John Ross (Cherokee chief)

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Nation in 1817, he was elected to the National Council. He became council president in the following year. The majority of the council were men like Ross: wealthy, educated, English-speaking, and of mixed blood. Even the traditionalist full-blood Cherokee perceived that he had the skills necessary to contest the whites' demands that the Cherokee cede their land and move beyond the Mississippi River. In that position, Ross's first action was to reject an offer of $ 200,000 from the US Indian agent made for the Cherokee to relocate voluntarily. Thereafter Ross made more trips to Washington, even as white demands intensified. In 1824, Ross boldly petitioned Congress for redress of Cherokee grievances, which made the Cherokee the first tribe ever to do so. Along the way, Ross built political support in the US capital for the Cherokee cause.

750:, Ross's mentor, both died. Ross, as president of the National Committee, and Major Ridge, as speaker of the National Council, were responsible for the affairs of the tribe. In a letter dated February 23, 1827, to Colonel Hugh Montgomery, the Cherokee agent, Ross wrote that with the death of Hicks, he had assumed responsibility for all public business of The Nation. Charles Hicks's brother William served briefly as interim chief until a permanent chief could be elected. Although believing he was the natural heir to his brother's position, William Hicks had not impressed the tribe with his abilities. A majority of the people knew that during the year Ross, not Hicks, had taken care of all of the regular business of the tribe. On October 17, 1828, the Cherokee elected John Ross as principal chief. 416: 754:

member constitutional committee. It drafted a constitution calling for a principal chief, a council of the principal chiefs, and a National Committee, which together would form the General Council of the Cherokee Nation, a constitutional republic. Although the constitution was ratified in October 1827, it did not take effect until October 1828, at which point Ross was elected principal chief. He was repeatedly reelected and held this position until his death in 1866. He was very popular, among both full-bloods, who comprised three-fourths of the population, and mixed-bloods.

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members had given his wife Quatie refuge. Quatie died of pneumonia on February 1, 1839, on the Arkansas River near Little Rock, while aboard a steamboat owned by her husband. According to a popular legend, derived from a letter written by a former soldier named John Burnett, fifty-two years after the fact, Quatie became ill after giving her coat to a child who was crying because of the cold. There is, however, almost no evidence to support the claim. Quatie was originally buried in the Little Rock town cemetery; her remains were later moved to Mt. Holly Cemetery.

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The home was looted and burned. Ross lost all his belongings. Ross's daughter Jane and her husband, Andrew Nave, were living at Rose Cottage at the time. Nave was shot and killed. Only the prior intervention of Watie's wife seems to have prevented the killing of additional Ross relatives. Ross's oldest son, James, who had gone to Park Hill searching for supplies, was captured and sent to prison in the Confederacy, where he died. Ross remained in exile. However, within a week of the burning, the National Council convened and restored Ross as principal chief.

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the "Ridge Party" or "Treaty Party", had arrived in Washington with the goal of signing a treaty of removal. The two sides attempted reconciliation, but by October 1834 still had not come to an agreement. In January 1835 the factions were again in Washington. Pressured by the presence of the Ridge Party, Ross agreed on February 25, 1835, to exchange all Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi for land west of the Mississippi, asking for $ 20 million (~$ 624 million in 2023) dollars. He made it contingent on the General Council's accepting the terms.

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Taylor, and John Ross to represent the Cherokee. In February 1833, Ridge wrote to Ross advocating that the delegation dispatched to Washington that month should begin removal negotiations with Jackson. Ridge and Ross did not have irreconcilable worldviews; neither believed that the Cherokee could fend off Georgian usurpation of Cherokee land. However, Ridge was furious that Ross had refused to consider Jackson's offer to pay the Cherokee $ 3,000,000 for all their lands in Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee.

946: 51: 467: 1012:, commander of Fort Gibson, claimed he knew their identities but never tried to arrest them. Some Cherokee, particularly those tied to the pro-treaty party, claimed that Chief John Ross knew about the assassinations beforehand. Many years later, Chief Ross's son Allen, wrote that this was not so. Allen's letter, is said to be in the possession of the Oklahoma State Historical Society. Afterward, there were years of violence between the two factions. 1036:, by Thomas McKenney in 1841. Ross had many common interests with John Stapler, a merchant and widower. His eldest daughter, Sarah, cared for her younger siblings and befriended Ross. However, her younger sister, Mary Brian Stapler, developed a real love for Ross and initiated a romantic attachment in May 1844. As the time came for Ross to return to the Indian Territory, their mutual love ripened. They married in Philadelphia on September 2, 1844. 378:

brother raised a regiment on behalf of the Confederate army. Second, surrounding states seceded. Third, surrounding Native nations signed treaties with the confederacy. And finally, federal troops abandoned the Indian Territory, leaving the Nation to defend itself in violation of treaty commitments. Rather than see the Cherokee Nation divided against itself again, Ross, with the consent of council, signed a treaty with the Confederacy.

623: 1136: 684:, who was assigned to deal with the Cherokee, Ross became president of the National Committee, a position he would hold through 1827. The Council selected Ross for that leadership position because they believed he had the diplomatic skills necessary to rebuff American requests to cede Cherokee lands. He soon refused McMinn's offer of $ 200,000 US, conditioned upon the Cherokee voluntarily removing to the west beyond the 1048:, which protected their slaveholdings. Fearing that joining the Confederacy would void the earlier Cherokee treaties with the United States, Ross tried to persuade his people to remain neutral in the conflict, but eventually most chose sides. Full-bloods tended to favor maintaining relations with the United States. This group included over two thousand members of a traditionalist and abolitionist society, the 483:. Educated in English by white men in a frontier American environment, Ross spoke the Cherokee language poorly. His bi-cultural background and fluency in English enabled him to represent the Cherokee to the United States government. Many full-blood Cherokee frequented his father's trading company, so he encountered tribal members on many levels. As a child, Ross participated in tribal events, such as the 766: 403: 1112:. Johnson instructed Cooley to reopen negotiations with the Cherokee and to meet only with the pro-Union faction, headed by John Ross. Ross died on August 1, 1866, in Washington, D.C., while still negotiating a final treaty with the federal government. However, Ross had by then persuaded Johnson to reject a particularly harsh treaty version favored by Cooley. 888:"the acts of Georgia are repugnant to the Constitution, laws and treaties of the United States. They interfere forcibly with the relations established between the United States and the Cherokee nation, the regulation of which, according to the settled principles of our Constitution, are committed exclusively to the government of the Union." 460:. They gained their social status from her people. In such a system, typically the mother's eldest brother had a major role in the children's lives, especially for boys. His mother and grandmother were of mixed race, but also considered part of their mother's Cherokee family and clan, and were brought up primarily in Cherokee culture. 291:

social order, learning about colonial British society was an inherently Cherokee value. As an educated and socially prominent Cherokee, he was bilingual and bicultural. His parents sent him for formal schooling to institutions that served other bicultural Cherokee people. And while non-Native historians have fixated on his

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Native American women. Both sides believed these were strategic alliances, helping both the Native Americans and the traders. They educated their children in bi-cultural and multilingual environments. The bicultural children often married and rose to positions of stature in society, both in political and economic terms.

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contracts between Indians and whites null and void unless witnessed by two whites, disallowed Indians from testifying against a white person in court, and forbade Cherokee to dig for gold on their own lands. The laws were made effective June 1, 1830. These were calculated to force the Cherokee to move.

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Ross took his wife Mary and the children to Philadelphia so she could see her family. Ross returned to Washington, where he had an inconclusive meeting with President Lincoln and other supporters. When he returned for Mary in 1865, he found her gravely ill with what was diagnosed as "lung congestion"

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Given the controversy over the struggle over territory and Ross's personal wealth, a vocal minority of Cherokee and a generation of political leaders in Washington considered Ross to be dictatorial, greedy, and an "aristocratic leader sought to defraud" the Cherokee Nation. Ross also had influential

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Ross's strategy was flawed because it was susceptible to the United States' making a treaty with a minority faction. On May 29, 1834, Ross received word from John H. Eaton, that a new delegation, including Major Ridge, John Ridge, Elias Boudinot, and Ross's younger brother Andrew, collectively called

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The US required the Five Civilized Tribes to negotiate new peace treaties after the war. Ross made another trip to Washington, DC, for this purpose. Although Ross had negotiated with Lincoln during the war, his assassination enabled US commissioners to treat the Cherokee Nation as a defeated enemy.

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For the Cherokee Nation, the Civil War represented the extended divisions created by Removal and the Trail of Tears. Ross supporters largely served under John Drew's regiment. Treaty Party supporters largely served under Stand Watie. During the war, federal troops arrested Ross and removed him from

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By 1863, the flight of many Cherokee voters to refuge in Kansas and Texas provided the pro-Confederate Treaty Party an opportunity to elect Stand Watie as principal chief without them. Pro-Union National Council members declared the election invalid. Watie that fall raided Ross's home, Rose Cottage.

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state, but still a sovereign entity. But the dispute was made moot when federal legislation in the form of the Indian Removal Act exercised the federal government's legal power to handle the whole affair. The series of decisions embarrassed Jackson politically, as Whigs attempted to use the issue in

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On December 19, 1829, the Georgia legislature, enacted a series of laws that greatly restricted the Cherokee Nation: they confiscated a large section of Cherokee occupied land, nullified Cherokee law within the confiscated area, banned further meetings of the Cherokee government in Georgia, declared

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wrote, "here was less Indian oratory, and more of the common style of white discourse, than in the same chief's speech on their first introduction." Adams specifically noted Ross as "the writer of the delegation" and remarked that "they sustained a written controversy against the Georgia delegation

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The problem of removal split the Cherokee Nation politically. Ross, backed by the vast majority, tried repeatedly to stop white political powers from forcing the nation to move. He led a faction that became known as the National Party. Twenty others, who came to believe that further resistance would

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began to doubt Ross's leadership. John Ridge introduced a resolution at the national council meeting in October 1832 to send a delegation to Washington to discuss a removal treaty with President Jackson. The council rejected Ridge's proposal and instead selected Joseph Vann, John Baldridge, Richard

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Ross's life of other bicultural people in the northern United States and Canada. Many Cherokee people intermarried with Scottish traders during the eighteenth century. Scots and English fur traders in North America were typically men of social status and financial standing who married high-ranking

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Ross advocated that the Cherokee Nation remain neutral. It was a losing argument. At a general assembly on August 21, 1861, Ross ended his speech by announcing that in the interests of tribal and inter-Indian unity it was time to agree on an alliance with the Confederate States of America. Many of

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Meanwhile, the Cherokee Nation had encountered financial hard times. The U. S. government had stopped paying the agreed-upon $ 6,000 (~$ 202,099 in 2023) annuity for previous land cessions, Georgia had effectively cut off any income from the gold fields in Cherokee lands, and the Cherokee Nation's

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As Ross had feared, commissioners used the political divisions to extract greater penalties from the Cherokee Nation. Despite these setbacks, Ross worked to re-establish a unified Cherokee Nation and re-establish a nation-to-nation treaty with the US. He died in Washington, DC on August 1, 1866.

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In this environment, Ross led a delegation to Washington in March 1834 to try to negotiate alternatives to removal. Ross made several proposals; however, the Cherokee Nation may not have approved any of Ross's plans, nor was there reasonable expectation that Jackson would settle for any agreement

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Through the 1820s, the Cherokee Council passed a series of laws creating a bicameral national government, adopting structure from the US government. In 1822 they created the Cherokee Supreme Court, capping the creation of a three-branch government. In May 1827, Ross was elected to the twenty-four

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Ross first went to Washington, DC, in 1816 as part of a Cherokee delegation to negotiate issues of national boundaries, land ownership, and white encroachment. As the only delegate fluent in English, Ross became the principal negotiator despite his relative youth. When he returned to the Cherokee

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When Ross and the Cherokee delegation failed in their efforts to protect Cherokee lands through dealings with the executive branch and Congress, Ross took the radical step of defending Cherokee rights through the U.S. courts. In June 1830, at the urging of Senators Webster and Frelinghuysen, the

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In January 1824, Ross traveled to Washington to defend the Cherokee possession of their land. Calhoun offered two solutions to the Cherokee delegation: either relinquish title to their lands and remove west, or accept denationalization and become citizens of the United States. Rather than accept

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Ross's absence from Indian Territory provided a political opening for Watie. While Ross was away, those loyal to Watie elected him Principal Chief. When Ross returned, an election was held re-electing him to the office. At those close of the war, those calling themselves the Southern Cherokees

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and Charles R. Hicks died in January 1827. Hicks's brother, William, was appointed interim chief. Ross and Major Ridge shared responsibilities for the affairs of the tribe. Because William did not impress the Cherokee as a leader, they elected Ross as permanent principal chief in October 1828, a

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The Cherokee absorbed bicultural descendants into their culture and, by the time of Ross and Ridge, had what could be described as a mixed culture based on traditional Cherokee values but which deeply integrated other cultures, too. As a result, as young John was raised as Cherokee within a high

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and told Ross that he now owned the property and had papers to prove it. Ross then learned agents of Georgia had given Carter possession of the house earlier in the week, after evicting his family. Dispossessed by Georgia (and Carter), Ross was now homeless. The next day, Ross found that family

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pressed Ross to cede large tracts of land in Tennessee and Georgia. Although he refused, the US government pressure continued and intensified. In October 1822, Calhoun requested that the Cherokee relinquish their land claimed by Georgia, in fulfillment of the United States' obligation under the

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In 1816, the chief's council named Ross to his first delegation to American leaders in Washington, D.C. The delegation of 1816 was directed to resolve sensitive issues, including national boundaries, land ownership, and white encroachment on Cherokee land, particularly in Georgia. Only Ross was

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Cherokee people continued to elect Ross as Principal Chief through the Civil War Era. Ross hoped to maintain neutrality during the Civil War, but a variety of conditions prevented him from doing so. First, Stand Watie, a political opponent, Treaty Party member, kin to the Ridges, and Boudinot's

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Removal and the subsequent coordinated executions of Treaty Party signers Major Ridge, John Ridge, and former editor of the Cherokee Phoenix Elias Boudinot on June 22, 1839 thrust the Cherokee Nation into a civil war. Despite the Act of Union signed by Old Settlers, (Cherokees who removed west

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on December 29, 1835, which required the Cherokee to leave by 1838. Neither Chief Ross nor the national council ever approved this treaty, but the US government regarded it as valid. The majority, about two-thirds of Cherokee people, followed the National Party and objected to and voted against

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By 1813, as relations with the United States became more complex, older chiefs such as Pathkiller could not effectively defend Cherokee interests. Ross's ascent showed that Cherokee leaders recognized the importance of having formally educated, English-speaking leaders to represent them. Both

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spoke with the Cherokee delegation to offer his views on their situation. McLean's advice was to "remove and become a Territory with a patent in fee simple to the nation for all its lands and a delegate in Congress, but reserving to itself the entire right of legislation and selection of all

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Between 1811 and 1827, Ross learned how to conduct negotiations with the United States and acquire leadership skills to run a national government. After 1814, Ross's political career as a Cherokee legislator and diplomat progressed with the support of such individuals as the Principal Chief

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Never before had an Indian nation petitioned Congress with grievances. In Ross's correspondence, what had previously been the tone of petitions by submissive Indians was replaced by assertive defenders. Ross was able to argue subtle points about legal responsibilities as well as whites.

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Ross was the son of a Cherokee mother and a Scottish father. His mother and maternal grandmother were each of mixed Scots-Cherokee ancestry but brought up in Cherokee culture, and his maternal grandfather was a Scottish immigrant. The Cherokee culture was and still is clan-based and is

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Once outside the Indian Territory, Ross negotiated agreements with the Union for Cherokee support through Indian Home Guard Regiments. Many of those formerly fighting for the Confederacy but loyal to Ross, switched sides to support the Union through the Indian Home Guard.

820:. In the summer of 1830, Jackson urged the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Creek to sign individual treaties accepting removal from their homelands. The Cherokee refused to attend a meeting in Nashville that Jackson proposed. The other tribes signed off on Jackson's terms. 804:

On December 8, 1829, President Andrew Jackson made a speech announcing his intention to pass a bill through Congress by the following spring requiring Indian tribes living in the Southeastern states to move west of the Mississippi and cede their land claims in the East.

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After Ross departed to meet with President Lincoln in Washington, traditionalist Cherokee helped maneuver the selection of Ross supporter Thomas Pegg as Acting Principal Chief. Three or four of Ross's own sons fought for the Union. However, Ross's nephew by marriage,

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Indian Territory. Many Cherokee people less committed to the Confederacy and more committed to the Cherokee Nation refused to engage in battles against other Native peoples, including those Muscogee Creek people under Opothleyahola seeking refuge in Kansas.

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trader. His siblings who survived to adulthood included Jane Ross Coodey (1787–1844), Elizabeth Grace Ross Ross (1789–1876), Lewis Ross (1796–1870), Andrew 'Tlo-s-ta-ma' Ross (1798–1840), Margaret Ross Hicks (1803–1862), and Maria Ross Mulkey (1806–1838).

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short of removal. These offers, coupled with the lengthy cross-continental trip, indicated that Ross's strategy was to prolong negotiations on removal indefinitely. There was the possibility that the next President might be more favorably inclined.

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earlier under the Treaties of 1817 and 1819) and the Eastern Emigrants (those forced to remove under Ross's leadership) on July 12, 1839 and the new Cherokee Constitution that followed August 23, 1839, violent reprisals continued through 1846.

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Ross began a series of business ventures which made him among the wealthiest of all Cherokee. He derived the majority of his wealth from cultivating 170 acres (0.69 km) tobacco in Tennessee; it was the major commodity crop. He held about 20

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Pathkiller and Hicks trained Ross, who served as their clerk and worked on all financial and political matters of the nation. They also steeped him in Cherokee tradition. In a series of letters to Ross, Hicks outlined known Cherokee traditions.

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Returning to his home at Head of Coosa late at night, Ross saw a man he did not recognize at his house. He told the man to feed his horse and put him away for the night. Instead, the stranger followed him to the door, identified himself as

523:(Brown) Henley (1791–1839) in 1812 or 1813. She was a Cherokee, born in 1791 and had one child from her marriage. Her late husband, Robert Henley, may have died during the War of 1812. Quatie Ross died in 1839 in Arkansas on the 1818:

This assertion is based on the records of the Congressional Serial Set, which are incomplete. However, the dates of extant memorials lend support to the idea that the Cherokee were the first nation to use Congress as a means of

1150:(August 9, 1908 – April 29, 2008) was the first Native American female engineer. She helped propel the world into an era of space travel while becoming of one of the nation's most prominent women scientists of the space age. 527:

as discussed below. She was survived by their children James McDonald Ross (1814–1864), William Allen Ross (1817–1891), Jane Ross Meigs-Nave (1821–1894), Silas Dean Ross (1829–1872) and George Washington Ross (1830–1870).

1024:(1824–1830). He described Ross as the father of the Cherokee Nation, a Moses who "led...his people in their exodus from the land of their nativity to a new country, and from the savage state to that of civilization." 867:"he Cherokees as a state, as a distinct political society, separated from others, capable of managing its own affairs and governing itself, has, in the opinion of a majority of the judges, been completely successful." 1107:

that Ross was a dictator who did not truly represent the Cherokee people. Even though his health was worsening, Ross left Park Hill, where he was staying with his niece, on November 9, 1865, to meet with President

326:, and started a ferry service that carried passengers from the south side of the river (Cherokee Nation) to the north side (USA). His businesses served as the start of a community known as Ross's Landing on the 1092:). She could not travel, so he remained with her for more than a month. Mary died of her illness on July 20, 1865. She was buried in her native Delaware. Ross returned to Indian Territory after her funeral. 406:

House built in early 19th century by John McDonald, maternal grandfather of John Ross. Now called the "John Ross House", it was occupied by Ross's daughter and her husband, Nicholas Scales. It is located in

494:, who established two schools in southeast Tennessee for Cherokee children. Classes were in English and students were mostly of mixed race, like Ross. The young Ross finished his education at an academy in 619:, an older wealthy and influential Cherokee leader. By December 1836, Ross's properties were appraised at $ 23,665 ($ 656596 today). He was ranked as one of the five wealthiest men in the Cherokee Nation. 667:

made two treaties with small cliques of Cherokee representing minority factions. Membership in the National Council placed Ross among the Cherokee ruling elite. The majority of the men were wealthy, of

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Calhoun's ultimatum, Ross directly petitioned Congress for the Cherokee cause on April 15, 1824. This fundamentally altered the traditional relationship between an Indian nation and the US government.

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in the Confederate Army. Most of Drew's regiment would later twice desert rather than follow Confederate orders to kill other Indians. Many leaders of the northern faction, still led by Ross, went to

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John Ross remarried in 1844, to Mary Stapler (1826–1865), whom he survived by less than a year. Their surviving children were Annie Brian Ross Dobson (1845–1876) and John Ross Jr. (1847–1905).

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be futile, wanted to seek the best settlement they could get and formed the "Treaty Party," or "Ridge Party," led by Major Ridge. Treaty Party negotiated with the United States and signed the

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believed this was yet another ploy to delay action on removal for an additional year, and threatened to sign the treaty with John Ridge. On November 7, 1835, Ross and his guest,

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Because selling common lands was a capital crime under Cherokee law, treaty opponents assassinated Boudinot, Major Ridge and John Ridge after the migration to Indian Territory.

663:. Ross was elected to the thirteen-member body, where each man served two-year terms. The National Council was created to consolidate Cherokee political authority after General 904:

application for a federal government loan was rejected in February 1831. With great difficulty (and private donations), Ross was able to pay the Cherokee Nation's legal bills.

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the 1832 election. They largely supported his earlier opinion that the "Indian Question" was one that was best handled by the federal government, and not local authorities.

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Ross's great-grandmother Ghigooie, a full-blood Cherokee, had married William Shorey, a Scottish interpreter. Their daughter, Anna, married John McDonald, a Scots trader.

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John Ross Home, Rossville, Georgia. The House was built in 1797 by John McDonald, grandfather of John Ross, and was Ross's home until he left on the "Trail of Tears".

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The elder Ross insisted that John also receive a rigorous classical education. After being educated at home, Ross pursued higher studies with the Reverend

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The Cherokee had created a constitutional republic with delegated authority capable of formulating a clear, long-range policy to protect national rights.

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from 1828 to 1866; he served longer in that position than any other person. Ross led the nation through such tumultuous events as forced removal to

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The Cherokee Nation jointly owned all land; however, improvements on the land could be sold or willed by individuals. It was passed through the

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with the U.S. Most Cherokee thought the signatories unauthorized. However, Ross could not stop its enforcement. Under orders from President

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But he did not compel President Jackson to take action that would defend the Cherokee from Georgia's laws, because he did not find that the

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In 1786 Anna and John's daughter, Mollie McDonald, married Daniel Ross, a Scots trader who had begun to live among the Cherokee during the

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Forced removal spared no one, including Principal Chief Ross, who lost his first wife Quatie (Brown) Ross during the Trail of Tears.

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charged that "the Cherokee delegation's letters were fraudulent" because "too refined to have been written or dictated by an Indian".

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of one-eighth Cherokee was less than most prominent Cherokees of his time, he was an accepted and effective leader among his people.

3487: 2799: 3365: 2835: 1008:, Boudinot's brother, was also attacked but he survived. The assassins were never publicly identified nor tried in court. General 4502: 2476: 917:

officers." He agreed to send Ross a letter explaining his views. Ross was furious, believing that this was a form of treachery.

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The Cherokee were considered sovereign enough to legally resist the government of Georgia, and they were encouraged to do so.

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under Watie's leadership stepped forward as the rightful negotiators of any treaty, as did Ross as the elected chief.

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Under pressure from white settlers in Tennessee, many Cherokee migrated into northeast Georgia. In 1827 Ross moved to

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Cherokee Cavaliers; Forty Years of Cherokee History as Told in the Correspondences of the Ridge-Watie-Boudinot Family

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remained loyal to the Union. However, the majority of Cherokee may not have understood the nature of the new treaty.

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At the age of twenty, having completed his education and with bilingual skills, Ross received an appointment as US

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fluent in English, making him a central figure, although Cherokee society traditionally favored older leaders.

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In 1832, the Supreme Court further defined the relation of the federal government and the Cherokee Nation. In

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with greate advantage." Georgia's delegation indirectly acknowledged Ross's skill: an editorial published in

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At the age of twenty, Ross was appointed as a US Indian agent in 1811. During the War of 1812, he served as

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Some politicians in Washington recognized the change represented by Ross's leadership. Future president

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White people, Indians, and Highlanders: tribal peoples and colonial encounters in Scotland and America

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kinship system of the Cherokee, Ross and his siblings were considered born to his mother's family and

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in Ross's honor, and a bust of Ross stands on the north side of the Hamilton County Courthouse lawn.

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After the war, the two factions of the Cherokee tried to negotiate separately with the US government

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The court maintained that the Cherokee Nation was dependent on the federal government, much like a

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The Indian Tribes of North America with Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chief

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Jacksonland: President Andrew Jackson, Cherokee Chief John Ross, and a Great American Land Grab

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He assumed a larger leadership role. The delegation proposed to clarify the provisions of the

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Priests and Warriors: Social Structures for Cherokee Politics in the Eighteenth Century

1782:

Priests and Warriors: Social Structures for Cherokee Politics in the Eighteenth Century

1277: 1177: 1017: 872: 837: 813: 549: 408: 276: 648:, an elder statesman of the Cherokee Nation, as well as the women elders of his clan. 611:, the Cherokee capital. In Rome, Ross established a ferry along the headwaters of the 519:

John Ross survived two wives and had several children. He married the widow Elizabeth

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suggested that the US $ 20 bill be modified to carry images of both John Ross and

1195:, hosts a John Ross museum in a former schoolhouse located west of Ross Cemetery. 746:, the Cherokee's principal chief and last hereditary chief, and, two weeks later, 699:—both to limit the ceded lands and clarify Cherokee right to the remaining lands. 263:'Mysterious Little White Bird'; October 3, 1790 – August 1, 1866) was the 4422: 4267: 4252: 4192: 4167: 3918: 3893: 3845: 3745: 3720: 3567: 3557: 3522: 3415: 3232: 2789: 2736: 2322: 2124: 2064: 1647: 1306: 945: 790: 708: 703: 680:

In November 1818, just before the General Council meeting with U.S. Indian agent

327: 319: 196: 109: 984:

and 7,000 Federal troops forced removal of Cherokee who did not emigrate to the

972:, where they were imprisoned. On December 29, 1835, the Treaty Party signed the 4417: 4412: 4392: 4377: 4312: 4212: 4042: 4012: 3992: 3855: 3785: 3517: 3512: 3210: 3050: 2962: 2830: 2623:

Cherokee Civil Warrior: Chief John Ross and the Struggle for Tribal Sovereignty

1206: 1109: 1044:

The Civil War divided the Cherokee people. At first the majority supported the

989: 981: 786: 664: 573: 561: 524: 457: 303: 223: 2315: 4456: 4407: 4397: 4207: 4182: 4172: 4157: 4037: 4002: 3968: 3645: 3507: 2992: 2549: 1544: 1536: 1255: 1202: 860: 798: 794: 681: 604: 307: 292: 1440:

After the trail of tears: the Cherokees' struggle for sovereignty, 1839–1880

1365:

After the Trail of Tears: the Cherokees' struggle for sovereignty, 1839-1880

50: 4427: 4362: 4247: 4242: 3997: 3923: 3850: 2982: 2931: 1968: 1539:: Oklahoma Historical Society, Gilbert Eaton Govan and James W. Livingood, 1259: 1229:

John Ross's life and the Trail of Tears are dramatized in Episode 3 of the

1147: 1089: 896: 829: 560:, he served as an adjutant in a Cherokee regiment. He fought under General 545: 466: 192: 2415:

National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: John Ross House

812:

In May 1830, Congress endorsed Jackson's policy of removal by passing the

4387: 4347: 4237: 4187: 4162: 4122: 2987: 2926: 2914: 2599:

The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians I

2537:

Toward the Setting Sun: John Ross, the Cherokees, and the Trail of Tears.

1676: 1219: 1154: 1100: 1057: 1005: 913: 616: 612: 557: 453: 436: 343: 284: 2671:

a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

2169:

The Confederate Cherokees: John Drew's Regiment of Mounted Rifles (1989)

2118:"Footsteps – Historical Perspective: History of the Keetoowah Cherokees" 4337: 4332: 4322: 4297: 4117: 4072: 4052: 4032: 4022: 3577: 3035: 2957: 2183:, p. 378. Frances H. Kennedy, ed.(2008) Houghton Mifflin Co. New York. 1557:

Rozema, Vicki. "Rozema: The Brainerd Mission and Chattanooga history".

964:, were arrested by the Georgia guard at Ross' home in Flint Springs in 957: 921: 920:

McLean's advice precipitated a split within the Cherokee leadership as

833: 778: 743: 669: 637: 608: 577: 354: 335: 4357: 4352: 4317: 4142: 4077: 4057: 4027: 3830: 3585: 3552: 3482: 3355: 3040: 1230: 439:, to Mollie (née McDonald) and her husband Daniel Ross, an immigrant 315: 1342:. The Penguin library of American Indian history. New York: Viking. 875:

had original jurisdiction over a case in which a tribe was a party.

765: 4382: 4107: 4017: 3655: 3045: 2775: 2668:

The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation

2568:

Driven West: Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears to the Civil War

2477:

Inskeep, Steve (5 May 2015). Should Jackson Stay on the $ 20 Bill?

2214:. Athens Ga. London: University of Georgia Press. pp. 176–78. 553: 440: 311: 299: 1135: 863:

acknowledged that the Cherokee were a sovereign nation, stating,

622: 3938: 3680: 3595: 3532: 2919: 1442:(2. Aufl. ed.). Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press. 672:, and English-speaking. Most Cherokee still spoke only Cherokee. 432: 4508:

Native American tribal government officials in Indian Territory

3640: 3547: 3542: 3030: 2845: 2840: 2633:

The Georgia Gold Rush: Twenty-Niners, Cherokees, and Gold Fever

2037:. Athens Ga. London: University of Georgia Press. p. 114. 2606:

An American Betrayal: Cherokee Patriots and the Trail of Tears

1798:. Athens Ga. London: University of Georgia Press. p. 20. 1760:. Athens Ga. London: University of Georgia Press. p. 15. 1723:. Athens Ga. London: University of Georgia Press. p. 23. 1060:, supported the Confederacy. Traditionalists and Cherokee who 4302: 3537: 1577:. Athens Ga. London: University of Georgia Press. p. 5. 1483:. Athens Ga. London: University of Georgia Press. p. 2. 2179:

Hauptman, Lawrence M. "American Indians and the Civil War".

1679:

line, and property was controlled by the women of the tribe.

402: 4442: 2744: 1827: 1825: 1056:

the well-armed mixed bloods, especially the wealthy led by

1623:

Robert E. Bieder, "Sault-Ste. Marie and the War of 1812",

1157:, led the Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) division of the 1120:

Initially, Ross was buried beside his second wife Mary in

940: 4279:

United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)

2070:. Vol. 12, No. 1. Unnamed author. Retrieved July 9, 2014. 1244: 737: 583: 1822: 318:. In 1816, he built a warehouse and trading post on the 2465:

https://www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.16106

1313:(near present-day Chattanooga) that became the site of 1305:. Thus, Ross was one-eighth Cherokee and seven-eighths 773:

Ross found support in Congress from individuals in the

2683:; "Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography;" 1900. 836:

administrations, to defend Cherokee rights before the

675: 251: 2635:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993. 2203: 2026: 1641:

Moser, Krystan. "A Final Resting Place". May 8, 2014.

1516:

Robert Bieder, "Sault-Ste. Marie and the War of 1812"

1474: 1472: 1283:

List of treaties of the Confederate States of America

988:

by 1838. This forced removal came to be known as the

505: 2095:, Volume III. (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1934), p. 310. 1787: 1749: 1712: 691:

In 1819, the Council sent Ross with a delegation to

593:

to cultivate and process this labor-intensive crop.

4513:

Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)

2511:. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1972. 2235: 2233: 2231: 1566: 1367:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 949:Historical marker at the location of Ross' home in 1469: 1032:John Ross was introduced to the Stapler family of 2361:"NOAA'S UAS PROGRAM DIRECTOR ROBBIE HOOD RETIRES" 843:Wirt argued two cases on behalf of the Cherokee: 4454: 4179:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907) 4139:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present) 2594:. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1978. 2291:. Philadelphia: L.J. Richards & Co. p. 2228: 912:In a meeting in May 1832, Supreme Court Justice 1159:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 479:Ross spent his childhood with his parents near 2601:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984. 2181:American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook 1153:John Ross's descendant, atmospheric scientist 548:to the western Cherokee and was sent to their 39: 4478:Burials at Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery 2760: 2518:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. 2504:. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1939. 2411: 1309:. Anna's husband acquired a tract of land on 1072:, had organized and served as Colonel of the 310:(which was effectively a civil war among the 4523:Union (American Civil War) political leaders 1666:: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), p. 5. 1209:, "illustrating our democratic experience." 302:of a Cherokee regiment under the command of 2700:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation–East 1709:, University of Oklahoma Press, 1981, p. 65 1437: 1337: 760: 630: 419:The John Ross House during the US Civil War 397: 367:complying with the Treaty of New Echota. 226:; Union supporter during American Civil War 2767: 2753: 2608:. 2011. Henry Holt and Company. New York. 2051: 1362: 1340:The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears 659:In November 1817, the Cherokee formed the 474: 49: 23:1st principal chief of the Cherokee Nation 4488:Cherokee Nation in the American Civil War 2587:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. 1699: 1697: 1627:, XCV (Mar 199MMM9), accessed 14 Dec 2008 1338:Perdue, Theda; Green, Michael D. (2007). 1164: 907: 2570:. New York, Simon & Schuster. 2010. 2539:New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2011. 2405: 2173: 2131:, October 1997, Retrieved July 18, 2013. 1636: 1634: 1597: 1417:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1392:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1134: 944: 764: 621: 465: 414: 401: 314:), Ross started a tobacco plantation in 2677:, Walker County, GA Chamber of Commerce 2209: 2032: 1948: 1793: 1755: 1718: 1572: 1478: 1146:John Ross's great-great granddaughter, 941:Treaty of New Echota and Trail of Tears 797:. Despite this support, in April 1829, 423:Ross (also known by his Cherokee name, 358:position that he held until his death. 4455: 2727:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation 2642:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1963. 2284: 1877:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1963. 1694: 1550: 1522:, XCV (Mar 1999), accessed 13 Dec 2008 1502: 1500: 1412: 1387: 1243:(2009), shown and available online on 738:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation 584:Businessman and founder of Chattanooga 2748: 2625:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2023) 2585:Cherokees and Missionaries, 1789–1839 2005: 2003: 1706:Oklahoma, A History of Five Centuries 1631: 1039: 789:(Massachusetts), and representatives 346:, they became his political mentors. 4493:People from Cherokee County, Alabama 2522: 2080:The Correspondence of Andrew Jackson 1784:, (Menasha, Wisconsin: 1962), p. 40. 1438:MacLoughlin, William Gerald (1994). 1415:The Cherokee nation in the Civil War 1390:The Cherokee nation in the Civil War 1016:supporters in Washington, including 4473:American people of Scottish descent 3781:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site 2876:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block) 2304:wilmington and brandywine cemetery. 1691:, ed. Moulton (1985), pp. 457, 465. 1602:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1497: 1363:McLoughlin, William Gerald (1993). 1212: 1115: 676:President of the National Committee 13: 3430:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention 2494: 2489: 2093:The Indian Tribes of North America 2091:Thomas L. McKenny and James Hall, 2000: 1541:The Chattanooga Country, 1540–1951 1169:The City of Chattanooga named the 1122:Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery 1062:opposed the institution of slavery 506:Bicultural Background of John Ross 14: 4534: 4099:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839) 4064:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839) 2654: 1662:, Volume I, ed. Gary E. Moulton ( 3254:Cherokee Preservation Foundation 2393:. September 1, 2004. p. 111 1832:The Memoirs of John Quincy Adams 1547:: E.P. Dutton, 1952), pp. 26–27. 1226:titled "Trail of Tears" in 1971. 4234:Cherokee Nation (1975–present) 2470: 2458: 2432: 2412:Benjamin Levy (March 1, 1973), 2379: 2353: 2328: 2309: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2194: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2107: 2098: 2085: 2073: 2058:"The Murder of Elias Boudinot". 2012: 1975: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1837: 1812: 1774: 1737: 1682: 1669: 1653: 1616: 1591: 1533:History of the Cherokee Indians 1525: 1295: 1080:, for the duration of the war. 769:John Ross in suit with top hat. 539: 244: 4503:People from Rossville, Georgia 3934:Hiwassee River Heritage Center 3861:Chief Vann House Historic Site 3771:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park 2288:History of Delaware: 1609–1888 1509: 1456: 1431: 1406: 1381: 1356: 1331: 1022:Commissioner of Indian Affairs 514: 183:Mary Brian Stapler (1826–1865) 38: 1: 3871:Museum of the Cherokee People 2516:The Papers of Chief John Ross 1846:, Volume I, 1807–1839, p. 78. 1844:The Papers of Chief John Ross 1746:, Volume I, 1807–1839, p. 32. 1744:The Papers of Chief John Ross 1689:The Papers of Chief John Ross 1660:The Papers of Chief John Ross 1466:according to Woodward, p. 157 1324: 1027: 828:, US Attorney General in the 824:Cherokee delegation selected 175: 56: 3959:Five Civilized Tribes Museum 3836:Red Clay State Historic Park 3448:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal) 2774: 2675:Walker County GA Attractions 2285:Scharf, John Thomas (1888). 1413:Confer, Clarissa W. (2007). 1388:Confer, Clarissa W. (2007). 1273:Timeline of Cherokee removal 1250:John Ross is a character in 1034:Brandywine Springs, Delaware 640:, Assistant Principal Chief 447: 252: 7: 4443:Cherokee-language Knowledge 4263:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith 3284:Cherokee Southwest Township 3269:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society 3201:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907) 3118:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles 2937:Flag of the Cherokee Nation 2532:. Menasha, Wisconsin, 1962. 1625:Indiana Magazine of History 1520:Indiana Magazine of History 1266: 1258:that has been performed in 1218:John Ross was portrayed by 1074:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles 10: 4539: 3404:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt 3379:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 3289:Oconaluftee Indian Village 3264:Original Keetoowah Society 2020:"Encyclopedia of Arkansas" 1650:Accessed January 11, 2016. 1186:National Historic Landmark 1097:Southern Treaty Commission 857:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 846:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 591:enslaved African Americans 534: 40: 15: 4498:People from Rome, Georgia 4438: 3977: 3816:Trail of Tears State Park 3766:Cherokee National Capitol 3756: 3438: 3343: 3241: 3172:Jackson and McMinn Treaty 3147:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner 3001: 2945: 2881:Cherokee Immersion School 2808: 2782: 2733: 2724: 2718: 2706: 2697: 2689: 2507:McKenny, Thomas Loraine. 2212:John Ross, Cherokee chief 2035:John Ross, Cherokee chief 1796:John Ross, Cherokee chief 1758:John Ross, Cherokee chief 1721:John Ross, Cherokee chief 1575:John Ross, Cherokee chief 1481:John Ross, Cherokee chief 1130:Cherokee County, Oklahoma 966:Bradley County, Tennessee 951:Bradley County, Tennessee 775:National Republican Party 230: 214: 206: 187: 170: 165:Cherokee County, Oklahoma 159: 143: 124: 119: 115: 103: 91: 80: 70: 66: 48: 37: 30: 4518:Trail of Tears survivors 3949:Fort Smith Historic Site 3717:Western Cherokee Nation 3316:Cherokee Central Schools 3101:Battle of Lindley's Fort 2871:Cherokee (Unicode block) 2638:Woodward, Grace Steele. 2592:John Ross Cherokee Chief 1949:Lillard, Roy G. (1980). 1873:Woodward, Grace Steele. 1598:Calloway, Colin (2008). 1563:Accessed April 10, 2018. 1288: 1161:until retiring in 2017. 1105:Elias Cornelius Boudinot 1078:Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 761:Supreme Court litigation 631:Political apprenticeship 566:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 398:Early life and education 4308:Tahlonteeskee (warrior) 4294:Other notable Cherokee 3228:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds 2556:. Penguin Press, 2015. 2500:Dale, Edwards Everett. 2467:Oklahoma Visitors Guide 2421:, National Park Service 1531:Emmet Starr, notes for 1506:Mankiller and Wallis 85 576:warriors, known as the 475:Childhood and education 306:. After the end of the 4228:William Charles Rogers 4148:William Holland Thomas 3924:The Great Trading Path 3091:Cherokee–American wars 2597:Prucha, Francis Paul. 2582:McLoughlin, William G. 2210:Moulton, Gary (1978). 2068:Chronicles of Oklahoma 2033:Moulton, Gary (1978). 1794:Moulton, Gary (1978). 1756:Moulton, Gary (1978). 1719:Moulton, Gary (1978). 1704:Arrell Morgan Gibson, 1646:March 4, 2016, at the 1573:Moulton, Gary (1978). 1479:Moulton, Gary (1978). 1165:Namesake and monuments 1143: 953: 908:Ridge Party opposition 890: 869: 783:Theodore Frelinghuysen 770: 627: 471: 420: 412: 332:Chattanooga, Tennessee 322:north of the mouth of 4483:Cherokee slave owners 3954:Port Royal State Park 3179:Transylvania Purchase 3152:Treaty of Hard Labour 3074:Siege of Fort Loudoun 2800:United Keetoowah Band 2709:Title ceased to exist 2604:Smith, Daniel Blake. 1199:National Public Radio 1139:John Ross's grave in 1138: 970:Spring Place, Georgia 948: 886: 865: 795:David (Davy) Crockett 768: 625: 615:close to the home of 469: 418: 405: 201:Mary Jane (Ross) Ross 174:Quatie Brown Henley ( 4218:Samuel Houston Mayes 3395:The Cherokee Tobacco 3387:Worcester v. Georgia 3371:freedmen controversy 3331:Sequoyah High School 3321:Cherokee High School 3184:Chickamauga Cherokee 3142:Treaty of Turkeytown 3132:Treaty of New Echota 3108:Nickajack Expedition 3086:Cherokee War of 1776 2367:. September 29, 2017 1894:Woodward, pp. 158–59 1171:Market Street Bridge 1126:Wilmington, Delaware 974:Treaty of New Echota 881:Worcester v. Georgia 852:Worcester v. Georgia 364:Treaty of New Echota 220:Treaty of New Echota 191:Great-granddaughter 16:For other uses, see 3826:Rattlesnake Springs 3411:Cherokee Commission 3096:Battle of Hightower 2983:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï 2886:New Kituwah Academy 2851:Green Corn Ceremony 2663:John Ross Biography 2114:Cornsilk, David A. 1834:, Volume 6, p. 373. 1303:American Revolution 1235:American Experience 1193:Park Hill, Oklahoma 1141:Park Hill, Oklahoma 777:, such as senators 596:In 1816 he founded 500:Kingston, Tennessee 485:Green Corn Festival 138:Turkeytown, Alabama 4018:Outacite of Keowee 3929:The Great War Path 3904:Oconaluftee valley 3889:Stick Ball Grounds 3811:Tellico Blockhouse 3216:Indian Removal Act 3162:Treaty of Hopewell 3157:Treaty of Lochaber 3113:American Civil War 3069:Anglo-Cherokee War 2953:Ani Hyuntikwalaski 2627:online book review 2440:"John Ross Museum" 2321:2014-05-07 at the 2275:Hicks, pp. 370–71. 2266:Hicks, pp. 346–458 2200:Hicks, pp. 345–46. 2123:2014-12-02 at the 2116:Cherokee Observer. 2063:2014-10-24 at the 1864:Hicks, pp. 160–61. 1278:Indian Removal Act 1178:Rossville, Georgia 1144: 1040:American Civil War 1018:Thomas L. McKenney 954: 873:U.S. Supreme Court 838:U.S. Supreme Court 814:Indian Removal Act 771: 628: 607:, to be closer to 472: 421: 413: 409:Rossville, Georgia 277:American Civil War 4450: 4449: 4403:Clement V. Rogers 4273:Chuck Hoskin, Jr. 4223:Thomas Buffington 3988:Moytoy of Tellico 3909:Oconaluftee River 3841:Hair Conrad Cabin 3776:Chieftains Museum 3327:Sequoyah Schools 3189:Overhill Cherokee 3167:Treaty of Holston 3137:Treaty of Tellico 3127:Cherokee treaties 2898:Spiritual beliefs 2743: 2742: 2734:Succeeded by 2721:Title re-instated 2714: 2713: 2707:Succeeded by 2631:Williams, David. 2614:978-0-8050-8955-4 2590:Moulton, Gary E. 2576:978-1-4165-4859-1 2545:978-0-8021-1963-6 2528:Gearing, Fred O. 2523:Secondary Sources 2221:978-0-8203-2367-1 2189:978-0-395-63336-6 2129:Cherokee Observer 2104:Hicks, pp. 340–44 2044:978-0-8203-2367-1 1912:Woodward, p. 167. 1805:978-0-8203-2367-1 1780:Fred O. Gearing, 1767:978-0-8203-2367-1 1730:978-0-8203-2367-1 1609:978-0-19-534012-9 1584:978-0-8203-2367-1 1490:978-0-8203-2367-1 1449:978-0-8078-2111-4 1424:978-0-8061-3803-9 1399:978-0-8061-3803-9 1374:978-0-8078-2111-4 1349:978-0-670-03150-4 1311:Chickamauga Creek 1222:in an episode of 1132:) for interment. 1050:Keetoowah Society 962:John Howard Payne 956:Secretary of War 742:In January 1827, 724:John Quincy Adams 626:A young John Ross 324:Chattanooga Creek 262: 250: 234: 233: 4530: 4373:Markwayne Mullin 4203:Dennis Bushyhead 4083:Charles R. Hicks 4008:Moytoy of Citico 3899:Tuckasegee River 3821:Brainerd Mission 3806:Sequoyah's Cabin 3713:Cherokee Nations 3351:Principal Chiefs 3344:Politics and law 3295:Unto These Hills 3259:Warriors Society 3221:Cherokee descent 3195:Cherokee Phoenix 3079:Battle of Echoee 3062:Battle of Taliwa 3041:skiagusta (rank) 2968:Moon-eyed people 2903:Moon-eyed people 2821:National holiday 2769: 2762: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2719:Preceded by 2716: 2715: 2690:Preceded by 2687: 2686: 2621:Weeks, W. Dale. 2566:Langguth, A. J. 2483: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2442:. Archived from 2436: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2420: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2332: 2326: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2239:Langguth, p. 394 2237: 2226: 2225: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2149:Langguth, p. 390 2147: 2141: 2140:Langguth, p. 389 2138: 2132: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2009:Hicks, pp. 252-3 2007: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1983:"Trail of Tears" 1979: 1973: 1972: 1946: 1940: 1939:Woodward, p. 174 1937: 1931: 1930:Woodward, p. 173 1928: 1922: 1921:Langguth, p. 191 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1903:Woodward, p. 161 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1791: 1785: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1716: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1657: 1651: 1638: 1629: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1570: 1564: 1561:. March 9, 2014. 1559:Times Free Press 1554: 1548: 1529: 1523: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1495: 1494: 1476: 1467: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1335: 1318: 1315:Brainerd Mission 1299: 1252:Unto These Hills 1213:Stage and screen 1116:Death and legacy 1010:Matthew Arbuckle 986:Indian Territory 978:Martin Van Buren 859:, Chief Justice 748:Charles R. Hicks 701:Secretary of War 693:Washington, D.C. 661:National Council 642:Charles R. Hicks 552:(in present-day 496:South West Point 492:Gideon Blackburn 481:Lookout Mountain 342:. Together with 340:Charles R. Hicks 273:Indian Territory 257: 255: 249:romanized: 248: 246: 180: 177: 154:Washington, D.C. 150: 134: 132: 120:Personal details 106: 94: 85: 61: 58: 53: 43: 42: 28: 27: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4434: 4423:Kimberly Teehee 4283:James L. Gordon 4268:Bill John Baker 4253:Wilma Mankiller 4193:William P. Ross 4168:Patrick Lambert 4013:Standing Turkey 3973: 3919:Sycamore Shoals 3894:Cullasaja River 3846:Nancy Ward Tomb 3796:John Ross House 3758: 3752: 3746:Qualla Boundary 3721:Cherokee Nation 3523:Hiwassee Island 3453:Amoyeligunahita 3440: 3434: 3339: 3306:Female Seminary 3279:Heritage groups 3249:Heritage Center 3237: 3233:Texas Cherokees 3046:outacite (rank) 2997: 2941: 2804: 2790:Cherokee Nation 2778: 2773: 2739: 2737:William P. Ross 2730: 2722: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2657: 2525: 2497: 2495:Primary sources 2492: 2490:Further reading 2487: 2486: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2446:on May 23, 2018 2438: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2387:"Walker County" 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2323:Wayback Machine 2314: 2310: 2297: 2295: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2229: 2222: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2125:Wayback Machine 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2065:Wayback Machine 2056: 2052: 2045: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1961: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1717: 1713: 1702: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1658: 1654: 1648:Wayback Machine 1639: 1632: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1571: 1567: 1555: 1551: 1530: 1526: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1477: 1470: 1464:"Cooweescoowee" 1461: 1457: 1450: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1386: 1382: 1375: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1269: 1240:We Shall Remain 1237:" documentary, 1215: 1182:John Ross House 1167: 1118: 1042: 1030: 968:, and taken to 943: 910: 791:Ambrose Spencer 763: 740: 731:Georgia Journal 709:Compact of 1802 704:John C. Calhoun 678: 633: 586: 542: 537: 517: 508: 477: 450: 431:(in modern day 400: 328:Tennessee River 320:Tennessee River 269:Cherokee Nation 265:Principal Chief 197:William P. Ross 182: 178: 163:Ross Cemetery, 152: 148: 136: 135:October 3, 1790 130: 128: 110:William P. Ross 104: 92: 86: 81: 75:Principal Chief 72:Cherokee Nation 62: 59: 44: 33: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4536: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4448: 4447: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4418:Hastings Shade 4415: 4413:Durbin Feeling 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4393:Jenny McIntosh 4390: 4385: 4380: 4378:Yvette Herrell 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4358:Nunnahitsunega 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4328:Elias Boudinot 4325: 4320: 4315: 4313:Turtle-at-Home 4310: 4305: 4300: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4213:Johnson Harris 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4043:Dragging Canoe 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3993:Attakullakulla 3990: 3984:Early leaders 3981: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3856:Bussell Island 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3801:Ross's Landing 3798: 3793: 3788: 3786:Judaculla Rock 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3759:memorial sites 3754: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3626:Spike Bucktown 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3444: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3416:Cherokee Strip 3408: 3400: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3358: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3308: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3211:Trail of Tears 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3051:Raven of Chota 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2963:Horned Serpent 2960: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2723: 2720: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2655:External links 2653: 2652: 2651: 2636: 2629: 2618: 2617: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2579: 2564: 2562:978-1594205569 2550:Inskeep, Steve 2547: 2535:Hicks, Brian. 2533: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2479:New York Times 2469: 2457: 2431: 2404: 2378: 2352: 2327: 2308: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2257:Hicks, p. 347. 2250: 2248:Warde, p. 191. 2241: 2227: 2220: 2202: 2193: 2172: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2106: 2097: 2084: 2072: 2050: 2043: 2025: 2011: 1999: 1974: 1959: 1951:Bradley County 1941: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1836: 1821: 1811: 1804: 1786: 1773: 1766: 1748: 1736: 1729: 1711: 1693: 1681: 1668: 1652: 1630: 1615: 1608: 1590: 1583: 1565: 1549: 1524: 1508: 1496: 1489: 1468: 1455: 1448: 1430: 1423: 1405: 1398: 1380: 1373: 1355: 1348: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1248: 1227: 1214: 1211: 1207:Andrew Jackson 1201:correspondent 1166: 1163: 1117: 1114: 1110:Andrew Johnson 1041: 1038: 1029: 1026: 998:Stephen Carter 990:Trail of Tears 982:Winfield Scott 942: 939: 926:Elias Boudinot 909: 906: 787:Daniel Webster 762: 759: 739: 736: 697:Treaty of 1817 677: 674: 665:Andrew Jackson 632: 629: 598:Ross's Landing 585: 582: 572:-allied Upper 562:Andrew Jackson 556:). During the 541: 538: 536: 533: 525:Trail of Tears 516: 513: 507: 504: 476: 473: 449: 446: 427:) was born in 399: 396: 304:Andrew Jackson 232: 231: 228: 227: 224:Trail of Tears 218:opposition to 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 189: 185: 184: 172: 168: 167: 161: 157: 156: 151:(aged 75) 147:August 1, 1866 145: 141: 140: 126: 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 95: 89: 88: 78: 77: 68: 67: 64: 63: 54: 46: 45: 35: 34: 31: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4535: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4445: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408:Redbird Smith 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398:Sam Sixkiller 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4208:Joel B. Mayes 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4183:Lewis Downing 4181: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4173:Richard Sneed 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4158:Gerard Parker 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4113:Tahlonteeskee 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4088:William Hicks 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4038:Little Turkey 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3969:Cherokee Path 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 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3454: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311:Male Seminary 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242:Organizations 3240: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2717: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2693:William Hicks 2688: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2649: 2648:0-8061-1815-6 2645: 2641: 2640:The Cherokees 2637: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2482: 2480: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2392: 2391:Calhoun Times 2388: 2382: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2155: 2146: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2110: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2015: 2006: 2004: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1884: 1883:0-8061-1815-6 1880: 1876: 1875:The Cherokees 1870: 1861: 1855:Hicks, p. 150 1852: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1815: 1807: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1777: 1769: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1732: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1619: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1545:New York City 1542: 1538: 1537:Oklahoma City 1534: 1528: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1503: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1465: 1462:Also spelled 1459: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1376: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1351: 1345: 1341: 1334: 1330: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1261: 1257: 1256:outdoor drama 1253: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1224:NET Playhouse 1221: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1203:Steve Inskeep 1200: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1037: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1002: 999: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 952: 947: 938: 934: 930: 927: 923: 918: 915: 905: 901: 898: 893: 889: 885: 883: 882: 876: 874: 868: 864: 862: 861:John Marshall 858: 854: 853: 848: 847: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 821: 819: 815: 810: 806: 802: 800: 799:John H. Eaton 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 767: 758: 755: 751: 749: 745: 735: 733: 732: 725: 720: 716: 712: 710: 705: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 682:Joseph McMinn 673: 671: 666: 662: 657: 653: 649: 647: 643: 639: 624: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:Rome, Georgia 601: 599: 594: 592: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 532: 529: 526: 522: 512: 503: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 468: 464: 461: 459: 455: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 417: 410: 404: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 365: 359: 356: 351: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308:Red Stick War 305: 301: 296: 294: 293:blood quantum 288: 286: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 260: 254: 242: 238: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 173: 169: 166: 162: 160:Resting place 158: 155: 146: 142: 139: 127: 123: 118: 114: 111: 108: 102: 99: 98:William Hicks 96: 90: 84: 79: 76: 73: 69: 65: 52: 47: 36: 29: 26: 19: 4440: 4428:Shawna Baker 4363:Ned Christie 4288:John W. Hair 4248:Ross Swimmer 4243:W. W. Keeler 4092: 3998:Amouskositte 3944:Tuckaleechee 3914:Abrams Creek 3876:Untokiasdiyi 3851:Blythe Ferry 3402: 3393: 3385: 3377: 3293: 3193: 3058:Tribal Wars 2932:Booger dance 2795:Eastern Band 2725: 2698: 2680: 2667: 2661:Ancestry.com 2639: 2632: 2622: 2605: 2598: 2591: 2584: 2567: 2553: 2536: 2529: 2515: 2514:Ross, John. 2508: 2501: 2478: 2472: 2460: 2448:. Retrieved 2444:the original 2434: 2423:, retrieved 2414: 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2390: 2381: 2369:. Retrieved 2364: 2355: 2343:. Retrieved 2339: 2330: 2316:"Cemeteries" 2311: 2303: 2296:. Retrieved 2287: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2158:Warde, p. 59 2154: 2145: 2136: 2128: 2115: 2109: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2053: 2034: 2028: 2014: 1990:. 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Ross 1145: 1119: 1094: 1090:tuberculosis 1086: 1082: 1066: 1054: 1043: 1031: 1014: 1003: 994: 955: 935: 931: 919: 911: 902: 897:protectorate 894: 891: 887: 879: 877: 870: 866: 856: 850: 844: 842: 826:William Wirt 822: 811: 807: 803: 781:(Kentucky), 772: 756: 752: 741: 728: 721: 717: 713: 690: 679: 658: 654: 650: 646:Casey Holmes 634: 602: 595: 587: 568:against the 546:Indian agent 543: 540:Indian agent 530: 520: 518: 509: 489: 478: 462: 451: 424: 422: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369: 360: 352: 348: 297: 289: 281: 236: 235: 193:Mary G. Ross 149:(1866-08-01) 105:Succeeded by 82: 25: 4468:1866 deaths 4463:1790 births 4388:Major Ridge 4368:John Martin 4348:Joseph Vann 4238:J. B. 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