635:, Aristotle operates with the idea of places, but dismisses the existence of space. The idea that came from Plato and was developed by Aristotle has been evolved by Philoponus. Philoponus attempts to combine the idea of homogeneous space with the Aristotelian system. The argument made by Philoponus is that substances by themselves require some determinate quantity for their being. Similarly to Aristotle, who rejected the immaterial things, and in contrast to Plato who accepted immaterial substances in his metaphysics, Philoponus’ concept of substance refers to the material objects.
497:, by questioning Aristotle's' view of dynamics and cosmology. He argued that motion can occur in a void and that the velocity of a falling object is not based on its weight. He also held that God created all matter with its physical properties and with natural laws that would allow matter to progress from a state of chaos to an organized state forming the present universe. What remains of his writings indicate that he used the same
662:. On one hand, there is the active intellect, and on the other, the idea of perception awareness or how we are aware that we are perceiving. In other words, in this reflective philosophy, there is a rationalist conclusion which emphasizes a relation between self and truth which leads to the discussion of the nature of knowledge.
517:. In this work he transfers his theory of impetus to the motion of the planets, whereas Aristotle had proposed different explanations for the motion of heavenly bodies and for earthly projectiles. Thus, Philoponus' theological work is recognized in the history of science as the first attempt at a unified
470:
We must note that
Aristotle himself observes in his Physica (Book IV, Part 8), that "why a thing once set in motion should stop anywhere; for why should it stop here rather than here? So that a thing will either be at rest or must be moved ad infinitum, unless something more powerful get in its way",
665:
According to this view, the knowledge is identical to its object, since the self-awareness of perception is divorced from the irrational soul.Therefore, the understanding arises through the identification of the intellect and its object. More specifically, perception deals only with material things.
452:
But this is completely erroneous, and our view may be completely corroborated by actual observation more effectively than by any sort of verbal argument. For if you let fall from the same height two weights, one many times heavier than the other you will see that the ratio of the times required for
673:
examines the question of how is the mixture (chemical combination) possible? Philoponus’ contribution to the topic is in his new definition of potential, the third of the seven elements criteria. There are various interpretations of the theory of mixture, but it seems that
Philoponus is rather
616:
The commentaries of the late antiquity and early Middle Ages aimed to teach an audience. In that regard, the repetitive nature of
Philoponus’ commentaries demonstrates his pedagogical awareness. Although abstract in manner, Philoponus is chiefly focused on the concept in question.
504:
The style of his commentaries and his conclusions made
Philoponus unpopular with his colleagues and fellow philosophers, and he appears to have ceased his study of philosophy around 530, devoting himself to theology instead. Around 550 he wrote a theological work
462:
argues that its invention would put
Philoponus among the "great geniuses of Antiquity" and the "principal precursors to modern science", although he holds it more likely that Philoponus may have received the idea from an earlier, otherwise unrecorded
453:
the motion does not depend on the weights, but that the difference in time is very small. ... — John
Philoponus' refutation of the Aristotelian claim that the elapsed time for a falling body is inversely proportional to its weight
638:
Concerning the discussion of space, Philoponus’ claim that from every point in space is possible to draw identical figures, made him be perceived as an innovative thinker who influenced later
Renaissance scholars, for instance,
457:
Philoponus is the only writer of antiquity to have formally presented such a concept. As the discovery of the principle of inertia is the hallmark achievement of modern science as it emerges in the 16th to 17th centuries,
674:
refining
Aristotle's approach than rejecting it. One of interpreters of Philophonus’ work on the theory of mixture, De Haas, implies that "no element can possess a quality essential to it except to a superlative extent".
444:": i.e., an object moves and continues to move because of an energy imparted in it by the mover and ceases the movement when that energy is exhausted. This insightful theory was the first step towards the concept of
536:. His doctrine on Christ's duality, according to which in Christ remain two united substances, united but divided, is analogous to the union of the soul and body in human beings and coincides with the
1263:
Wood, R. & Weisberg, M. Interpreting
Aristotle on mixture: problems about elemental composition from Philoponus to Cooper. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol. 35 (2004), pp. 681–706
412:, chose particular philosophical texts and problems as objects of his work because they were the material of current Monophysite debate. His intention was to provide the nascent
486:. The intellectual battle against eternalism became one of Philoponus' major preoccupations and dominated several of his publications (some now lost) over the following decade.
489:
He introduced a new period of scientific thought based heavily on three premises: (1) The universe is a product of one single God, (2) the heavens and the earth have the same
620:
Most of
Philoponus’ early philosophical works strive to define the distinction between matter, extension, place, and various kinds of change. For example, the commentary
424:
Philoponus' early writings are based on lectures given by Ammonius, but gradually he established his own independent thinking in his commentaries and critiques of
706:
John Philoponus wrote at least 40 works on a wide array of subjects including grammar, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and theology. Some of these include:
580:, and many of his works survived and were studied by the Arabs. Some of his works continued to circulate in Europe in Greek or Latin versions and influenced
471:
a very good description of the concept of inertia in vacuum. He does, however, proceed to dismiss this idea on the grounds that a vacuum cannot exist.
658:, Philoponus analyzes the doctrine of the intellect. The author (Philoponus or pseudo-Philoponus?) sets the theory on the role and functioning of the
1042:
The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450
385:
Although Philoponus' originating from a Christian family is possible, nothing is known of his early life. Philoponus studied at the school of
647:. Thus, Philoponus' idea of perspective signifies the concept of space as immaterial three-dimensional medium in which objects are located.
1539:
Platon und Aristoteles in der Kosmologie des Proklos. Ein Kommentar zu den 18 Argumenten für die Ewigkeit der Welt bei Johannes Philoponos
1797:
448:
in modern physics, although Philoponus' theory was largely ignored at the time because he was too radical in his rejection of Aristotle.
1529:
806:) – A refutation of Aristotle's doctrines of the fifth element and the eternity of motion and time, consisting of at least eight books.
572:
in 680–681. This limited the spread of his ideas in the following centuries, but in his own time and afterwards he was translated into
1707:
1541:(Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2009) (Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum / Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity, 54).
1727:
1697:
1712:
669:
Philoponus has raised the central question of the scientific and philosophical Aristotle's work on chemistry. The work called
1113:
945:
1732:
1653:
809:
246:
1752:
901:
344:(i.e. "John the Grammarian"), and his views against Aristotelian physics were defended by philosophers at the court of
1585:
1295:
1049:
1013:
640:
1040:(p. 220), with several changes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, as referenced by David C. Lindberg (1992),
440:. In the latter work Philoponus became one of the earliest thinkers to reject Aristotle's dynamics and propose the "
1702:
698:
states that our corrupted bodies (material things) will be eventually brought into being (matter and form) by God.
687:
529:
521:. Another of his major theological concerns was to argue that all material objects were brought into being by God (
1742:
1717:
1692:
1597:
John Philoponus and the Controversies Over Chalcedon in the Sixth Century: A Study and Translation of the Arbiter
569:
792:
1772:
1747:
1737:
1241:
Hubler, N. The Perils of Self-Perception: Explanations of Appreciation in the Greek Commentaries on Aristotle.
628:. Both Aristotle and Philoponus argue that in kinds of change there are differences, in their form and matter.
370:
1138:
Lang, U. M. (1997). "Nicetas Choniates, a Neglected Witness to the Greek Text of John Philoponus' Arbiter".
853:) – A philosophical justification of monophysitism. Not extant in Greek; Syriac text with Latin translation.
1792:
1777:
724:
1447:
Philoponus, Corollaries on Place and Void with Simplicius, Against Philoponus on the Eternity of the World
1767:
1722:
1687:
1027:, 1888, p. 642: "λέγω δὴ ὅτι ἑνέργειά τις ἀσώματος κινητικὴ ἑνδίδοται ὑπὸ τοῦ ῥιπτοῦντος τῷ ῥιπτουμένῳ ."
230:
209:, who authored a number of philosophical treatises and theological works. John Philoponus broke from the
294:, resurfaced in medieval Europe, through translations from Arabic of his quotes included in the work of
1007:
781:
564:
After his death, John Philoponus was declared to have held heretical views of the Trinity and was made
1546:
Much Ado about Nothing: Theories of Space and Vacuum from the Middle Ages to the Scientific Revolution
1782:
194:
1080:
690:
of 553. It became famous in regard to its doctrine on resurrection. Similarly to ideas presented in
1787:
1523:
1610:
Scholten, Clemens, "Welche Seele hat der Embryo? Johannes Philoponos und die Antike Embryologie,"
1762:
773:
352:
1757:
1628:
740:
416:
with a powerful set of tools for argument, with which Egyptian Monophysites could defeat their
413:
187:
39:
1577:
1568:
1103:
600:
592:
494:
483:
479:
348:
338:
rivals. His work was largely debated in the Arabic scholarly tradition, where he is known as
295:
251:
241:
237:
1670:
1662:
595:
and Strato developed the Aristotelian concept of space further, eventually influencing the
518:
493:, (3) and the stars are not divine. With these principles Philoponus went after his rival,
76:
66:
43:
8:
982:
Prelude to Galileo: Essays on Medieval and Sixteenth Century Sources of Galileo's Thought
764:
756:
545:
490:
436:
364:
552:. Philoponus asserted the understanding of Christ as divine and human, in opposition to
229:
over Aristotelian dynamics. He is also the historical founder of what is now called the
1224:
625:
549:
464:
290:
His posthumous condemnation limited the spread of his writing, but copies of his work,
198:
92:
1581:
1216:
1155:
1109:
1045:
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918:
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514:
441:
345:
222:
108:
1208:
1147:
1060:
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659:
394:
323:
130:
1020:
Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis Physicorum Libros Quinque Posteriores Commentaria
1005:
Philoponus' term for impetus is "ἑνέργεια ἀσώματος κινητική" ("incorporeal motive
1648:
1644:
1553:
A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century
1401:
Ed. R. Hoche, Part I/II Wesel: A. Bagel, 1864/65, Part III Berlin: Calvary, 1867.
1018:
820:
748:
644:
573:
501:
of reasoning that modern science uses and that he performed genuine experiments.
498:
374:
210:
206:
250:, a theory which formed the basis of pagan attacks on the Christian doctrine of
715:
De vocabulis quae diversum significatum exhibent secundum differentiam accentus
482:, a theory which formed the basis of pagan attack of the Christian doctrine of
124:
1212:
540:
school of thought. He also produced writings on the Trinity around this time.
1681:
1671:"John Philoponus. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008 (part 2)"
1663:"John Philoponus. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008 (part 1)"
1533:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 439–440.
1518:
1220:
1159:
922:
863:) – The main source for a reconstruction of Philoponus' trinitarian doctrine.
768:– In which he challenges Aristotle on time, space, void, matter and dynamics.
409:
356:
190:
896:
1603:
MacCoull, Leslie S. B., "Aristophanes in Philoponus: Did he get the joke?"
1199:
Lautner, Peter (1992). "Philoponus, in De Anima III: Quest for an Author".
1151:
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459:
417:
335:
214:
1522:
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596:
581:
533:
430:
315:
255:
96:
914:
544:, John Philoponus' Christological "opus magnum" stands in the line with
967:
Branko Mitrović, "Leon Battista Alberti and the Homogeneity of Space",
537:
390:
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331:
327:
307:
280:
218:
202:
35:
1410:
Ed. H. Rabe, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner 1899 repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1984.
1228:
819:– A theological-philosophical commentary on the Creation story in the
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in which he systematically defeats every argument put forward for the
1189:. (book review). Early Science and Medicine vol. 4 (2004), p. 424-439
840:
425:
360:
299:
263:
1445:
2, 1972, pp. 320–52. Excerpts in Simplicius D. Furley, C. Wildberg,
711:
On words with different meanings in virtue of a difference of accent
565:
513:’s story of creation, using the insights of Greek philosophers and
311:
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who were active in debating pagan (i.e. Neoplatonic) philosophers.
88:
1441:
S. Pines, "An Arabic summary of a lost work of John Philoponus",
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585:
528:
Around 553 Philoponus made some theological contributions to the
445:
398:
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and began publishing from about 510. He was a pupil and sometime
319:
267:
226:
1133:
1131:
1187:
On Aristotle’s One Coming to Be and Perishing 1.1-5 and 1.6-2.4
577:
279:
translates as "lover of toil", i.e. "diligent," referring to a
259:
221:
in the natural sciences. He was one of the first to propose a "
1574:
Concepts of Space: The History of Theories of Space in Physics
1560:
Concepts of Space: The History of Theories of Space in Physics
963:
961:
959:
957:
1128:
510:
298:, which was debated in length by Muslim philosophers such as
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217:
tradition, questioning methodology and eventually leading to
169:
1569:"The Emancipation of the Space concept from Aristotelianism"
940:. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 41–52.
1462:
Oxford, 1932, repr. London: Holland Press, 1976, pp. 61–81.
954:
599:
theory of perspective, particularly the one highlighted by
262:
by the Church in 680–81 because of what was perceived as a
157:
151:
1421:
Philoponus, Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World
145:
136:
1285:
151, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1983
969:
The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
624:
represents a standardized description of Aristotelian
1488:
München, Paderborn, Wien Schöningh, 1967, pp. 414–29.
160:
154:
133:
1620:
Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science
1363:
XVI–XVII, Berlin, Reimer, 1887. trans. A. R. Lacey,
1174:
Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science
148:
142:
1294:
Ed. H. Vitelli, Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca (
987:
377:, who cited Philoponus substantially in his works.
139:
1567:
1594:
1101:
1679:
1617:
1486:Johannes Philoponos, Grammatikos von Alexandrien
1475:Beirut: Typographia Catholica PP.Soc.Jesu., 1930
1458:Trans. into English H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther
1054:Note the influence of Philoponus' statement on
1036:Morris R. Cohen and I. E. Drabkin (eds. 1958),
938:The Kalam cosmological argument: a reassessment
1367:, London, Duckworth, 1993. trans. M. Edwards,
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
800:On the Eternity of the World against Aristotle
622:On the Eternity of the World against Aristotle
404:According to historian Leslie S. B. Maccoull:
1108:, University of Chicago Press, p. 11ff,
897:"A New Look at the Career of John Philoponus"
611:
556:authors who strove to reach a middle ground.
1599:. Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense 47, Peeters.
837:On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe
788:On the Eternity of the World against Proclus
476:On the Eternity of the World Against Proclus
339:
334:, who also used his arguments against their
1605:Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik
1565:
1086:
1272:Translated and edited by A. Sandra in 1930
839:– The oldest extant Greek treatise on the
686:. The work was written shortly before the
1499:Les fragments trithéites de Jean Philopon
1377:Philoponus, Corollaries on Place and Void
682:Philoponus’ major Christological work is
355:, who debated Avicenna on the topic, and
1517:
1473:Opuscula monophysitica Ioannis Philoponi
1432:Ed. W. Reichardt, Leipzig: Teubner, 1897
993:
894:
677:
584:. The theory of impetus was taken up by
1576:. Courier Dover Publications. pp.
1371:, London, Duckworth 1994. P. Lettinck,
1198:
1044:, University of Chicago Press, p. 305,
935:
804:De aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem
1680:
1375:, London, Duckworth, 1993. D. Furley,
1283:American Philosophical Society Memoirs
322:in Christian Western Europe, but also
1254:De Haas, in Wood & Weisberg, 2004
971:, vol. 63, No. 4 (2004), pp. 424–439.
474:In 529 Philoponus wrote his critique
1642:
1449:London: Duckworth, 1991, pp. 95–141.
1137:
890:
888:
369:commentary was a major influence on
258:and was posthumously condemned as a
1654:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1102:David C. Lindberg (15 March 1980),
984:(Dordrecht, 1981), pp. 136, 196–97.
793:De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum
603:, and other architectural masters.
591:Philoponus and his contemporaries,
236:Later in life Philoponus turned to
225:" similar to the modern concept of
16:Byzantine philosopher (c.490–c.570)
13:
1798:Philosophers in ancient Alexandria
1511:
1373:Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics
1369:Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics
1140:The Journal of Theological Studies
902:Journal of Early Christian Studies
397:, who had studied at Athens under
178:; c. 490 – c. 570), also known as
14:
1809:
1636:
1626:Wisnovsky, R., "Yaḥyā al-Naḥwī."
1390:Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca
1365:Philoponus On Aristotle's Physics
1361:Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca
1348:Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca
1335:Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca
1322:Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca
1309:Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca
885:
641:Gianfranceso Pico della Mirandola
283:confraternity in Alexandria, the
1708:6th-century Byzantine scientists
1503:Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica
1245:, vol. 59, Number 2, pp. 287–311
701:
694:, Philoponus in the work titled
688:Second Council of Constantinople
129:
1491:
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1465:
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1435:
1426:
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1395:
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1288:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1235:
1192:
1179:
1166:
895:Maccoull, Leslie S. B. (1995).
827:On the Contingency of the World
570:Third Council of Constantinople
393:to the Neoplatonic philosopher
1728:6th-century Greek philosophers
1698:5th-century Greek philosophers
1298:) XIV 2, Berlin: Reimer, 1897.
1185:Pearson, C., John Philoponus,
1069:
1038:A Source Book in Greek Science
1030:
999:
974:
929:
1:
1713:6th-century Byzantine writers
879:
371:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
1350:, XIII, Berlin, Reimer, 1909
1324:, XIII, Berlin, Reimer, 1898
811:On the Creation of the World
725:On Generation and Corruption
671:On Generation and Corruption
507:On the Creation of the World
7:
1622:. Cornell University Press.
1562:(Mineola, NY, 1993), 53–94.
1524:"Philoponus, Joannes"
1460:The Astrolabes of the World
867:
340:
231:Kalam cosmological argument
10:
1814:
1733:6th-century mathematicians
1595:Lang, Uwe Michael (2001).
1337:XIII, Berlin, Reimer, 1905
1105:Science in the Middle Ages
782:Introduction to Arithmetic
780:Commentary on Nicomachus'
772:Commentary on Aristotle's
763:Commentary on Aristotle's
755:Commentary on Aristotle's
747:Commentary on Aristotle's
739:Commentary on Aristotle's
731:Commentary on Aristotle's
723:Commentary on Aristotle's
612:Philosophical commentaries
275:
170:
1753:Commentators on Aristotle
1618:Sorabji, Richard (1993).
1392:XIV, Berlin, Reimer, 1901
1243:The Review of Metaphysics
1213:10.1017/s0009838800016116
1176:(London, 1987), pp. 55ff.
936:Erasmus, Jacobus (2018).
559:
530:Council of Constantinople
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82:
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62:
58:
50:
28:
21:
1423:London: Duckworth, 1987.
1379:, London Duckworth, 1991
1311:XV, Berlin, Reimer, 1897
606:
408:Philoponus, a committed
195:Aristotelian commentator
1703:6th-century astronomers
1614:, 59,4 (2005), 377–411.
1530:Encyclopædia Britannica
1443:Israel Oriental Studies
1201:The Classical Quarterly
509:as a commentary on the
380:
353:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1743:Christian philosophers
1718:6th-century Christians
1693:5th-century Christians
1629:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1172:Richard Sorabji, ed.,
455:
422:
266:interpretation of the
240:, arguing against the
1773:Egyptian philosophers
1748:Christian theologians
1738:Byzantine astronomers
1643:Wildberg, Christian.
1505:11, 1980, pp. 135–63.
831:De contingentia mundi
678:Theological treatises
650:In the third book of
601:Leon Battista Alberti
593:Simplicius of Cilicia
588:in the 14th century.
495:Simplicius of Cilicia
480:eternity of the world
467:school of mechanics.
450:
406:
349:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
296:Simplicius of Cilicia
242:eternity of the world
238:Christian apologetics
1612:Vigiliae Christianae
1566:Jammer, Max (1993).
1152:10.1093/jts/48.2.540
410:Egyptian Monophysite
199:Christian theologian
176:Ioánnis o Philóponos
77:Christian philosophy
67:Byzantine philosophy
44:Eastern Roman Empire
1793:Medieval physicists
1778:Egyptian scientists
1077:Le système du monde
980:Willam A. Wallace,
915:10.1353/earl.0.0042
757:Posterior Analytics
546:Cyril of Alexandria
491:physical properties
254:. He also wrote on
180:John the Grammarian
171:Ἰωάννης ὁ Φιλόπονος
1768:Egyptian educators
1723:6th-century deaths
1688:5th-century births
1555:(Cambridge, 2007).
1548:(Cambridge, 1981).
1537:Gleede, Benjamin,
626:natural philosophy
550:Severus of Antioch
519:theory of dynamics
359:. His critique of
292:Contra Aristotelem
184:John of Alexandria
93:natural philosophy
1645:"John Philoponus"
1115:978-0-226-48233-0
1025:Walter de Gruyter
947:978-3-319-73437-8
874:Byzantine science
815:De opificio mundi
515:Basil of Caesarea
442:theory of impetus
247:De opificio mundi
223:theory of impetus
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109:Theory of impetus
40:Province of Egypt
1805:
1783:Egyptian writers
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1649:Zalta, Edward N.
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1346:Ed. M. Wallies,
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1307:Ed. M. Hayduck,
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395:Ammonius Hermiae
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1514:
1512:Further reading
1509:
1496:
1492:
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1479:
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1440:
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1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1359:Ed. H. Vitelli
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1281:Ed. L.W. Daly,
1280:
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1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
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1240:
1236:
1197:
1193:
1184:
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988:
979:
975:
966:
955:
948:
934:
930:
893:
886:
882:
870:
821:Book of Genesis
749:Prior Analytics
704:
680:
645:Galileo Galilei
614:
609:
562:
383:
375:Galileo Galilei
351:, particularly
207:Byzantine Egypt
132:
128:
121:John Philoponus
105:
85:
46:
33:
24:
23:John Philoponus
17:
12:
11:
5:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
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1780:
1775:
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1765:
1763:Coptic writers
1760:
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1638:
1637:External links
1635:
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1601:
1592:
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1549:
1542:
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1521:, ed. (1911).
1519:Chisholm, Hugh
1513:
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1326:
1320:Ed. A. Busse,
1313:
1300:
1287:
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1265:
1256:
1247:
1234:
1207:(2): 510–522.
1203:. New Series.
1191:
1178:
1165:
1146:(2): 540–548.
1127:
1114:
1085:
1075:Pierre Duhem,
1068:
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953:
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857:On the Trinity
854:
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382:
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341:Yaḥyā al-Naḥwī
324:Rabbanite Jews
314:, influencing
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84:Main interests
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702:List of works
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656:De Intellectu
653:
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357:Hamza ibn Ali
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193:philologist,
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104:Notable ideas
101:
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1419:C. Wildberg
1415:
1406:
1397:
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1143:
1139:
1119:, retrieved
1104:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1001:
989:
981:
976:
968:
937:
931:
909:(1): 47–60.
906:
900:
861:De trinitate
860:
856:
850:
846:
836:
830:
826:
814:
810:
803:
799:
791:
787:
779:
771:
762:
754:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
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705:
695:
691:
683:
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670:
668:
664:
655:
651:
649:
637:
632:
630:
621:
619:
615:
590:
563:
554:Chalcedonian
541:
527:
522:
506:
503:
488:
475:
473:
469:
460:Pierre Duhem
456:
451:
435:
429:
423:
418:Chalcedonian
407:
403:
384:
365:
346:Fatimid Imam
291:
289:
284:
273:His by-name
272:
245:
235:
211:Aristotelian
183:
179:
175:
120:
119:
1607:, 57, 2007,
1558:Jammer, M.
774:Meteorology
654:, entitled
597:Renaissance
582:Bonaventure
534:Christology
532:concerning
465:Alexandrian
431:On the Soul
316:Bonaventure
285:philoponoi,
276:ὁ Φιλόπονος
264:tritheistic
256:Christology
215:Neoplatonic
191:Monophysite
97:mathematics
1682:Categories
1551:Grant, E.
1544:Grant, E.
1471:A. Sanda,
1121:12 January
880:References
851:Διαιτητής
741:Categories
538:miaphysite
525:, 52A–B).
420:opponents.
391:amanuensis
387:Alexandria
332:Gersonides
328:Maimonides
310:and later
308:al-Ghazali
281:miaphysite
219:empiricism
203:Alexandria
36:Alexandria
1221:0009-8388
1160:0022-5185
923:1086-3184
841:astrolabe
426:Aristotle
361:Aristotle
326:such as
300:al-Farabi
1484:W. Böhm
1079:, 1913,
1011:"); see
1008:enérgeia
868:See also
733:De Anima
652:De Anima
566:anathema
484:Creation
312:Averroes
304:Avicenna
252:Creation
186:, was a
89:Theology
1651:(ed.).
1632:, 2012.
1056:Galileo
847:Arbiter
765:Physics
696:Arbiter
692:Physics
684:Arbiter
633:Physics
586:Buridan
568:at the
542:Arbiter
523:Arbiter
446:inertia
437:Physics
399:Proclus
366:Physics
363:in the
336:Karaite
320:Buridan
268:Trinity
260:heretic
244:in his
227:inertia
1584:
1229:639426
1227:
1219:
1158:
1112:
1081:p. 398
1064:(1638)
1048:
1017:XVII,
944:
921:
578:Arabic
574:Syriac
560:Legacy
188:Coptic
73:Region
54:c. 570
32:c. 490
1647:. In
1578:53–94
1225:JSTOR
607:Works
511:Bible
201:from
125:Greek
1582:ISBN
1217:ISSN
1156:ISSN
1123:2013
1110:ISBN
1046:ISBN
942:ISBN
919:ISSN
643:and
576:and
548:and
434:and
381:Life
373:and
330:and
318:and
197:and
51:Died
29:Born
1296:CAG
1209:doi
1148:doi
1058:'s
1014:CAG
911:doi
631:In
428:'s
270:.
182:or
63:Era
1684::
1580:.
1572:.
1527:.
1501:,
1223:.
1215:.
1205:42
1154:.
1144:48
1142:.
1130:^
1088:^
1023:,
956:^
917:.
905:.
899:.
887:^
401:.
306:,
302:,
233:.
205:,
174:,
168:;
127::
95:,
91:,
42:,
38:,
1673:.
1665:.
1657:.
1590:.
1231:.
1211::
1162:.
1150::
1083:.
996:.
950:.
925:.
913::
907:3
859:(
849:(
843:.
833:)
829:(
823:.
817:)
813:(
802:(
796:)
790:(
717:)
713:(
213:–
164:/
161:s
158:ə
155:n
152:ə
149:p
146:ɒ
143:l
140:ˈ
137:ɪ
134:f
131:/
123:(
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