John Quincy Adams - Knowledge

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unexpected events. Adams wanted to delay American recognition of the newly independent republics of Latin America to avoid the risk of war with Spain and its European allies. However, Andrew Jackson's military campaign in Florida and Henry Clay's threats in Congress forced Spain to cut a deal, which Adams negotiated successfully. Biographer James Lewis says, "He managed to play the cards that he had been dealt – cards that he very clearly had not wanted – in ways that forced the Spanish cabinet to recognize the weakness of its own hand". Apart from the Monroe doctrine, his last four years as Secretary of State were less successful because he was preoccupied with his presidential campaign and refused to make compromises with other countries that might have weakened his candidacy; the result was a small-scale trade war but a successful election to the White House.

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constantly bothered by his physical appearance. He was closer to his father, with whom he spent much of his early life while abroad, than he was to his mother. In his youth, while the American Revolution raged on, Adams heard from his mother about his father's work and the substantial risks he took to support it. As a result, he developed a deep respect for his father. In contrast, Adams had a rocky relationship with his mother, due to her high expectations of him, and her fear that her children would follow in the footsteps of her brother, who died of alcoholism. His biographer, Nagel, concludes that his mother's disapproval of Louisa Johnson motivated him to marry Johnson in 1797, despite Adams's reservations that Johnson, like his mother, had a forceful personality.

3157: 2947:, a Jackson supporter, replaced John Taylor, an Adams supporter, as Speaker of the House. As Adams himself noted, the United States had never seen a Congress that was firmly under the control of political opponents of the president. After the elections, Van Buren and Calhoun agreed to throw their support behind Jackson in 1828, with Van Buren bringing along many of Crawford's supporters. Though Jackson did not articulate a detailed political platform in the same way that Adams did, his coalition united in opposition to Adams's reliance on government planning. Adams, meanwhile, clung to the hope of a non-partisan nation, and he refused to make full use of the power of patronage to build up his own party structure. 1558: 20102: 19805: 3481: 1863: 3313:, a Southerner who, unlike Adams, Henry Clay, and many other prominent Whigs, did not embrace the American System. Adams saw Tyler as an agent of "the slave-driving, Virginia, Jeffersonian school, principled against all improvement". After Tyler vetoed a bill to restore the national bank, Whig congressmen expelled Tyler from the party. Adams was appointed chairman of a special committee that explored impeaching Tyler, and Adams presented a scathing report of Tyler that argued that his actions warranted impeachment. The impeachment process did not move forward, though, because the Whigs did not believe that the Senate would vote to remove Tyler from office. 3250:, won 40% of the vote, while Adams finished in second place with 29%. Because no candidate won a majority of the vote, the state legislature decided the election. Rather than seek election by the legislature, Adams withdrew his name from contention, and the legislature selected Davis. Adams was nearly elected to the Senate in 1835 by a coalition of Anti-Masons and National Republicans, but his support for Jackson in a minor foreign policy matter annoyed National Republican leaders enough that they dropped their support for his candidacy. After 1835, Adams never again sought higher office, focusing instead on his service in the House of Representatives. 14818: 3406: 1082: 1543: 3676: 3517:, which quickly defaulted. After heated debate in Congress, Adams successfully argued to restore the lost funds with interest. Though Congress wanted to use the money for other purposes, Adams successfully persuaded Congress to preserve the money for an institution of science and learning. Congress also debated whether the federal government had the authority to accept the gift, though with Adams leading the initiative, Congress accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836. Partly due to Adams's efforts, Congress voted to establish the 13741: 18950: 18234: 3856: 2740: 9125: 3294:. Adams considered the issue of Texas to be "a question of far deeper root and more overshadowing branches than any or all others that agitate the country", and he emerged as one of the leading congressional opponents of annexation. When he served as secretary of state, Adams had sought to acquire Texas, but he argued that, because Mexico had abolished slavery, the acquisition of Texas would transform the region from a free territory into a slave state. He also feared that the annexation of Texas would encourage Southern expansionists to pursue other potential slave states, including 3143:'s 1904 campaign, while Adams's loss made him the second one-term president, after his own father. By 1828, only two states did not hold a popular vote for president, and the number of votes in the 1828 election was triple that in the 1824 election. This increase in votes was due not only to the recent wave of democratization, but also because of increased interest in elections and the growing ability of the parties to mobilize voters. Adams did not attend Jackson's inauguration, making him one of only four presidents who finished their terms but skipped the event. 14393: 3757: 3322: 1162: 2956: 1088: 861: 1968: 2176:, Austria, and Russia would seek to bring Spain's erstwhile colonies under their control, to the point of even contemplating a Holy Alliance of their own to defend democracy. In his 1821 Fourth of July address, Adams addressed this issue, noting a shared "chain of sympathy" between the U.S. and Latin America, but arguing for neutrality rather than a Holy Alliance. In 1822, following the conclusion of the Adams–Onís Treaty, the Monroe administration recognized the independence of several Latin American countries, including 3583: 3809: 2999:. Adams signed a new treaty with the Muscogee in January 1826 that allowed the Muscogee to stay but ceded most of their land to Georgia. Troup refused to accept its terms and authorized all Georgian citizens to evict the Muscogee. A showdown between Georgia and the federal government was only averted after the Muscogee agreed to a third treaty. Though many saw Troup as unreasonable in his dealings with the federal government and the Native Americans, the administration's handling of the incident alienated those in the 882: 3135:, to desert her first husband. In response, followers of Jackson attacked Adams's personal life, and the campaign turned increasingly nasty. The Jacksonian press portrayed Adams as an out-of-touch elitist, while pro-Adams newspapers attacked Jackson's past involvement in various duels and scuffles, portraying him as too emotional and impetuous for the presidency. Though Adams and Clay had hoped that the campaign would focus on the American System, it was instead dominated by the personalities of Jackson and Adams. 3215:. Though he identified as a member of the Anti-Masonic Party, Congress was broadly polarized into allies of Jackson and opponents of Jackson, and Adams generally aligned with the latter camp. Stevenson, an ally of Jackson, expected that the committee chairmanship would keep Adams busy defending the tariff even while the Jacksonian majority on the committee would prevent Adams from accruing any real power. As chair of the committee charged with writing tariff laws, Adams became an important player in the 19238: 44: 1400:, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is also named. Colonel Quincy died two days after his great-grandson's birth. Young Adams was educated by private tutors – his cousin James Thaxter and his father's law clerk, Nathan Rice. He soon exhibited literary skills, and in 1779 he started a diary that he kept until just before he died in 1848. Until the age of ten, Adams grew up on the family farm in Braintree, largely in the care of his mother. Though frequently absent because of his participation in the 18622: 2244:, which was also known as the national bank. Because the Federalist Party had all but collapsed after the War of 1812, all the major presidential candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams felt that his own election as president would vindicate his father, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Though he lacked the charisma of his competitors, Adams was widely respected and benefited from the lack of other prominent Northern political leaders. 3550: 24378: 1789: 18612: 18178: 14824: 24498: 20184: 24402: 3123: 2212: 7909: 24390: 22023: 11549: 10915: 9641: 1930:. Even though a return to the status quo would mean the continuation of the British practice of impressment, Adams and his fellow commissioners had hoped for similar terms. The treaty was signed on December 24, 1814. The United States did not gain any concessions from the treaty but could boast that it had survived a war against the strongest power in the world. Following the signing of the treaty, Adams traveled to Paris, where he witnessed first-hand the 20354: 24464: 11569: 11559: 10925: 24481: 24447: 19001: 18188: 8780: 19362: 8894: 3530: 3426:

down upon the simplicity of a Yankee's manners, because he has no habits of overbearing like theirs and cannot treat negroes like dogs. It is among the evils of slavery that it taints the very sources of moral principle. It establishes false estimates of virtue and vice: for what can be more false and heartless than this doctrine which makes the first and holiest rights of humanity to depend upon the color of the skin?

1594:. Adams considered declining the role, but ultimately took the position on the advice of his father. While abroad, Adams continued to urge neutrality, arguing that the United States would benefit economically by staying out of the ongoing French Revolutionary Wars. His chief duty as the ambassador to the Netherlands was to secure and maintain loans essential to U.S. finances. On his way to the Netherlands, he met with 2852: 2072: 9118: 24430: 3278:, while the Whigs fielded multiple presidential candidates. Because he disdained all the major party contenders for president, Adams did not take part in the campaign; Van Buren won the election. Nonetheless, Adams became aligned with the Whig Party in Congress. Adams generally opposed the initiatives of President Van Buren, long a political adversary, though they maintained a cordial public relationship. 1780:(1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 19th century, as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere. 3024: 3788:

united so long as the institution of slavery persisted. Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes that Adams's "intellectual ability and courage were above reproach, and his wisdom in perceiving the national interest has stood the test of time". He has also been praised as a strong prose stylist, with James Parker describing him as one of the "three authentically muddy-eyed and pained-by-subjectivity

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reactions from Southern representatives. Though the gag rule remained in place, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. Adams fought actively against the gag rule for another seven years, eventually moving the resolution that led to its repeal in 1844.

1633:, the second daughter of American merchant Joshua Johnson. In April 1796, Louisa accepted Adams's proposal of marriage. Adams's parents disapproved of his decision to marry a woman who had grown up in England, but he informed his parents that he would not reconsider his decision. Adams initially wanted to delay his wedding to Louisa until he returned to the United States, but they married in 4179: 24366: 3059:. The United States had reached a commercial agreement with Britain in 1815, but that agreement excluded British possessions in the Western Hemisphere. In response to United States pressure, the British had begun to allow a limited amount of American imports to the West Indies in 1823, but United States leaders continued to seek an end to Britain's protective 3096:" among the independent states of the Americas. However, the funding for a delegation and the confirmation of delegation nominees became entangled in a political battle over Adams's domestic policies, with opponents such as Van Buren impeding the confirmation of a delegation. While Van Buren saw the Panama Congress as an unwelcome deviation from the more 2726:, angering those who believed Clay had offered Adams his support in the 1824 election in exchange for the most prestigious position in the cabinet. Clay would later regret accepting the job since it reinforced the "Corrupt Bargain" accusation. However, Clay's strength in the West and interest in foreign policy made him a natural choice for the position. 2756:. He also proposed the establishment of a Department of the Interior as a new cabinet-level department that would preside over these internal improvements. Adams hoped to fund these measures primarily through Western land sales, rather than increased taxes or public debt. The domestic agenda of Adams and Clay, which would come to be known as the 3239:, that furthered lower tariff rates. Adams was appalled by the Nullification Crisis's outcome, as he felt that the Southern states had unfairly benefited from challenging federal law. After the crisis, Adams was convinced that Southerners exercised undue influence over the federal government through their control of Jackson's Democratic Party. 2419:, promising that he would not deny governmental positions to members of their party. On February 9, 1825, Adams won the contingent election on the first ballot, taking 13 of the 24 state delegations. Adams won the House delegations of all the states in which he or Clay had won a majority of the electoral votes, as well as the delegations of 3309:, and the Whigs gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time. Despite his low regard for Harrison as a person, Adams was enthusiastic about the new Whig administration and the end of the long-standing Democratic dominance of the federal government. However, Harrison died in April 1841 and was succeeded by Vice President 3067:, dealing a blow to Adams's prestige. The Adams administration negotiated extensively with the British to lift this ban, but the two sides could not reach an agreement. Despite the loss of trade with the British West Indies, the other commercial agreements secured by Adams helped expand the overall volume of United States exports. 2193:. It also marked the country's shift in psychological orientation away from Europe and towards the Americas. Debates over foreign policy would no longer center on relations with Britain and France, but instead focus on western expansion and relations with Native Americans. The doctrine became one of the foundational principles of 2478:. In his inaugural address, he adopted a post-partisan tone, promising to avoid party-building and politically motivated appointments. He also proposed an elaborate program of "internal improvements": roads, ports, and canals. Though some were worried about the constitutionality of such federal projects, Adams argued that the 1665:. The State Department tasked Adams with developing commercial relations with Prussia and Sweden, but President Adams also asked his son to write to him frequently about affairs in Europe. His advice that he regularly gave to his father based on his experiences on the ground in Europe proved particularly valuable during the 3139:

composed of two Southerners. In the election, Jackson won 178 of the 261 electoral votes and just under 56% of the popular vote. Jackson won 50.3% of the popular vote in the free states, but 72.6% of the vote in the slave states. No future presidential candidate would match Jackson's proportion of the popular vote until

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His proposal for the creation of a naval academy won the approval of the Senate but was defeated in the House; opponents objected to the naval academy's cost and worried that the establishment of such an institution would "produce degeneracy and corruption of the public morality". Adams's proposal to establish a

3617:. After Louisa's death in 1852, his son had his parents re-interred in the expanded family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, next to John and Abigail. Both tombs are viewable by the public. Adams's original tomb at Hancock Cemetery is still there and marked simply "J.Q. Adams". 3778:

him as an average president. Adams is remembered as a man eminently qualified for the presidency, yet hopelessly weakened in his presidential leadership potential because of the 1824 election. Most importantly, Adams is remembered as a poor politician in an era when politics had begun to matter more.

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has betrayed the secret of their souls. In the abstract they admit that slavery is an evil, they disclaim it, and cast it all upon the shoulder of Great Britain. But when probed to the quick upon it, they show at the bottom of their souls pride and vainglory in their condition of masterdom. They look

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Tyler made the annexation of Texas the main foreign policy priority of the later stages of his administration. He attempted to win ratification of an annexation treaty in 1844, but, to Adams's surprise and relief, the Senate rejected the treaty. The annexation of Texas became the central issue of the

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virtue of the people and executive patronage". Adams, meanwhile, refused to adapt to the new reality of political campaigns, and he avoided public functions and refused to invest in pro-administration tools such as newspapers. In early 1827, Jackson was publicly accused of having encouraged his wife,

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died, and he left his fortune for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge". In Smithson's will, he stated that should his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, die without heirs, the Smithson estate would go to the government of the United States to create an "Establishment for the increase and diffusion

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third party that may have siphoned votes from Clay in the crucial state of New York. After the election, Tyler, whose term would end in March 1845, once again submitted an annexation treaty to Congress. Adams strongly attacked the treaty, arguing that the annexation of Texas would involve the United

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In his 1825 annual message to Congress, Adams presented a comprehensive and ambitious agenda. He called for major investments in internal improvements as well as the creation of a national university, a naval academy, and a national astronomical observatory. Noting the healthy status of the treasury

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Adams's top choice for the role of vice president was General Andrew Jackson; Adams noted that "the Vice-Presidency was a station in which could hang no one, and in which he would need to quarrel with no one". However, as the 1824 election approached, Jackson jumped into the race for president, and

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suggested that the United States and Britain should work together to preserve the independence of these fledgling republics. The cabinet debated whether to accept the offer, but Adams opposed it. Instead, Adams urged Monroe to publicly declare the United States' opposition to any European attempt to

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to a delegation charged with negotiating an end to the war. Gallatin and Bayard arrived in St. Petersburg in July 1813, but the British declined Tsar Alexander's offer of mediation. Hoping to start negotiations at another venue, Adams left Russia in April 1814. Negotiations finally began in mid-1814

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comments that Adams "does not loom large in the American imagination", but that he has received more public attention since the late 20th century due to his anti-slavery stances. Cooper writes that Adams was the first "major public figure" to publicly question whether the United States could remain

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legislature for the 1828 election. Though he had been close to Adams during Monroe's presidency, Vice President Calhoun was also politically alienated from the president by the appointment of Clay, since that appointment established Clay as the natural heir to Adams. Adams's ambitious December 1825

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and that he sought to subordinate the states to the federal government. Most of the president's proposals were defeated in Congress. Adams's ideas for a national university, a national observatory, and the establishment of a uniform system of weights and measures never received congressional votes.

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boundary, but he insisted that Spain cede its claims on Oregon Country. Adams was deeply interested in establishing American control over the Oregon Country, partly because he believed that control of that region would spur trade with Asia. The acquisition of Spanish claims to the Pacific Northwest

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and executed two Englishmen. While Jackson's actions outraged the rest of the cabinet, Adams defended them as necessary to the country's self-defense, and he eventually convinced Monroe and most of the cabinet to support Jackson. Adams informed Spain that its failure to police its own territory had

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Adams initially avoided becoming involved in politics, instead focusing on building his legal career. In 1791, he wrote a series of pseudonymously published essays arguing that Britain provided a better governmental model than France. Two years later, he published another series of essays attacking

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of the bequest, which amounted to about US$ 500,000 (US$ 18 million in 2024 dollars after inflation). Adams realized that this might allow the United States to realize his dream of building a national institution of science and learning. Adams thus became Congress's primary supporter of the future

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constituted the Southern border of both Texas and the United States. After Taylor's forces clashed with Mexican soldiers north of the Rio Grande, Polk asked for a declaration of war in early 1846, asserting that Mexico had invaded American territory. Though some Whigs questioned whether Mexico had

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During the first half of his administration, Adams avoided taking a strong stand on tariffs, partly because he wanted to avoid alienating his allies in the South and New England. After Jacksonians took power in 1827, they devised a tariff bill designed to appeal to Western states while instituting

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had decided upon previous Democratic-Republican presidential nominees, but it had become largely discredited by 1824. Candidates were instead nominated by state legislatures or nominating conventions, and Adams received the endorsement of the New England legislatures. The regional strength of each

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The Jacksonians formed an effective party apparatus that adopted many modern campaign techniques. Rather than focusing on issues, they emphasized Jackson's popularity and the supposed corruption of Adams and the federal government. Jackson himself described the campaign as a "struggle between the

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Adams's programs faced opposition from various quarters. Many disagreed with his broad interpretation of the constitution and preferred that power be concentrated in state governments rather than the federal government. Others disliked interference from any level of government and were opposed to

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Taking office in the aftermath of the War of 1812, Adams thought that the country had been fortunate in avoiding territorial losses, and he prioritized avoiding another war with a European power, particularly Britain. He also sought to avoid exacerbating sectional tensions, which had been a major

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Adams served as Secretary of State during Monroe's eight-year presidency, from 1817 to 1825. Many of his successes as secretary, such as the convention of 1818 with the United Kingdom, the Transcontinental Treaty with Spain, and the Monroe Doctrine, were not preplanned strategies but responses to

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via consensual agreements, a priority shared by few whites in the 1820s. Yet Adams was also deeply committed to the westward expansion of the United States. Settlers on the frontier, constantly seeking to move westward, cried for a more expansionist policy that disregarded the concerns of Native

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In the 1830s, slavery emerged as an increasingly polarizing issue in the United States. A longtime opponent of slavery, Adams used his new role in Congress to fight it, and he became the most prominent national leader opposing slavery. After one of his reelection victories, he said that he must

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him as an average president, as he had an ambitious agenda but could not get it passed by Congress. By contrast, historians also view Adams in a more positive light during his post-presidency because of his vehement stance against slavery, as well as his fight for the rights of women and Native

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after him, Adams often suffered from depression, for which he sought treatment in early years. Adams thought his depression was due to the high expectations demanded of him by his father and mother. Throughout his life, he felt inadequate and socially awkward because of his depression, and was

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Vice President Calhoun joined Jackson's ticket, while Adams turned to Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush as his running mate. The 1828 election thus marked the first time in United States history that a presidential ticket composed of two Northerners faced off against a presidential ticket

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Adams presided over a harmonious and productive cabinet that he met with on a weekly basis. Like Monroe, Adams sought a geographically balanced cabinet that would represent the various party factions, and he asked the members of the Monroe cabinet to remain in place for his own administration.

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compelled Jackson to act, and he advised Spain to either secure the region or sell it to the United States. The British, meanwhile, declined to risk their recent rapprochement with the United States, and did not make a major diplomatic issue out of Jackson's execution of two British nationals.

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any petitions about slavery. Democrats and Southern Whigs favored the rule, but Northern Whigs, like Adams, opposed it. In late 1836, Adams began a campaign to ridicule slave owners and the gag rule. He frequently attempted to present anti-slavery petitions, often in ways that provoked strong

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Adams knew that his own victory in the contingent election would require the support of Clay, who wielded immense influence in the House of Representatives. Though they were quite different in temperament and had clashed in the past, Adams and Clay shared similar views on national issues. By

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on July 26, 1797. Shortly after the wedding, Joshua Johnson fled England to escape his creditors, and Adams did not receive the dowry that Johnson had promised him, much to the embarrassment of Louisa. Adams noted in his own diary that he had no regrets about his decision to marry Louisa.

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high rates on imported materials important to the economy of New England. It is unclear whether Van Buren, who shepherded the bill through Congress, meant for the bill to pass, or if he had deliberately designed it to force Adams and his allies to oppose it. Regardless, Adams signed the

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started an aggressive war, both houses of Congress declared war, with the House voting 174-to-14 to approve the declaration. One of the 14 dissenting votes was Adams, who believed that Polk was seeking to wage an offensive to expand slavery. After the start of the war, he supported the

3176:, for embezzlement. Though they had once maintained a cordial relationship, Adams and Jackson each came to loathe the other in the decades after the 1828 election. Adams grew bored with his retirement and still felt that his career was unfinished, so he ran for and won a seat in the 1764:. Adams's devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues, and he would remain inspired by those rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation were eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the 1818:

in 1809. Though Adams had only recently broken with the Federalist Party, his support of Jefferson's foreign policy had earned him goodwill with the Madison Administration. Adams was well-qualified for the role after his experiences in Europe generally and Russia specifically.

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of 1835–1836. Texas had largely been settled by Americans from the Southern United States, and many of those settlers owned slaves despite an 1829 Mexican law that abolished slavery. Many in the United States and Texas thus favored the admission of Texas into the union as a

2146:, which was ratified in February 1821. Adams was deeply proud of the treaty, though he privately was concerned by the potential expansion of slavery into the newly acquired territories. In 1824, the Monroe administration would strengthen US claims to Oregon by ratifying the 2007:'s North American territories. The president and his secretary of state developed a strong working relationship, and while Adams often influenced Monroe's policies, he respected that Monroe made the final decisions on major issues. Monroe met regularly with his five-person 2248:

Calhoun ended up receiving the Vice-presidential support of Adams supporters. While the other candidates based their candidacies on their long tenure as congressmen, ambassadors, or members of the cabinet, Jackson's appeal rested on his military service, especially in the

2391:, taking 99 of the 261 electoral votes, while Adams won 84, Crawford won 41, and Clay took 37. Calhoun, meanwhile, won a majority of the electoral votes for vice president. Adams nearly swept the electoral votes of New England and won a majority of the electoral votes in 2870:

In the immediate aftermath of the 1825 contingent election, Jackson was gracious to Adams. Nevertheless, Adams's appointment of Clay rankled Jackson, who received a flood of letters encouraging him to run. In 1825, Jackson accepted the presidential nomination of the

24728: 2189:, Monroe laid out the Monroe Doctrine, which was largely built upon Adams's ideas. In issuing the Monroe Doctrine, the United States displayed a new level of assertiveness in international relations, as the doctrine represented the country's first claim to a 3184:. His election went against the generally held opinion, shared by his own wife and youngest son, that former presidents should not run for public office. Nonetheless, he would win election to nine terms, serving from 1831 until his death in 1848. Adams and 1724:

Adams had strongly opposed Jefferson's 1800 presidential candidacy, but he gradually became alienated from the Federalist Party. His disaffection was driven by the party's declining popularity, disagreements over foreign policy, and Adams's hostility to

3828:, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard. John Quincy Adams tower, located in the Southwest residential area of the 2780:

conducted surveys for a bevy of potential roads, canals, railroads, and improvements in river navigation. Adams presided over major repairs and further construction on the National Road, and shortly after he left office the National Road extended from

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Rather than retiring from public service, Adams won election to the House of Representatives, where he would serve from 1831 until his death in 1848. He remains the only former president to be elected to the chamber. After narrowly losing his bids for

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also allowed the Monroe administration to pair the acquisition of Florida, which was chiefly sought by Southerners, with territorial gains favored primarily by those in the North. After extended negotiations, Spain and the United States agreed to the

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officers who served in the Mexican–American War. Adams had been a vehement critic of the war, and as Congressmen rose up to say, "Aye!" in favor of the measure, he instead yelled, "No!" He rose to answer a question put forth by Speaker of the House

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or North America. Adams and Clay instead sought engagement with Latin America to prevent it from falling under the British Empire's economic influence. As part of this goal, the administration favored sending a United States delegation to the

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States in "a war for slavery". Despite Adams's opposition, both houses of Congress approved the treaty, with most Democrats voting for annexation and most Whigs voting against it. Texas thus joined the United States as a slave state in 1845.

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Adams's personality and political beliefs were much like his father's. He always preferred solitary reading to social engagements, and he was repeatedly persuaded to stay in public service by others. Historian Paul Nagel states that, like

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took office as president. Federalist leaders in Massachusetts arranged for Adams's election to the United States Senate in 1802, but Adams broke with the Federalist Party over foreign policy and was denied re-election. In 1809, President

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Negotiations between Spain and the United States continued, and Spain agreed to cede Florida. The determination of the western boundary of the United States proved more difficult. American expansionists favored setting the border at the

24778: 3391:, an unsuccessful legislative proposal that would have banned slavery in any territory ceded by Mexico. After 1846, ill health increasingly affected Adams, but he continued to oppose the Mexican–American War until his death in 1848. 1874:

Adams had long feared that the United States would enter a war it could not win against Britain, and by early 1812, he saw such a war as inevitable due to the constant British attacks on American shipping and the British practice of

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score at 165. He reportedly spoke eight foreign languages (Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Russian, and Spanish), more than any other U.S. president. He remains the only U.S. president who could converse in Russian.

3378:, and he attempted to buy the province from Mexico. The Mexican government refused to sell California or recognize the independence and subsequent American annexation of Texas. Polk deployed a military detachment led by General 14115: 11572: 3574:

in Washington, D.C.; his only living child, Charles Francis, did not arrive in time to see his father alive. His last words were "This is the last of Earth. I am content". Among those present for his death was future president

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Adams had served with James K. Polk in the House of Representatives, and Adams loathed the new president, seeing him as another expansionist, pro-slavery Southern Democrat. Adams favored the annexation of the entirety of

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Tyler had initially sent the treaty to the Senate; the Constitution provides that a two-thirds vote of the Senate is required to ratify any treaty. After the 1844 election, Tyler asked Congress to approve the treaty via

14098: 2415:, and he was unwilling to support Crawford due to the latter's health issues. Adams and Clay met before the contingent election, and Clay agreed to support Adams in the election. Adams also met with Federalists such as 2095:

bordered the territory acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase, but no clear boundary had been established between United States and Spanish territory. After taking office, Adams began negotiations with

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that left him partially paralyzed. After a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress. When Adams entered the House chamber on February 13, 1847, everyone "stood up and applauded".

14144: 3246:, the Anti-Masonic Party nominated Adams in a four-way race between Adams, the National Republican candidate, the Democratic candidate, and a candidate of the Working Men's Party. The National Republican candidate, 1163: 2030:

During his time as ambassador to Britain, Adams had begun negotiations over several contentious issues that had not been solved by the War of 1812 or the Treaty of Ghent. In 1817, the two countries agreed to the

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approached, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun (who later dropped out of the race), and William H. Crawford appeared to be Adams's primary competition to succeed Monroe. Crawford favored state sovereignty and a

21457: 2100:, the Spanish minister to the United States, for the purchase of Florida and the settlement of a border between the United States and New Spain. The negotiations were interrupted by an escalation of the 14585: 4600: 4000: 1717:. Though somewhat reluctant to affiliate with any political party, Adams joined the Federalist minority in Congress. Like his Federalist colleagues, he opposed the impeachment of Associate Justice 8768: 2407:. The House would decide among the top three electoral vote winners, with each state's delegation having one vote; thus, unlike his three rivals, Clay was not eligible to be elected by the House. 24598: 1980:

issue for the country during the War of 1812. One of the major challenges confronting Adams was how to respond to the power vacuum in Latin America that arose from Spain's weakness following the

1776:. Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to the American debate, viewing its multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence". His 18608: 2833:, was constructed during Adams's presidency. Though many of these projects were undertaken by private actors, the government often provided money or land to aid the completion of such projects. 5777:; John Quincy Adams; speech transcript; (1825); via Peters, Gerhard and Woolley, John T.; The American Presidency Project online; University of California Santa Barbara; accessed January 2020 1772:

ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis. He was also influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher

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Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role before taking office. As the

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After resigning from the Senate, Adams was ostracized by Massachusetts Federalist leaders, but he declined Democratic-Republican entreaties to seek office. In 1809, he argued before the

24638: 24633: 24628: 14224: 1838:. Louisa was initially distraught at the prospect of living in Russia, but she became a popular figure at the Russian court. From his diplomatic post, Adams observed the French Emperor 2748:

and the possibility for more revenue via land sales, Adams argued for the completion of several projects that were in various stages of construction or planning, including a road from

12217: 12052: 11799: 11605: 10961: 24768: 2431:. Adams's victory made him the first child of a president to serve as president himself. After the election, many of Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had reached a " 1087: 2091:, which the U.S. had long sought to purchase. Spain struggled to control the Indian tribes active in Florida, and some of those tribes raided United States territory. To the west, 8769: 18174: 2403:, and some electoral votes from the Northwest. As no candidate won a majority of the electoral votes, the House was required to hold a contingent election under the terms of the 1749:, the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature elected Adams's successor several months before the end of his term, and Adams resigned from the Senate shortly thereafter. 24588: 24578: 9354: 3990: 21069: 17731: 14578: 12476: 12179: 12014: 11761: 9000: 3995: 24668: 21660: 1475:

in 1784. Though Adams enjoyed Europe, he and his family decided he needed to return to the United States to complete his education and eventually launch a political career.

997: 1673:, though he could never complete an agreement with Sweden. He frequently wrote to family members in the United States, and in 1801 his letters about the Prussian region of 24653: 24583: 13698: 21589: 21303: 21077: 18616: 18600: 9032: 2467: 1219:, Adams spent much of his youth in Europe, where his father served as a diplomat. After returning to the United States, Adams established a successful legal practice in 20467: 9190: 3472:. Adams appeared on February 24, 1841, and spoke for four hours. His argument succeeded: the Court ruled that the Africans were free and they returned to their homes. 19459: 14571: 24773: 24225: 24080: 23912: 23723: 23534: 23331: 23168: 22979: 22807: 22573: 22351: 22130: 14594: 10083: 10050: 10017: 8966: 8954: 8942: 3704: 1729:, a Federalist Party leader whom Adams viewed as overly favorable to Britain. Unlike other New England Federalists, Adams supported the Jefferson administration's 1670: 22038: 21183: 14217: 1602:

with Great Britain. Adams supported the Jay Treaty, but it proved unpopular with many in the United States, contributing to a growing partisan split between the

20101: 19804: 2968:, which became known as the "Tariff of Abominations" by opponents. Adams was denounced in the South, and he received little credit for the tariff in the North. 24718: 12210: 12045: 11792: 11598: 11552: 10954: 3775: 3181: 1992:. The weights and measures report, a particular passion of Adams', provided an extensive historical perspective on the topic and advocated for adoption of the 1364: 1307:, the establishment of a national university, and engagement with the countries of Latin America, but Congress refused to pass many of his initiatives. During 1319:. The Democrats proved to be more effective political organizers than Adams and his National Republican supporters, and Jackson soundly defeated Adams in the 24563: 23215: 23084: 16422: 13335: 12730: 12514: 9107: 7592: 7116: 3631:

Adams and Louisa had three sons and a daughter. Their daughter, Louisa, was born in 1811, but died in 1812, from unknown reasons. They named their first son

1901: 1300: 992: 12009: 7784: 1296: 24648: 24573: 13086: 8826: 7389: 3212: 1949:, and he chose the respected and experienced Adams for the role. Having spent several years in Europe, Adams returned to the United States in August 1817. 1883:. Tsar Alexander attempted to mediate the conflict between Britain and the United States, and President Madison appointed Adams, Secretary of the Treasury 1847: 1245: 3235:, which lowered rates, but not enough to mollify the South Carolina nullifiers. The crisis ended when Clay and Calhoun agreed to another tariff bill, the 2185:

colonize or re-take control of territory in the Americas, while also committing the United States to neutrality in European affairs. In his December 1823

1669:

with France, although President Adams also relied heavily on his official staff for such advice and not primarily on his son. In 1799, Adams negotiated a

24678: 24593: 18182: 18166: 9299: 9294: 9024: 2404: 1826:, Adams arrived in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg in October 1809. He quickly established a productive working relationship with Russian official 2776:

Unlike other aspects of his domestic agenda, Adams won congressional approval for several ambitious infrastructure projects. Between 1824 and 1828, the

24763: 24733: 19845: 18990: 18981: 17722: 14210: 14110: 10198: 9008: 3700: 1248:, Adams held diplomatic posts for the duration of Madison's presidency, and he served as part of the American delegation that negotiated an end to the 1112: 171: 3635:(1801–1829) after the first president. This decision upset Adams's mother, and, by her account, his father as well. Both George and their second son, 24193: 24034: 23880: 23691: 23475: 23299: 23136: 22947: 22775: 22527: 22319: 22098: 21337: 21166: 14233: 14127: 13715: 13707: 12203: 12038: 11785: 11591: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11202: 10947: 9817: 9016: 8989: 3864: 3553:

John Quincy Adams during his final hours of life after his collapse in the Capitol. Drawing in pencil by Arthur Joseph Stansbury, digitally restored.

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Parsons, Lynn Hudson (2003). "In Which the Political Becomes Personal, and Vice Versa: the Last Ten Years of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson".

7544: 24663: 19468: 13691: 10830: 10166: 4427: 3108:. Though the United States delegation finally won confirmation from the Senate, it never reached the Congress of Panama due to the Senate's delay. 2458:

on March 4, 1825, becoming the first son of a former United States president to himself become president, a feat only repeated 176 years later by

24783: 24738: 24538: 21250: 21200: 18593: 10840: 10549: 10123: 7337: 3521:

in 1846. A nonpolitical board of regents was established to lead the institution, which included a museum, art gallery, library, and laboratory.

1303:

Henry Clay, whom Adams would controversially appoint as his secretary of state. As president, Adams called for an ambitious agenda that included

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Some sources contend that in 1843 Adams sat for the earliest confirmed photograph of a United States president, although others maintain that

3374:, which divided the land between the two claimants at the 49th parallel. Polk's expansionist aims centered instead on the Mexican province of 24698: 21464: 21097: 21085: 19452: 16368: 16282: 16138: 16057: 15918: 15723: 15508: 15288: 15033: 14833: 14603: 10800: 10088: 8946: 7822: 286: 6495: 21058: 13212: 12481: 12184: 12019: 11766: 11458: 10875: 10850: 10815: 10790: 3417:"bring about a day prophesied when slavery and war shall be banished from the face of the Earth". He wrote in his private journal in 1820: 24758: 24608: 21418: 17552: 13684: 11222: 11162: 10795: 9687: 9082: 8921: 7367: 4010: 3055:. Agreements with Denmark and Sweden opened their colonies to American trade, but Adams was especially focused on opening trade with the 1850:. The nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate, but Adams declined the seat, preferring a career in politics and diplomacy, so 1591: 1017: 554: 3100:

foreign policy established by President Washington, many Southerners opposed involvement with any conference attended by delegates from

2168:

As the Spanish Empire continued to fracture during Monroe's second term, Adams, Monroe and Clay became increasingly concerned that the "

24788: 24613: 20309: 18586: 15157: 13132: 11518: 11448: 11408: 11398: 11388: 11260: 11172: 10845: 10835: 10820: 7570: 3298:. Adams's firm stance may have played a role in discouraging Van Buren from pushing for the annexation of Texas during his presidency. 2395:, but he won just six electoral votes from the slave states. Most of Jackson's support came from slave-holding states, but he also won 2063:

relations, as the United States focused on its southern and western borders and British concerns about American expansionism subsided.

2060: 1918:. The American delegation unanimously rejected this offer, and their negotiating position was bolstered by the American victory in the 1907:. Adams, the nominal head of the delegation, got along well with Gallatin, Bayard, and Russell, but he occasionally clashed with Clay. 7311: 5655: 2087:

When Adams took office, Spanish possessions bordered the United States to the south and west. To the south, Spain retained control of

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In 1836, partially in response to Adams's consistent presentation of citizen petitions requesting the abolition of slavery in the

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One of the major foreign policy goals of the Adams administration was the expansion of American trade. His administration reached

21527: 21047: 20362: 20192: 19888: 18159: 17624: 17604: 17512: 17497: 16942: 13640: 13438: 12863: 11562: 11528: 11428: 10928: 10895: 10890: 10880: 10865: 10288: 9753: 8978: 2691: 2568: 1923: 1888: 489: 244: 24504: 12584: 3231:, and they announced that they would bar the federal government from enforcing the tariff in their state. Adams helped pass the 3164:

Adams considered permanently retiring from public life after his 1828 defeat, and he was deeply hurt by the suicide of his son,

23425: 22559: 21444: 19883: 18974: 17715: 17594: 17567: 16682: 15342: 14702: 14442: 14272: 11508: 11498: 11418: 10860: 10000: 9992: 9834: 9364: 9359: 9283: 9211: 3647:, was an important leader of the "Conscience Whigs", a Northern, anti-slavery faction of the Whig Party. Charles served as the 3435: 3177: 2718:, who would become a prominent advocate of internal improvements and protective tariffs within the administration. Adams chose 1710: 1527: 1105: 938: 338: 215: 1181:

from 1817 to 1825. During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams served as an ambassador and also as a member of the

24713: 21910: 21848: 21537: 21520: 21113: 19050: 17689: 17562: 17427: 15982: 15762: 15317: 14847: 14647: 14422: 11488: 9556: 9266: 9185: 8785: 8677: 8636: 8614: 8595: 8522: 8468: 8429: 8381: 8298: 8276: 8253: 8234: 8213: 8192: 8127: 8108: 8046: 8027: 8004: 7945: 7741: 7650:"Presidential IQ, Openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives" 7520: 7271: 7238: 7091: 5274: 4387: 4301: 4225: 3837: 3036: 2983: 2777: 2000: 1662: 3875:

has been proposed in Washington, D.C., honoring Adams and his wife, son, father, mother, and other members of their family.

24256: 24109: 23977: 23846: 21298: 21026: 18206: 17002: 15572: 13137: 12500: 10900: 8391:

Thompson, Robert R. (1991). "John Quincy Adams, Apostate: From "Outrageous Federalist" to "Republican Exile," 1801- 1809".

8308:

Potkay, Adam S. (1999). "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams".

4949:

Potkay, Adam S. (1999). "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams".

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In the mid-1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party, the National Republicans, and other groups opposed to Jackson coalesced into the

2027:. Adams developed a strong respect for Calhoun but believed that Crawford was unduly focused on succeeding Monroe in 1824. 1642: 1435:

In 1778, Adams and his father departed for Europe, where John Adams would serve as part of American diplomatic missions in

3189: 1518:. Despite some early struggles, he was successful as an attorney and established financial independence from his parents. 24688: 24418: 24213: 24066: 23497: 23319: 23156: 23008: 22836: 21532: 21061: 20425: 20255: 19115: 19105: 18639: 18201: 15562: 14462: 14452: 13591: 13072: 13010: 11468: 11310: 10939: 10629: 10009: 9736: 9711: 9680: 9087: 8859: 3829: 3350: 3342: 3247: 3044: 2663: 2637: 2530: 1741:. Adams became increasingly frustrated with the unwillingness of other Federalists to condemn British actions, including 1687:

The Origins and Principles of the American Revolution, Compared with the Origins and Principles of the French Revolution,

1650: 1511: 592: 497: 84: 9077: 3779:

He spoke of trying to serve as a man above the "baneful weed of party strife" at the precise moment in history when the

1012: 860: 24703: 21812: 18152: 17487: 17092: 15267: 15022: 11478: 10649: 9743: 9602: 9246: 8085: 3570:. Two days later, on February 23, he died at 7:20 p.m. with his wife at his side in the Speaker's Room inside the 3465: 3400: 2138: 2134: 1815: 1797: 1068: 443: 20: 8330: 4888: 2943:, Adams's opponents picked up seats throughout the country, as allies of Adams failed to coordinate among themselves. 1339:, which united those opposed to President Jackson. During his time in Congress, Adams became increasingly critical of 24693: 22926: 18967: 17708: 16687: 13154: 13120: 10579: 10499: 9339: 9052: 8446: 3660: 3354: 3228: 3097: 2765: 2482:

provided for broad constitutional authority. He promised that he would ask Congress to authorize many such projects.

2455: 2388: 1360: 1292: 1098: 987: 943: 1363:. Historians concur that Adams was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history; they 24558: 24548: 20476: 20334: 20158: 19437: 18819: 17172: 14727: 13749: 13513: 13389: 13357: 13144: 12808: 12372: 12245: 10569: 10133: 9856: 9072: 8992: 8845: 3825: 3656: 3409: 2933: 2723: 2694:

were Andrew Jackson and William Crawford, but each declined to serve in the administration. Adams instead selected

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prevented the state of Georgia from invalidating a land sale to out-of-state companies. Later that year, President

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Morgan, William G. "John Quincy Adams Versus Andrew Jackson: Their Biographers And The 'Corrupt Bargain' Charge."

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Adams is widely regarded as one of the most effective diplomats and secretaries of state in American history, but

3723: 24683: 24643: 21897: 21676: 21563: 21413: 21408: 21403: 21398: 20414: 20263: 20244: 17988: 16162: 14912: 14437: 13654: 13556: 13164: 13159: 13110: 13036: 12999: 12938: 12883: 12641: 12628: 12414: 11685: 11659: 10719: 10669: 10599: 10539: 10519: 10399: 10369: 10319: 9532: 9408: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9057: 8914: 8837: 4328: 3735: 3443: 2988: 2885: 2757: 2703: 2667: 2623: 2444: 2253: 2044: 2024: 2020: 2003:, peace with the United Kingdom, rejection of a trade agreement with the French, and peaceful expansion into the 1343:

and of the Southern leaders whom he believed controlled the Democratic Party. He was particularly opposed to the

1308: 1194: 982: 14392: 3480: 24708: 24603: 24172: 21832: 21819: 21500: 21449: 21212: 21050: 20406: 20381: 20322: 20302: 20230: 20211: 20146: 18373: 17347: 15382: 15372: 13548: 13493: 13179: 12967: 12906: 12559: 10559: 10489: 10439: 10389: 10339: 10297: 9875: 9251: 9216: 8981: 7938:

Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II

4127:, which had been called by anti-war Federalists to discuss their grievances against the Madison administration. 3845: 3821: 2794: 2687: 2671: 2618: 2587: 2513: 2194: 1563: 1269: 1174: 65: 7106:"Smithsonian Information Brochure", Smithsonian Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, May 2009 22053: 21904: 21843: 21647: 21224: 20623: 19252: 19185: 18684: 18664: 15592: 15582: 14952: 14757: 14732: 13784: 13317: 13304: 13291: 13278: 13265: 13018: 12834: 12195: 12030: 11777: 11583: 10659: 10639: 10609: 10469: 10449: 9550: 9349: 8576: 4711: 3878:

Adams's middle name of Quincy has been used by several locations in the United States, including the town of

3156: 2940: 2798: 2147: 1910:

The British delegation initially treated the United States as a defeated power, demanding the creation of an

640: 5054:"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" 1557: 24618: 24292: 24145: 24013: 21825: 21750: 21629: 21510: 20318: 20142: 20126: 19829: 16717: 15937: 15927: 15737: 15142: 13660: 13380: 12799: 10739: 10619: 10589: 10479: 10459: 10379: 9369: 9256: 9171: 3863:(far left) and John Quincy Adams (right) and their wives Abigail and Louisa, in a family crypt beneath the 3817: 3761: 3460: 3291: 2008: 1340: 913: 9166: 1862: 24470: 24185: 24026: 23872: 23683: 23467: 23291: 23128: 22939: 22767: 22519: 21652: 21089: 19903: 19898: 19421: 19396: 18789: 17492: 16992: 16927: 16637: 14867: 14852: 14667: 14262: 13345: 12776: 12564: 12523: 11827: 11731: 11633: 11006: 10709: 10679: 10419: 10349: 10281: 10234: 9907: 9810: 7649: 7548: 3833: 3201: 3168:, in 1829. He was appalled by many of the Jackson administration's actions, including its embrace of the 2921: 2893: 2830: 1611: 1205: 690: 326: 8850: 3501:

of Knowledge among men". After the nephew died without heirs in 1835, President Andrew Jackson informed

1404:, John Adams maintained a correspondence with his son, encouraging him to read works by authors such as 24523: 24356: 22311: 22251: 22090: 21595: 21558: 21542: 21330: 21308: 21283: 21101: 20758: 19584: 19549: 19210: 19195: 19035: 18784: 16657: 16607: 16357: 16307: 15537: 15082: 13899: 13220: 13099: 13024: 12569: 12338: 10759: 10749: 10729: 10699: 10509: 10359: 9644: 9273: 8907: 7463: 3967: 3610: 3591: 3267: 2479: 2229: 1984:. In addition to his foreign policy role, Adams held several domestic duties, including overseeing the 1958: 1503: 1499: 1336: 1209: 708: 671: 21782: 19814: 13174: 10429: 7345: 2760:, was designed to unite disparate regional interests in the promotion of a thriving national economy. 21922: 21638: 21579: 21188: 20698: 20693: 20295: 20287: 19559: 19539: 19514: 19484: 19267: 19200: 19095: 18844: 18405: 18108: 17896: 16877: 16612: 15137: 14892: 13819: 13095: 13030: 12889: 12534: 12312: 12130: 11839: 10689: 9980: 9946: 9597: 9479: 9378: 8804: 8663: 5592: 3644: 2790: 1985: 1843: 1587: 1490:

and excelled academically, graduating second in his class in 1787. After graduating from Harvard, he

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occupied by both the United States and Britain, and was disappointed when President Polk signed the

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National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

24487: 21423: 9314: 9151: 3675: 3405: 2143: 2076: 1846:, which ended in defeat for the French. In February 1811, President Madison nominated Adams as an 1257: 1169:; July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, politician, diplomat, lawyer, and 1036: 966: 24247: 24100: 23950: 23826: 23668: 21916: 21876: 21737: 21369: 21359: 21342: 21325: 21234: 21133: 20963: 20703: 20578: 20119: 19822: 19689: 19529: 19180: 19065: 18416: 18255: 17507: 17382: 17307: 16077: 15797: 15427: 14722: 14712: 14312: 13617: 13363: 13325: 12950: 10769: 10176: 9537: 9473: 9459: 9445: 7733: 7370:. Adams Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019 3914: 3895: 3632: 3563: 3518: 3507: 3367: 3165: 2739: 2686:, an important position that was not part of the cabinet at that time. Adams's first choices for 1479: 931: 799: 752: 21584: 21495: 20111: 8478:

McMillan, Richard (2001). "Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain or the Birth of Modern Politics?".

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The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

3639:(1803–1834), led troubled lives and died in early adulthood. George, who had long suffered from 1579: 24753: 24436: 23808: 23799: 23628: 23619: 23452: 23434: 22073: 21860: 21787: 21742: 21349: 21229: 21148: 21123: 20948: 20878: 20793: 20007: 19969: 19684: 19629: 19386: 19324: 19075: 18659: 18522: 18464: 18038: 18033: 17821: 16817: 16807: 16537: 16427: 16322: 16312: 16292: 16097: 16087: 14927: 13959: 13286: 13269: 13229: 12987: 12846: 12549: 12297: 11238: 11198: 11088: 10395: 10274: 10108: 9455: 9067: 7613:(1986). "Presidential Greatness: The Historical Consensus and Its Psychological Significance". 7263: 6622: 4065:(then called Braintree), where Adams was born. All of the other Quincy place names are locally 3902: 3883: 3626: 3598: 3502: 3302: 3220: 2435:" whereby Adams promised Clay the position of Secretary of State in return for Clay's support. 2225: 1182: 926: 794: 7686: 4379: 1542: 24568: 22584: 22371: 22150: 21758: 21611: 21505: 21320: 20898: 20868: 20598: 20558: 20533: 20445: 19779: 19719: 19664: 19190: 18939: 18894: 18859: 18459: 18449: 18363: 18325: 18018: 17921: 17881: 16997: 16787: 16377: 16287: 15887: 15652: 15527: 15417: 15337: 15332: 14517: 14432: 14352: 13994: 13537: 13519: 13464: 12752: 12455: 12380: 10625: 9421: 9124: 9062: 7757: 7510: 7315: 7197: 4271: 4267: 4217: 4211: 4062: 3985: 3887: 3855: 3849: 3784: 3739: 3727: 3602: 3571: 2977: 2877: 2876:

annual message to Congress further galvanized the opposition, with important figures such as

2261:, Clay and Jackson were strong in the West, and Jackson and Crawford competed for the South. 2249: 2233: 2032: 1919: 1831: 1549: 1393: 1323:, making Adams the second president to fail to win re-election (his father being the first). 1304: 14202: 7725: 4367: 3207:

Adams expected a light workload when he returned to Washington at 64 years old, but Speaker

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served as his strongest advocates in Congress. Supporters of Adams began calling themselves

24624:

Anti-Masonic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

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Adams also became a leading force for the promotion of science. In 1829, British scientist

3489: 3216: 3093: 2929: 2782: 1989: 1911: 1765: 1714: 1706: 346: 298: 24: 24453: 10969: 6546:"Claims, Contracts, and Customs: Public Accountability and a Department of Law, 1789-1849" 8: 23763: 23398: 23387: 23351: 23242: 23233: 23188: 23113: 23037: 22872: 22602: 22407: 22242: 22026: 21883: 21838: 21574: 21384: 21012: 20943: 20913: 20823: 20798: 20738: 20678: 20628: 20613: 20200: 19870: 19774: 19739: 19679: 19649: 19609: 19604: 19381: 19344: 19277: 19272: 19262: 19220: 19170: 19120: 18869: 18839: 18709: 18669: 18649: 18500: 18400: 18390: 18384: 18320: 18093: 18083: 18043: 18028: 18023: 17998: 17936: 17906: 17352: 17187: 17022: 16897: 16832: 16822: 16707: 16697: 16582: 16517: 16472: 16317: 16262: 16102: 16037: 15997: 15897: 15857: 15772: 15667: 15432: 15212: 14982: 14922: 14877: 14747: 14327: 13476: 13351: 13149: 12944: 12895: 12707: 11955: 11266: 11158: 11050: 10575: 10495: 9923: 9697: 9544: 9400: 9241: 8696: 8267:

The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828

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On February 21, 1848, the House of Representatives was discussing the matter of honoring

3422: 3321: 3064: 3060: 3056: 2916:) had emerged. Aside from Clay, Adams lacked strong supporters outside of the North, and 2846: 2190: 2048: 2012: 1746: 1734: 1682: 1413: 1401: 1280: 1265: 1240:, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to 604: 21128: 10253: 4097:. Though not accurate, this pronunciation is also commonly used for Adams's middle name. 2112:

that had raided Georgia. Exceeding his orders, Jackson captured the Spanish outposts of

1999:

Monroe and Adams agreed on most major foreign policy issues: both favored neutrality in

1806:, and the Supreme Court ultimately agreed with Adams's argument that the Constitution's 23772: 23581: 23407: 23251: 22177: 21807: 21684: 21390: 21313: 20873: 20673: 20528: 20513: 20433: 20395: 20275: 20041: 20012: 19978: 19941: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19554: 19391: 19307: 19297: 19282: 19140: 19135: 19125: 19055: 19030: 18809: 18804: 18779: 18270: 18260: 18088: 17931: 17916: 17599: 17517: 17452: 17272: 17167: 17107: 17042: 17007: 16987: 16982: 16827: 16752: 16577: 16562: 16522: 16512: 16492: 16222: 16027: 16017: 15967: 15892: 15867: 15817: 15637: 15617: 15522: 15447: 15442: 15177: 15167: 15132: 15047: 14962: 14937: 14782: 14772: 14637: 14512: 14482: 14317: 14081: 14069: 14014: 14004: 13879: 13599: 13580: 13562: 13531: 13507: 13369: 13127: 13064: 13048: 12926: 12877: 12680: 12667: 12544: 12396: 11360: 11148: 10565: 10075: 10065: 9976: 9607: 8700: 8557: 8408: 8358: 8184: 8074: 8039:

The Lost Founding Father: John Quincy Adams and the Transformation of American Politics

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The Golden Age of the Classics in America: Greece Rome and the Antebellum United States

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Cannibals of the Heart: A Personal Biography of Louisa Catherine and John Quincy Adams

4707:"Private Letters and Public Diplomacy: The Adams Network and the Quasi-War, 1797-1798" 2955: 1896:, where Adams, Gallatin, and Bayard were joined by two additional American delegates, 1737:

of 1806 that punished Britain for its attacks on American shipping during the ongoing

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and expansionist policies. Adams was the lone Federalist in Congress to vote for the

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Adams returned to the United States in 1785 and earned admission as a member of the

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Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

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Heir to the Fathers: John Quincy Adams and the Spirit of Constitutional Government

6496:"Opinion: A history lesson on presidents who snub their successors' inaugurations" 6105:

Remini, Robert V. (July 1958). "Martin Van Buren and the Tariff of Abominations".

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includes over 14,000 books written in twelve languages. The library is located at

3219:, which stemmed largely from Southern objections to the high rates imposed by the 24394: 24319: 24283: 24136: 24004: 23857: 23637: 23599: 23278: 23046: 22999: 22899: 22863: 22827: 22687: 22622: 22613: 22497: 22488: 22425: 22416: 22362: 22278: 22269: 22224: 22188: 22168: 22141: 21470: 21143: 20993: 20988: 20973: 20908: 20858: 20843: 20753: 20733: 20568: 20553: 20518: 20219: 20066: 20002: 19878: 19865: 19754: 19654: 19589: 19544: 19150: 19130: 19080: 19025: 18729: 18704: 18689: 18674: 18551: 18545: 18533: 18474: 18469: 18429: 18378: 18348: 18330: 18290: 18133: 17901: 17876: 17871: 17816: 17769: 17754: 17472: 17442: 17432: 17422: 17417: 17407: 17332: 17247: 17242: 17182: 17157: 17152: 17132: 17102: 17052: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16852: 16797: 16772: 16767: 16692: 16677: 16572: 16547: 16532: 16527: 16507: 16487: 16412: 16277: 16272: 16202: 16197: 16187: 16177: 16172: 16152: 16127: 16072: 16052: 16022: 16007: 15987: 15977: 15972: 15962: 15942: 15902: 15877: 15872: 15822: 15812: 15792: 15777: 15732: 15712: 15612: 15607: 15547: 15532: 15492: 15437: 15397: 15377: 15312: 15307: 15257: 15237: 15162: 15152: 15122: 15102: 15092: 15072: 15067: 14987: 14972: 14967: 14872: 14797: 14767: 14752: 14742: 14717: 14707: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14672: 14472: 14357: 14292: 14287: 14247: 14122: 14034: 13999: 13909: 13894: 13844: 13834: 13764: 13629: 13574: 13415: 13251: 13233: 12993: 12956: 12871: 12746: 12711: 12702: 12693: 12539: 12354: 12113: 11984: 11963: 11923: 11876: 11514: 11444: 11404: 11394: 11384: 11346: 11336: 11256: 11208: 11168: 10655: 10635: 10605: 10465: 10445: 10042: 9146: 9141: 8841: 8667: 8584: 3948: 3944: 3793: 3696: 3688: 3648: 3576: 3375: 3015:

Adams famously said "America goes not abroad, in search of monsters to destroy".

2913: 2909: 2905: 2535: 2432: 2163: 2151: 2088: 2052: 2016: 1884: 1807: 1745:, and he moved closer to the Jefferson administration. After Adams supported the 1738: 1483: 1448: 1261: 1193:, who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801, and 961: 644: 90: 8669:

Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848

8490:

Morgan, William G. "Henry Clay's Biographers and the 'Corrupt Bargain' Charge."

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breaking with the Adams administration. By the end of the first session of the

2856: 2826: 2459: 2416: 2181: 2105: 2056: 2040: 2004: 1981: 1867: 1835: 1567: 1487: 1456: 1452: 1440: 1359:", which had prevented the House of Representatives from debating petitions to 1276: 1241: 1228: 1002: 971: 828: 114: 12492: 12225: 12060: 11807: 11613: 8866: 8177: 7847: 5772: 1681:. During his time in Prussia, Adams befriended the German diplomat and writer 881: 24517: 24301: 24154: 23781: 23590: 23545: 23416: 23342: 23260: 23179: 22990: 22818: 22741: 22714: 22660: 22593: 22461: 22398: 22389: 22233: 22215: 22206: 22069: 21928: 21868: 21792: 21476: 20828: 20788: 20778: 20748: 20743: 20688: 20648: 20618: 20503: 20389: 20071: 20061: 20031: 19789: 19769: 19744: 19614: 19599: 19564: 19519: 19504: 19411: 19312: 19302: 19155: 19110: 19100: 18934: 18914: 18834: 18694: 18300: 18250: 18128: 18008: 17983: 17973: 17831: 17669: 17664: 17542: 17537: 17482: 17412: 17337: 17287: 17277: 17267: 17197: 17147: 17142: 17122: 16952: 16872: 16747: 16672: 16667: 16647: 16477: 16407: 16397: 16392: 16192: 16062: 15837: 15807: 15787: 15742: 15627: 15602: 15597: 15482: 15422: 15407: 15327: 15247: 15232: 15207: 15187: 15172: 15112: 15012: 14627: 14617: 14532: 14497: 14417: 14282: 14194:

List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States

14151: 14054: 14044: 13924: 13884: 13779: 13774: 13501: 13482: 12828: 12650: 12637: 12574: 12422: 11938: 11651: 11374: 11296: 10705: 10675: 10415: 10345: 10158: 10032: 9726: 9524: 9485: 8812: 8710: 8687: 8568: 8553: 8354: 8346: 8321: 8164: 7979: 7281: 4912: 4904: 4732: 4183: 4111: 3906: 3731: 3636: 3549: 3371: 3346: 3169: 3080: 3076: 2695: 2592: 2169: 2101: 1993: 1879:. In mid-1812, the United States declared war against Britain, beginning the 1811: 1701:

On his return to the United States, Adams re-established a legal practice in

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selected Adams as his secretary of state. In that role, Adams negotiated the

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A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America

8731: 7971: 2936:. In the press, they were often described as "Adams Men" and "Jackson Men". 2079:, the United States acquired Florida and set the western border of the 1803 1788: 24310: 24163: 23900: 23711: 23520: 23073: 22917: 22752: 22669: 22470: 22296: 21976: 21970: 21946: 21195: 21178: 20968: 20953: 20923: 20893: 20853: 20833: 20813: 20808: 20683: 20603: 20583: 20538: 20523: 20370: 20238: 20166: 20149: 20081: 20076: 19997: 19874: 19749: 19594: 19534: 19329: 19242: 19237: 19165: 19015: 18849: 18539: 18454: 18353: 18118: 18103: 17866: 17836: 17806: 17764: 17659: 17477: 17257: 17222: 17127: 17112: 16967: 16937: 16867: 16722: 16467: 16437: 16352: 16207: 16122: 15932: 15907: 15747: 15702: 15697: 15682: 15642: 15557: 15487: 15272: 15227: 15057: 15017: 14917: 14882: 14862: 14807: 14737: 14537: 14477: 14407: 14372: 14302: 14252: 14093: 14009: 13989: 13949: 13929: 13814: 13789: 13648: 13452: 13446: 13207: 13115: 12932: 12840: 12676: 12663: 12447: 12157: 11680: 11524: 11424: 11286: 10755: 10745: 10725: 10695: 10355: 10148: 9900: 9849: 9793: 9656: 9623: 9497: 9467: 8145: 7205: 5053: 4514: 3940: 3808: 3797: 3606: 3451: 3253: 2992: 2715: 2711: 2573: 2400: 1972: 1942: 1937:

In May 1815, Adams learned that President Madison had appointed him as the

1931: 1851: 1718: 1630: 1468: 1409: 1253: 724: 435: 102: 43: 7958:(1997). "'A Republican in a Monarchy': Louisa Catherine Adams in Russia". 7164: 6625:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 5595:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 4724: 3601:

in Washington, D.C. Later, he was interred in the family burial ground in

3345:

due to the latter's opposition to annexation; the party instead nominated

1231:, and Adams would serve in high-ranking diplomatic posts until 1801, when 24328: 24265: 24118: 23986: 23941: 23817: 23657: 23269: 22732: 22705: 22678: 22479: 21964: 21940: 21700: 20958: 20863: 20783: 20543: 20498: 20051: 20046: 19784: 19401: 19318: 18884: 18774: 18621: 18562: 18528: 17634: 17357: 17302: 16652: 16642: 16602: 16567: 16557: 16442: 16387: 16232: 16157: 15782: 15657: 15542: 15362: 15277: 15262: 15117: 15097: 14612: 14367: 14163: 14059: 14039: 11504: 11494: 11414: 10685: 10098: 9580: 9574: 9491: 9178: 8788:

was created from a revision of this article dated 13 March 2019

8718:

Butterfield, L. H.; Taylor, Robert J.; Ryerson, Richard A., eds. (1961).

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on behalf of African slaves who had revolted and seized the Spanish ship

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candidate played an important role in the election; Adams was popular in

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Nation Builder: John Quincy Adams and the Grand Strategy of the Republic

7987: 7394:. Also available from Internet Archive as archived on December 24, 2019. 4154:, which would require a simple majority vote in both houses of Congress. 2059:, would be jointly occupied. The agreement marked a watershed moment in 24406: 21515: 21293: 21035: 20918: 20708: 20588: 20488: 20342: 20091: 19844: 19764: 19759: 18634: 17846: 17811: 17759: 17749: 17732:

Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's

17557: 17342: 16457: 14957: 14802: 14542: 14139: 13944: 13864: 13799: 13397: 13282: 13273: 13260: 13242: 13216: 12788: 12770: 12758: 12716: 12615: 12602: 12330: 11863: 11739: 11484: 11326: 11118: 11060: 11030: 10996: 10405: 10325: 9959: 9919: 9866: 9509: 9261: 8561: 8505: 8495: 8412: 8283: 7634: 7193: 6569: 6545: 6126: 4107: 3926: 3860: 3841: 3832:, is named for the president. In 1870, Charles Francis built the first 3783:

was emerging with nearly revolutionary force. Biographer and historian

3640: 3383: 3310: 3122: 3028: 3000: 2829:. Additionally, the first passenger railroad in the United States, the 2810: 2719: 2659: 2554: 2396: 2211: 2126: 1904: 1823: 1773: 1713:. In February 1803, the Massachusetts legislature elected Adams to the 1599: 1471:. He returned to the Netherlands in 1783 and accompanied his father to 1405: 1377: 1284: 1190: 773: 523: 163: 21538:

Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

20317: 10971:

Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

8834: 8736: 7593:"Poindexter in Chief: Presidential IQs and Success in the Oval Office" 4706: 4332: 2764:

central planning. Some in the South feared that Adams was secretly an

1752:

While a member of the Senate, Adams served as a professor of logic at

1657:, Adams accepted the position and traveled to the Prussian capital of 1204:

like his father, he won election to the presidency as a member of the

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President, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences

8205:

Arguing About Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress

7069:

Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World

4106:

When Adams took office as president in 1825, Louisa became the first

4001:

List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

3566:. Immediately thereafter, Adams collapsed, having suffered a massive 2872: 2424: 2412: 2177: 2130: 2092: 1666: 1649:. When the elder Adams became president, he appointed his son as the 1502:, from 1787 to 1789. Adams initially opposed the ratification of the 1467:, Russia, where he served as the secretary to the American diplomat, 1429: 24401: 8899: 8545: 8404: 7626: 6561: 6118: 4501:

Musto, David F. (April 20, 1968). "The Youth of John Quincy Adams".

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from American encroachment, insisted on setting the boundary at the

1926:

decided to seek an end to hostilities with the U.S. on the basis of

21713: 20668: 19709: 17963: 14547: 13939: 13730: 11464: 11306: 8888: 8884: 5160: 5158: 4509:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society: 273. 4140:

would become the second child of a president to serve as president.

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In the 1824 presidential election, Jackson won a plurality in the

2039:. Negotiations between the two powers continued, resulting in the 1311:, the Democratic-Republican Party split into two major camps: the 20141: 18187: 11474: 7368:"From Abigail Smith Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 12 July 1801" 5348: 5346: 4182:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3597:

His original interment was temporary, in the public vault at the

3529: 3047:. The administration also reached commercial agreements with the 3040: 2851: 2818: 2173: 2071: 1674: 1170: 19469:

Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

9117: 7997:

John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy

7785:"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?" 5155: 4428:"American presidents and their special relationship with Leiden" 4189:"John Quincy Adams; Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress" 2011:, which initially consisted of Adams, Secretary of the Treasury 1396:. He was named after his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel 1287:—all members of the Democratic-Republican Party—competed in the 24599:

American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

19366: 19361: 14595:

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts

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What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

4114:

became the second First Lady born outside of the United States.

3991:

List of United States political appointments across party lines

3905:

had posed even earlier for his portrait, in 1841. The original

3726:. It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest 3542: 3092:. Clay and Adams hoped that the conference would inaugurate a " 1769: 1702: 1658: 1653:. Though concerned that his appointment would be criticized as 1626: 1622:

who wanted to return to the United States via the Netherlands.

1515: 1421: 1417: 1220: 20475: 5343: 3996:

List of presidents of the United States by previous experience

3898:, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams. 2470:, he departed from tradition by placing his hand on a book of 1412:. With his father's encouragement, Adams would also translate 24412: 21661:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

21004: 14232: 8514:

Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family

8226:

Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family

7783:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018).

6966: 6964: 5821: 5819: 3699:

in his youth, he abandoned this fashion while serving as the

3341:, and Southerners blocked the nomination of Van Buren at the 3101: 3063:

system. In 1825, Britain banned United States trade with the

3023: 2475: 2055:, while the territory to the west of the mountains, known as 1893: 9236: 7728:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

7571:"John Quincy Adams Takes the Oath of Office – Wearing Pants" 5656:"John Quincy Adams Takes the Oath of Office – Wearing Pants" 1857: 918: 24659:

Democratic-Republican Party presidents of the United States

8813:

Scholarly coverage of Adams at Miller Center, U of Virginia

7165:"President John Q. Adams : Health and Medical History" 6318: 6316: 6014: 5978: 5718: 5200: 5198: 4089: 4053: 3295: 3192:. After winning election, Adams became affiliated with the 2814: 2679: 2232:, while Clay, Calhoun, and Adams embraced federally funded 1152: 1063: 24639:

Candidates in the 1828 United States presidential election

24634:

Candidates in the 1824 United States presidential election

24629:

Candidates in the 1820 United States presidential election

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McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018).

3172:

and the prosecution of his close friend, Treasury Auditor

1945:

decided a Northerner would be optimal for the position of

1709:. In November of that year, he ran unsuccessfully for the 1371: 1208:, and later, in the mid-1830s, became affiliated with the 10258: 8819: 4080: 4044: 3962: 3930: 3146: 3088:, an 1826 conference of New World republics organized by 3079:

from Mexico, President Adams did not seek to expand into

2789:. The Adams administration also saw the beginning of the 1671:

new trade agreement between the United States and Prussia

1444: 1143: 24769:

Unsuccessful nominees to the United States Supreme Court

17679: 17649: 17614: 17584: 17527: 17462: 17397: 17322: 17232: 17077: 16887: 16622: 16367: 16137: 15917: 15722: 15507: 15287: 15032: 14832: 14602: 13094: 7338:"Louisa Adams Biography: National First Ladies' Library" 7189:

A discourse occasioned by the death of John Quincy Adams

6313: 5195: 4329:"The Diaries of John Quincy Adams: A Digital Collection" 4294:

The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans

3254:

Van Buren, Harrison and Tyler administrations, 1837–1843

2267:

1825 contingent presidential election vote distribution

1645:. Later that year, John Adams defeated Jefferson in the 1506:, but he ultimately came to accept the document, and in 1177:, from 1825 to 1829. He previously served as the eighth 285: 277: 269: 18989: 9776:

as Acting United States Minister to the United Kingdom

8066:

Household Gods: The Religious Lives of the Adams Family

7823:"Three Authentic Writers Have Occupied the Oval Office" 7542: 7509:

Hewson, Martha S.; Cronkite, Walter (January 1, 2009).

7086:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 159–160. 2932:, while supporters of Jackson began calling themselves 1792:

1815 US passport issued by John Quincy Adams at London.

1532: 24589:

Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom

24579:

Ambassadors of the United States to the Russian Empire

13706: 8835:

The Diaries of John Quincy Adams: A Digital Collection

3039:

treaties with a number of nations, including Denmark,

1582:, a French diplomat who sought to undermine President 24354: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 3541:

In 1846, the 78-year-old former president suffered a

2047:

west of the Great Lakes. The boundary was set at the

1521: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1137: 24669:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

8827:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

7468:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

6193: 5483: 5481: 5269:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 169–170, 253–255. 3151: 1848:

Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court

24654:

Deans of the United States House of Representatives

24584:

Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands

19846:

Deans of the United States House of Representatives

10296: 4071: 4035: 1689:Adams would translate into English in 1800. In the 1134: 9818:United States Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts 8583: 8264: 8176: 8096: 8073: 8015: 7255: 6494:Balcerski, Opinion by Thomas (November 11, 2020). 5059:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 4644:"The First Ladies of the United States of America" 4331:. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from 3160:Daguerreotype of Quincy Adams by Philip Haas, 1843 2987:Americans. Early in his term, Adams suspended the 1721:, an outspoken supporter of the Federalist Party. 1696: 1514:. In 1790, Adams opened his own legal practice in 172:Dean of the United States House of Representatives 7782: 7405:"Brief Biographies of Jackson Era Characters (A)" 7314:. Quincy Historical Society. 2002. Archived from 6453: 6451: 5478: 4503:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3317:Opposition to the Mexican-American War, 1844–1848 3104:, a republic that had been established through a 2836: 2702:, a prominent supporter of Crawford, to lead the 1952: 24515: 9186:President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 8672:. 12 v. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co. 8246:John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life 7388:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3792:" that the White House has harbored, along with 3579:, then a freshman representative from Illinois. 3262:Portrait of Quincy Adams by William Hudson, 1844 3204:and embraced a general program of anti-elitism. 2959:Painting of Quincy Adams by Charles Osgood, 1828 2129:, but Spain, intent on protecting its colony of 1376:John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to 16:President of the United States from 1825 to 1829 24774:U.S. Congressional gag rules and their sponsors 12522: 8607:A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy Adams 5658:. New England Historical Society. March 4, 2015 5563: 5561: 5559: 5444: 5442: 5051: 4292:Herring, James; Longacre, James Barton (1853). 4291: 3836:in the United States, to honor his father. The 3075:Aside from an unsuccessful attempt to purchase 2180:and Mexico. In 1823, British Foreign Secretary 2104:, and in December 1818, Monroe ordered General 8331:"The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams" 7758:"Historians Survey Results: John Quincy Adams" 7707: 7705: 7508: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 6448: 6289: 6098: 6002: 5848: 5846: 5498: 5496: 4889:"The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams" 4704: 1351:, which he saw as a war to extend slavery and 1315:, which supported Adams, and Andrew Jackson's 1227:appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to the 24719:Members of the American Philosophical Society 22054: 21465:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams 21251:United States presidential election 1788–1789 21020: 20461: 20303: 20127: 19830: 19453: 18975: 18594: 18160: 17716: 14579: 14218: 13692: 13080: 12508: 12211: 12046: 11793: 11599: 10955: 10282: 8915: 8604: 8146:"John Quincy Adams and American Conservatism" 7224: 7222: 6617: 6615: 4838:"John Quincy Adams Isn't Who You Think He Is" 3111: 2991:after learning that the Governor of Georgia, 2411:contrast, Clay viewed Jackson as a dangerous 2200: 2137:. At Monroe's direction, Adams agreed to the 1590:. In 1794, Washington appointed Adams as the 1268:. In 1818, Adams was elected a member of the 1106: 24564:19th-century presidents of the United States 22072:'s delegation(s) to the 8th–10th, 22nd–30th 21511:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace 18617:United States Ambassadors to the Netherlands 10140:Chair of the House Indian Affairs Committee 9910:nominee for President of the United States¹ 9661: 8140:(Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001). 8138:John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union 7912:. National Portrait Gallery. August 21, 2015 7764:. National Cable Satellite Corporation. 2017 7247: 7179: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5593:"John Quincy Adams: Campaigns and Elections" 5556: 5439: 5190:John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union 4110:born outside of the United States. In 2017, 3200:, but it developed into the country's first 2821:; and the enlargement and rebuilding of the 24649:Children of presidents of the United States 24574:Ambassadors of the United States to Prussia 21419:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson 21201:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779 10056:Massachusetts's 12th congressional district 10023:Massachusetts's 11th congressional district 9949:nominee for President of the United States 9044: 8656:The Diaries of John Quincy Adams, 1779–1821 8492:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 7702: 7482: 7258:Ark of the liberties: America and the world 7084:John Quincy Adams : Yankee nationalist 5843: 5493: 4321: 4173: 4171: 4123:Adams had been especially concerned by the 4011:Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft 3655:and later became a prominent member of the 1641:In 1796, Washington appointed Adams as the 1189:in both chambers. He was the eldest son of 184:April 22, 1844 – February 23, 1848 135:September 22, 1817 – March 3, 1825 24679:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees 24594:American expatriates in the Dutch Republic 22061: 22047: 21027: 21013: 20468: 20454: 20310: 20296: 20134: 20120: 19837: 19823: 19460: 19446: 18982: 18968: 18601: 18587: 18167: 18153: 17723: 17709: 14586: 14572: 14225: 14211: 13699: 13685: 13087: 13073: 12515: 12501: 12218: 12204: 12053: 12039: 11800: 11786: 11606: 11592: 11568: 11558: 10962: 10948: 10924: 10289: 10275: 10115:Chair of the House Manufactures Committee 10089:Massachusetts's 8th congressional district 8922: 8908: 8694: 8661: 8571:. "John Quincy Adams" in Henry Graff, ed. 8183:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 8171: 8071: 7219: 7117:"James Smithson: Biographical Information" 6612: 6430: 6271: 6259: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6187: 6092: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5810: 5736: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5613: 5538: 5514: 4874: 4800: 3475: 1758:Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory 1705:, and in April 1802 he was elected to the 1459:, and attended several schools, including 1113: 1099: 948: 459:November 5, 1809 – April 28, 1814 234:March 4, 1831 – February 23, 1848 42: 19:"JQA" redirects here. For other uses, see 24764:United States senators from Massachusetts 24734:Politicians from Braintree, Massachusetts 21445:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings 14234:United States senators from Massachusetts 9784:United States Envoy to the United Kingdom 9688:United States Minister to the Netherlands 9212:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings 8724:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 8658:(Library of America, 20170. xiv, 727 pp.) 7228: 7066: 6493: 5619: 3244:1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election 2982:Adams sought the gradual assimilation of 2865:1828 United States presidential elections 2438: 1858:Treaty of Ghent and ambassador to Britain 1331:and Senate re-election, Adams joined the 1291:. Because no candidate won a majority of 570:November 6, 1794 – June 20, 1797 216:U.S. House of Representatives 21543:United First Parish Church and gravesite 21365:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 12232:1832 United States presidential election 12067:1828 United States presidential election 11814:1824 United States presidential election 11620:1808 United States presidential election 9274:United First Parish Church and gravesite 8796:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8779: 8705:. 7 v. New York: The Macmillan Company. 8477: 8390: 7890:. The White House Historical Association 7876: 7647: 7609: 4936:Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects 4862: 4168: 3854: 3807: 3755: 3751: 3674: 3581: 3548: 3528: 3479: 3404: 3394: 3320: 3285:won its independence from Mexico in the 3257: 3155: 3121: 3118:1828 United States presidential election 3022: 2954: 2850: 2738: 2210: 2207:1824 United States presidential election 2070: 1966: 1861: 1787: 1305:federally funded infrastructure projects 359:April 20, 1802 – March 4, 1803 24664:Federalist Party United States senators 12363: 12321: 12139: 12089: 11946: 11906: 11847: 11722: 8531: 8328: 8288: 8262: 7935: 7723: 7688:Presidents of the United States (POTUS) 7547:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from 7036: 6994: 6457: 6442: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6139: 6080: 6056: 6032: 6020: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5936: 5924: 5724: 5550: 5502: 4886: 4365: 3412:engraved portrait of Adams as president 2108:to enter Florida and retaliate against 2035:, which limited naval armaments on the 1661:with his wife and his younger brother, 1625:Adams spent the winter of 1795–1796 in 1372:Early life, education, and early career 513:December 5, 1797 – May 5, 1801 24784:19th-century Massachusetts politicians 24739:Politicians from Quincy, Massachusetts 24539:18th-century Massachusetts politicians 24516: 21528:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University 9360:Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar 8369: 8307: 8201: 8143: 8117: 8036: 7954: 7910:"John Quincy Adams 1843 daguerreotype" 7820: 7711: 7450: 7438: 7253: 7185: 7151: 7054: 7042: 7030: 7018: 7006: 6982: 6970: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6787: 6775: 6763: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6623:"John Quincy Adams: Impact and Legacy" 6606: 6582: 6531: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6307: 6283: 6247: 6163: 6104: 6044: 5996: 5912: 5852: 5837: 5825: 5798: 5786: 5748: 5676: 5642: 5630: 5579: 5567: 5526: 5472: 5448: 5412: 5388: 5364: 5352: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5252: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5164: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4979: 4967: 4948: 4824: 4812: 4788: 4764: 4752: 4705:Perl-Rosenthal, Nathan (Summer 2011). 4692: 4668: 4656: 4629: 4617: 4587: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4488: 4464: 4452: 4414: 4402: 4353: 4316: 4296:. D. Rice & A.N. Hart. p. 1. 4265: 4029:The Quincy family name was pronounced 3925:Adams occasionally is featured in the 3920: 3651:'s vice presidential candidate in the 3513:The money was invested in shaky state 3213:Committee on Commerce and Manufactures 3190:former presidents to serve in Congress 3178:United States House of Representatives 3147:Later congressional career (1830–1848) 1922:. By November 1814, the government of 1822:After a difficult passage through the 1711:United States House of Representatives 1528:Electoral history of John Quincy Adams 1335:in the early 1830s before joining the 1299:, which Adams won with the support of 1295:, the House of Representatives held a 78:March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829 24724:Monroe administration cabinet members 24674:George Washington University trustees 22042: 21008: 20449: 20291: 20115: 19818: 19441: 18963: 18582: 18148: 17704: 14567: 14206: 13680: 13068: 12496: 12199: 12034: 11781: 11587: 10943: 10270: 10259:Articles related to John Quincy Adams 10257: 9660: 8929: 8903: 8581: 8510: 8419: 8243: 8222: 8120:John Quincy Adams: American Visionary 8013: 7994: 7497: 7464:"ADAMS, Charles Francis, (1807-1886)" 5264: 4938:. London: T. Cadell. pp. 99–110. 4641: 4500: 3812:Peacefield – John Quincy Adams's Home 3586:John Quincy Adams's original tomb at 2778:United States Army Corps of Engineers 1783: 737: 316:March 4, 1803 – June 8, 1808 24699:Massachusetts Democratic-Republicans 24419: 21299:United States Department of the Navy 21225:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780) 18207:Embassy of the United States, Berlin 18183:United States Ambassadors to Germany 13165:Presidency of William Henry Harrison 13138:1860 Constitutional Union Convention 10241:, fielding four separate candidates. 8851:"Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams" 8626: 8458: 8451: 8094: 8055: 7808: 7648:Simonton, Dean Keith (August 2006). 7312:"Quincy's Historic Hancock Cemetery" 7229:Donaldson, Norman and Betty (1980). 7081: 6594: 6543: 6519: 6481: 6469: 6418: 6358: 6295: 6199: 6175: 6151: 6068: 6008: 5948: 5760: 5487: 5460: 5424: 5400: 5376: 5240: 5176: 4991: 4933: 4776: 4680: 4575: 4476: 4209: 2154:'s southern border at 54°40′ north. 2066: 1533:Early diplomatic career and marriage 1510:his father was elected as the first 1443:. During this period, Adams studied 400:June 8, 1815 – May 14, 1817 21338:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act 21070:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom 21062:Vice President of the United States 18991:United States Ambassadors to Russia 11868:(eliminated in contingent election) 9001:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom 8876:Works by or about John Quincy Adams 8860:American Presidents: Life Portraits 8737:Founders Online, searchable edition 8573:The Presidents: A Reference History 8076:The Presidency of John Quincy Adams 7882: 7870:University of Massachusetts Amherst 7821:Parker, James (February 13, 2020). 7762:Presidential Historians Survey 2017 7681: 7262:. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 4646:. The White House Historical Assoc. 3830:University of Massachusetts Amherst 3343:1844 Democratic National Convention 3045:Federal Republic of Central America 3018: 2734: 2729: 1988:and writing an extensive report on 1512:vice president of the United States 13: 24759:United States secretaries of state 24609:American people of English descent 13708:United States Secretaries of State 9247:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 8766: 8647: 8440: 8422:John Quincy Adams: Militant Spirit 5267:John Quincy Adams: Militant Spirit 4266:Rettig, Polly M. (April 3, 1978). 3401:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 3382:to back up his assertion that the 3126:1828 presidential election results 3010: 2215:1824 presidential election results 2157: 1798:Supreme Court of the United States 1592:U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands 1522:Early political career (1793–1817) 978:6th President of the United States 21:John Quincy Adams (disambiguation) 14: 24800: 24789:19th-century American legislators 24614:American political party founders 21778:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song 21648:Adams House at Harvard University 13121:1856 American National Convention 9712:United States Minister to Prussia 9350:Adams House at Harvard University 8822:"John Quincy Adams (id: A000041)" 8743: 8447:Bibliography of John Quincy Adams 4216:. New York: Atria Books. p. 3661:United States Minister to England 3227:leaders argued that states could 3152:Jackson administration, 1830–1836 2950: 2485: 1971:Painting of John Quincy Adams by 1914:from American territory near the 1355:. He also led the repeal of the " 24496: 24479: 24462: 24445: 24428: 24400: 24388: 24376: 24364: 22022: 22021: 21399:State of the Union Address (1797 21078:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands 20477:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 20352: 20182: 20100: 19803: 19360: 19236: 18999: 18948: 18620: 18610: 18232: 18186: 18176: 14822: 14816: 14391: 13739: 11567: 11557: 11548: 11547: 10923: 10914: 10913: 9857:United States Secretary of State 9744:United States Minister to Russia 9640: 9639: 9123: 9116: 9093:State of the Union Address, 1825 9073:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien 9033:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands 8993:United States Secretary of State 8892: 8846:Massachusetts Historical Society 8778: 8695:Adams, John Quincy (1913–1917). 8662:Adams, John Quincy (1874–1877). 8517:. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 8068:(Oxford University Press, 2019). 7902: 7858: 7840: 7814: 7802: 7776: 7750: 7717: 7675: 7669:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00524.x 7641: 7603: 7585: 7563: 7536: 7512:John Quincy Adams – Google Knihy 7502: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7419: 7397: 7360: 7330: 7304: 7295: 7157: 7145: 7109: 7100: 7075: 7060: 7048: 7024: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6976: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6793: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6649: 6637: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6537: 6525: 6513: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6352: 6340: 6328: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145: 6133: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6026: 5990: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5831: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5730: 5706: 5694: 5682: 5670: 5648: 5636: 4605:Massachusetts Historical Society 4177: 4143: 4130: 4067: 4031: 3981:Adams's method for apportionment 3620: 3492:c. 1850 copy of an 1844 original 3070: 2971: 2242:Second Bank of the United States 2001:Latin American independence wars 1816:United States Minister to Russia 1778:Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory 1677:were published in a book titled 1556: 1541: 1179:United States secretary of state 1130: 1086: 1080: 1008:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien 956:United States Secretary of State 880: 859: 123:United States Secretary of State 24749:Presidents of the United States 24744:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 24554:19th-century American diplomats 24544:18th-century American diplomats 20264:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield 18202:Germany–United States relations 13160:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 13037:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield 10298:Presidents of the United States 10167:House Foreign Affairs Committee 9088:United States Naval Observatory 9017:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 8631:. Ladham, Maryland: Lexington. 8018:John Quincy Adams and the Union 7543:Digital History; Steven Mintz. 7067:Rodriguez, Junius, ed. (2007). 6544:Cain, Marvin R. (Spring 1984). 5607: 5585: 5573: 5544: 5532: 5520: 5508: 5466: 5454: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5258: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5182: 5170: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4942: 4927: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4359: 4117: 4100: 3734:, a professor of psychology at 3710:instead of long hair tied in a 2995:, had forced the treaty on the 2795:Chesapeake & Delaware Canal 2449: 2445:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 2254:congressional nominating caucus 1830:and eventually befriended Tsar 1697:U.S. senator from Massachusetts 1598:, who was then negotiating the 1586:'s policy of neutrality in the 733: 21820:American Philosophical Society 21533:Presidents House, Philadelphia 21501:Adams National Historical Park 21450:Adams Papers Editorial Project 21429:Federal judiciary appointments 21213:Staten Island Peace Conference 21051:President of the United States 21034: 13180:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 12560:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 9876:President of the United States 9252:Adams National Historical Park 9217:Adams Papers Editorial Project 9108:Federal judiciary appointments 8982:President of the United States 8502:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 8480:New England Journal of History 8072:Hargreaves, Mary W.M. (1985). 7936:Abraham, Henry Julian (2008). 7928: 7732:. Oxford Univ. Press. p. 7126:. January 2008. Archived from 6107:The American Historical Review 4347: 4310: 4285: 4268:"John Quincy Adams Birthplace" 4259: 4234: 4203: 4023: 3961:and Steven Hinkle in the 2008 3846:Adams National Historical Park 3822:Adams National Historical Park 3760:Official portrait of Adams by 3670: 3486:U.S. National Portrait Gallery 2837:Formation of political parties 1953:Secretary of State (1817–1825) 1564:Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams 1486:the following year. He joined 1353:its political grip on Congress 1270:American Philosophical Society 1264:, which became a key tenet of 1175:president of the United States 66:President of the United States 1: 21124:Braintree Instructions (1765) 10084:U.S. House of Representatives 10051:U.S. House of Representatives 10018:U.S. House of Representatives 10001:U.S. House of Representatives 8702:Writings of John Quincy Adams 8605:Waldstreicher, David (2013). 8534:Journal of the Early Republic 8393:Journal of the Early Republic 7995:Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1981) . 7071:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 9–11. 6550:Journal of the Early Republic 4712:Journal of the Early Republic 4161: 3765: 3537:at the Congressional Cemetery 3436:U.S. House of Representatives 3326: 2799:Louisville and Portland Canal 2148:Russo-American Treaty of 1824 1814:appointed Adams as the first 1548:John Quincy Adams, age 29 by 1463:. In 1781, Adams traveled to 641:Province of Massachusetts Bay 49: 24714:Massachusetts state senators 21826:Gazette of the United States 21184:Treaty of Amity and Commerce 18244:and Minister Plenipotentiary 17791:Ministers Plenipotentiary to 17739:Ministers Plenipotentiary to 13716:Secretary of Foreign Affairs 13175:Presidency of Zachary Taylor 9206: 9173:United States v. The Amistad 8582:Unger, Harlow Giles (2012). 8202:Miller, William Lee (1996). 8095:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). 8014:Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1956). 7940:. Rowman & Littlefield. 7848:"House History: Adams House" 7597:U.S. News & World Report 7429:, New York, McGraw-Hill 1980 5116:, pp. 112, 114–115, 119 4374:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 3939:(1976), he was portrayed by 3909:is in the collection of the 3890:are also named after Adams. 3818:John Quincy Adams Birthplace 3803: 3762:George Peter Alexander Healy 3697:powdered wig tied in a queue 3461:United States v. The Amistad 3211:selected Adams chair of the 2061:United Kingdom–United States 7: 21653:Mount Adams (New Hampshire, 21585:Jefferson Memorial pediment 21162:Declaration of Independence 21090:Second Continental Congress 12565:Presidency of James Madison 12524:Democratic-Republican Party 11732:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 11634:Democratic-Republican Party 11553:All presidential candidates 10235:Democratic-Republican Party 8891:(public domain audiobooks) 8463:. Oxford University Press. 8271:. Oxford University Press. 8103:. Oxford University Press. 8037:Cooper, William J. (2017). 6585:, pp. 288–289, 345–346 3974: 3724:fashion of the 19th century 3714:and to regularly wear long 3458:, Adams joined the case of 3450:In 1841, at the request of 2908:), and Calhounites (led by 2894:19th United States Congress 2831:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 2045:Canada–United States border 1934:of Napoleon's restoration. 1643:U.S. ambassador to Portugal 1612:Democratic-Republican Party 1206:Democratic-Republican Party 10: 24805: 24689:Harvard University faculty 21331:Naturalization Act of 1798 21309:United States Marine Corps 21102:First Continental Congress 20759:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 14814: 12570:Presidency of James Monroe 9257:Birthplace and family home 8885:Works by John Quincy Adams 8867:Works by John Quincy Adams 8840:February 18, 2012, at the 8654:Waldstreicher, David, ed. 8444: 8370:Remini, Robert V. (2002). 8293:. Rowman and LittleField. 7254:Widmer, Edward L. (2008). 4213:The Raising of a President 3865:United First Parish Church 3705:became the first president 3653:1848 presidential election 3624: 3611:United First Parish Church 3592:United First Parish Church 3398: 3339:1844 presidential election 3307:1840 presidential election 3305:defeated Van Buren in the 3272:1836 presidential election 3115: 3112:1828 presidential election 2975: 2859:, Adams's opponent in the 2840: 2793:; the construction of the 2743:Medal of John Quincy Adams 2682:continued to serve as the 2442: 2204: 2201:1824 presidential election 2187:annual message to Congress 2161: 1959:Presidency of James Monroe 1956: 1939:U.S. ambassador to Britain 1691:1800 presidential election 1651:U.S. ambassador to Prussia 1647:1796 presidential election 1525: 1504:United States Constitution 1500:Newburyport, Massachusetts 1321:1828 presidential election 1289:1824 presidential election 1073: 672:United First Parish Church 555:United States Minister to 498:United States Minister to 444:United States Minister to 385:United States Minister to 18: 24704:Massachusetts Federalists 22083: 21995: 21859: 21770: 21717:(1997 documentary series) 21669: 21551: 21486: 21437: 21274: 21243: 21157:Lee Resolution (seconded) 21112: 21042: 20699:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 20694:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 20484: 20424: 20405: 20380: 20363:Secretary of the Treasury 20361: 20350: 20333: 20254: 20229: 20210: 20193:Secretary of the Treasury 20191: 20180: 20157: 20098: 19852: 19801: 19475: 19358: 19234: 18997: 18946: 18630: 18339: 18241: 18230: 18216: 18196: 17946:Ambassadors Extraordinary 17945: 17789:Envoys Extraordinary and 17788: 17738: 17678: 17648: 17613: 17583: 17526: 17461: 17396: 17321: 17231: 17076: 16886: 16621: 16366: 16136: 15916: 15721: 15506: 15286: 15031: 14831: 14601: 14400: 14389: 14240: 14191: 13748: 13737: 13714: 13639: 13590: 13547: 13492: 13437: 13388: 13379: 13334: 13188: 13106: 13009: 12966: 12905: 12862: 12807: 12798: 12729: 12583: 12535:Anti-Administration Party 12530: 12468: 12432: 12405: 12394: 12352: 12313:National Republican Party 12310: 12282: 12254: 12243: 12171: 12131:National Republican Party 12128: 12078: 12002: 11977: 11937: 11897: 11838: 11825: 11753: 11711: 11670: 11642: 11631: 11543: 10981: 10977: 10909: 10781: 10304: 10264: 10231: 10222: 10212: 10196: 10188: 10183: 10173: 10163: 10155: 10145: 10138: 10130: 10120: 10113: 10105: 10095: 10080: 10072: 10062: 10047: 10039: 10029: 10014: 10006: 9999: 9989: 9981:Governor of Massachusetts 9974: 9966: 9956: 9944: 9939: 9905: 9897: 9892: 9882: 9873: 9863: 9854: 9846: 9841: 9831: 9815: 9807: 9800: 9790: 9781: 9760: 9750: 9741: 9733: 9718: 9709: 9704: 9694: 9685: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9618: 9598:National Republican Party 9590: 9454: 9391: 9332: 9282: 9227: 9199: 9132: 9114: 9043: 8937: 8609:. John Wiley & Sons. 8494:66#3 (1968), pp. 242–58. 8459:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 8376:. New York: Times Books. 8310:Early American Literature 8289:Parsons, Lynn H. (1998). 8263:Parsons, Lynn H. (2009). 8080:. Univ. Press of Kansas. 8056:Edel, Charles N. (2014). 7186:Parker, Theodore (1848). 5167:, pp. 307–11, 318–20 4951:Early American Literature 4742:– via Project MUSE. 3911:National Portrait Gallery 3746: 3645:Charles Francis Adams Sr. 3590:, across the street from 2791:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 2692:Secretary of the Treasury 2632: 2613: 2586: 2582: 2569:Secretary of the Treasury 2563: 2544: 2525: 2508: 2492: 2266: 1986:1820 United States census 1887:, and Federalist Senator 1588:French Revolutionary Wars 1382:Abigail Adams (née Smith) 1329:Governor of Massachusetts 1313:National Republican Party 867: 855: 838: 808: 787: 766: 747: 718: 677: 667: 650: 623: 618: 614: 598: 586: 574: 563: 552: 539: 529: 517: 506: 495: 483: 473: 463: 452: 441: 429: 416: 404: 393: 382: 378: 374: 367: 363: 352: 344: 332: 320: 309: 297: 262: 250: 238: 227: 212: 200: 188: 177: 169: 157: 147: 139: 128: 120: 108: 96: 82: 71: 63: 59: 41: 34: 24694:Leiden University alumni 21496:Early life and education 20884:William Tecumseh Sherman 20574:George Washington Carver 18340:Ambassador Extraordinary 18217:Minister Plenipotentiary 17950:the Court of St. James's 17793:the Court of St. James's 17741:the Court of St. James's 13170:Presidency of John Tyler 9893:Party political offices 9662:Offices and distinctions 9025:U.S. Minister to Prussia 8820:United States Congress. 8504:26#1 (1967), pp. 43–58. 8347:10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.175 8041:. Liveright Publishing. 7724:Herring, George (2008). 7470:. United States Congress 4905:10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.175 4601:"Online Adams Catalogue" 4376:Harvard University Press 4016: 3824:and open to the public. 3708:to adopt a short haircut 3524: 3484:Adams's portrait at the 3464:. Adams went before the 3094:Good Neighborhood Policy 2989:Treaty of Indian Springs 2900:), Crawfordites (led by 2805:; the connection of the 2019:, Secretary of the Navy 1635:All Hallows-by-the-Tower 1631:Louisa Catherine Johnson 1217:Braintree, Massachusetts 1173:who served as the sixth 889:This article is part of 24559:19th-century Unitarians 24549:18th-century Unitarians 21783:Adams' personal library 21746:(2006 documentary film) 21370:Navy Department Library 21360:Slave Trade Act of 1800 21343:Marine Hospital Service 21326:Alien and Sedition Acts 21321:Mississippi Organic Act 21304:Commerce Protection Act 21134:Continental Association 21129:Boston Massacre defense 20964:John Greenleaf Whittier 20579:William Ellery Channing 17948:and Plenipotentiary to 10177:Charles Jared Ingersoll 9409:1965 television series) 9167:Smithsonian Institution 9142:Monroe Doctrine, author 9009:U.S. Minister to Russia 8622:excerpt and text search 8511:Nagel, Paul C. (1983). 8284:excerpt and text search 8248:. Harvard Univ. Press. 8223:Nagel, Paul C. (1983). 7972:10.1111/1467-7709.00049 7196:, 25 Cornhill. p. 7192:. Boston: Published by 7057:, pp. 354–356, 409 6484:, pp. 276, 280–281 5633:, pp. 391–393, 398 5616:, pp. 33–34, 36–38 4191:. Bioguide.congress.gov 3915:Smithsonian Institution 3896:Adams County, Wisconsin 3776:scholars generally rank 3730:of any U.S. president. 3701:U.S. Minister to Russia 3633:George Washington Adams 3564:Robert Charles Winthrop 3519:Smithsonian Institution 3508:Smithsonian Institution 3476:Smithsonian Institution 3421:The discussion of this 3166:George Washington Adams 3027:Quincy Adams appointed 2771:national bankruptcy law 2023:, and Attorney General 1854:took the seat instead. 1618:. In 1794 he supported 800:Quincy political family 24684:Harvard College alumni 24644:Children of John Adams 22077:(ordered by seniority) 22074:United States Congress 21788:American Enlightenment 21744:John and Abigail Adams 21725:(2002 animated series) 21350:Bankruptcy Act of 1800 21150:Thoughts on Government 20949:James McNeill Whistler 20879:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 20794:Matthew Fontaine Maury 13661:Alexander H. H. Stuart 12988:Caesar Augustus Rodney 12550:Jeffersonian democracy 11573:Third-party candidates 11199:Winfield Scott Hancock 11089:William Henry Harrison 10396:William Henry Harrison 9571:(paternal grandmother) 9565:(paternal grandfather) 8774: 8750:Listen to this article 8664:Adams, Charles Francis 8627:Wood, Gary V. (2004). 8329:Rathbun, Lyon (2000). 8229:. Oxford Univ. Press. 8060:. Harvard Univ. Press. 7082:Teed, Paul E. (2006). 6658:, pp. 454, 458–59 5355:, pp. 333–37, 348 4887:Rathbun, Lyon (2000). 4642:Black, Allida (2009). 4366:Richard, Carl (2009). 3965:television miniseries 3903:William Henry Harrison 3884:Adams County, Illinois 3868: 3813: 3771: 3683: 3627:Adams political family 3599:Congressional Cemetery 3594: 3554: 3538: 3493: 3428: 3413: 3333: 3303:William Henry Harrison 3274:Democrats put forward 3263: 3161: 3127: 3032: 3003:who favored immediate 2960: 2867: 2744: 2480:General Welfare Clause 2439:Presidency (1825–1829) 2226:strict constructionist 2216: 2084: 2021:Benjamin Crowninshield 1976: 1928:status quo ante bellum 1871: 1793: 1183:United States Congress 1024:Presidential campaigns 795:Adams political family 24709:Massachusetts lawyers 24604:American nationalists 21911:Thomas Boylston Adams 21580:John Adams Courthouse 21506:John Adams Birthplace 21289:Quasi War with France 21230:Treaty of Paris, 1783 20899:Harriet Beecher Stowe 20869:Franklin D. Roosevelt 20599:James Fenimore Cooper 20559:William Cullen Bryant 20534:Alexander Graham Bell 20426:Secretary of the Navy 20256:Secretary of the Navy 13655:Thomas M. T. McKennan 12753:Joseph Bradley Varnum 12007:Other 1824 elections: 11828:Democratic-Republican 10626:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9908:Democratic-Republican 9557:Thomas Boylston Adams 9423:Mutiny on the Amistad 9078:Treaty of Fond du Lac 9063:Internal improvements 8773: 8420:Traub, James (2016). 8144:Mattie, Sean (2003). 8118:Kaplan, Fred (2014). 7685:"Foreign Languages". 5265:Traub, James (2016). 4725:10.1353/jer.2011.0027 4432:universiteitleiden.nl 4272:National Park Service 4063:Quincy, Massachusetts 3986:List of abolitionists 3888:Adams County, Indiana 3858: 3850:Quincy, Massachusetts 3844:(the "Old House") at 3811: 3785:William J. Cooper Jr. 3759: 3752:Historical reputation 3678: 3603:Quincy, Massachusetts 3585: 3552: 3532: 3483: 3419: 3408: 3395:Anti-slavery movement 3324: 3261: 3159: 3125: 3031:as Secretary of State 3026: 2978:Federal Indian Policy 2958: 2878:Francis Preston Blair 2854: 2742: 2664:Secretary of the Navy 2638:Secretary of the Navy 2250:Battle of New Orleans 2234:internal improvements 2214: 2074: 1970: 1920:Battle of Plattsburgh 1865: 1832:Alexander I of Russia 1791: 1663:Thomas Boylston Adams 1550:John Singleton Copley 1252:. In 1817, President 1223:. In 1794, President 1013:Treaty of Fond du Lac 993:Judicial Appointments 949:Historical reputation 691:Democratic-Republican 369:Diplomatic positions 299:United States Senator 23189:G. Grennell Jr. 21707:The Adams Chronicles 21139:Petition to the King 20929:Booker T. Washington 20839:Alice Freeman Palmer 20819:William T. G. Morton 20764:James Russell Lowell 13133:Constitutional Union 12741:Frederick Muhlenberg 12555:Era of Good Feelings 12473:Other 1832 elections 12176:Other 1828 elections 11758:Other 1808 elections 11277:Charles Evans Hughes 10646:Dwight D. Eisenhower 10225:Notes and references 9504:John Quincy Adams II 9415:The Adams Chronicles 8805:More spoken articles 8244:Nagel, Paul (1999). 7657:Political Psychology 7615:Political Psychology 7611:Simonton, Dean Keith 5774:First Annual Message 5340:, pp. 48, 51–53 5030:, pp. 90, 94–95 4934:Hume, David (1742). 4590:, pp. 34, 40–41 4417:, pp. 9, 14–16. 4335:on February 18, 2012 4246:search.amphilsoc.org 4242:"APS Member History" 4061:, as in the name of 3936:The Adams Chronicles 3859:Tombs of Presidents 3834:presidential library 3695:Though Adams wore a 3682:of John Quincy Adams 3432:District of Columbia 3229:nullify federal laws 3217:nullification crisis 2930:National Republicans 2783:Cumberland, Maryland 2706:. Leadership of the 2466:. As Adams took the 2278:States for Crawford 2150:, which established 2043:, which defined the 1990:weights and measures 1912:Indian barrier state 1902:Speaker of the House 1715:United States Senate 1707:Massachusetts Senate 1580:Edmond-Charles Genêt 1349:Mexican–American War 1301:Speaker of the House 1064:Congressional career 347:Massachusetts Senate 25:JQA (disambiguation) 24619:American Unitarians 22001:← George Washington 21884:Abigail Adams Smith 21839:American Revolution 21833:The American Museum 21678:Profiles in Courage 21590:U.S. Postage stamps 21575:John Adams Building 21385:Midnight Judges Act 21355:Indiana Organic Act 20944:George Westinghouse 20914:Henry David Thoreau 20824:John Lothrop Motley 20799:Albert A. Michelson 20679:Nathaniel Hawthorne 20629:Ralph Waldo Emerson 20614:James Buchanan Eads 20201:William H. Crawford 18342:and Plenipotentiary 18242:Envoy Extraordinary 13477:William M. Meredith 13292:1848 (Philadelphia) 13150:Second Party System 13096:National Republican 12945:William H. Crawford 12939:Alexander J. Dallas 12896:William H. Crawford 12884:Alexander J. Dallas 12010:Contingent election 11956:William H. Crawford 11267:William Howard Taft 11159:George B. McClellan 11051:William H. Crawford 11007:Charles C. Pinckney 10576:William Howard Taft 10496:Rutherford B. Hayes 9947:National Republican 9941:New political party 9924:William H. Crawford 9698:William Vans Murray 9583:(great-grandfather) 9545:Abigail Adams Smith 9402:Profiles in Courage 9355:U.S. Postage stamps 9242:Abigail Adams Cairn 8967:U.S. Representative 8955:U.S. Representative 8943:U.S. Representative 8722:. Cambridge, Mass: 8697:Ford, Worthington C 8208:. Alfred A. Knopf. 8136:Lewis Jr, James E. 7999:. Greenwood Press. 7883:Krainik, Clifford. 7714:, pp. xiii–xiv 7342:www.firstladies.org 7233:. Greenwich House. 6718:, pp. 309, 401 6023:, pp. 125–126. 5415:, pp. 167–168. 5188:James E. Lewis Jr, 4405:, pp. 8–9, 16. 4210:Wead, Doug (2005). 4125:Hartford Convention 3921:Film and television 3781:Second Party System 3680:Presidential Dollar 3605:, across from the ( 3568:cerebral hemorrhage 3325:John Quincy Adams, 3065:British West Indies 3061:Imperial Preference 3057:British West Indies 2847:Second Party System 2773:was also defeated. 2708:Treasury Department 2275:States for Jackson 2195:U.S. foreign policy 2191:sphere of influence 2015:, Secretary of War 2013:William H. Crawford 1747:Embargo Act of 1807 1735:Non-importation Act 1683:Friedrich von Gentz 1402:American Revolution 1345:annexation of Texas 1297:contingent election 1281:William H. Crawford 1266:U.S. foreign policy 697:National Republican 605:William Vans Murray 22015:Thomas Jefferson → 22008:Thomas Jefferson → 21808:First Party System 21686:American Primitive 21391:Marbury v. Madison 21314:Convention of 1800 21189:Treaty of Alliance 20874:Theodore Roosevelt 20814:Samuel F. B. Morse 20674:Alexander Hamilton 20619:Thomas Alva Edison 20529:Henry Ward Beecher 20514:John James Audubon 20434:Samuel L. Southard 20396:Peter Buell Porter 20335:Secretary of State 20276:Samuel L. Southard 20159:Secretary of State 19367:Russian Federation 13753:1789–present 13750:Secretary of State 13618:William B. Preston 13600:Samuel L. Southard 13581:John J. Crittenden 13563:John J. Crittenden 13532:George W. Crawford 13128:Anti-Masonic Party 13049:Samuel L. Southard 12927:John Armstrong Jr. 12878:George W. Campbell 12545:First Party System 12397:Anti-Masonic Party 12298:Richard M. Johnson 11899:Jacksonian faction 11840:Adams-Clay faction 11149:Stephen A. Douglas 10566:Theodore Roosevelt 10205:Served alongside: 10076:William B. Calhoun 10066:George D. Robinson 9917:Served alongside: 9842:Political offices 9824:Served alongside: 9765:Title last held by 9723:Title next held by 9365:Mount Quincy Adams 9306:Presidential runs 8775: 7960:Diplomatic History 7852:Harvard University 7811:, pp. 244–245 7683:Summers, Robert S. 7453:, pp. 313–314 7441:, pp. 264–265 7154:, pp. 350–351 7033:, pp. 337–338 7021:, pp. 331–332 6985:, pp. 323–324 6973:, pp. 430–431 6958:, pp. 424–425 6946:, pp. 421–423 6934:, pp. 555–556 6910:, pp. 410–413 6886:, pp. 407–408 6874:, pp. 405–406 6862:, pp. 404–405 6850:, pp. 401–403 6838:, pp. 379–381 6826:, pp. 377–379 6814:, pp. 371–375 6802:, pp. 345–346 6766:, pp. 309–310 6742:, pp. 311–312 6730:, pp. 284–285 6706:, pp. 300–303 6694:, pp. 298–299 6670:, pp. 286–287 6646:, pp. 280–283 6534:, pp. 445–446 6472:, pp. 281–283 6460:, pp. 181–183 6445:, pp. 171–172 6433:, pp. 283–284 6421:, pp. 278–279 6409:, pp. 166–167 6397:, pp. 143–144 6385:, pp. 142–143 6373:, pp. 152–154 6361:, pp. 275–277 6349:, pp. 408–410 6310:, pp. 401–402 6286:, pp. 240–241 6274:, pp. 110–112 6262:, pp. 102–107 6250:, pp. 400–401 6190:, pp. 101–101 6166:, pp. 398–400 6154:, pp. 225–226 6142:, pp. 157–158 6095:, pp. 189–191 6083:, pp. 141–142 6071:, pp. 279–280 6059:, pp. 127–128 6047:, pp. 110–111 6035:, pp. 146–147 5987:, pp. 138–139 5975:, pp. 119–120 5963:, pp. 114–115 5951:, pp. 249–250 5939:, pp. 110–111 5927:, pp. 105–106 5903:, pp. 176–177 5891:, pp. 173–174 5840:, pp. 397–398 5828:, pp. 404–405 5813:, pp. 311–314 5789:, pp. 402–403 5763:, pp. 247–248 5751:, pp. 396–397 5727:, pp. 106–107 5679:, pp. 394–396 5570:, pp. 386–389 5529:, pp. 208–209 5490:, pp. 203–204 5475:, pp. 364–367 5463:, pp. 115–116 5451:, pp. 380–385 5427:, pp. 112–115 5403:, pp. 108–109 5391:, pp. 164–166 5367:, pp. 163–164 5328:, pp. 154–155 5316:, pp. 153–154 5304:, pp. 151–152 5255:, pp. 147–148 5243:, pp. 107–09. 5231:, pp. 145–146 5219:, pp. 143–145 5152:, pp. 127–128 5140:, pp. 289–302 5128:, pp. 116–118 5104:, pp. 112–113 5092:, pp. 109–110 5080:, pp. 106–107 4865:, pp. 165–181 4844:. February 8, 2020 4434:. January 11, 2017 3959:Ebon Moss-Bachrach 3892:Adams County, Iowa 3869: 3814: 3772: 3684: 3665:American Civil War 3595: 3559:United States Army 3555: 3539: 3494: 3414: 3334: 3264: 3194:Anti-Masonic Party 3162: 3141:Theodore Roosevelt 3128: 3086:Congress of Panama 3033: 2961: 2886:Thomas Hart Benton 2868: 2843:First Party System 2823:Dismal Swamp Canal 2745: 2724:Secretary of State 2684:Postmaster General 2656:Samuel L. Southard 2643:Samuel L. Southard 2605:Peter Buell Porter 2550:Secretary of State 2472:constitutional law 2217: 2085: 2081:Louisiana Purchase 1977: 1947:Secretary of State 1872: 1844:invasion of Russia 1828:Nikolay Rumyantsev 1794: 1784:Minister to Russia 1762:Harvard University 1731:Louisiana Purchase 1679:Letters on Silesia 1608:Alexander Hamilton 1496:Theophilus Parsons 1333:Anti-Masonic Party 1309:Adams's presidency 821:Harvard University 535:Office established 479:Office established 387:the United Kingdom 24524:John Quincy Adams 24415:John Quincy Adams 24352: 24351: 24346: 24345: 24341: 24340: 22036: 22035: 21923:Charles Adams Sr. 21890:John Quincy Adams 21762:(2024 miniseries) 21754:(2015 miniseries) 21709:(1976 miniseries) 21564:List of memorials 21380:Treaty of Tripoli 21375:Treaty of Tellico 21172:Committee of Five 21002: 21001: 20934:George Washington 20889:John Philip Sousa 20724:Thomas J. Jackson 20714:Washington Irving 20659:William C. Gorgas 20644:Benjamin Franklin 20609:Charlotte Cushman 20494:John Quincy Adams 20443: 20442: 20326:John Quincy Adams 20285: 20284: 20173:John Quincy Adams 20109: 20108: 19812: 19811: 19435: 19434: 18957: 18956: 18576: 18575: 18142: 18141: 17851:chargé d'affaires 17826:chargé d'affaires 17779:chargé d'affaires 17698: 17697: 16688:H. A. S. Dearborn 16263:J. M. S. Williams 14561: 14560: 14200: 14199: 13674: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13624:William A. Graham 13538:Charles M. Conrad 13266:1839 (Harrisburg) 13062: 13061: 13058: 13057: 12982:John Breckinridge 12853:John Quincy Adams 12783:Philip P. Barbour 12490: 12489: 12464: 12463: 12443:John Quincy Adams 12390: 12389: 12348: 12347: 12306: 12305: 12293:Philip P. Barbour 12193: 12192: 12167: 12166: 12149:John Quincy Adams 12124: 12123: 12028: 12027: 11998: 11997: 11973: 11972: 11933: 11932: 11893: 11892: 11869: 11857:John Quincy Adams 11775: 11774: 11749: 11748: 11707: 11706: 11699:John Quincy Adams 11581: 11580: 11539: 11538: 11455:George H. W. Bush 11229:Benjamin Harrison 11099:Hugh Lawson White 11079:John Quincy Adams 10937: 10936: 10716:George H. W. Bush 10666:Lyndon B. Johnson 10596:Warren G. Harding 10536:Benjamin Harrison 10516:Chester A. Arthur 10506:James A. Garfield 10366:John Quincy Adams 10316:George Washington 10251: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10242: 10227: 10213:Succeeded by 10203:1844–1848 10199:Dean of the House 10174:Succeeded by 10146:Succeeded by 10121:Succeeded by 10096:Succeeded by 10063:Succeeded by 10030:Succeeded by 10010:Joseph Richardson 9990:Succeeded by 9957:Succeeded by 9883:Succeeded by 9864:Succeeded by 9832:Succeeded by 9827:Timothy Pickering 9822:1803–1808 9791:Succeeded by 9779: 9751:Succeeded by 9695:Succeeded by 9673:Diplomatic posts 9654: 9653: 9480:Charles Adams Sr. 9417:(1976 miniseries) 9284:Electoral history 9152:Adams–Onís Treaty 8931:John Quincy Adams 8871:Project Gutenberg 8771: 8679:978-0-8369-5021-2 8638:978-0-7391-0601-3 8616:978-1-118-52429-9 8597:978-0-306-82130-1 8590:. Da Capo Press. 8586:John Quincy Adams 8524:978-0-19-503172-0 8470:978-0-19-977203-2 8452:Secondary sources 8431:978-0-465-09879-8 8383:978-0-8050-6939-6 8373:John Quincy Adams 8300:978-1-4422-0288-7 8291:John Quincy Adams 8278:978-0-19-983754-0 8255:978-0-674-47940-1 8236:978-0-19-503172-0 8215:978-0-394-56922-2 8194:978-1-4165-7588-7 8173:McCullough, David 8129:978-0-06-219932-4 8122:. HarperCollins. 8110:978-0-19-974379-7 8048:978-1-63149-389-8 8029:978-0-394-41413-3 8006:978-0-313-22636-6 7956:Allgor, Catherine 7947:978-0-7425-5895-3 7866:"Residence Halls" 7743:978-0-19-507822-0 7545:"Digital History" 7522:978-0-7910-7599-9 7273:978-0-8090-2735-4 7240:978-0-517-40302-0 7231:How Did They Die? 7167:. doctorzebra.com 7093:978-1-59454-797-3 6682:, pp. 458–64 6609:, pp. 450–52 6597:, pp. 258–59 6522:, pp. 254–56 5292:, pp. 327–28 5276:978-0-465-02827-6 5207:, pp. 321–22 5179:, pp. 116–17 4803:, pp. 575–76 4455:, pp. 17–18. 4389:978-0-674-03264-4 4303:978-0-405-02500-6 4227:978-0-7434-9726-8 3951:in the 1997 film 3722:according to the 3456:Ellis Gray Loring 3442:that immediately 3423:Missouri question 3283:Republic of Texas 3053:Kingdom of Tahiti 3049:Kingdom of Hawaii 2898:Hugh Lawson White 2811:Ohio River system 2803:Falls of the Ohio 2670:kept his post of 2651: 2650: 2518:John Quincy Adams 2493:The Adams cabinet 2464:George H. W. Bush 2405:Twelfth Amendment 2389:Electoral College 2385: 2384: 2272:States for Adams 2144:Adams–Onís Treaty 2077:Adams–Onís Treaty 2067:Adams–Onís Treaty 2033:Rush–Bagot Treaty 1866:Adams portrait – 1727:Timothy Pickering 1620:John Skey Eustace 1584:George Washington 1461:Leiden University 1272:in Philadelphia. 1258:Adams–Onís Treaty 1225:George Washington 1126:John Quincy Adams 1123: 1122: 967:Adams–Onís Treaty 939:Electoral history 906: 905: 898:John Quincy Adams 871: 870: 816:Leiden University 654:February 23, 1848 610: 609: 581:George Washington 245:Joseph Richardson 36:John Quincy Adams 24796: 24509: 24508:from Wikiversity 24501: 24500: 24499: 24492: 24484: 24483: 24482: 24475: 24467: 24466: 24465: 24458: 24450: 24449: 24448: 24441: 24433: 24432: 24431: 24421: 24405: 24404: 24393: 24392: 24381: 24380: 24379: 24369: 24368: 24367: 24360: 24327: 24318: 24309: 24300: 24291: 24282: 24273: 24264: 24255: 24246: 24235: 24212: 24203: 24171: 24162: 24153: 24144: 24135: 24126: 24117: 24108: 24099: 24090: 24065: 24055: 24044: 24012: 24003: 23994: 23985: 23976: 23967: 23958: 23949: 23940: 23931: 23922: 23899: 23890: 23856: 23845: 23836: 23825: 23816: 23807: 23798: 23789: 23780: 23771: 23762: 23751: 23742: 23733: 23710: 23701: 23667: 23656: 23647: 23636: 23627: 23618: 23609: 23598: 23589: 23580: 23571: 23562: 23553: 23544: 23519: 23508: 23496: 23485: 23451: 23442: 23433: 23424: 23415: 23406: 23397: 23386: 23377: 23368: 23359: 23350: 23341: 23318: 23309: 23277: 23268: 23259: 23250: 23241: 23232: 23223: 23214: 23205: 23196: 23187: 23178: 23155: 23146: 23112: 23101: 23092: 23083: 23072: 23063: 23054: 23045: 23036: 23027: 23018: 23007: 22998: 22989: 22966: 22957: 22925: 22916: 22907: 22898: 22889: 22880: 22871: 22862: 22853: 22844: 22835: 22826: 22817: 22794: 22785: 22751: 22740: 22731: 22722: 22713: 22704: 22695: 22686: 22677: 22668: 22659: 22648: 22639: 22630: 22621: 22612: 22604:J. Crowninshield 22601: 22592: 22583: 22558: 22546: 22537: 22505: 22496: 22487: 22478: 22469: 22460: 22451: 22442: 22433: 22424: 22415: 22408:J. Crowninshield 22406: 22397: 22388: 22379: 22370: 22361: 22338: 22329: 22295: 22286: 22277: 22268: 22259: 22250: 22243:J. Crowninshield 22241: 22232: 22223: 22214: 22205: 22196: 22187: 22176: 22167: 22158: 22149: 22140: 22117: 22108: 22086: 22085: 22078: 22063: 22056: 22049: 22040: 22039: 22025: 22024: 21959:Susanna Boylston 21949:(great-grandson) 21943:(great-grandson) 21937:(great-grandson) 21849:Founding Fathers 21798:Federalist Party 21738:2008 miniseries) 21218:Conference House 21206:Continental Navy 21105: 21093: 21081: 21073: 21065: 21054: 21029: 21022: 21015: 21006: 21005: 20774:Edward MacDowell 20729:Thomas Jefferson 20664:Ulysses S. Grant 20624:Jonathan Edwards 20594:Grover Cleveland 20509:Susan B. Anthony 20470: 20463: 20456: 20447: 20446: 20407:Attorney General 20382:Secretary of War 20356: 20355: 20312: 20305: 20298: 20289: 20288: 20231:Attorney General 20212:Secretary of War 20186: 20185: 20136: 20129: 20122: 20113: 20112: 20104: 19839: 19832: 19825: 19816: 19815: 19807: 19462: 19455: 19448: 19439: 19438: 19365: 19364: 19241: 19240: 19004: 19003: 18984: 18977: 18970: 18961: 18960: 18952: 18625: 18624: 18615: 18614: 18613: 18603: 18596: 18589: 18580: 18579: 18236: 18191: 18190: 18181: 18180: 18179: 18169: 18162: 18155: 18146: 18145: 17725: 17718: 17711: 17702: 17701: 17683: 17653: 17618: 17588: 17531: 17466: 17401: 17326: 17236: 17081: 16891: 16626: 16371: 16141: 15921: 15726: 15511: 15291: 15036: 14913:B. Crowninshield 14878:J. Crowninshield 14836: 14826: 14825: 14820: 14819: 14606: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14565: 14564: 14395: 14227: 14220: 14213: 14204: 14203: 13743: 13742: 13701: 13694: 13687: 13678: 13677: 13606:George E. 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Bryan 11219:Grover Cleveland 11189:Samuel J. Tilden 11109:Martin Van Buren 10987:Thomas Jefferson 10979: 10978: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10941: 10940: 10927: 10926: 10917: 10916: 10556:William McKinley 10546:Grover Cleveland 10526:Grover Cleveland 10486:Ulysses S. Grant 10436:Millard Fillmore 10386:Martin Van Buren 10336:Thomas Jefferson 10291: 10284: 10277: 10268: 10267: 10255: 10254: 10232: 10223: 10216:James Iver McKay 10208:James Iver McKay 10192:Dixon Hall Lewis 10189:Preceded by 10184:Honorary titles 10156:Preceded by 10131:Preceded by 10106:Preceded by 10073:Preceded by 10040:Preceded by 10007:Preceded by 9967:Preceded by 9934:Party abolished 9898:Preceded by 9847:Preceded by 9808:Preceded by 9773: 9769:Jonathan Russell 9734:Preceded by 9678:Preceded by 9670: 9669: 9658: 9657: 9643: 9642: 9631:Andrew Jackson → 9577:(paternal uncle) 9569:Susanna Boylston 9446:2008 miniseries) 9127: 9120: 9083:Treaty of Limits 9036: 9028: 9020: 9012: 9004: 8996: 8985: 8974: 8962: 8950: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8901: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8880:Internet Archive 8863:, April 18, 1999 8831: 8795: 8793: 8782: 8781: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8751: 8735: 8720:The Adams Papers 8714: 8691: 8642: 8620: 8601: 8589: 8565: 8528: 8487: 8474: 8435: 8416: 8387: 8366: 8325: 8304: 8282: 8270: 8259: 8240: 8219: 8198: 8182: 8168: 8150: 8133: 8114: 8102: 8091: 8079: 8064:Georgini, Sara. 8061: 8052: 8033: 8021: 8010: 7991: 7951: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7889: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7731: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7654: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7551:on July 23, 2010 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7506: 7500: 7495: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7425:Shepherd, Jack, 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7344:. 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Clayton 13375: 13337: 13330: 13191: 13184: 13111:American System 13102: 13093: 13063: 13054: 13005: 12994:William Pinkney 12962: 12957:John C. Calhoun 12901: 12872:Albert Gallatin 12858: 12794: 12747:Nathaniel Macon 12732: 12725: 12586: 12579: 12540:Anti-Federalism 12526: 12521: 12491: 12486: 12460: 12456:John C. Spencer 12453:Vice President: 12428: 12386: 12355:Nullifier Party 12344: 12302: 12290:Vice President: 12278: 12239: 12224: 12194: 12189: 12163: 12120: 12114:John C. Calhoun 12074: 12059: 12029: 12024: 11994: 11985:John C. Calhoun 11969: 11964:Nathaniel Macon 11929: 11924:John C. Calhoun 11889: 11877:John C. Calhoun 11829: 11821: 11806: 11776: 11771: 11745: 11703: 11691:Vice President: 11666: 11627: 11612: 11582: 11577: 11535: 11534: 11515:Hillary Clinton 11445:Michael Dukakis 11405:George McGovern 11395:Hubert Humphrey 11385:Barry Goldwater 11361:Adlai Stevenson 11347:Thomas E. Dewey 11337:Wendell Willkie 11257:Alton B. Parker 11209:James G. Blaine 11169:Horatio Seymour 11139:John C. Frémont 10973: 10968: 10938: 10933: 10905: 10831:F. D. Roosevelt 10783: 10777: 10776: 10775: 10656:John F. Kennedy 10636:Harry S. Truman 10606:Calvin Coolidge 10466:Abraham Lincoln 10446:Franklin Pierce 10306: 10300: 10295: 10260: 10252: 10247: 10218: 10204: 10202: 10194: 10179: 10170: 10161: 10151: 10142: 10136: 10126: 10117: 10111: 10101: 10092: 10086: 10078: 10068: 10059: 10053: 10045: 10043:James L. Hodges 10035: 10026: 10020: 10012: 9995: 9984: 9972: 9962: 9951: 9916: 9912: 9903: 9888: 9879: 9869: 9860: 9852: 9837: 9823: 9821: 9813: 9796: 9787: 9772: 9766: 9756: 9754:James A. Bayard 9747: 9739: 9724: 9715: 9700: 9691: 9683: 9663: 9655: 9650: 9614: 9586: 9474:George W. Adams 9458: 9450: 9393: 9387: 9372:President Adams 9328: 9315:Corrupt Bargain 9278: 9229: 9223: 9195: 9147:Treaty of Ghent 9134: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9112: 9058:American System 9039: 9031: 9023: 9015: 9007: 8999: 8988: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8941: 8933: 8928: 8893: 8842:Wayback Machine 8809: 8808: 8797: 8791: 8789: 8786:This audio file 8783: 8776: 8767: 8764: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8741: 8680: 8650: 8648:Primary sources 8645: 8639: 8617: 8598: 8575:(3rd ed. 2002) 8546:10.2307/3595046 8525: 8471: 8454: 8449: 8443: 8441:Further reading 8438: 8432: 8424:. Basic Books. 8405:10.2307/3123239 8384: 8301: 8279: 8256: 8237: 8216: 8195: 8148: 8130: 8111: 8088: 8049: 8030: 8007: 7948: 7931: 7926: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7877: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7831: 7829: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7781: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7756: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7680: 7676: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7627:10.2307/3791125 7608: 7604: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7576: 7574: 7573:. March 4, 2015 7569: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7541: 7537: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7483: 7473: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7424: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7318:on July 3, 2018 7310: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7274: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7227: 7220: 7210: 7208: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7124:newsdesk.si.edu 7119: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7080: 7076: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6562:10.2307/3122853 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6431:Hargreaves 1985 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6272:Hargreaves 1985 6270: 6266: 6260:Hargreaves 1985 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6236:Hargreaves 1985 6234: 6230: 6224:Hargreaves 1985 6222: 6218: 6212:Hargreaves 1985 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6188:Hargreaves 1985 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6119:10.2307/1848947 6103: 6099: 6093:Hargreaves 1985 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5901:Hargreaves 1985 5899: 5895: 5889:Hargreaves 1985 5887: 5883: 5877:Hargreaves 1985 5875: 5871: 5865:Hargreaves 1985 5863: 5859: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5817: 5811:Hargreaves 1985 5809: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5737:Hargreaves 1985 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5713:Hargreaves 1985 5711: 5707: 5701:Hargreaves 1985 5699: 5695: 5691:, p. 62–64 5689:Hargreaves 1985 5687: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5629: 5620: 5614:Hargreaves 1985 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5539:Hargreaves 1985 5537: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5515:Hargreaves 1985 5513: 5509: 5501: 5494: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5196: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4947: 4943: 4932: 4928: 4885: 4881: 4875:McCullough 2001 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4801:McCullough 2001 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4364: 4360: 4356:, pp. 5–8. 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4105: 4101: 4070: 4066: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4019: 3977: 3957:, and again by 3949:Anthony Hopkins 3945:William Daniels 3923: 3820:is now part of 3806: 3794:Abraham Lincoln 3768: 3754: 3749: 3689:Abraham Lincoln 3673: 3649:Free Soil Party 3629: 3623: 3577:Abraham Lincoln 3527: 3478: 3403: 3397: 3376:Alta California 3368:disputed region 3329: 3319: 3256: 3154: 3149: 3120: 3114: 3073: 3021: 3013: 3011:Foreign affairs 2980: 2974: 2953: 2914:George McDuffie 2910:Robert Y. Hayne 2906:Nathaniel Macon 2849: 2839: 2758:American System 2737: 2732: 2647:1825–1829 2628:1825–1829 2609:1828–1829 2597:1825–1828 2578:1825–1829 2559:1825–1829 2540:1825–1829 2536:John C. Calhoun 2521:1825–1829 2488: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2433:Corrupt bargain 2370:Total: 13 (54%) 2209: 2203: 2166: 2164:Monroe Doctrine 2160: 2158:Monroe Doctrine 2069: 2053:Rocky Mountains 2017:John C. Calhoun 1961: 1955: 1889:James A. Bayard 1885:Albert Gallatin 1860: 1808:Contract Clause 1786: 1739:Napoleonic Wars 1699: 1629:, where he met 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1484:Harvard College 1374: 1361:abolish slavery 1293:electoral votes 1262:Monroe Doctrine 1161: 1160: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1081: 1078: 1060: 1059:Post-presidency 1057: 1037:Corrupt bargain 1025: 1022: 979: 976: 962:Treaty of Ghent 958: 953: 897: 895: 894: 893: 890: 888: 851: 834: 804: 783: 743: 731: 727: 714: 678:Political party 659: 655: 645:British America 635: 629: 627: 599: 587: 575: 569: 564: 557:the Netherlands 556: 540: 530: 518: 512: 507: 499: 490:James A. Bayard 484: 474: 464: 458: 453: 445: 430: 417: 405: 399: 394: 386: 370: 358: 353: 333: 321: 315: 310: 301: 293: 251: 239: 233: 228: 219: 214: 201: 189: 183: 178: 158: 148: 134: 129: 109: 97: 91:John C. Calhoun 83: 77: 72: 55: 52: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 24802: 24792: 24791: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24646: 24641: 24636: 24631: 24626: 24621: 24616: 24611: 24606: 24601: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24561: 24556: 24551: 24546: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24511: 24510: 24493: 24491:from Wikibooks 24476: 24459: 24457:from Wikiquote 24442: 24413: 24410: 24409: 24397: 24385: 24373: 24350: 24349: 24344: 24343: 24339: 24338: 24335: 24334: 24323: 24314: 24305: 24296: 24287: 24278: 24269: 24260: 24251: 24242: 24230: 24223: 24221: 24218: 24217: 24208: 24198: 24191: 24189: 24181: 24180: 24177: 24176: 24167: 24158: 24149: 24140: 24131: 24122: 24113: 24104: 24095: 24085: 24078: 24076: 24073: 24072: 24061: 24051: 24039: 24032: 24030: 24022: 24021: 24018: 24017: 24008: 23999: 23990: 23981: 23972: 23963: 23954: 23945: 23936: 23927: 23917: 23910: 23908: 23905: 23904: 23895: 23885: 23878: 23876: 23868: 23867: 23864: 23863: 23852: 23841: 23832: 23821: 23812: 23809:L. Saltonstall 23803: 23794: 23785: 23776: 23767: 23758: 23754:L. Lincoln Jr. 23747: 23738: 23728: 23721: 23719: 23716: 23715: 23706: 23696: 23689: 23687: 23679: 23678: 23675: 23674: 23663: 23652: 23643: 23632: 23629:L. Saltonstall 23623: 23614: 23605: 23594: 23585: 23576: 23573:L. Lincoln Jr. 23567: 23558: 23549: 23539: 23532: 23530: 23527: 23526: 23515: 23504: 23492: 23480: 23473: 23471: 23463: 23462: 23459: 23458: 23454:L. Saltonstall 23447: 23438: 23429: 23420: 23411: 23402: 23393: 23382: 23379:L. Lincoln Jr. 23373: 23364: 23355: 23346: 23336: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23323: 23314: 23304: 23297: 23295: 23287: 23286: 23283: 23282: 23273: 23264: 23255: 23246: 23237: 23228: 23225:L. Lincoln Jr. 23219: 23210: 23201: 23192: 23183: 23173: 23166: 23164: 23161: 23160: 23151: 23141: 23134: 23132: 23124: 23123: 23120: 23119: 23108: 23104:L. Lincoln Jr. 23097: 23088: 23079: 23068: 23059: 23050: 23041: 23032: 23023: 23014: 23003: 22994: 22984: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22971: 22962: 22952: 22945: 22943: 22935: 22934: 22931: 22930: 22921: 22912: 22903: 22894: 22885: 22876: 22867: 22858: 22849: 22840: 22831: 22822: 22812: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22799: 22790: 22780: 22773: 22771: 22763: 22762: 22759: 22758: 22747: 22736: 22727: 22718: 22709: 22700: 22691: 22682: 22673: 22664: 22655: 22644: 22635: 22626: 22617: 22608: 22597: 22588: 22578: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22565: 22554: 22542: 22532: 22525: 22523: 22515: 22514: 22511: 22510: 22501: 22492: 22483: 22474: 22465: 22456: 22447: 22438: 22429: 22420: 22411: 22402: 22393: 22384: 22375: 22366: 22356: 22349: 22347: 22344: 22343: 22334: 22324: 22317: 22315: 22307: 22306: 22303: 22302: 22291: 22282: 22273: 22264: 22255: 22246: 22237: 22228: 22219: 22210: 22201: 22192: 22183: 22172: 22163: 22154: 22145: 22135: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22122: 22113: 22103: 22096: 22094: 22084: 22081: 22080: 22066: 22065: 22058: 22051: 22043: 22034: 22033: 22031: 22030: 22017: 22016: 22012: 22011: 22004: 21996: 21993: 21992: 21990: 21989: 21988: 21987: 21982: 21974: 21968: 21962: 21956: 21953:John Adams Sr. 21950: 21944: 21938: 21932: 21926: 21920: 21914: 21908: 21902: 21901: 21900: 21895: 21887: 21881: 21880: 21879: 21874: 21865: 21863: 21857: 21856: 21854: 21853: 21852: 21851: 21846: 21836: 21829: 21822: 21817: 21816: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21803:Federalist Era 21795: 21790: 21785: 21780: 21774: 21772: 21768: 21767: 21765: 21764: 21756: 21748: 21740: 21735: 21727: 21723:Liberty's Kids 21719: 21711: 21703: 21698: 21690: 21682: 21673: 21671: 21667: 21666: 21664: 21663: 21658: 21650: 21645: 21636: 21627: 21618: 21609: 21600: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21569:Adams Memorial 21566: 21561: 21555: 21553: 21549: 21548: 21546: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21524: 21523: 21518: 21513: 21508: 21498: 21492: 21490: 21484: 21483: 21481: 21480: 21473: 21468: 21461: 21454: 21453: 21452: 21441: 21439: 21438:Other writings 21435: 21434: 21432: 21431: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21395: 21394: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21346: 21345: 21335: 21334: 21333: 21323: 21318: 21317: 21316: 21311: 21306: 21301: 21296: 21286: 21280: 21278: 21272: 21271: 21269: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21247: 21245: 21241: 21240: 21238: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21221: 21220: 21210: 21209: 21208: 21198: 21193: 21192: 21191: 21186: 21176: 21175: 21174: 21169: 21159: 21154: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21120: 21118: 21110: 21109: 21107: 21106: 21094: 21082: 21074: 21066: 21055: 21043: 21040: 21039: 21032: 21031: 21024: 21017: 21009: 21000: 20999: 20997: 20996: 20991: 20989:Orville Wright 20986: 20984:Woodrow Wilson 20981: 20979:Roger Williams 20976: 20971: 20966: 20961: 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20939:Daniel Webster 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20904:Gilbert Stuart 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20849:George Peabody 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20804:Maria Mitchell 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20719:Andrew Jackson 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20639:Stephen Foster 20636: 20634:David Farragut 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20564:Luther Burbank 20561: 20556: 20551: 20549:Louis Brandeis 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20485: 20482: 20481: 20473: 20472: 20465: 20458: 20450: 20441: 20440: 20438: 20437: 20430: 20428: 20422: 20421: 20419: 20418: 20411: 20409: 20403: 20402: 20400: 20399: 20393: 20386: 20384: 20378: 20377: 20375: 20374: 20367: 20365: 20359: 20358: 20351: 20349: 20347: 20346: 20339: 20337: 20331: 20330: 20315: 20314: 20307: 20300: 20292: 20283: 20282: 20280: 20279: 20273: 20270:Smith Thompson 20267: 20260: 20258: 20252: 20251: 20249: 20248: 20242: 20235: 20233: 20227: 20226: 20224: 20223: 20216: 20214: 20208: 20207: 20205: 20204: 20197: 20195: 20189: 20188: 20181: 20179: 20177: 20176: 20170: 20163: 20161: 20155: 20154: 20139: 20138: 20131: 20124: 20116: 20107: 20106: 20099: 20097: 20095: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20039: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19981: 19976: 19959: 19954: 19949: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19915: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19868: 19859: 19853: 19850: 19849: 19842: 19841: 19834: 19827: 19819: 19810: 19809: 19802: 19800: 19798: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 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17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17534: 17532: 17524: 17523: 17521: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17469: 17467: 17459: 17458: 17456: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17404: 17402: 17394: 17393: 17391: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17329: 17327: 17319: 17318: 17316: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17239: 17237: 17229: 17228: 17226: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17084: 17082: 17074: 17073: 17071: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 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16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16144: 16142: 16134: 16133: 16131: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15924: 15922: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15729: 15727: 15719: 15718: 15716: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15568:L. Lincoln Jr. 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15514: 15512: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15323:L. Lincoln Sr. 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15294: 15292: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15039: 15037: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14839: 14837: 14829: 14828: 14815: 14813: 14811: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14609: 14607: 14599: 14598: 14591: 14590: 14583: 14576: 14568: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14397: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14237: 14230: 14229: 14222: 14215: 14207: 14198: 14197: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14173: 14172: 14171: 14161: 14160: 14159: 14149: 14148: 14147: 14137: 14136: 14135: 14130: 14120: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14103: 14102: 14101: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14079: 14078: 14077: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13756: 13754: 13746: 13745: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13733: 13728: 13722: 13720: 13712: 13711: 13704: 13703: 13696: 13689: 13681: 13672: 13671: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13658: 13652: 13645: 13643: 13637: 13636: 13634: 13633: 13627: 13621: 13615: 13612:Abel P. Upshur 13609: 13603: 13596: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13553: 13551: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13535: 13529: 13523: 13517: 13511: 13505: 13498: 13496: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13486: 13480: 13474: 13471:George M. Bibb 13468: 13462: 13459:Walter Forward 13456: 13450: 13443: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13431: 13428:Edward Everett 13425: 13422:Daniel Webster 13419: 13413: 13410:Abel P. Upshur 13407: 13404:Daniel Webster 13401: 13394: 13392: 13383: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13367: 13361: 13355: 13349: 13342: 13340: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13328: 13315: 13302: 13289: 13276: 13263: 13254: 13245: 13236: 13223: 13210: 13196: 13194: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13130: 13125: 13124: 13123: 13116:American Party 13113: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13092: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13069: 13060: 13059: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13046: 13043:Smith Thompson 13040: 13034: 13028: 13022: 13015: 13013: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13003: 12997: 12991: 12985: 12979: 12972: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12942: 12936: 12930: 12924: 12921:William Eustis 12918: 12915:Henry Dearborn 12911: 12909: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12868: 12866: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12813: 12811: 12802: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12777:John W. Taylor 12774: 12768: 12765:Langdon Cheves 12762: 12756: 12750: 12744: 12737: 12735: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12714: 12705: 12696: 12683: 12670: 12657: 12644: 12631: 12618: 12605: 12591: 12589: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12520: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12497: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12459: 12458: 12450: 12445: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12426: 12418: 12409: 12407: 12400: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12376: 12367: 12365: 12358: 12350: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12334: 12325: 12323: 12316: 12308: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12295: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12276: 12268: 12264:Andrew Jackson 12258: 12256: 12249: 12241: 12240: 12223: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12200: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12172: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12161: 12153: 12143: 12141: 12134: 12126: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12099:Andrew Jackson 12093: 12091: 12084: 12076: 12075: 12058: 12057: 12050: 12043: 12035: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11992: 11990:Smith Thompson 11987: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11959: 11950: 11948: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11927: 11919: 11916:Andrew Jackson 11910: 11908: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11887: 11884:Nathan Sanford 11880: 11871: 11870: 11860: 11851: 11849: 11842: 11833: 11823: 11822: 11805: 11804: 11797: 11790: 11782: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11769: 11764: 11754: 11751: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11743: 11735: 11726: 11724: 11717: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11694:Henry Dearborn 11688: 11686:George Clinton 11683: 11674: 11672: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11660:George Clinton 11655: 11646: 11644: 11637: 11629: 11628: 11611: 11610: 11603: 11596: 11588: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11565: 11555: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11522: 11512: 11502: 11492: 11482: 11472: 11462: 11452: 11442: 11435:Walter Mondale 11432: 11422: 11412: 11402: 11392: 11382: 11372: 11358: 11344: 11334: 11324: 11317:Herbert Hoover 11314: 11304: 11294: 11284: 11274: 11264: 11254: 11236: 11226: 11216: 11206: 11196: 11186: 11179:Horace Greeley 11176: 11166: 11156: 11146: 11136: 11129:Winfield Scott 11126: 11116: 11106: 11096: 11086: 11076: 11058: 11048: 11041:Andrew Jackson 11038: 11028: 11021:DeWitt Clinton 11018: 11004: 10994: 10983: 10982: 10975: 10974: 10967: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10944: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10921: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10787: 10785: 10779: 10778: 10774: 10773: 10763: 10753: 10743: 10736:George W. Bush 10733: 10723: 10713: 10703: 10693: 10683: 10673: 10663: 10653: 10643: 10633: 10623: 10616:Herbert Hoover 10613: 10603: 10593: 10586:Woodrow Wilson 10583: 10573: 10563: 10553: 10543: 10533: 10523: 10513: 10503: 10493: 10483: 10476:Andrew Johnson 10473: 10463: 10456:James Buchanan 10453: 10443: 10433: 10426:Zachary Taylor 10423: 10413: 10403: 10393: 10383: 10376:Andrew Jackson 10373: 10363: 10353: 10343: 10333: 10323: 10312: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10305:Presidents and 10302: 10301: 10294: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10271: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10229: 10228: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10211: 10195: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10181: 10180: 10175: 10172: 10162: 10157: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10124:Andrew Stewart 10122: 10119: 10112: 10109:Rollin Mallary 10107: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10094: 10082:Member of the 10079: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10061: 10049:Member of the 10046: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10028: 10016:Member of the 10013: 10008: 10004: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9991: 9988: 9973: 9970:Samuel Lathrop 9968: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9955: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9928:Andrew Jackson 9904: 9899: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9889: 9886:Andrew Jackson 9884: 9881: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9862: 9853: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9830: 9814: 9811:Jonathan Mason 9809: 9805: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9789: 9780: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9749: 9740: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9722: 9717: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9693: 9684: 9679: 9675: 9674: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9635: 9634: 9627: 9624:← James Monroe 9619: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9609:Quincy Patriot 9605: 9600: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9563:John Adams Sr. 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9464: 9462: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9435: 9427: 9419: 9411: 9406: 9397: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9385: 9376: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9345:Adams Memorial 9342: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9288: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9209: 9207:Lifelong diary 9203: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9169: 9164: 9162:Tariff of 1832 9159: 9157:Treaty of 1818 9154: 9149: 9144: 9138: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9068:Tariff of 1828 9065: 9060: 9055: 9049: 9047: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9029: 9021: 9013: 9005: 8997: 8986: 8975: 8963: 8951: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8927: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8882: 8873: 8864: 8848: 8832: 8816: 8815: 8798: 8784: 8777: 8765: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744:External links 8742: 8740: 8739: 8715: 8692: 8678: 8659: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8637: 8624: 8615: 8602: 8596: 8579: 8569:Pessen, Edward 8566: 8540:(3): 421–443. 8529: 8523: 8508: 8498: 8488: 8475: 8469: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8445:Main article: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8430: 8417: 8399:(2): 161–183. 8388: 8382: 8367: 8341:(2): 175–215. 8326: 8316:(2): 147–170. 8305: 8299: 8286: 8277: 8260: 8254: 8241: 8235: 8220: 8214: 8199: 8193: 8169: 8159:(4): 305–314. 8141: 8134: 8128: 8115: 8109: 8092: 8087:978-0700602728 8086: 8069: 8062: 8053: 8047: 8034: 8028: 8011: 8005: 7992: 7952: 7946: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7901: 7875: 7857: 7839: 7813: 7801: 7789:New York Times 7775: 7749: 7742: 7716: 7701: 7674: 7663:(4): 511–526. 7640: 7621:(2): 259–283. 7602: 7584: 7562: 7535: 7521: 7501: 7481: 7455: 7443: 7431: 7418: 7396: 7359: 7348:on May 9, 2012 7329: 7303: 7294: 7272: 7246: 7239: 7218: 7178: 7156: 7144: 7108: 7099: 7092: 7074: 7059: 7047: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6611: 6599: 6587: 6575: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6339: 6327: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6202:, p. 300. 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6113:(4): 903–917. 6097: 6085: 6073: 6061: 6049: 6037: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5842: 5830: 5815: 5803: 5791: 5779: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5647: 5635: 5618: 5606: 5584: 5572: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5507: 5492: 5477: 5465: 5453: 5438: 5436:Traub, 256-258 5429: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5357: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5275: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5194: 5181: 5169: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5118: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5044: 5032: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4941: 4926: 4899:(2): 175–215. 4879: 4867: 4855: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4719:(2): 283–311. 4697: 4685: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4388: 4358: 4346: 4320: 4309: 4302: 4284: 4258: 4233: 4226: 4202: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4142: 4138:George W. Bush 4129: 4116: 4099: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3922: 3919: 3873:Adams Memorial 3805: 3802: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3672: 3669: 3622: 3619: 3526: 3523: 3498:James Smithson 3490:George Bingham 3477: 3474: 3399:Main article: 3396: 3393: 3389:Wilmot Proviso 3380:Zachary Taylor 3364:Oregon Country 3318: 3315: 3255: 3252: 3237:Tariff of 1833 3233:Tariff of 1832 3225:South Carolina 3221:Tariff of 1828 3186:Andrew Johnson 3182:1830 elections 3174:Tobias Watkins 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3116:Main article: 3113: 3110: 3072: 3069: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3005:Indian removal 2973: 2970: 2966:Tariff of 1828 2952: 2951:Tariff of 1828 2949: 2941:1826 elections 2926:Daniel Webster 2918:Edward Everett 2857:Andrew Jackson 2838: 2835: 2827:North Carolina 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2704:War Department 2649: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2531:Vice President 2527: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2486:Administration 2484: 2468:oath of office 2460:George W. Bush 2451: 2448: 2443:Main article: 2440: 2437: 2417:Daniel Webster 2383: 2382: 2380:Total: 4 (17%) 2377: 2375:Total: 7 (29%) 2372: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2359:North Carolina 2357: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343:South Carolina 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2205:Main article: 2202: 2199: 2182:George Canning 2162:Main article: 2159: 2156: 2152:Russian Alaska 2106:Andrew Jackson 2068: 2065: 2057:Oregon Country 2041:Treaty of 1818 2005:Spanish Empire 1982:Peninsular War 1954: 1951: 1924:Lord Liverpool 1868:Gilbert Stuart 1859: 1856: 1836:Napoleonic War 1785: 1782: 1766:Jacksonian Era 1698: 1695: 1685:, whose work, 1568:Gilbert Stuart 1562: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1526:Main article: 1523: 1520: 1488:Phi Beta Kappa 1392:, that is now 1373: 1370: 1365:typically rank 1277:Andrew Jackson 1200:. Initially a 1121: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1003:Tariff of 1828 1000: 998:Foreign policy 995: 990: 985: 977: 975: 974: 972:Treaty of 1818 969: 964: 954: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 935: 934: 929: 921: 916: 908: 907: 904: 903: 891:a series about 887: 885: 869: 868: 865: 864: 857: 853: 852: 850: 849: 846: 842: 840: 836: 835: 833: 832: 818: 812: 810: 806: 805: 803: 802: 797: 791: 789: 785: 784: 782: 781: 776: 770: 768: 764: 763: 749: 745: 744: 729: 725:Louisa Johnson 723: 722: 720: 716: 715: 713: 712: 706: 700: 694: 688: 681: 679: 675: 674: 669: 665: 664: 658:(aged 80) 652: 648: 647: 625: 621: 620: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 596: 595: 590: 584: 583: 578: 572: 571: 561: 560: 550: 549: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 521: 515: 514: 504: 503: 493: 492: 487: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 467: 461: 460: 450: 449: 439: 438: 433: 427: 426: 420: 414: 413: 408: 402: 401: 391: 390: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 361: 360: 350: 349: 345:Member of the 342: 341: 336: 330: 329: 327:Jonathan Mason 324: 318: 317: 307: 306: 295: 294: 292: 291: 283: 275: 266: 264: 260: 259: 254: 248: 247: 242: 236: 235: 225: 224: 213:Member of the 210: 209: 204: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 175: 174: 167: 166: 161: 155: 154: 151: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 126: 125: 118: 117: 115:Andrew Jackson 112: 106: 105: 100: 94: 93: 88: 85:Vice President 80: 79: 69: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 47: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24801: 24790: 24787: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24754:Quincy family 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24630: 24627: 24625: 24622: 24620: 24617: 24615: 24612: 24610: 24607: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24552: 24550: 24547: 24545: 24542: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24522: 24521: 24519: 24507: 24506: 24494: 24490: 24489: 24477: 24473: 24472: 24460: 24456: 24455: 24443: 24439: 24438: 24426: 24425: 24422: 24416: 24408: 24403: 24398: 24396: 24391: 24386: 24384: 24383:United States 24374: 24372: 24362: 24361: 24358: 24332: 24331: 24324: 24321: 24315: 24312: 24306: 24303: 24297: 24294: 24288: 24285: 24279: 24276: 24270: 24267: 24261: 24258: 24252: 24249: 24243: 24240: 24239: 24232: 24231: 24229: 24227: 24222: 24215: 24209: 24206: 24200: 24199: 24197: 24195: 24190: 24188: 24187: 24183: 24182: 24174: 24168: 24165: 24159: 24156: 24150: 24147: 24141: 24138: 24132: 24129: 24123: 24120: 24114: 24111: 24105: 24102: 24096: 24093: 24087: 24086: 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22951: 22949: 22944: 22942: 22941: 22937: 22936: 22928: 22922: 22919: 22913: 22910: 22904: 22901: 22895: 22892: 22886: 22883: 22877: 22874: 22868: 22865: 22859: 22856: 22850: 22847: 22841: 22838: 22832: 22829: 22823: 22820: 22814: 22813: 22811: 22809: 22804: 22797: 22791: 22788: 22782: 22781: 22779: 22777: 22772: 22770: 22769: 22765: 22764: 22756: 22755: 22748: 22745: 22744: 22737: 22734: 22728: 22725: 22719: 22716: 22710: 22707: 22701: 22698: 22697:J. Quincy III 22692: 22689: 22683: 22680: 22674: 22671: 22665: 22662: 22656: 22653: 22652: 22645: 22642: 22636: 22633: 22627: 22624: 22618: 22615: 22609: 22606: 22605: 22598: 22595: 22589: 22586: 22580: 22579: 22577: 22575: 22570: 22563: 22562: 22555: 22551: 22550: 22543: 22540: 22534: 22533: 22531: 22529: 22524: 22522: 22521: 22517: 22516: 22508: 22507:J. Quincy III 22502: 22499: 22493: 22490: 22484: 22481: 22475: 22472: 22466: 22463: 22457: 22454: 22448: 22445: 22439: 22436: 22430: 22427: 22421: 22418: 22412: 22409: 22403: 22400: 22394: 22391: 22385: 22382: 22376: 22373: 22367: 22364: 22358: 22357: 22355: 22353: 22348: 22341: 22335: 22332: 22326: 22325: 22323: 22321: 22316: 22314: 22313: 22309: 22308: 22300: 22299: 22292: 22289: 22283: 22280: 22274: 22271: 22265: 22262: 22256: 22253: 22247: 22244: 22238: 22235: 22229: 22226: 22220: 22217: 22211: 22208: 22202: 22199: 22193: 22190: 22184: 22181: 22180: 22173: 22170: 22164: 22161: 22155: 22152: 22146: 22143: 22137: 22136: 22134: 22132: 22127: 22120: 22114: 22111: 22105: 22104: 22102: 22100: 22095: 22093: 22092: 22088: 22087: 22082: 22075: 22071: 22070:Massachusetts 22064: 22059: 22057: 22052: 22050: 22045: 22044: 22041: 22029: 22028: 22019: 22018: 22014: 22013: 22010: 22009: 22005: 22003: 22002: 21998: 21997: 21994: 21986: 21983: 21980: 21979: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21966: 21963: 21960: 21957: 21954: 21951: 21948: 21945: 21942: 21939: 21936: 21935:John Q. Adams 21933: 21930: 21929:John Adams II 21927: 21924: 21921: 21918: 21915: 21912: 21909: 21906: 21905:Charles Adams 21903: 21899: 21896: 21893: 21892: 21891: 21888: 21885: 21882: 21878: 21877:Quincy family 21875: 21872: 21871: 21870: 21869:Abigail Adams 21867: 21866: 21864: 21862: 21858: 21850: 21847: 21845: 21842: 21841: 21840: 21837: 21835: 21834: 21830: 21828: 21827: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21814: 21813:republicanism 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21800: 21799: 21796: 21794: 21793:Congress Hall 21791: 21789: 21786: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21775: 21773: 21769: 21763: 21761: 21757: 21755: 21753: 21749: 21747: 21745: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21732: 21728: 21726: 21724: 21720: 21718: 21716: 21712: 21710: 21708: 21704: 21702: 21699: 21697: 21696:(1969 musical 21695: 21691: 21689: 21687: 21683: 21681: 21680:(1964 series) 21679: 21675: 21674: 21672: 21668: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21643: 21642: 21637: 21634: 21633: 21628: 21625: 21624: 21619: 21616: 21615: 21610: 21607: 21606: 21601: 21598: 21597: 21593: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21556: 21554: 21550: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21522: 21521:Stone Library 21519: 21517: 21514: 21512: 21509: 21507: 21504: 21503: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21493: 21491: 21485: 21479: 21478: 21477:Gray v. Pitts 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21466: 21462: 21460: 21459: 21455: 21451: 21448: 21447: 21446: 21443: 21442: 21440: 21436: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21393: 21392: 21388: 21387: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21344: 21341: 21340: 21339: 21336: 21332: 21329: 21328: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21319: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21291: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21281: 21279: 21277: 21273: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21248: 21246: 21242: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21219: 21216: 21215: 21214: 21211: 21207: 21204: 21203: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21181: 21180: 21177: 21173: 21170: 21168: 21165: 21164: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21153: 21151: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21121: 21119: 21117: 21116:United States 21111: 21103: 21099: 21095: 21091: 21087: 21083: 21079: 21075: 21071: 21067: 21063: 21060: 21056: 21052: 21049: 21045: 21044: 21041: 21037: 21030: 21025: 21023: 21018: 21016: 21011: 21010: 21007: 20995: 20994:Wilbur Wright 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20829:Simon Newcomb 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20789:John Marshall 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20779:James Madison 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20749:Robert E. Lee 20747: 20745: 20744:Sidney Lanier 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20689:Patrick Henry 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20649:Robert Fulton 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20504:Louis Agassiz 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20486: 20483: 20478: 20471: 20466: 20464: 20459: 20457: 20452: 20451: 20448: 20435: 20432: 20431: 20429: 20427: 20423: 20416: 20413: 20412: 20410: 20408: 20404: 20397: 20394: 20391: 20390:James Barbour 20388: 20387: 20385: 20383: 20379: 20372: 20369: 20368: 20366: 20364: 20360: 20344: 20341: 20340: 20338: 20336: 20332: 20327: 20324: 20320: 20313: 20308: 20306: 20301: 20299: 20294: 20293: 20290: 20277: 20274: 20271: 20268: 20265: 20262: 20261: 20259: 20257: 20253: 20246: 20243: 20240: 20237: 20236: 20234: 20232: 20228: 20221: 20218: 20217: 20215: 20213: 20209: 20202: 20199: 20198: 20196: 20194: 20190: 20174: 20171: 20168: 20165: 20164: 20162: 20160: 20156: 20151: 20148: 20144: 20137: 20132: 20130: 20125: 20123: 20118: 20117: 20114: 20103: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19971: 19967: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 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19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19013: 19011: 19007: 19002: 18996: 18992: 18985: 18980: 18978: 18973: 18971: 18966: 18965: 18962: 18951: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18632: 18629: 18623: 18618: 18604: 18599: 18597: 18592: 18590: 18585: 18584: 18581: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18553: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18541: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18524: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18502: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18425: 18421: 18419: 18418: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18386: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18338: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18248: 18246: 18240: 18235: 18225: 18222: 18221: 18219: 18215: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18199: 18195: 18189: 18184: 18170: 18165: 18163: 18158: 18156: 18151: 18150: 18147: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17944: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17852: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17827: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17799: 17797: 17787: 17780: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17747: 17745: 17737: 17733: 17726: 17721: 17719: 17714: 17712: 17707: 17706: 17703: 17691: 17688: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17677: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17651:20th district 17647: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17616:19th district 17612: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586:18th district 17582: 17576: 17573: 17572: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17529:17th district 17525: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17464:16th district 17460: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17399:15th district 17395: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17324:14th district 17320: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17234:13th district 17230: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17079:12th district 17075: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16943:J. Richardson 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16889:11th district 16885: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16773:J. E. Russell 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16624:10th district 16620: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16365: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16135: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15915: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15720: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15505: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15338:W. Richardson 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15285: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15030: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14830: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14600: 14596: 14589: 14584: 14582: 14577: 14575: 14570: 14569: 14566: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14399: 14394: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14228: 14223: 14221: 14216: 14214: 14209: 14208: 14205: 14195: 14190: 14182: 14179: 14178: 14177: 14174: 14170: 14167: 14166: 14165: 14162: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14150: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14125: 14124: 14121: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14107: 14104: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14092: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14083: 14080: 14076: 14073: 14072: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13900:Frelinghuysen 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13810:E. Livingston 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13726:R. Livingston 13724: 13723: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13702: 13697: 13695: 13690: 13688: 13683: 13682: 13679: 13662: 13659: 13656: 13653: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13631: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13619: 13616: 13613: 13610: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13582: 13579: 13576: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13558: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13550: 13546: 13539: 13536: 13533: 13530: 13527: 13524: 13521: 13518: 13515: 13512: 13509: 13506: 13503: 13502:James Barbour 13500: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13484: 13483:Thomas Corwin 13481: 13478: 13475: 13472: 13469: 13466: 13463: 13460: 13457: 13454: 13451: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13436: 13429: 13426: 13423: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13411: 13408: 13405: 13402: 13399: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13371: 13368: 13365: 13362: 13359: 13356: 13353: 13350: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13339: 13333: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13287:Frelinghuysen 13284: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13231: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13187: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13122: 13119: 13118: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13090: 13085: 13083: 13078: 13076: 13071: 13070: 13067: 13050: 13047: 13044: 13041: 13038: 13035: 13032: 13031:William Jones 13029: 13026: 13025:Paul Hamilton 13023: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13012: 13008: 13001: 12998: 12995: 12992: 12989: 12986: 12983: 12980: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12958: 12955: 12952: 12951:George Graham 12949: 12946: 12943: 12940: 12937: 12934: 12931: 12928: 12925: 12922: 12919: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12897: 12894: 12891: 12890:William Jones 12888: 12885: 12882: 12879: 12876: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12861: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12836: 12833: 12830: 12829:James Madison 12827: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12797: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12778: 12775: 12772: 12769: 12766: 12763: 12760: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12728: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12582: 12576: 12575:Tertium quids 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12518: 12513: 12511: 12506: 12504: 12499: 12498: 12495: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12467: 12457: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12431: 12425: 12424: 12423:Amos Ellmaker 12419: 12417: 12416: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12383: 12382: 12377: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12341: 12340: 12339:John Sergeant 12335: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12221: 12216: 12214: 12209: 12207: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12116: 12115: 12110: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12056: 12051: 12049: 12044: 12042: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12001: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11976: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11939:Tertium quids 11936: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11918: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11886: 11885: 11881: 11879: 11878: 11873: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11831: 11824: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11803: 11798: 11796: 11791: 11789: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11752: 11742: 11741: 11736: 11734: 11733: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11652:James Madison 11648: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11609: 11604: 11602: 11597: 11595: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11574: 11566: 11564: 11556: 11554: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11530: 11526: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11443: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11376: 11375:Richard Nixon 11373: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11345: 11342: 11338: 11335: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11298: 11297:John W. Davis 11295: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11224: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11187: 11184: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11164: 11160: 11157: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10965: 10960: 10958: 10953: 10951: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10930: 10922: 10920: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10876:G. H. W. Bush 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10851:L. B. Johnson 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10780: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10706:Ronald Reagan 10704: 10701: 10697: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10677: 10676:Richard Nixon 10674: 10671: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10416:James K. Polk 10414: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10346:James Madison 10344: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10303: 10299: 10292: 10287: 10285: 10280: 10278: 10273: 10272: 10269: 10263: 10256: 10240: 10239:1824 election 10237:split in the 10236: 10230: 10226: 10221: 10217: 10210: 10209: 10201: 10200: 10193: 10187: 10182: 10178: 10169: 10168: 10165:Chair of the 10160: 10159:Caleb Cushing 10154: 10150: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10125: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10100: 10091: 10090: 10085: 10077: 10071: 10067: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10044: 10038: 10034: 10033:John Reed Jr. 10025: 10024: 10019: 10011: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9983: 9982: 9978: 9971: 9965: 9961: 9954: 9950: 9948: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9911: 9909: 9902: 9896: 9891: 9887: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9868: 9859: 9858: 9851: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9828: 9820: 9819: 9812: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9786: 9785: 9778: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9746: 9745: 9738: 9737:William Short 9732: 9729: 9728: 9727:Henry Wheaton 9721: 9714: 9713: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9690: 9689: 9682: 9681:William Short 9676: 9671: 9666: 9659: 9647: 9646: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9604: 9603:Republicanism 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9551:Charles Adams 9549: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9538:Quincy family 9536: 9534: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9525:Abigail Adams 9523: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9486:John Adams II 9484: 9481: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9460:Quincy family 9457: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9390: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9267:Stone Library 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9131: 9126: 9119: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8918: 8913: 8911: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8787: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8640: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8623: 8618: 8612: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8588: 8587: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8448: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8269: 8268: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8180: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8101: 8100: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7933: 7911: 7905: 7886: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7729: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7706: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7572: 7566: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7524: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7505: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7422: 7411:September 16, 7406: 7400: 7391: 7385: 7369: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7301:Traub, p. 446 7298: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7259: 7250: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7182: 7166: 7160: 7153: 7148: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7112: 7103: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7045:, p. 270 7044: 7039: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7009:, p. 189 7008: 7003: 6997:, p. 224 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6922:, p. 414 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6898:, p. 410 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6861: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6790:, p. 330 6789: 6784: 6778:, p. 316 6777: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6754:, p. 315 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6608: 6603: 6596: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6337:, p. 229 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6309: 6304: 6298:, p. 257 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6178:, p. 256 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6046: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6011:, p. 251 6010: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5974: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5879:, p. 173 5878: 5873: 5867:, p. 167 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5657: 5651: 5645:, p. 217 5644: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5615: 5610: 5594: 5588: 5582:, p. 213 5581: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5379:, p. 106 5378: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4877:, p. 587 4876: 4871: 4864: 4863:Thompson 1991 4859: 4843: 4842:Bloomberg.com 4839: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4206: 4190: 4185: 4184:public domain 4174: 4172: 4167: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4113: 4112:Melania Trump 4109: 4103: 4094: 4064: 4058: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907:daguerreotype 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3838:Stone Library 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3763: 3758: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:Dean Simonton 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720:knee breeches 3717: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3659:, serving as 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3621:Personal life 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3536: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3466:Supreme Court 3463: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372:Oregon Treaty 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351:Liberty Party 3348: 3347:James K. Polk 3344: 3340: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3301:Whig nominee 3299: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188:are the only 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:spoils system 3167: 3158: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3124: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090:Simón Bolívar 3087: 3082: 3081:Latin America 3078: 3071:Latin America 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3025: 3016: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2972:Indian policy 2969: 2967: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696:James Barbour 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662:stayed on as 2661: 2657: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2593:James Barbour 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2309:New Hampshire 2308: 2305: 2303:Massachusetts 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2221:1824 election 2213: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:Holy Alliance 2165: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:49th parallel 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1994:metric system 1991: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812:James Madison 1809: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1551: 1544: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1473:Great Britain 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:Massachusetts 1387: 1384:in a part of 1383: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:James Madison 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198:Abigail Adams 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:Massachusetts 1185:representing 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1157: 1127: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 957: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 900: 886: 883: 879: 878: 875: 874: 866: 862: 858: 854: 847: 844: 843: 841: 837: 830: 826: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 811: 807: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 790: 786: 780: 779:Abigail Smith 777: 775: 772: 771: 769: 765: 762: 758: 754: 751:4, including 750: 746: 726: 721: 717: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 682: 680: 676: 673: 670: 668:Resting place 666: 662: 653: 649: 646: 642: 638: 634:July 11, 1767 626: 622: 617: 613: 606: 603: 597: 594: 593:William Short 591: 585: 582: 579: 573: 567: 562: 559: 551: 547: 546:Henry Wheaton 544: 538: 534: 528: 525: 522: 516: 510: 505: 502: 494: 491: 488: 482: 478: 472: 469:James Madison 468: 462: 456: 451: 448: 440: 437: 434: 428: 424: 421: 415: 412: 411:James Madison 409: 403: 397: 392: 389: 381: 377: 373: 366: 362: 356: 351: 348: 343: 340: 337: 331: 328: 325: 319: 313: 308: 305: 304:Massachusetts 300: 296: 288: 284: 280: 279:12th district 276: 272: 271:11th district 268: 267: 265: 261: 258: 255: 249: 246: 243: 237: 231: 226: 223: 222:Massachusetts 217: 211: 208: 205: 199: 196: 193: 187: 181: 176: 173: 168: 165: 162: 156: 152: 146: 142: 138: 132: 127: 124: 119: 116: 113: 107: 104: 101: 95: 92: 89: 86: 81: 75: 70: 67: 62: 58: 45: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 24569:Adams family 24503: 24486: 24469: 24452: 24440:from Commons 24435: 24414: 24329: 24237: 24236: 24224: 24192: 24184: 24091: 24079: 24067: 24046: 24033: 24025: 23933:W. Parmenter 23923: 23911: 23879: 23871: 23858: 23847: 23827: 23791:W. Parmenter 23753: 23734: 23722: 23690: 23682: 23669: 23658: 23638: 23611:W. Parmenter 23600: 23554: 23533: 23521: 23510: 23498: 23487: 23474: 23466: 23453: 23444:W. Parmenter 23388: 23360: 23330: 23298: 23290: 23197: 23167: 23135: 23127: 23114: 23103: 23074: 23055: 23009: 22978: 22946: 22938: 22890: 22806: 22774: 22766: 22753: 22742: 22724:E. Livermore 22650: 22603: 22572: 22560: 22548: 22547: 22539:T. Pickering 22526: 22518: 22363:P. Wadsworth 22350: 22339: 22331:T. Pickering 22318: 22310: 22297: 22178: 22142:P. Wadsworth 22129: 22118: 22110:T. Pickering 22097: 22089: 22020: 22006: 21999: 21977:Louisa Adams 21971:Samuel Adams 21947:Brooks Adams 21889: 21861:Adams family 21831: 21824: 21759: 21751: 21743: 21730: 21722: 21714: 21706: 21693: 21685: 21677: 21640: 21631: 21622: 21613: 21604: 21594: 21559:Bibliography 21475: 21463: 21456: 21389: 21284:Inauguration 21196:Board of War 21179:Model Treaty 21149: 20969:Emma Willard 20954:Walt Whitman 20924:Lillian Wald 20894:Joseph Story 20854:William Penn 20834:Thomas Paine 20809:James Monroe 20704:Mark Hopkins 20684:Joseph Henry 20604:Peter Cooper 20584:Rufus Choate 20539:Daniel Boone 20524:Clara Barton 20493: 20415:William Wirt 20371:Richard Rush 20325: 20245:William Wirt 20239:Richard Rush 20172: 20167:Richard Rush 20150:James Monroe 19917: 19775:Ros-Lehtinen 19524: 19317: 19243:Soviet Union 19181:Breckinridge 19020: 18925:Hartog-Levin 18644: 18567: 18557: 18550: 18538: 18521: 18499: 18422: 18415: 18383: 18223: 17850: 17825: 17801: 17778: 17383:Wigglesworth 17308:Wigglesworth 17162: 16947: 16369:9th district 16227: 16139:8th district 15919:7th district 15724:6th district 15509:5th district 15289:4th district 15218:J. A. Thayer 15203:J. R. Thayer 15034:3rd district 14834:2nd district 14604:1st district 14267: 13794: 13649:Thomas Ewing 13557:William Wirt 13453:Thomas Ewing 13447:Richard Rush 13381:U.S. Cabinet 13203: 13190:Presidential 13100:Whig Parties 13019:Robert Smith 13000:William Wirt 12933:James Monroe 12852: 12841:James Monroe 12835:Robert Smith 12800:U.S. Cabinet 12689: 12585:Presidential 12472: 12452: 12448:Richard Rush 12442: 12439: 12420: 12415:William Wirt 12412: 12395: 12378: 12370: 12353: 12336: 12328: 12311: 12289: 12270: 12261: 12244: 12236:1836 → 12228:← 1828 12175: 12158:Richard Rush 12155: 12148: 12146: 12129: 12111: 12096: 12079: 12071:1832 → 12063:← 1824 12006: 11961: 11953: 11921: 11913: 11882: 11874: 11862: 11856: 11854: 11826: 11818:1828 → 11810:← 1820 11757: 11737: 11729: 11712: 11698: 11690: 11681:James Monroe 11677: 11657: 11649: 11632: 11624:1812 → 11616:← 1804 11525:Donald Trump 11425:Jimmy Carter 11287:James M. Cox 11078: 10801:T. Roosevelt 10770:2021–present 10756:Donald Trump 10746:Barack Obama 10726:Bill Clinton 10696:Jimmy Carter 10365: 10356:James Monroe 10307:presidencies 10224: 10206: 10197: 10164: 10149:Cave Johnson 10139: 10114: 10081: 10048: 10015: 9979:nominee for 9977:Anti-Masonic 9975: 9945: 9940: 9933: 9918: 9906: 9901:James Monroe 9874: 9855: 9850:James Monroe 9825: 9816: 9794:Richard Rush 9782: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9761: 9742: 9725: 9719: 9710: 9705: 9686: 9638: 9629: 9622: 9608: 9498:Brooks Adams 9468:Louisa Adams 9456:Adams family 9438: 9433:(1997 film) 9430: 9422: 9414: 9401: 9380: 9371: 9340:Bibliography 9172: 9053:Inauguration 8930: 8858: 8825: 8719: 8701: 8668: 8655: 8628: 8606: 8585: 8572: 8537: 8533: 8513: 8501: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8460: 8421: 8396: 8392: 8372: 8338: 8334: 8313: 8309: 8290: 8266: 8245: 8225: 8204: 8178: 8156: 8152: 8137: 8119: 8098: 8075: 8065: 8057: 8038: 8017: 7996: 7966:(1): 15–43. 7963: 7959: 7937: 7914:. Retrieved 7904: 7894:September 4, 7892:. Retrieved 7878: 7869: 7860: 7851: 7842: 7832:September 5, 7830:. Retrieved 7827:The Atlantic 7826: 7816: 7804: 7792:. Retrieved 7788: 7778: 7766:. Retrieved 7761: 7752: 7727: 7719: 7692:. Retrieved 7687: 7677: 7660: 7656: 7643: 7618: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7587: 7575:. Retrieved 7565: 7553:. Retrieved 7549:the original 7538: 7526:. Retrieved 7515:. Infobase. 7511: 7504: 7472:. Retrieved 7467: 7458: 7446: 7434: 7426: 7421: 7409:. Retrieved 7399: 7372:. Retrieved 7362: 7350:. Retrieved 7346:the original 7341: 7332: 7320:. Retrieved 7316:the original 7306: 7297: 7285:. Retrieved 7257: 7249: 7230: 7209:. Retrieved 7188: 7181: 7169:. Retrieved 7159: 7147: 7137:February 21, 7135:. Retrieved 7128:the original 7123: 7111: 7102: 7083: 7077: 7068: 7062: 7050: 7038: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6995:Parsons 1998 6990: 6978: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627:. Retrieved 6602: 6590: 6578: 6556:(1): 27–45. 6553: 6549: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6505:November 12, 6503:. Retrieved 6499: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6458:Parsons 2009 6443:Parsons 2009 6438: 6426: 6414: 6407:Parsons 2009 6402: 6395:Parsons 2009 6390: 6383:Parsons 2009 6378: 6371:Parsons 2009 6366: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6303: 6291: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6140:Parsons 2009 6135: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6088: 6081:Parsons 2009 6076: 6064: 6057:Parsons 2009 6052: 6040: 6033:Parsons 2009 6028: 6021:Parsons 2009 6016: 6004: 5992: 5985:Parsons 2009 5980: 5973:Parsons 2009 5968: 5961:Parsons 2009 5956: 5944: 5937:Parsons 2009 5932: 5925:Parsons 2009 5920: 5908: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5833: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5773: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5725:Parsons 2009 5720: 5708: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5660:. Retrieved 5650: 5638: 5609: 5597:. Retrieved 5587: 5575: 5551:Parsons 2009 5546: 5534: 5522: 5517:, p. 24 5510: 5503:Parsons 2009 5468: 5456: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5266: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5192:(2001) p. 56 5189: 5184: 5172: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5061:. Retrieved 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4970:, p. 85 4963: 4957:(2): 147–70. 4954: 4950: 4944: 4935: 4929: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4846:. Retrieved 4841: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4779:, p. 89 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4716: 4710: 4700: 4688: 4683:, p. 83 4676: 4664: 4652: 4637: 4625: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4566:, p. 38 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4436:. Retrieved 4431: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4369: 4361: 4349: 4337:. Retrieved 4333:the original 4323: 4312: 4293: 4287: 4275:. Retrieved 4261: 4249:. Retrieved 4245: 4236: 4212: 4205: 4193:. Retrieved 4145: 4132: 4119: 4102: 4025: 3966: 3952: 3941:David Birney 3934: 3924: 3900: 3877: 3870: 3815: 3798:Barack Obama 3789: 3773: 3694: 3685: 3630: 3596: 3556: 3540: 3512: 3495: 3469: 3459: 3452:Lewis Tappan 3449: 3429: 3420: 3415: 3360: 3355:abolitionist 3335: 3330: 1840s 3300: 3280: 3265: 3241: 3206: 3163: 3137: 3129: 3106:slave revolt 3098:isolationist 3074: 3034: 3014: 2993:George Troup 2981: 2962: 2938: 2869: 2775: 2766:abolitionist 2762: 2746: 2716:Pennsylvania 2712:Richard Rush 2668:William Wirt 2652: 2624:William Wirt 2574:Richard Rush 2453: 2450:Inauguration 2409: 2401:Pennsylvania 2386: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2340:Pennsylvania 2318:Rhode Island 2246: 2230:Constitution 2228:view of the 2218: 2167: 2139:Sabine River 2135:Sabine River 2123: 2102:Seminole War 2098:Luis de Onís 2086: 2029: 2025:William Wirt 1998: 1978: 1973:Thomas Sully 1962: 1943:James Monroe 1936: 1932:Hundred Days 1927: 1909: 1873: 1852:Joseph Story 1821: 1801: 1795: 1777: 1751: 1723: 1719:Samuel Chase 1700: 1686: 1678: 1640: 1624: 1576: 1477: 1469:Francis Dana 1434: 1410:Hugo Grotius 1375: 1325: 1274: 1254:James Monroe 1246:Multilingual 1214: 1125: 1124: 1079: 1069:Abolitionism 988:Inauguration 944:Bibliography 896: 703:Anti-Masonic 656:(1848-02-23) 600:Succeeded by 576:Nominated by 565: 541:Succeeded by 519:Nominated by 508: 485:Succeeded by 465:Nominated by 454: 436:Richard Rush 431:Succeeded by 406:Nominated by 395: 354: 334:Succeeded by 311: 287:8th district 263:Constituency 252:Succeeded by 229: 202:Succeeded by 179: 159:Succeeded by 153:James Monroe 143:James Monroe 130: 110:Succeeded by 103:James Monroe 73: 29: 24534:1848 deaths 24529:1767 births 24293:J. Grinnell 24284:J. Rockwell 24248:R. Winthrop 24238:J. Q. Adams 24173:B. Thompson 24146:J. Grinnell 24137:J. Rockwell 24101:R. Winthrop 24092:J. Q. Adams 24014:J. Grinnell 24005:J. Rockwell 23960:H. Williams 23951:R. Winthrop 23924:J. Q. Adams 23859:N. Appleton 23828:R. Winthrop 23800:W. Hastings 23735:J. Q. Adams 23670:R. Winthrop 23649:H. Williams 23620:W. Hastings 23601:A. Lawrence 23555:J. Q. Adams 23546:J. Reed Jr. 23435:W. Hastings 23426:R. Fletcher 23389:S. Phillips 23361:J. Q. Adams 23352:G. Grennell 23343:J. Reed Jr. 23279:A. Lawrence 23234:S. Phillips 23198:J. Q. Adams 23180:J. Reed Jr. 23115:S. Phillips 23056:J. Q. Adams 23038:G. Grennell 22991:J. Reed Jr. 22927:H. Dearborn 22900:N. Appleton 22891:J. Q. Adams 22873:G. Grennell 22819:J. Reed Jr. 22661:J. Chandler 22549:J. Q. Adams 22462:J. Chandler 22399:S. Hastings 22340:J. Q. Adams 22261:N. Mitchell 22225:S. Thatcher 22216:S. Hastings 22169:L. Williams 22119:J. Q. Adams 21965:Elihu Adams 21941:Henry Adams 21688:(1969 play) 21656:Washington) 21092:(1775–1778) 21080:(1782–1788) 21072:(1785–1788) 21064:(1789–1797) 21053:(1797–1801) 20959:Eli Whitney 20864:Walter Reed 20784:Horace Mann 20544:Edwin Booth 20499:Jane Addams 20436:(1825–1829) 20417:(1825–1829) 20398:(1828–1829) 20392:(1825–1828) 20373:(1825–1829) 20345:(1825–1829) 20328:(1825–1829) 20278:(1823–1825) 20272:(1819–1823) 20266:(1817–1818) 20247:(1817–1825) 20222:(1817–1825) 20203:(1817–1825) 20175:(1817–1825) 20152:(1817–1825) 19720:Chiperfield 19246:(1933–1991) 19009:(1780–1917) 18650:Vans Murray 18645:J. Q. Adams 18460:Hillenbrand 17802:J. Q. Adams 17795:(1815–1893) 17743:(1785–1811) 17473:S. Thatcher 17378:Frothingham 17333:G. Thatcher 17268:J. Reed Jr. 17173:F. Rockwell 17103:S. Thatcher 17088:H. Dearborn 16953:J. Reed Jr. 16703:H. Williams 16573:T. H. Eliot 16513:G. Williams 16473:W. Washburn 16433:H. Williams 16408:J. Reed Jr. 16398:J. Reed Jr. 16288:C. H. Allen 16193:J. Reed Jr. 16173:L. Williams 16153:G. Thatcher 16008:J. Rockwell 15873:A.P. Andrew 15743:J. Reed Sr. 15733:G. Thatcher 15593:W. Appleton 15583:W. Appleton 15533:L. Williams 15498:Auchincloss 15493:Kennedy III 15308:G. Thatcher 15213:C. Washburn 14928:Saltonstall 14783:G. Lawrence 14753:T. D. Eliot 14743:T. D. Eliot 14733:W. Appleton 14718:N. Appleton 14708:A. Lawrence 14698:A. Lawrence 14688:N. Appleton 14528:Saltonstall 14070:Christopher 14065:Eagleburger 14005:G. Marshall 13775:J. Marshall 13663:(1850–1853) 13651:(1849–1850) 13632:(1852–1853) 13626:(1850–1852) 13620:(1849–1850) 13614:(1841–1843) 13602:(1825–1829) 13583:(1850–1853) 13577:(1849–1850) 13571:(1843–1845) 13569:John Nelson 13559:(1825–1829) 13540:(1850–1853) 13534:(1849–1850) 13528:(1843–1844) 13522:(1841–1843) 13510:(1828–1829) 13504:(1825–1828) 13485:(1850–1853) 13479:(1849–1850) 13473:(1844–1845) 13467:(1843–1844) 13461:(1841–1843) 13449:(1825–1829) 13430:(1852–1853) 13424:(1850–1852) 13418:(1849–1850) 13412:(1843–1844) 13406:(1841–1843) 13400:(1825–1829) 13372:(1856–1857) 13366:(1847–1849) 13360:(1841–1843) 13354:(1839–1841) 13348:(1825–1827) 13226:1836 (None) 13200:1828 (None) 13155:Union Party 13051:(1823–1825) 13045:(1819–1823) 13039:(1815–1818) 13033:(1813–1814) 13027:(1809–1813) 13021:(1801–1809) 13002:(1817–1825) 12996:(1811–1814) 12990:(1807–1811) 12984:(1805–1806) 12978:(1801–1805) 12959:(1817–1825) 12953:(1816–1817) 12947:(1815–1816) 12935:(1814–1815) 12929:(1813–1814) 12923:(1809–1813) 12917:(1801–1809) 12898:(1816–1825) 12886:(1814–1816) 12874:(1801–1814) 12855:(1817–1825) 12847:John Graham 12843:(1811–1817) 12837:(1809–1811) 12831:(1801–1809) 12819:(1790–1794) 12791:(1823–1825) 12785:(1821–1823) 12779:(1820–1821) 12773:(1815–1820) 12767:(1814–1815) 12761:(1811–1814) 12755:(1807–1811) 12749:(1801–1807) 12743:(1793–1795) 12413:President: 12371:President: 12329:President: 12267:(incumbent) 12262:President: 12152:(incumbent) 12147:President: 12117:(incumbent) 12097:President: 11954:President: 11914:President: 11855:President: 11730:President: 11663:(incumbent) 11650:President: 11505:Mitt Romney 11495:John McCain 11415:Gerald Ford 10686:Gerald Ford 10099:Horace Mann 9993:John Bailey 9835:James Lloyd 9802:U.S. Senate 9581:John Quincy 9575:Elihu Adams 9492:Henry Adams 9425:(1987 book) 9404:(1957 book) 9179:Mendi Bible 9035:(1794–1797) 9027:(1797–1801) 9019:(1803–1808) 9011:(1809–1814) 9003:(1814–1817) 8995:(1817–1825) 8984:(1825–1829) 8973:(1831–1833) 8961:(1833–1843) 8949:(1843–1848) 8486:(2): 24–37. 7929:Works cited 7712:Cooper 2017 7694:October 24, 7577:November 4, 7528:November 4, 7451:Cooper 2017 7439:Cooper 2017 7407:. Jmisc.net 7374:January 13, 7352:January 18, 7171:February 8, 7152:Cooper 2017 7055:Cooper 2017 7043:Miller 1996 7031:Cooper 2017 7019:Cooper 2017 7007:Miller 1996 6983:Cooper 2017 6971:Cooper 2017 6956:Cooper 2017 6944:Cooper 2017 6932:Kaplan 2014 6920:Cooper 2017 6908:Cooper 2017 6896:Cooper 2017 6884:Cooper 2017 6872:Cooper 2017 6860:Cooper 2017 6848:Cooper 2017 6836:Cooper 2017 6824:Cooper 2017 6812:Cooper 2017 6800:Cooper 2017 6788:Cooper 2017 6776:Cooper 2017 6764:Cooper 2017 6752:Cooper 2017 6740:Cooper 2017 6728:Cooper 2017 6716:Cooper 2017 6704:Cooper 2017 6692:Cooper 2017 6680:Kaplan 2014 6668:Cooper 2017 6656:Kaplan 2014 6644:Cooper 2017 6607:Kaplan 2014 6583:Cooper 2017 6532:Kaplan 2014 6347:Kaplan 2014 6335:Cooper 2017 6323:Remini 2002 6308:Kaplan 2014 6284:Cooper 2017 6248:Kaplan 2014 6164:Kaplan 2014 6045:Remini 2002 5997:Remini 2002 5913:Remini 2002 5853:Remini 2002 5838:Kaplan 2014 5826:Kaplan 2014 5799:Remini 2002 5787:Kaplan 2014 5749:Kaplan 2014 5677:Kaplan 2014 5643:Cooper 2017 5631:Kaplan 2014 5580:Cooper 2017 5568:Kaplan 2014 5527:Cooper 2017 5473:Kaplan 2014 5449:Kaplan 2014 5413:Cooper 2017 5389:Cooper 2017 5365:Cooper 2017 5353:Kaplan 2014 5338:Remini 2002 5326:Cooper 2017 5314:Cooper 2017 5302:Cooper 2017 5290:Kaplan 2014 5253:Cooper 2017 5229:Cooper 2017 5217:Cooper 2017 5205:Kaplan 2014 5165:Kaplan 2014 5150:Cooper 2017 5138:Kaplan 2014 5126:Cooper 2017 5114:Cooper 2017 5102:Cooper 2017 5090:Cooper 2017 5078:Cooper 2017 5040:Cooper 2017 5028:Cooper 2017 5016:Cooper 2017 5004:Cooper 2017 4980:Cooper 2017 4968:Cooper 2017 4825:Cooper 2017 4813:Cooper 2017 4789:Cooper 2017 4765:Cooper 2017 4753:Cooper 2017 4693:Cooper 2017 4669:Cooper 2017 4657:Cooper 2017 4630:Cooper 2017 4618:Cooper 2017 4588:Cooper 2017 4564:Cooper 2017 4552:Cooper 2017 4540:Cooper 2017 4528:Cooper 2017 4489:Cooper 2017 4465:Cooper 2017 4453:Cooper 2017 4415:Cooper 2017 4403:Cooper 2017 4354:Cooper 2017 4339:October 30, 4317:Remini 2002 4277:November 1, 4006:Mendi Bible 3933:miniseries 3826:Adams House 3769: 1858 3718:instead of 3671:Personality 3663:during the 3353:, a small, 3292:slave state 3202:third party 3198:Freemasonry 3037:reciprocity 2922:John Taylor 2807:Great Lakes 2801:around the 2754:New Orleans 2676:John McLean 2456:inaugurated 2334:Mississippi 2285:Connecticut 2259:New England 2037:Great Lakes 1916:Great Lakes 1900:and former 1881:War of 1812 1877:impressment 1756:and as the 1743:impressment 1492:studied law 1441:Netherlands 1398:John Quincy 1368:Americans. 1250:War of 1812 1229:Netherlands 711:(1834–1848) 705:(1830–1834) 699:(1828–1830) 693:(1809–1828) 687:(1792–1808) 588:Preceded by 531:Preceded by 475:Preceded by 418:Preceded by 339:James Lloyd 322:Preceded by 290:(1843–1848) 282:(1833–1843) 274:(1831–1833) 257:Horace Mann 240:Preceded by 190:Preceded by 149:Preceded by 98:Preceded by 24518:Categories 24454:Quotations 24320:J. Palfrey 24205:D. Webster 24057:D. Webster 23969:B. Burnell 23838:B. Burnell 23782:C. Cushing 23773:W. Calhoun 23591:C. Cushing 23582:W. Calhoun 23488:D. Webster 23417:C. Cushing 23408:W. Calhoun 23311:D. Webster 23281: (NR) 23272: (NR) 23263: (NR) 23261:C. Cushing 23254: (NR) 23252:W. Calhoun 23236: (NR) 23227: (NR) 23218: (AM) 23216:W. Jackson 23209: (NR) 23200: (AM) 23191: (NR) 23182: (AM) 23159: (NR) 23150: (NR) 23148:D. Webster 23118: (NR) 23107: (NR) 23087: (AM) 23085:W. Jackson 23078: (NR) 23067: (NR) 23058: (AM) 23049: (NR) 23047:W. Baylies 23040: (NR) 23031: (NR) 23022: (NR) 23020:E. Everett 23013: (NR) 23002: (NR) 22993: (NR) 22970: (NR) 22968:D. Webster 22961: (NR) 22959:N. Silsbee 22929: (NR) 22920: (NR) 22911: (NR) 22902: (NR) 22893: (NR) 22884: (NR) 22882:J. Kendall 22875: (NR) 22866: (NR) 22857: (NR) 22848: (NR) 22846:E. Everett 22839: (NR) 22830: (NR) 22821: (NR) 22798: (NR) 22796:D. Webster 22789: (NR) 22787:N. Silsbee 22757: (DR) 22746: (DR) 22717: (DR) 22708: (DR) 22690: (DR) 22672: (DR) 22663: (DR) 22654: (DR) 22651:B. Bidwell 22643: (DR) 22632:S. Taggart 22623:W. Stedman 22616: (DR) 22596: (DR) 22587: (DR) 22491: (DR) 22473: (DR) 22464: (DR) 22455: (DR) 22453:B. Bidwell 22446: (DR) 22435:S. Taggart 22426:W. Stedman 22419: (DR) 22392: (DR) 22383: (DR) 22374: (DR) 22301: (DR) 22288:S. Taggart 22279:W. Stedman 22272: (DR) 22209: (DR) 22200: (DR) 22182: (DR) 22179:T. Skinner 22162: (DR) 22153: (DR) 21985:first lady 21931:(grandson) 21925:(grandson) 21919:(grandson) 21898:presidency 21886:(daughter) 21733:(2001 book 21731:John Adams 21701:1972 film) 21641:John Adams 21614:John Adams 21571:(proposed) 21516:Peacefield 21294:XYZ Affair 21276:Presidency 21036:John Adams 20919:Mark Twain 20739:James Kent 20709:Elias Howe 20589:Henry Clay 20489:John Adams 20343:Henry Clay 19857:Muhlenberg 19690:McReynolds 19570:Crittenden 19550:Pennington 19540:McClernand 19263:Steinhardt 19066:Cambreleng 18920:Culbertson 18860:Middendorf 18501:Bindenagel 18129:W. Johnson 18064:Richardson 17917:Pierrepont 17902:R. Johnson 17670:E. Lincoln 17148:L. Bigelow 16988:Whiting II 16933:J. Russell 16918:A. Bigelow 16828:Fitzgerald 16693:W. Baylies 16563:R. Russell 16523:Fitzgerald 16348:Kennedy II 16293:Greenhalge 16103:L. Connery 16098:W. Connery 16073:W. Everett 16058:W. Russell 15898:Torkildsen 15888:Harrington 15703:N. Tsongas 15683:P. Tsongas 15588:Burlingame 15358:E. Everett 15273:N. Tsongas 14953:Buffington 14758:Buffington 14368:E. Kennedy 14358:J. Kennedy 13995:Stettinius 13398:Henry Clay 13336:U.S. House 12789:Henry Clay 12771:Henry Clay 12759:Henry Clay 12731:U.S. House 12440:President: 12373:John Floyd 12331:Henry Clay 11864:Henry Clay 11740:Rufus King 11678:President: 11563:Presidents 11485:John Kerry 11327:Alf Landon 11119:Lewis Cass 11061:Henry Clay 11031:Rufus King 10997:John Adams 10886:G. W. Bush 10841:Eisenhower 10791:Washington 10782:Presidency 10406:John Tyler 10326:John Adams 10171:1842–1843 10143:1841–1843 10118:1831–1847 10093:1843–1848 10060:1833–1843 10027:1831–1833 9960:Henry Clay 9920:Henry Clay 9880:1825–1829 9867:Henry Clay 9861:1817–1825 9788:1815–1817 9748:1809–1814 9716:1797–1801 9706:New office 9692:1794–1797 9533:First Lady 9518:presidency 9510:John Adams 9506:(grandson) 9500:(grandson) 9494:(grandson) 9441:(2001 book 9439:John Adams 9381:John Adams 9262:Peacefield 9237:Early life 9045:Presidency 8801:Audio help 8792:2019-03-13 8179:John Adams 8153:Modern Age 7498:Nagel 1999 7474:October 4, 7194:Bela Marsh 5063:August 26, 4438:October 4, 4378:. p. 4162:References 4108:First Lady 3968:John Adams 3927:mass media 3861:John Adams 3842:Peacefield 3641:alcoholism 3625:See also: 3438:imposed a 3384:Rio Grande 3311:John Tyler 3268:Whig Party 3248:John Davis 3043:, and the 3029:Henry Clay 3001:Deep South 2976:See also: 2841:See also: 2720:Henry Clay 2660:New Jersey 2555:Henry Clay 2454:Adams was 2397:New Jersey 2337:New Jersey 2240:, and the 2127:Rio Grande 1957:See also: 1905:Henry Clay 1824:Baltic Sea 1774:David Hume 1770:Ciceronian 1655:nepotistic 1600:Jay Treaty 1406:Thucydides 1337:Whig Party 1285:Henry Clay 1210:Whig Party 1202:Federalist 1195:First Lady 1191:John Adams 983:Presidency 919:Early life 914:Birthplace 845:Politician 839:Occupation 774:John Adams 685:Federalist 630:1767-07-11 524:John Adams 164:Henry Clay 24505:Resources 24488:Textbooks 24371:Biography 24333: (W) 24322: (W) 24313: (W) 24304: (W) 24302:G. Ashmun 24295: (W) 24286: (W) 24277: (W) 24268: (W) 24266:A. Abbott 24259: (W) 24257:C. Hudson 24250: (W) 24241: (W) 24216: (W) 24207: (W) 24175: (W) 24166: (W) 24157: (W) 24155:G. Ashmun 24148: (W) 24139: (W) 24130: (W) 24121: (W) 24119:A. Abbott 24112: (W) 24110:C. Hudson 24103: (W) 24094: (W) 24071: (W) 24059: (W) 24050: (W) 24016: (W) 24007: (W) 23998: (W) 23989: (W) 23987:A. Abbott 23980: (W) 23978:C. Hudson 23971: (W) 23962: (D) 23953: (W) 23944: (W) 23935: (D) 23926: (W) 23903: (W) 23901:R. Choate 23894: (W) 23862: (W) 23851: (W) 23848:C. Hudson 23840: (W) 23831: (W) 23820: (W) 23811: (W) 23802: (W) 23793: (D) 23784: (W) 23775: (W) 23766: (W) 23764:N. Borden 23757: (W) 23746: (W) 23744:G. Briggs 23737: (W) 23712:R. Choate 23673: (W) 23662: (W) 23651: (D) 23642: (W) 23639:J. Alvord 23631: (W) 23622: (W) 23613: (D) 23604: (W) 23593: (W) 23584: (W) 23575: (W) 23566: (W) 23564:G. Briggs 23557: (W) 23548: (W) 23522:R. Choate 23457: (W) 23446: (D) 23437: (W) 23428: (W) 23419: (W) 23410: (W) 23401: (D) 23399:N. Borden 23392: (W) 23381: (W) 23372: (W) 23370:G. Briggs 23363: (W) 23354: (W) 23345: (W) 23245: (J) 23243:N. Borden 23207:G. Briggs 23096: (J) 23094:G. Osgood 23075:R. Choate 23065:G. Briggs 23000:B. Gorham 22918:R. Choate 22909:G. Briggs 22864:J. Hodges 22828:J. Nelson 22735: (F) 22726: (F) 22715:D. Ilsley 22699: (F) 22681: (F) 22641:J. Barker 22634: (F) 22625: (F) 22614:E. Seaver 22607: (F) 22585:J. Varnum 22564: (F) 22552: (F) 22541: (F) 22509: (F) 22500: (F) 22498:J. Nelson 22482: (F) 22444:J. Barker 22437: (F) 22428: (F) 22417:E. Seaver 22410: (F) 22401: (F) 22381:P. Bishop 22372:J. Varnum 22365: (F) 22342: (F) 22333: (F) 22298:S. Larned 22290: (F) 22281: (F) 22270:E. Seaver 22263: (F) 22254: (F) 22252:T. Dwight 22245: (F) 22236: (F) 22227: (F) 22218: (F) 22198:W. Eustis 22191: (F) 22189:M. Cutler 22171: (F) 22160:P. Bishop 22151:J. Varnum 22144: (F) 22121: (F) 22112: (F) 21967:(brother) 21244:Elections 21235:Diplomacy 20769:Mary Lyon 20479:inductees 20323:President 20147:President 19979:Culberson 19942:Washburne 19889:Davenport 19685:Linthicum 19530:Ingersoll 19382:Pickering 19196:McCormick 19186:Hitchcock 19141:Stoughton 19076:Ingersoll 19036:Middleton 18905:Schneider 18870:McCloskey 18745:Roosevelt 18552:Quinville 18490:Holbrooke 18321:Pendleton 18069:Armstrong 18059:Annenberg 17882:Ingersoll 17857:Stevenson 17842:Van Buren 17625:J. Parker 17605:J. Parker 17408:Wadsworth 17348:J. Holmes 17243:Wadsworth 17213:McCormack 17093:I. Parker 16808:O'Connell 16783:McEttrick 16778:J. Walker 16728:Dickinson 16678:F Baylies 16593:McCormack 16583:Nicholson 16553:Underhill 16468:A. Walker 16458:E. Thayer 16413:H. Dwight 16338:Macdonald 16323:Dallinger 16318:H. Thayer 16313:Dallinger 16283:W Russell 16238:Wentworth 16113:Macdonald 15988:H. Dwight 15893:Mavroules 15668:E. Rogers 15663:J. Rogers 15538:T. Dwight 15518:Partridge 15473:P. Holmes 15418:J. Abbott 15368:Parmenter 15313:Wadsworth 15193:J. Andrew 15158:Whiting I 15118:A. Abbott 15088:Pickering 15078:Livermore 14998:Granfield 14983:Churchill 14898:Pickering 14518:Lodge Jr. 14428:Pickering 14353:Lodge Jr. 14338:Lodge Sr. 14152:Tillerson 14035:Kissinger 13880:Washburne 13805:Van Buren 13770:Pickering 13760:Jefferson 13514:John Bell 13346:J. Taylor 13296:Z. Taylor 12625:Jefferson 12612:Jefferson 12599:Jefferson 12381:Henry Lee 10784:timelines 10766:Joe Biden 10760:2017–2021 10750:2009–2017 10740:2001–2009 10730:1993–2001 10720:1989–1993 10710:1981–1989 10700:1977–1981 10690:1974–1977 10680:1969–1974 10670:1963–1969 10660:1961–1963 10650:1953–1961 10640:1945–1953 10630:1933–1945 10620:1929–1933 10610:1923–1929 10600:1921–1923 10590:1913–1921 10580:1909–1913 10570:1901–1909 10560:1897–1901 10550:1893–1897 10540:1889–1893 10530:1885–1889 10520:1881–1885 10500:1877–1881 10490:1869–1877 10480:1865–1869 10470:1861–1865 10460:1857–1861 10450:1853–1857 10440:1850–1853 10430:1849–1850 10420:1845–1849 10410:1841–1845 10390:1837–1841 10380:1829–1837 10370:1825–1829 10360:1817–1825 10350:1809–1817 10340:1801–1809 10330:1797–1801 10320:1789–1797 10134:John Bell 9559:(brother) 9553:(brother) 8757:hour and 8711:564019879 8688:559230698 8554:0275-1275 8363:144055057 8355:0734-8584 8335:Rhetorica 8322:0012-8163 8165:0026-7457 8022:. Knopf. 7980:0145-2096 7916:March 18, 7809:Howe 2007 7768:March 23, 7555:April 20, 7287:August 2, 7282:191882004 7211:August 2, 6629:March 23, 6595:Edel 2014 6520:Edel 2014 6482:Howe 2007 6470:Howe 2007 6419:Howe 2007 6359:Howe 2007 6296:Howe 2007 6200:Edel 2014 6176:Howe 2007 6152:Edel 2014 6069:Howe 2007 6009:Howe 2007 5949:Howe 2007 5761:Howe 2007 5599:March 28, 5488:Howe 2007 5461:Howe 2007 5425:Howe 2007 5401:Howe 2007 5377:Howe 2007 5241:Edel 2014 5177:Edel 2014 4992:Edel 2014 4921:144055057 4913:0734-8584 4893:Rhetorica 4848:March 14, 4777:Edel 2014 4733:1553-0620 4681:Edel 2014 4576:Edel 2014 4477:Edel 2014 4195:March 15, 4136:In 2001, 3929:. In the 3804:Memorials 3613:, called 3607:Unitarian 3270:. In the 2934:Democrats 2873:Tennessee 2514:President 2462:, son of 2425:Louisiana 2413:demagogue 2346:Tennessee 2294:Louisiana 2178:Argentina 2118:Pensacola 2114:St. Marks 2110:Seminoles 2093:New Spain 1667:Quasi-War 1570:, 1821-26 1482:class of 1430:Aristotle 1414:classical 1386:Braintree 856:Signature 809:Education 788:Relatives 637:Braintree 566:In office 509:In office 455:In office 396:In office 355:In office 312:In office 230:In office 180:In office 170:14th 140:President 131:In office 74:In office 48:Portrait 24395:Politics 24214:J. Davis 24068:J. Davis 24047:I. Bates 23942:O. Baker 23892:I. Bates 23818:O. Baker 23703:I. Bates 23659:O. Baker 23511:I. Bates 23499:J. Davis 23320:J. Davis 23157:J. Davis 23029:I. Bates 23010:J. Davis 22855:I. Bates 22837:J. Davis 22754:J. Story 22743:E. Bacon 22733:J. Upham 22688:I. Green 22594:R. Cutts 22561:J. Lloyd 22489:I. Green 22390:R. Cutts 22234:P. Bruce 22207:R. Cutts 22027:Category 21961:(mother) 21955:(father) 21844:patriots 21760:Franklin 21715:Liberty! 21487:Life and 21098:Delegate 21086:Delegate 20669:Asa Gray 20042:Doughton 19932:Giddings 19904:Williams 19884:Stanford 19866:Thatcher 19750:Hamilton 19740:Zablocki 19725:Richards 19715:Richards 19665:C. Smith 19635:McCreary 19620:McCreary 19605:Williams 19555:Clingman 19535:T. Smith 19422:Sullivan 19417:Huntsman 19392:Vershbow 19325:Stoessel 19308:Thompson 19298:Thompson 19278:W. Smith 19273:Harriman 19268:Standley 19211:Rockhill 19171:C. Smith 19101:Appleton 19046:Buchanan 19041:Randolph 19031:Campbell 18935:Hoekstra 18900:Dornbush 18840:Matthews 18825:Hornbeck 18790:Phillips 18780:Van Dyke 18680:Bleecker 18635:J. Adams 18507:Kornblum 18465:Stoessel 18396:Schurman 18391:Houghton 18374:Leishman 18291:Bancroft 18261:Hannegan 18256:Donelson 18074:Brewster 18029:Harriman 17999:Houghton 17897:C. Adams 17887:Buchanan 17877:Lawrence 17872:Bancroft 17822:Lawrence 17817:Gallatin 17750:J. Adams 17681:At-large 17543:Chandler 17488:S. Davis 17428:Bradbury 17353:Lovering 17293:Mitchell 17278:Simpkins 17208:Gallivan 17188:Lovering 17183:E. Morse 17168:Robinson 17163:J. Adams 17068:Donnelly 17043:Flaherty 17033:Douglass 17018:Sullivan 16998:Coolidge 16983:Robinson 16963:Goodrich 16948:J. Adams 16928:B. Adams 16903:Bartlett 16898:Bradbury 16873:Delahunt 16838:Douglass 16763:Norcross 16718:Grinnell 16658:J. Allen 16648:Hastings 16493:T. Lyman 16428:Hastings 16308:Deitrick 16228:J. Adams 16128:Pressley 16068:Cogswell 16028:Boutwell 16013:Goodrich 15998:Grennell 15993:S. Allen 15953:Mitchell 15933:Ward Sr. 15883:W. Bates 15878:G. Bates 15853:Cogswell 15843:Lovering 15828:Thompson 15803:T. Davis 15793:G. Davis 15773:Grennell 15758:S. Allen 15748:J. Smith 15673:B. Morse 15643:Sh. Hoar 15628:L. Morse 15578:C. Allen 15563:J. Davis 15453:Mitchell 15443:Weymouth 15423:L. Morse 15383:Thompson 15373:Thompson 15363:Sa. Hoar 15328:Hastings 15303:Dearborn 15298:Sedgwick 15268:McGovern 15188:L. Morse 15153:Twichell 15138:C. Adams 15058:S. Lyman 15023:McGovern 14973:E. Morse 14923:Phillips 14868:W. Lyman 14863:Ward Sr. 14858:Sedgwick 14853:W. Lyman 14793:Heselton 14788:Treadway 14768:R. Davis 14728:S. Eliot 14723:Winthrop 14713:Winthrop 14703:Fletcher 14663:Ward Jr. 14648:J. Bacon 14643:Sedgwick 14633:Sedgwick 14523:S. Weeks 14513:Coolidge 14498:J. Weeks 14483:Boutwell 14473:Rockwell 14413:Sedgwick 14328:Washburn 14313:Winthrop 14082:Albright 13840:Buchanan 13765:Randolph 13641:Interior 13439:Treasury 13364:Winthrop 13338:Speakers 13326:Donelson 13322:Fillmore 13300:Fillmore 13270:Harrison 13230:Harrison 13221:Sergeant 12864:Treasury 12733:speakers 12708:Crawford 12681:Tompkins 12668:Tompkins 12406:Nominees 12364:Nominees 12322:Nominees 12255:Nominees 12140:Nominees 12105:campaign 12090:Nominees 11947:Nominees 11907:Nominees 11848:Nominees 11723:Nominees 11643:Nominees 11465:Bob Dole 11307:Al Smith 10919:Category 10821:Coolidge 10796:McKinley 9645:Category 9547:(sister) 9228:Life and 9200:Writings 8889:LibriVox 8838:Archived 8803: · 8732:56354007 8175:(2001). 7988:24913402 7384:cite web 7322:July 11, 5662:March 9, 4738:June 30, 4515:11615552 4251:April 5, 3975:See also 3736:UC Davis 3716:trousers 3535:cenotaph 3533:Adams's 3503:Congress 3440:gag rule 3051:and the 2997:Muscogee 2890:Missouri 2882:Kentucky 2855:General 2797:and the 2710:went to 2700:Virginia 2429:Maryland 2421:Illinois 2393:New York 2362:Virginia 2353:Delaware 2312:New York 2306:Missouri 2300:Maryland 2291:Kentucky 2288:Illinois 1840:Napoleon 1610:and the 1596:John Jay 1439:and the 1426:Plutarch 1357:gag rule 1347:and the 1215:Born in 1051:election 1032:election 748:Children 121:8th 64:6th 24357:Portals 24330:H. Mann 24311:A. Hale 24275:D. King 24164:A. Hale 24128:D. King 23996:D. King 23270:S. Hoar 22706:J. Dean 22670:O. Cook 22471:O. Cook 21771:Related 21424:Cabinet 21100:to the 21088:to the 20319:Cabinet 20143:Cabinet 20082:Conyers 20077:Dingell 20072:Whitten 20047:Rayburn 20017:Gillett 19998:Dalzell 19993:Bingham 19957:Randall 19909:Everett 19862:Hartley 19745:Fascell 19650:Perkins 19645:Cousins 19615:Belmont 19560:Hopkins 19520:Cushing 19515:Pickens 19490:Everett 19485:Forsyth 19480:Russell 19387:Collins 19377:Strauss 19350:Strauss 19345:Matlock 19340:Hartman 19253:Bullitt 19226:Francis 19161:Lothrop 19116:C. Clay 19111:Cameron 19106:C. Clay 19096:Pickens 19091:Seymour 19056:J. 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