1302:
enough to saturate perfectly every particle of meal; bake on the griddle for hoe-cake, and in the skillet or oven for dodger or pone. The griddle or oven must be made hot enough to bake, but not to burn, but with a quick heat. The lid must be heated also before putting it on the skillet or oven, and that heat must be kept up with coals of fire placed on it, as there must be around and under the oven. The griddle must be well supplied with live coals under it. The hoe-cake must be put on thin, not more than or quite as thick as your forefinger; when brown, it must be turned and both sides baked to a rich brown color. There must be no burningâbaking is the idea. Yet the baking must be done with a quick lively heat, the quicker the better.
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Indian fritters ... variously known as "hoe cake", ... or "Johnny cake."... Indian boiled cornbread is present in
Southern cuisine as "corn meal dumplings", ... and as "hush puppies", ... Southerners cook their beans and field peas by boiling them, as did the Indians ... like the Indians they cure their meat and smoke it over hickory coals.
421:
In the
Bahamas, "johnny cake" refers to a bread made with flour, sugar, butter, and water. After being kneaded, the bread is baked until lightly browned, and has a soft and malleable middle. This bread is usually eaten with soup or on its own. The common bread consumed in the Bahamas in 1725 was made
378:
In preparation, meal may or may not be scalded with hot water or hot milk in accordance to preference. After mixing meal with water or milk it is dropped on a smoking hot spider set atop a stove into cakes about 3"x3"x1/2" in size. The secret of cooking jonny cakes is to watch them closely and keep
1301:
Corn-dodger, corn-pone, and hoe-cake are different only in the baking. The meal is prepared for each precisely in the same way. Take as much meal as you want, some salt, and enough pure water to knead the mass. Mix it well, let it stand for fifteen or twenty minutes, not longer, as this will be long
484:
Johnnycakes refer to flat discs of deep-fried wheat bread dough in Curaçao, other Dutch overseas territories and areas with significant Dutch
Antillean communities. They are usually leavened with baking powder or soda and generally do not contain cornmeal. They are usually eaten filled with a slice
307:
To a far greater degree than anyone realizes, several of the most important food dishes that the
Southeastern Indians live on today is the "soul food" eaten by both black and white Southerners. Hominy, for example, is still eaten ... Sofkee live on as grits ... cornbread used by Southern cooks ...
1172:
Paraphrased: Johnny cake boards made for this purpose, were about ten inches wide, fifteen inches long, and rounded at the top. After one side baked brown, the turned the johnny-cake over to treat the other side the same way. If no suitable board was handy, the cook might take the metal blade of a
506:
Settlement, the
British imported flour, with rations given to the enslaved. In the early Belize Settlement, âJohnny Cakes,â also known as âJourney Cakes,â were prepared over a firehart and eaten by the enslaved woodcutters. Belizean Journey Cakes are a small baked bread, leavened with baking power
471:
are a
Dominican Republic version of the johnnycake, supposedly brought over in the nineteenth century by English-speaking migrants (possibly of Afro-Caribbean descent). These cakes are made with flour, baking powder, butter and water; they are typically deep-fried. They are a popular beach snack,
401:
rather than cornmeal and cooked as smaller, individually-sized portions, is sometimes called "johnny cake". It is uncertain if this name was influenced by the term for North
American cornmeal bread. Australian johnny cakes are baked in the hot ashes of a fire or fried in fat in a frying pan
426:, an English naturalist who visited North America and the Caribbean in the early 1700s, "Their bread is made of Maiz, or Indian Corn, and also of Wheat; the first they cultivate but not sufficient for their consumption. Wheat is imported to them in Flower from the Northern Colonies."
870:
Austral
English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases, and Usages, with Those Aboriginal-Australian and Maori Words which Have Become Incorporated in the Language and the Commoner Scientific Words that Have Had Their Origin in
1316:
The food of a younger land: a portrait of
American food; Before the national highway system, before chain restaurants, and before frozen food, when the nation's food was seasonal, regional, and traditional: from the lost WPA
677:
The food of a younger land: a portrait of
American food; Before the national highway system, before chain restaurants, and before frozen food, when the nation's food was seasonal, regional, and traditional: from the lost WPA
254:. The origin of the name is the method of preparation: they were cooked on a type of iron pan called a hoe. There is conflicting evidence regarding the common belief that they were cooked on the blades of gardening hoes.
339:
The difference between johnnycake and hoecake originally lay in the method of preparation, though today both are often cooked on a griddle or in a skillet. Some recipes call for baking johnnycakes in an oven, similar to
493:
Fried johnnycakes, also called fried dumplings, are a traditional staple across the island. They are made of flour, sugar, salt, baking powder, margarine or butter, and water or milk. The kneaded dough is fried in oil.
336:
In the American south during the 18th century versions were made with rice or hominy flour and perhaps cassava. A 1905 cookbook includes a recipe for "Alabama Johnny Cake" made with rice and 'meal'.
507:
and scored on top with the kiss of a fork during proofing, to prevent âpuffingâ of the bread. Merchant Baymen of the Bay of Honduras (Belize), were linked to the New England Colonies.
379:
them supplied with enough sausage or bacon fat so they will become crisp, and not burn. Cook slowly for half an hour, turn occasionally, and when done serve with plenty of butter.
303:
because it was very cheap and could be made in many different sizes and forms. It could be fashioned into high-rising, fluffy loaves or simply fried for a fast meal.
374:(WPA) guide to American food culture in the beginning decades of the twentieth century, Rhode Island "jonny cakes" were made in the 1930s as follows:
208:
The earliest attestation of the term "johnny cake" is from 1739 (in South Carolina); the spelling "journey cake" is attested only from 1775 on the
963:
268:
using ground corn for cooking are credited with teaching Europeans how to make the food. It is also claimed that johnnycakes were made by the
1235:
257:
A hoecake can be made either out of cornbread batter or leftover biscuit dough. A cornbread hoecake is thicker than a cornbread pancake.
130:. The food originates from the indigenous people of North America. It is still eaten in the Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Canada, Colombia,
2295:
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The world's peoples: a popular account of their bodily & mental characters, beliefs, traditions, political and social institutions
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made from yellow or white cornmeal that is mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and sometimes sweetened. In the
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192:, Rhode Island. The building shown was built in 1886, and company history dates from the early 1700s or earlier.
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Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States
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Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States
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1406:. Griffith University School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Journalism Media Centre
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227:, the term was the name given "... by the Americans to a cake made of Indian corn (maize)."
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made of cornmeal, salt, and water. Early cooks set thick corn dough on a wooden board or
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Quisqueya la bella: the Dominican Republic in historical and cultural perspective
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Jonnycake, shawnee cake, hoecake, johnny cake, journey cake, and johnny bread
1678:
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is first attested in 1745, and the term is used by American writers such as
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Dishing Up Maine: 165 Recipes That Capture Authentic Down East Flavors
223:, recorded in Northern England in the sixteenth century. According to
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New England Country Store Cookbook by Peter W. Smith (iUniverse 2003)
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326:
299:, which were important trade items. Cornbread was popular during the
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279:(maize). Corn was used to make all kinds of dishes from the familiar
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From this culture came one of the main staples of the Southern diet:
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The modern johnnycake is a staple in the traditional cuisine of
344:, which are still baked in the oven as they were traditionally.
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219:, recorded in New England in 1765, itself derived from the word
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1962:
1783:
1177:. The dough baked on this metal surface was called a hoe-cake.
503:
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1346:. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Macquarie Library. 1981. p. 954.
35:
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2012:
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172:, although this can also refer to cornbread fried in a pan.
161:
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music disco group sang about Johnny Cakes in their song, â
1237:
The Original Buckeye Cook Book and Practical Housekeeping
922:
America's Founding Food: The Story of New England Cooking
437:â, eating fried fish and Johnny Cakes on Saturday night.
409:
Deep-fried johnnycakes filled with cheese, common in the
1613:
Vogel, William Frederick. "Home Life in Early Indiana".
201:"jannock" redirects here. For the wheat flatbread, see
1603:, fourth edition. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. (1889
1118:
701:
538:
1617:
10:2 (June 1914) 1-29. Indiana: Indiana University.
1588:, Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press, 2006,
1260:
1206:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 127.
919:Stavely, Keith W. F.; Fitzgerald, Kathleen (2004).
838:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 125.
230:Another suggested derivation is that it comes from
969:. Historic London Town and Gardens. Archived from
703:
1203:The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection
918:
835:The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection
2686:
1369:"Bold Palates, Australia's Gastronomic Heritage"
1029:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 141.
1144:Hudson, Charles (1976). "A Conquered People".
760:"Jonnycakes from the Kenyon Corn Meal Company"
2448:
1636:
964:"How the Hoe Cake (Most Likely) Got Its Name"
898:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 277.
669:
667:
665:
531:, the same food is referred to as a hoecake.
519:, where it is believed to have originated in
1338:
1336:
1240:. Reilly & Britton Company. p. 31.
925:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 34.
122:, it is prepared on the Atlantic coast from
2455:
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34:
2296:Jack & Jason's Pancakes & Waffles
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1526:Adventure Guide to the Dominican Republic
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1586:The Providence and Rhode Island Cookbook
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1199:
1137:
1093:"The Big Flavors Of Little Rhode Island"
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702:Porter, Darwin; Danforth Prince (2009).
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393:In Australia the bread usually known as
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1608:Social Relations in Our Southern States
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1424:
1297:Social Relations in Our Southern States
153:and is often claimed as originating in
2687:
1454:
1400:"Food for thought at NAIDOC Week 2017"
1261:Dojny, Brooke; Scott Dorrance (2006).
1233:
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1001:(3rd ed.). Little Brown. p.
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149:The modern johnnycake is found in the
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1200:Weir, Robert M.; Hess, Karen (1998).
1178:
1173:hoe, and clean it and grease it with
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215:The word is likely based on the word
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1431:Catesby's Birds of Colonial America
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758:Meehan, Mary Beth (2 August 2006).
735:
347:Johnnycakes may also be made using
40:A Johnnycake in a cast iron fry pan
13:
1610:. New York: Henry B. Price (1860).
1578:
1267:. Storey Publishing. p. 211.
1081:
800:
266:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
234:, although some writers disagree.
146:, Antigua, and the United States.
14:
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1373:www.southaustralianhistory.com.au
1179:Vogel, William Frederick (1954).
2755:Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
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1434:. UNC Press Books. p. 165.
1091:Lukas, Paul (13 November 2002).
555:
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422:of corn and flour. According to
68:
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1458:Aunt Clara's Dominican Cookbook
1418:
1398:Eley, Talisa (23 August 2017).
1391:
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1066:. G. P. Putnam's sons. p.
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995:Bartlett, John Russell (1860).
988:
956:
939:
912:
633:
485:of Gouda cheese or salted cod.
366:According to the manuscript of
212:, but may be the earlier form.
157:. A modern johnnycake is fried
134:, Dominican Republic, Jamaica,
1428:(1999). Feduccia, Alan (ed.).
1234:Wilcox, Estelle Woods (1905).
1119:Dragonwagon, Crescent (2007).
882:
822:
794:
777:
751:
695:
523:. A modern jonnycake is fried
416:
325:Johnnycakes are an unleavened
312:
1:
1319:. New York: Riverhead Books.
1150:University of Tennessee Press
656:
649:inch (76 by 76 by 13 mm)
383:
372:Works Progress Administration
196:
1650:
1495:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 226.
1026:The Soul of Southern Cooking
388:
184:Kenyon Corn Meal Company, a
175:
7:
2609:History of California bread
1615:Indiana Magazine of History
1529:. Hunter Pub. p. 236.
808:Online Etymology Dictionary
534:
449:Dominican style Yaniqueques
363:, or other sweet toppings.
21:Johnnycake (disambiguation)
16:American cornmeal flatbread
10:
2788:
2715:Dominican Republic cuisine
1523:Pariser, Harry S. (1994).
1182:Home Life in Early Indiana
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272:as far back as the 1600s.
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1606:Hundley, Daniel R., Esq.
1559:The Real Taste of Jamaica
1461:. Lulu. pp. 12, 25.
949:Oxford English Dictionary
787:Oxford English Dictionary
497:
260:
63:
53:
45:
33:
2770:African-American cuisine
2671:United States portal
2645:Category:American breads
1599:Bartlett, John Russell.
1557:Donaldson, Enid (1996).
1344:The Macquarie Dictionary
1314:Kurlansky, Mark (2009).
1146:The Southeastern Indians
674:Kurlansky, Mark (2009).
626:
2765:Native American cuisine
2614:List of American breads
1489:Cambeira, Alan (1997).
895:The Virginia House-wife
681:. Penguin. p. 86.
2483:Amish friendship bread
1561:. Warwick Publishing.
1455:Benady, Ilana (2005).
1123:. Workman Publishing.
706:Frommer's Bermuda 2010
529:Southern United States
461:
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435:Brown Girl in the Ring
413:
381:
322:
321:Johnnycakes on a plate
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166:Southern United States
151:cuisine of New England
1953:HortobĂĄgyi palacsinta
1121:The Cornbread Gospels
1058:Keane, Augustus Henry
1023:Starr, Kathy (1989).
874:. Macmillan. p.
710:. Frommer's. p.
480:Caribbean Netherlands
456:
448:
411:Caribbean Netherlands
408:
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183:
74:Media: Johnnycake
2745:Rhode Island cuisine
2740:Puerto Rican cuisine
2633:Recipes on WikiBooks
2276:Connoisseur's Bakery
1152:. pp. 498â499.
865:Morris, Edward Ellis
616:List of maize dishes
563:North America portal
118:. An early American
19:For other uses, see
2730:New England cuisine
2271:Cherrybrook Kitchen
976:on 5 September 2012
270:Narragansett people
225:Edward Ellis Morris
168:, the term used is
30:
2311:Mrs. Butterworth's
2306:King Arthur Baking
1790:Buckwheat pancake
1367:Santich, Barbara.
1299:. pp. 87â88.
1098:The New York Times
462:
451:
441:Dominican Republic
414:
323:
301:American Civil War
194:
26:
2710:Caribbean cuisine
2695:American pancakes
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2583:Salt-rising bread
2563:Parker House roll
2430:
2429:
2347:Pancake breakfast
1584:Beaulieu, Linda,
1130:978-0-7611-1916-6
932:978-0-8078-2894-6
905:978-0-87249-423-7
845:978-1-57003-208-0
801:Harper, Douglas.
252:Washington Irving
82:
81:
46:Alternative names
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2760:Historical foods
2720:Jamaican cuisine
2705:Belizean cuisine
2700:Bahamian cuisine
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1774:Kimchi-buchimgae
1663:List of pancakes
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105:spider cornbread
87:, also known as
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2382:Food portal
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2352:Pancake machine
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2281:Crispy Pancakes
2241:Arrowhead Mills
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2200:Swedish pancake
2048:Memil-buchimgae
1804:Memil-buchimgae
1779:Memil-buchimgae
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1404:The Source News
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1379:on 4 March 2021
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784:"Johnny-cake".
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2568:Pepperoni roll
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2503:Beaten biscuit
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2256:Bob's Red Mill
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1983:Kaiserschmarrn
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1858:
1853:
1851:CrĂȘpe bretonne
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Chalbori-ppang
1818:
1813:
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890:Randolph, Mary
881:
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472:especially in
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15:
9:
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3:
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2602:Miscellaneous
2600:
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2526:
2524:
2523:Cornell bread
2521:
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2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
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2501:
2499:
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2488:Anadama bread
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2246:Pearl Milling
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2159:
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2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:QuarkkÀulchen
2141:
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1993:Khanom bueang
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1923:FlÀskpannkaka
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1861:Palatschinken
1859:
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1856:CrĂȘpe Suzette
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1684:Ă
land pancake
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1568:9781895629644
1564:
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1536:9781556506291
1532:
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1504:
1502:9781563249365
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1470:
1468:9781411663251
1464:
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1441:9780807848166
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:Catesby, Mark
1421:
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1401:
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1326:9781594488658
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1159:0-87049-248-9
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1036:9780878054152
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804:
803:"johnny-cake"
797:
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721:9780470470626
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688:9781594488658
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596:Corn fritters
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511:United States
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52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
22:
2725:Maize dishes
2682:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2578:Pullman loaf
2547:
2538:Graham bread
2493:Banana bread
2008:Kouign-amann
1998:Khanom Tokyo
1977:
1893:David Eyre's
1883:Dadar gulung
1769:Bindae-tteok
1703:Pesaha Appam
1614:
1607:
1600:
1585:
1558:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1525:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1491:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1457:
1450:
1430:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1372:
1362:
1343:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1263:
1256:
1236:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1202:
1195:
1181:
1168:
1145:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1096:
1071:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1025:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
997:
990:
978:. Retrieved
971:the original
958:
947:
941:
921:
914:
894:
884:
869:
834:
824:
812:. Retrieved
806:
796:
785:
779:
767:. Retrieved
764:Boston Globe
753:
725:. Retrieved
705:
697:
676:
635:
521:Rhode Island
514:
501:
492:
483:
468:
464:
463:
460:johnny cakes
428:
424:Mark Catesby
420:
397:, made with
392:
377:
368:America Eats
367:
365:
346:
338:
335:
331:barrel stave
324:
306:
274:
264:
256:
243:
241:
232:Shawnee cake
231:
229:
220:
216:
214:
207:
169:
155:Rhode Island
148:
144:Sint Maarten
124:Newfoundland
116:batter bread
114:, a type of
104:
101:shawnee cake
100:
96:
93:johnny bread
92:
89:journey cake
88:
84:
83:
2657:Food portal
2593:Texas toast
2528:Cuban bread
2513:Bulkie roll
2478:Adobe bread
2422:Food portal
2357:Pancake pen
2342:Pancake art
2291:Hungry Jack
2170:Roti tissue
2083:Okonomiyaki
1988:Kalathappam
1744:BlodplÀttar
1410:13 February
1383:13 February
946:"Hoecake".
871:Australasia
830:Hess, Karen
591:Corn cookie
549:Food portal
517:New England
502:Within the
465:Yaniqueques
417:The Bahamas
402:(skillet).
399:wheat flour
357:maple syrup
313:Preparation
248:Joel Barlow
140:Saint Croix
136:Puerto Rico
120:staple food
2689:Categories
2558:Muffuletta
2548:Johnnycake
2286:Dr. Oetker
2210:Thalipeeth
2158:Roti prata
2153:Roti canai
2128:Poffertjes
2098:Pannukakku
2093:Pannenkoek
2003:Khauk mont
1978:Johnnycake
1908:Egg waffle
1903:Dutch baby
1826:Chataamari
1729:Benne dose
1689:Apam balik
1679:Ăbleskiver
1594:0762731370
1353:0949757004
1185:. p.
1175:bear's oil
769:6 November
657:References
639:3 by 3 by
621:Spoonbread
474:Boca Chica
384:Variations
342:corn pones
210:Gulf Coast
197:Johnnycake
85:Johnnycake
28:Johnnycake
2750:Soul food
2543:Hushpuppy
2518:Cornbread
2301:Jiffy mix
2165:Roti jala
2133:Ponganalu
2118:Pesarattu
2073:Neer dosa
1948:Hirayachi
1831:Cholermus
1764:Buchimgae
1724:Bein mont
1295:Hundley.
606:Hushpuppy
586:Cornbread
389:Australia
349:leavening
327:cornbread
297:moonshine
281:cornbread
242:The term
190:Usquepaug
186:gristmill
176:Etymology
112:flatbread
2735:Pancakes
2533:Frybread
2412:Cookbook
2392:Category
2330:See also
2321:Streit's
2251:Bisquick
2175:Salukara
2103:Panyalam
2068:Murtabak
2058:Mofletta
1913:Farinata
1749:Borlengo
1714:BĂĄnh xĂšo
1652:Pancakes
1542:16 March
1508:16 March
1474:16 March
1280:15 March
1073:16 March
1060:(1908).
1008:15 March
892:(1824).
867:(1898).
832:(1998).
727:14 March
601:Frybread
535:See also
469:yanikeke
458:Belizean
353:pancakes
291:such as
159:cornmeal
109:cornmeal
58:Cornmeal
2573:Popover
2508:Biscuit
2498:Bannock
2402:Commons
2337:Biscuit
2316:Ralcorp
2266:Bruce's
2225:Uttapam
2215:Tlacoyo
2205:Syrniki
2195:Surnoli
2190:Suncake
2148:Racuchy
2113:Pek nga
2108:Pathiri
2078:Oatcake
2033:Malawax
2023:Laobing
1958:Hotteok
1943:Gyabrag
1933:Galette
1928:Funkaso
1888:Danbing
1868:Crumpet
1841:Crempog
1836:ClÄtitÄ
1816:Cachapa
1799:Kaletez
1754:BoûkÚte
1719:Bannock
1709:Baghrir
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952:. 1989.
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644:⁄
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431:Boney M
293:whiskey
289:liquors
244:hoecake
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1672:Types
1317:files
974:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
678:files
627:Notes
576:Arepa
525:gruel
361:honey
285:grits
162:gruel
1973:Jeon
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