy (1989).
885:. Macmillan. p.
721:. Frommer's. p.
491:Caribbean Netherlands
467:
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422:Caribbean Netherlands
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331:
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194:
85:Media: Johnnycake
2756:Rhode Island cuisine
2751:Puerto Rican cuisine
2644:Recipes on WikiBooks
2287:Connoisseur's Bakery
1163:. pp. 498â499.
876:Morris, Edward Ellis
627:List of maize dishes
574:North America portal
129:. An early American
30:For other uses, see
2741:New England cuisine
2282:Cherrybrook Kitchen
987:on 5 September 2012
281:Narragansett people
236:Edward Ellis Morris
179:, the term used is
41:
2322:Mrs. Butterworth's
2317:King Arthur Baking
1801:Buckwheat pancake
1378:Santich, Barbara.
1310:. pp. 87â88.
1109:The New York Times
473:
462:
452:Dominican Republic
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334:
312:American Civil War
205:
37:
2721:Caribbean cuisine
2706:American pancakes
2691:
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2594:Salt-rising bread
2574:Parker House roll
2441:
2440:
2358:Pancake breakfast
1595:Beaulieu, Linda,
1141:978-0-7611-1916-6
943:978-0-8078-2894-6
916:978-0-87249-423-7
856:978-1-57003-208-0
812:Harper, Douglas.
263:Washington Irving
93:
92:
57:Alternative names
16:(Redirected from
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2771:Historical foods
2731:Jamaican cuisine
2716:Belizean cuisine
2711:Bahamian cuisine
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1674:List of pancakes
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116:spider cornbread
98:, also known as
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2393:Food portal
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2363:Pancake machine
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2292:Crispy Pancakes
2252:Arrowhead Mills
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2211:Swedish pancake
2059:Memil-buchimgae
1815:Memil-buchimgae
1790:Memil-buchimgae
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1415:The Source News
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1390:on 4 March 2021
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795:"Johnny-cake".
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2579:Pepperoni roll
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2267:Bob's Red Mill
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1996:
1994:Kaiserschmarrn
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1876:
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1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:CrĂȘpe bretonne
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Chalbori-ppang
1829:
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901:Randolph, Mary
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483:especially in
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26:
9:
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2:
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2613:Miscellaneous
2611:
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2600:
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2535:
2534:Cornell bread
2532:
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2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
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2500:
2499:Anadama bread
2497:
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2257:Pearl Milling
2255:
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2157:
2155:
2154:QuarkkÀulchen
2152:
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2004:Khanom bueang
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1872:Palatschinken
1870:
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1867:CrĂȘpe Suzette
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1695:Ă
land pancake
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1581:
1579:9781895629644
1575:
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1547:9781556506291
1543:
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1538:
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1515:
1513:9781563249365
1509:
1505:
1504:
1496:
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1479:9781411663251
1475:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1452:9780807848166
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:Catesby, Mark
1432:
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1412:
1405:
1389:
1385:
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1337:9781594488658
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1258:9781557095152
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1224:9781570032080
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1170:0-87049-248-9
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1047:9780878054152
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821:
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815:
814:"johnny-cake"
808:
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734:
732:9780470470626
728:
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699:9781594488658
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647:
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608:
607:Corn fritters
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522:United States
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55:
48:
43:
33:
19:
2736:Maize dishes
2693:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2589:Pullman loaf
2558:
2549:Graham bread
2504:Banana bread
2019:Kouign-amann
2009:Khanom Tokyo
1988:
1904:David Eyre's
1894:Dadar gulung
1780:Bindae-tteok
1714:Pesaha Appam
1625:
1618:
1611:
1596:
1569:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1536:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1502:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1468:
1461:
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1383:
1373:
1354:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1274:
1267:
1247:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1213:
1206:
1192:
1179:
1156:
1150:
1131:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1107:
1082:. Retrieved
1073:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1036:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1008:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
982:the original
969:
958:
952:
932:
925:
905:
895:
880:
845:
835:
823:. Retrieved
817:
807:
796:
790:
778:. Retrieved
775:Boston Globe
764:
736:. Retrieved
716:
708:
687:
646:
532:Rhode Island
525:
512:
503:
494:
479:
475:
474:
471:johnny cakes
439:
435:Mark Catesby
431:
408:, made with
403:
388:
379:America Eats
378:
376:
357:
349:
346:
342:barrel stave
335:
317:
285:
275:
267:
254:
252:
243:Shawnee cake
242:
240:
231:
227:
225:
218:
180:
166:Rhode Island
159:
155:Sint Maarten
135:Newfoundland
127:batter bread
125:, a type of
115:
112:shawnee cake
111:
107:
104:johnny bread
103:
100:journey cake
99:
95:
94:
2668:Food portal
2604:Texas toast
2539:Cuban bread
2524:Bulkie roll
2489:Adobe bread
2433:Food portal
2368:Pancake pen
2353:Pancake art
2302:Hungry Jack
2181:Roti tissue
2094:Okonomiyaki
1999:Kalathappam
1755:BlodplÀttar
1421:13 February
1394:13 February
957:"Hoecake".
882:Australasia
841:Hess, Karen
602:Corn cookie
560:Food portal
528:New England
513:Within the
476:Yaniqueques
428:The Bahamas
413:(skillet).
410:wheat flour
368:maple syrup
324:Preparation
259:Joel Barlow
151:Saint Croix
147:Puerto Rico
131:staple food
18:Johnnycakes
2700:Categories
2569:Muffuletta
2559:Johnnycake
2297:Dr. Oetker
2221:Thalipeeth
2169:Roti prata
2164:Roti canai
2139:Poffertjes
2109:Pannukakku
2104:Pannenkoek
2014:Khauk mont
1989:Johnnycake
1919:Egg waffle
1914:Dutch baby
1837:Chataamari
1740:Benne dose
1700:Apam balik
1690:Ăbleskiver
1605:0762731370
1364:0949757004
1196:. p.
1186:bear's oil
780:6 November
668:References
650:3 by 3 by
632:Spoonbread
485:Boca Chica
395:Variations
353:corn pones
221:Gulf Coast
208:Johnnycake
96:Johnnycake
39:Johnnycake
2761:Soul food
2554:Hushpuppy
2529:Cornbread
2312:Jiffy mix
2176:Roti jala
2144:Ponganalu
2129:Pesarattu
2084:Neer dosa
1959:Hirayachi
1842:Cholermus
1775:Buchimgae
1735:Bein mont
1306:Hundley.
617:Hushpuppy
597:Cornbread
400:Australia
360:leavening
338:cornbread
308:moonshine
292:cornbread
253:The term
201:Usquepaug
197:gristmill
187:Etymology
123:flatbread
2746:Pancakes
2544:Frybread
2423:Cookbook
2403:Category
2341:See also
2332:Streit's
2262:Bisquick
2186:Salukara
2114:Panyalam
2079:Murtabak
2069:Mofletta
1924:Farinata
1760:Borlengo
1725:BĂĄnh xĂšo
1663:Pancakes
1553:16 March
1519:16 March
1485:16 March
1291:15 March
1084:16 March
1071:(1908).
1019:15 March
903:(1824).
878:(1898).
843:(1998).
738:14 March
612:Frybread
546:See also
480:yanikeke
469:Belizean
364:pancakes
302:such as
170:cornmeal
120:cornmeal
69:Cornmeal
2584:Popover
2519:Biscuit
2509:Bannock
2413:Commons
2348:Biscuit
2327:Ralcorp
2277:Bruce's
2236:Uttapam
2226:Tlacoyo
2216:Syrniki
2206:Surnoli
2201:Suncake
2159:Racuchy
2124:Pek nga
2119:Pathiri
2089:Oatcake
2044:Malawax
2034:Laobing
1969:Hotteok
1954:Gyabrag
1944:Galette
1939:Funkaso
1899:Danbing
1879:Crumpet
1852:Crempog
1847:ClÄtitÄ
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991:28 July
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655:⁄
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304:whiskey
300:liquors
255:hoecake
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1328:files
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638:Notes
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536:gruel
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296:grits
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1984:Jeon
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