John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

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into his affinity, nor to maintain them. He was summoned before the King and his council. Mowbray was instructed in how to conduct himself henceforth, and a precise regimen was imposed upon him. Exactly which aspects of Mowbray's behaviour were viewed as problematic is unknown, but since it resulted in unprecedented council-imposed restrictions upon him, his conduct must have been viewed as "abnormal". The ordinances not only dictated the time he should go to bed at night and rise in the morning, but the conditions addressed his demeanour also. His unruly followers were dismissed and replaced with those deemed suitable by Henry VI. Their stated role was to turn Mowbray towards "good reule and good governaunce," and they were not just to guide Mowbray but to report any disobedience of the council's instructions back to that body.

604: 552: 61: 769: 1456: 548:, a situation which repeated itself on the elder Mowbray's death in 1432, leaving Constance and Katherine as the two dowagers. Constance died in 1437, but Mowbray's mother survived until around 1483. Because of this, the historian Rowena Archer—who made one of the few full-length studies of the Mowbray family—described Mowbray as inheriting a "hopeless" and "onerous" legacy. It also had political consequences for the future. As he never held much property in the counties where his inheritance was (only holding, for example, seven of the twenty-six manors held by the Mowbrays in Norfolk and Suffolk), his influence was thus restricted there. 1220: 6056: 6000: 1057: 1364: 6261: 6030: 6020: 6010: 1590:(1662). If this is the case then the "Duke of Norfolk" referred to in the play would be Mowbray. According to J. M. Bromley, the play evokes "the similarities between poaching and treason", and the anonymous author deliberately links this Duke of Norfolk to both. Rudolph Fiehler noted how Blague's service to the duke was very much based upon the unsavoury characteristics of "cowardice, poaching and thievery". It has further been suggested that his comic catchphrase was deliberately intended to invoke 6579: 383:, who by the 1450s felt excluded from government, grew belligerent. He rebelled twice, and both times Mowbray defended King Henry. Eventually, Mowbray drifted towards York, with whom he shared enmity towards de la Pole. For much of the decade, Mowbray was able to evade direct involvement in the fractious political climate, and aligned with York early in 1460 until York's death later that year. In March 1461, Mowbray was instrumental in 6067: 6040: 337:, alongside whom Mowbray would later campaign in France. He seems to have had an unruly and rebellious youth. Although the details of his misconduct are unknown, they were severe enough for the King to place strictures upon him and separate him from his followers. Mowbray's early career was spent in the military, where he held the wartime office of Earl Marshal. Later he led the defence of England's possessions in 686:

with others. By the time of his majority, de la Pole—with his links to central government and the King—was an established power in the region. He hindered Mowbray's attempts at regional domination for over a decade, leading to a feud that stretched from the moment Mowbray became Duke of Norfolk to the murder of de la Pole in 1450. The feud was often violent, and led to fighting between their followers. In 1435,

1636:, the marshalcy was one of the two great military officers of the medieval English crown, and has also been described as being of the "utmost importance in matters of ceremony and frequently involved questions of precedence", as well as being responsible for the marshalling of parliament. Archer notes, however, that "specific instances of the earl undertaking tasks arising from his office are extremely rare". 1525:. He appears in act I, scene I, and act II, scene II as a supporter of the Duke of York; the first time just after the Battle of St Albans, and is portrayed "conspicuously associated with opposition." This is ahistorical, as Mowbray was still loyal to King Henry at this point. His second appearance in the play is at the Battle of Towton. The play has been adapted for the screen several times. In the 1960 921:. It was this lack of political connections (specifically, his exclusion from the King's council) that led to his defeat against de la Pole. Mowbray was unsuccessful in influencing local commissions and in nominating parliamentary candidates for shire elections. In any case, the county of Norfolk already possessed a strong and relatively independent layer of wealthy gentry, including the Pastons, the 788:. This found against Mowbray, who had to pay Wingfield 3,500 marks as compensation for the damage the duke caused to Letheringham. He also had to recompense Wingfield for Hoo before he could get it back. It was presumably as part of these proceedings that Mowbray suffered his second bout of imprisonment in the Tower, which commenced on 28 August 1444; he was released six days later. 1106:, on hearing that Wentworth "cast it down and fled" the battlefield. Whatever part, if any, Mowbray played in the fighting, by now contemporaries viewed him as being sympathetic to York. It is likely that Mowbray was deliberately vacillating. He did not attend York's victory parliament in 1455, and might have gone on pilgrimage: he is known to have walked to 1780:, author of the most recent study of Calais as it stood in the fifteenth century, "As the last foothold of English kings on the continental mainland, Calais became the focus of the crown's military and diplomatic efforts to assert its pretensions to the French throne," and that, "despite its importance in the English wool export trade, Calais was 1828:.... Bastard feudal lords were expected to support their retainers in their just causes" and that this could mean that "the lord backed his man in all his quarrels, just or not, took his side, if necessarily backed him by force and/or in the courts, and was ultimately drawn into conflict with his opponent's lord". 1775:

Calais had been an English possession since 1347. Although economically and industrially it was little different to other towns on the north-French coast, for the English its greatest advantage lay in its location as the nearest good harbour to England. Even before 1347 Edward III had spent much time

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William de la Pole entered East Anglian political society in 1431, after fifteen years of campaign in France. His increasing power in East Anglia, which so often thwarted Mowbray's ambitions, was not confined to regional politics. Under a weak King such as Henry VI, de la Pole "virtually governed the

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played an important role in coronations. Like his predecessors, as Earl Marshal Mowbray officiated the coronation of Edward IV on 28 June 1461. Within two months he received several lucrative offices. Public order was a problem from the beginning of the King's reign, and East Anglia was no exception.

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Ralph Griffiths has suggested that when Archbishop John Kemp died in 1453, it may have been in part because of the bullying and threats he had been subjected to, most "notably by Norfolk himself". One modern historian has attributed much of Suffolk's success in the region, which antagonised Mowbray,

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The King and Queen still had the support of much of the nobility and withdrew to the north to commence a campaign of ravaging York and the Nevilles' estates. This forced York, Salisbury and Rutland, to move north on 9 December to suppress the Lancastrians. Mowbray remained in London with Salisbury's

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jury to examine the murder, but the case stalled. Scrope petitioned the King on the basis that Mowbray's proceedings were "inaccurate and inherently malicious," and as a result, the King ordered that proceedings against Scrope's men cease. At least five of the thirteen jurors were Mowbray retainers.

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For Mowbray, East Anglia as the focus of his landed authority was forced upon him since this was where the majority of his estates were located: much of his Lincolnshire inheritance was held by his mother as dower. He was then a newcomer to political society in the region, and had to share influence

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De la Pole fought back with what one contemporary labelled "greet hevyng an shoving." He was successful in doing so. Within a couple of years, Mowbray could not protect his retainers as he had previously done. A Paston letter tells how Robert Wingfield, who was involved in a bitter dispute with one

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described Mowbray as a "disreputable thug", while Richmond concludes that he was "cavalier with the rights of others to a safe life and a secure livelihood". Richmond writes that while "many medieval aristocrats were irresponsible men ... Mowbray's individuality lay in the thoroughness of his

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York returned from exile in October 1460, and much to the frustration of his allies, made claim to the throne. Mowbray's reaction is uncertain as the chroniclers omit mention of him, but some historians note how Mowbray sided with them during the Yorkists' return from exile. The exact cause of his

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The King was urged "to take about his noble person his true blood of his royal realm, that is to say, the high and mighty prince the Duke of York, exiled from our sovereign lord's person by the noising of the false traitor the Duke of Suffolk and his affinity. Also to take about him his person the

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estates. Even his father—after he became duke of Norfolk and inherited his mother's East Anglian dower lands—was often an absentee lord. Mowbray's father was thus never able to establish a sizeable (or "particularly coherent") regional following there, and this was the situation Mowbray inherited.

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As a young adult, Mowbray appears to have been raucous and troublesome, and surrounded himself with equally unruly followers. This seems to have drawn the King's attention: Mowbray had only recently—with the other lords—sworn an oath in parliament not to recruit or welcome villains and wrong-doers

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the following month. The Duke of York feared that the purpose of this council was to destroy him; several chroniclers of the day suggest that Somerset was poisoning the King's mind against York. The duke and his Neville allies proceeded to raise an army from their northern estates. The King and a

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described Mowbray's "methods of argument" as exceptionally belligerent. According to Storey the duke "brought a force of men, with cannon and other siege engines, battered Wingfield's house at Letheringham, forced an entry, ransacked the building and removed valuables amounting to nearly £5,000."

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During the 1450s, English politics become increasingly partisan and factional, with intermittent rises in violence and local disorder. Jack Cade's rebellion in 1450—directly aimed at royal favourites like de la Pole—explicitly named Mowbray as one of the King's "natural counsellors" necessary to

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In 1443, Somerset was promoted from earl to duke and received not only an annuity but precedence over Mowbray in the peerage. In fact, although Mowbray (according to Michael Hicks) "prided himself on being royal himself", two other royal dukes were also created in the 1440s, apart from Suffolk

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Mowbray transferred command to Howard, knowing that time was of the essence for the Yorkists and while he was with them, his soldiers could only march as quickly as he could. If Mowbray was ill, then it is unlikely that he fought personally; Boardman observed that "a sick man would never have

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were used during negotiations between the two camps. It is uncertain at what point Mowbray joined the battle, or if he even reached the King in time to take part. The fighting lasted only a short time, and though there were very few fatalities among the soldiery, Henry Percy, the 2nd Earl of

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when Mowbray was with the King. For his service, he received £200 and a gold cup. York may have abandoned the alliance because of his objection to Mowbray's violent behaviour in East Anglia at a time when York was presenting himself as a candidate of law and order. Mowbray's campaign against

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the throne. The following day—indicating the urgency for resolution felt by the Yorkists by this stage—Mowbray was sent to East Anglia to "prepare for the war on the party of King Edward". The Lancastrian army had returned to the north where, on 29 March 1461, York and Lancaster met at the

1981:, omits the last years of the reign. Beadle suggests that, for the Norfolk composer of the verses, "one reason for his not wanting to remember them might be the uncertain allegiance of the Duke of Norfolk, who had at various times supported and distanced himself from the Yorkist cause." 741:, Mowbray's influence "proved woefully inadequate" to protect and defend his retainers and tenants to the degree they could reasonably expect from their lord. It was his supporters' misfortune, one historian has said, that "Norfolk's power never matched the status attributed to him". 690:, Mowbray's steward of Framlingham, led a group of Mowbray retainers who murdered James Andrew, one of de la Pole's men. When local aldermen attempted to arrest Wingfield's party, the latter rained arrow fire upon the aldermen, but Mowbray secured royal pardons for those responsible. 1068:

Following the collapse of the 1454–55 protectorate, the Yorkist lords retreated to their estates, and Mowbray distanced himself from factional politics. An uneasy peace existed between the court and the Yorkists until April 1455, when the King summoned a Great Council to meet at

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in Suffolk, but the local importance of the duke weakened his grasp. Mowbray clashed with de la Pole, and committed many illegalities doing so. These included damaging property of rivals, assaults, false allegations of outlawry (with confiscation of goods), and even murder.

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Mowbray arrived late but at a crucial point of the battle. His prolonged absence after a day's bitter fighting must have been a worry for the Yorkists, especially as they may have thought him up to a day's march away. Mowbray's absence presented an acute problem for them;

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to meet him there "with as many clenly people as ye may get"), and may have travelled into London with York, who had also recruited locally. Thus, when he arrived for the parliament it was with a large, heavily armed force. Mowbray was appointed, with the Duke of York and

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says of the second Duke of Norfolk, he "spent a considerable proportion of the years between 1415 and 1425 serving in France, but that on his periodic returns to England, he seems to have visited East Anglia relatively rarely, dividing his time instead between London and

977:. York canvassed Mowbray for support, as he was one of the few nobles openly critical of the court. For the former, this was a logical alliance as Mowbray was as bitter an enemy of Somerset as York was. Mowbray gathered his forces at Ipswich on 8 November (having ordered 791:

In June 1446 Henry Howard, one of Mowbray's father's retainer, was murdered. He was visiting his sister-in-law (and Mowbray's aunt), Margaret Mowbray, at the time, as her house was only five miles (8.0 km) away. Howard's killers appear to have been retainers of

713:), he received no other significant offices or patronage from the crown. A recent biographer of Mowbray's, the historian Colin Richmond, has described this as Mowbray's "eclipse". Richmond suggests that soon after his last imprisonment in 1449, Mowbray undertook a 1411:. His mother, Katherine Duchess of Norfolk lived until 1483. She had already taken two more husbands during Mowbray's lifetime, and, after Mowbray's death, took a fourth husband, the much younger John Woodville, a younger brother of Queen Elizabeth Woodville. 1176:

puts it down almost solely to Mowbray's failure to improve his position in Norfolk under Henry, while Castor points to the October 1460 Yorkist parliament being the turning point for Mowbray: possibly he believed that the attempted settlement contained in the

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Robert Lyston, "procured and exited the wurthi prince the Duke of Norffolk to putte oute ageyn the seid Robert Lyston" from the latter's Suffolk manors. Lyston, with de la Pole's support, repeatedly sued Wingfield until in 1441 Wingfield was imprisoned in the

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survived such a strength-sapping ordeal, especially a noble in armour-plate." If his contingent was tasked with bringing up Yorkist artillery, which would have further slowed them down and they may have abandoned armoury en route to increase their speed.

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By the early 1450s, Mowbray believed that East Anglia was his to rule, and described himself as the "princypall rewle and governance throw all this schir" (i.e. that his was the "principal rule and governance through all this shire"). In the late 1440s,

1570:, Mowbray does not appear as a character on stage, but the comical figure Blague repeatedly claims that: "I serve the good Duke of Norfolk." Exactly what period the play is set is the subject debate among scholars. Suggestions range from the reign of 372:. His enemies, particularly de la Pole, also resorted to violent tactics. As a result, the local gentry looked to Mowbray for leadership, but often in vain; de la Pole was a powerful local force and a favourite of the King, while Mowbray was neither. 1172:

change of loyalty is unknown. Colin Richmond argues that the Lancastrian defeat at Northampton in June 1460 was fundamental, and Mowbray lost friends and colleagues. It is possible that King Henry's capture there encouraged him to desert the King.

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to release a man charged with murder into Mowbray's custody. According to the gaoler's later report, he had done so but only out of "fear and terror" of the Duke of Norfolk. Mowbray spent much of the early 1450s hunting down de la Pole's affinity.

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For the good rewle and governaunce of my lord of Northfolk beyng in the Kynges ward, it semeth expedient that he as wele as tho that shall be a boute hys person kepe and observe as hit towcheth hem severally the rewle comprised in tharticles undir

1160:. The Nevilles returned to England in June 1460. They were admitted into London, where they could plan an assault on the King's army, then based in Northampton. On 10 July the Yorkist army under Warwick and March defeated the royalist army at the 630:. The expedition, in which Mowbray provided a contingent, was "one of the largest English armies assembled during the fifteenth century." The campaign was a success, and Burgundy was forced to withdraw. On 13 September that year, Mowbray received 1321:

And about four o'clock at night the two battles joined and fought all night till on the morrow in the afternoon. About noon the aforesaid John, Duke of Norfolk, with a fresh band of good men of war came to the aid of the newly elected King

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The removal of de la Pole did not advance Mowbray's power in East Anglia. He still had rivals in the region with wealth and court connections. The Earl of Oxford in particular wished to extend his landholdings from Essex into Suffolk, while

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in the first year of the reign. This was despite the support of the King, and the backing of John Howard in the shires. Howard was by now one of Mowbray's senior retainers—described as Mowbray's "right well-beloved cousin and servant"—and

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of 500 marks for the head of a Mowbray retainer. In November 1443, Mowbray was bound over for £2,000 to keep the peace with Wingfield and instructed to appear before the royal council the following April. The council ordered them to seek

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Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

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troops; the army recently raised to fight at St Alban's had been dispersed and this would require re-mustering. It is likely that—since he died only a few months later—Mowbray was too ill to keep up with the main Yorkist force.

1031:, attacking his failure to prevent the loss of the "two so noble Duchies of Normandy and Guyenne" in France. Somerset was imprisoned in the Tower for the next year. In April 1454, Mowbray was asked to join the York's regency 1752:

Since the next parliament was in October 1435. Rowena Archer considers this "proof that at a critical moment there was no substitute for the personal, determined stance of an adult lord" when it came to defending a family's

986:, to maintain law and order in the City of London for the duration of the parliament, though his retinue caused as much trouble as it prevented. On 1 December, they joined with York's force and attacked Somerset's house in 583:(receiving special permission to attend as a minor). Mowbray—"in a rather remarkable decision," says Archer—lost the case. Maltravers, though, died in May 1435 and so was never summoned to parliament under his new title. 846:), and started breaking into Mowbray's retainers' houses in the area. Mowbray requested that a commission of oyer and terminer be organised to investigate Wingfield and Brandon, which was issued in late December 1447. 1701:

The legal concept of dower had existed since the late twelfth century as a means of protecting a woman from being left landless if her husband died first. He would, when they married, assign certain estates to her—a

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John Fastolf's adversaries were always in the affinity of the Duke of Suffolk, and Fastolf spent a lot of time and more money on prosecuting them; likewise, Mowbray was "the lord to whom Fastolf usually turned" for

994:. Two days later the King and his magnates rode through London with up to 10,000 men; Mowbray rode ahead with a force of 3,000. The display was carefully designed to quell any remnants of support for Cade's rebels. 999:

Certayn notable knyghtis and squyers of this countee theer to have comonyngs with your good Lordshep (the earl of Oxford) for the sad rule and governaunce of this counte, (Norfolk) wych standyth ryght indisposed.

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believes that honour was clearly important to Mowbray, as his pursuit of Somerset (for that duke's abject performance in France) shows. Likewise, as Earl Marshal, he must have possessed a firm understanding of

866:, according to Richmond, committed "one outrage after another the duke was either unable to control them, or chose not to do so". Mowbray used any means to defeat his opponents, including charging them with 2018:

considers it "impossible" that Edward would not have gathered artillery while in London, however, subsequent archaeological excavation has not uncovered any sign at all of their presence on the battlefield.

5721: 879:... after the dethe of Henri Howard the sessions of pees were at Gippeswiche the Saturday next after Trinity Sunday last passed there being oure right trusty and right welbeloved cousin the Duc of Norff 858:, which had broken out the previous year. The region continued to experience disorder, and Mowbray's men were responsible for much of it. The unrest included the destruction of properties belonging to 697:

for the significant amount of £10,000, and confined to living within the royal Household, preventing him from returning to seek revenge in East Anglia. Likewise, apart from an appointment to

748:, who was close to de la Pole. Mowbray was bound over on 2 July 1440 for the "enormous" sum of 10,000 marks, had to reside in the King's household, while swearing no further harm to Heydon. 649:

in 1438, leading an expedition to strengthen their defences as Burgundy still presented a threat. Although he shortly after returned to England, in June 1439 he was again back in Calais, at

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York felt increasingly isolated from court, even though he was the King's closest blood relation, and was, at the time, the royal heir. However, Suffolk's fall merely led to the rise of

1730:. Edmund died in 1408; his wife then became the fourth dowager on the inheritance, and, there being no male heirs, it was broken up and divided amongst them and Edmund's five sisters. 494:

For the benefit of the Duke of Norfolk as the King's ward, it is expedient that he and those with him obey the rules written below as far as he and his followers are affected by them

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From the fourteenth century, concerned at "the potential loss of resources, in terms of men, valuables, currency and horses", the English governments tried to control pilgrimage, ("

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The Chronicles of the White Rose of York: A Series of Historical Fragments, Proclamations, Letters, and Other Contemporary Documents Relating to the Reign of King Edward the Fourth

854:, another enemy of de la Pole, sought Mowbray's "good Lordship". In 1451 Mowbray and de Vere collaborated in the county of Suffolk while investigating suspected participants in 1300:

had almost certainly set in on both sides by the time Mowbray's troops arrived on the eastern edge of the battlefield. A contemporary chronicler described the situation thus

1201:, marched north to intercept the approaching Lancastrians. Mowbray brought King Henry with them. The armies clashed on 17 February 1461 outside St Albans, where the Yorkists 1431:. The couple appears to have shared a close bond: while travelling in 1451, Mowbray supposedly dispensed with his retinue to enjoy, according to Colin Richmond, "a private 1244:. It was to be one of the longest and bloodiest battles fought on British soil, and "fought in bitter Yorkshire weather and no less bitter spirit", according to historian 710: 544:, the elder Mowbray's mother Elizabeth Fitzalan (until her death in 1425), and his sister-in-law, Constance Holland. They each held a third of the inheritance as their 1710:

of. By the fifteenth century, the widow was deemed entitled to her dower. The situation the Mowbray heirs experienced was not uncommon in the late middle ages. The

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on 30 December. York, Rutland and Salisbury, died in or soon after the battle. The Queen's army made its way south towards London. Mowbray, Warwick and his brother

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Mowbray's personal and political situation did not improve over the following decade. Between 1440 and 1441 he was imprisoned in the Tower following a dispute with

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Ross, J. A. (2011). "'Mischieviously Slewen": John, Lord Scrope, the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, and the Murder of Henry Howard in 1446". In Kleineke, H. (ed.).

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So did The White Lion full worthily he wrought, Almighty Jesus bless his soul, that their armies taught. Blessed be the time, that God ever spread that flower!

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describes them, by four o'clock in the afternoon, as doomed without him. There must have been much messaging between Edward and Mowbray throughout the day, but

883:... at the wyche tyme the said Duc as it is said seing that he might not doo endite the said lord Scrop nor noone of his maynee for the dethe of the said Howard 1351:, turning them left. His arrival both reinvigorated the Yorkist army and crushed Lancastrian morale with his surprise attack and led rapidly to a Lancastrian 1205:. Mowbray and Warwick abandoned the King to his wife and her supporters, and retreated to London before the victorious Lancastrian army could reach the city. 1038:

The King recovered his health early in 1455 and the protectorate came to an end. Somerset was released from the Tower and as a result, according to historian

4249: 391:, bringing reinforcements late in the combat. He was rewarded by the new regime but did not live to enjoy it. He died in November 1461, and was succeeded as 2006:

notes that this was in spite of his family relationship with York. His cousins also attended the Coventry parliament and likewise took the oath to Henry VI.

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This may have been recognised by Mowbray's contemporaries, particularly those from his own area. Some fifteenth-century political verses in the archives of

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become increasingly powerful, both at court and in the region, and was Mowbray's biggest rival. Mowbray had enough political clout in the 1430s to control

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were killed. They were not only three of the King's most loyal supporters, but Percy and Somerset at least were bitter enemies of the Nevilles and York.

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The Howard family at this time has been described by one modern historian as "one of the wealthiest and most prestigious gentry lines in England", and

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with his own chaplain, then attend morning mass. A similar pattern was to be repeated in the evening, with prayers to the Virgin before a 10 pm curfew.

1145:, and on 11 December 1459 Mowbray took an oath of loyalty to keep Henry VI on the throne. He received several royal commissions in the final months of 775:, still remarkably preserved in 2008, was Mowbray's East Anglian headquarters, from where he directed many of the attacks on his rivals and opponents. 6284: 678: 1493:

to Mowbray's "crass incompetence" and that he was "ineffectual" in assisting those who expected to rely on the protection of a lord of his stature.

364:. Mowbray prosecuted his feuds with vigour, often taking the law into his own hands. This often violent approach drew the disapproving attention of 1978: 1777: 1376:

Mobs rampaged during that year's parliamentary elections. Norfolk may have encouraged this; he is certainly a candidate for ordering the murder of

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By 1440, de la Pole was a royal favourite. He instigated Mowbray's imprisonment on at least two occasions: in 1440 and in 1448. The first saw him

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There was a religious focus to this regimen. Specific restrictions on Mowbray included having to rise between 6 am and 7 am each morning, attend

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Rose, J. A. (2006). "Litigation and Political Conflict in Fifteenth-Century East Anglia: Conspiracy and Attaint Actions and Sir John Fastolf".

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Kenny, G. (2003). "The Power of Dower: The Importance of Dower in the Lives of Medieval Women in Ireland". In Meek, C.; Lawless, C. (eds.).

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to "Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk", Mowbray's grandfather. Falstaff is commonly considered to be a fictional representation of either Sir

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for a one-year term. He had little experience of the north of England, yet was paid wartime wages of £5,000 to campaign against the Scots.

1960:. The alliance had begun sometime in the early 1450s, and had been cemented during the protectorate when York had appointed Salisbury his 5935: 4208:

Archer, R. E. (1995). "Parliamentary Restoration: John Mowbray and the Dukedom of Norfolk in 1425". In Archer, R. E.; Walker, S. (eds.).

983: 1977:, composed between the Battle of Towton and November 1461, describe the period of Henry VI's reign up until the 1450s, but according to 6638: 6180: 5321:

Richmond, C. (2005). "East Anglian Politics and Society in the Fifteenth Century: Reflections, 1956–2003". In Harper-Bill, C. (ed.).

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country". According to Roger Virgo, Mowbray was "forced into a position of inferiority, even humiliation" by de la Pole's dominance.

6658: 5591: 2031:(John Howard's father) had married Mowbray's aunt, Margaret some years before. Robert had long been a member of Mowbray's father's 1862: 87: 4985: 1994:

had been lost to the Turks in the thirteenth century, and by the fifteenth was considered an "unusual activity" for English lords.

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The arbitration did not resolve their feud, and in 1447 Wingfield returned to the attack. Along with another ex-Mowbray retainer,

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and March. York and Salisbury's expedition ended in disaster. Choosing to engage a Lancastrian army outside the duke's castle at

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Bogner, G. (2006). "Alchemists, Pirates, and Pilgrims: Towards a Revised Model of English Knighthood in the Lancastrian Era".

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Mowbray did not live long enough to benefit from the Yorkist victory. He died on 6 November 1461, aged 45, and was buried at

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of his inheritance, and immediately began a busy period devoted to royal service. In 1437, possibly because of Gloucester's

6613: 6339: 6334: 6289: 6105: 6100: 5905: 5888: 1923: 1440: 1408: 1267:, as such not part of the main army, and were intending to join with it later. He was still not with Warwick's and March's 815:, he assaulted, robbed and threatened Mowbray's staff. Mowbray—as Justice of the Peace for Suffolk—ordered him to keep the 408: 396: 314: 270: 248: 5544:

Smith, A. (1984). "Litigation and Politics: Sir John Fastolf's Defence of his English Property". In Pollard, A. J. (ed.).

4134: 1223:

Yorkist and Lancastrian positions at the Battle of Towton, showing the attack of Norfolk's force on the Lancastrian flank.

6394: 6299: 6215: 6205: 1444: 760:

manor. Wingfield had received Hoo from Mowbray's father, but Mowbray wanted it returned. The dispute fell into violence;

568: 560: 98: 6225: 6130: 5871: 1719: 1545: 1428: 805:

This may have been the only occasion on which Mowbray personally sat on a local King's Bench commission as the hearing

6349: 6190: 6185: 6135: 6125: 5799: 5782: 4718: 1436: 970: 945: 859: 851: 380: 356:

Mowbray's marriage to Eleanor Bourchier in the early 1430s drew him into the highly partisan and complex politics of

2044:

She outlived all her Mowbray descendants, and as a result, no Mowbray duke of Norfolk received his full inheritance.

1074:

small force left London on 20 May; the Yorkists approached from the north with a speed calculated to surprise. In a

842:) of Mowbray. This order too was ignored, and they stayed at Letheringham (only five miles from Mowbray's castle at 6294: 6274: 6115: 1919: 1845:'s father) married Mowbray's aunt, Margaret some years before. Robert had long been a member of Mowbray's father's 1842: 1723: 1715: 1455: 1260: 1028: 6560: 6120: 5928: 4693: 1714:

inheritance had been more or less the same for the previous eighty years, but when the last Holland Earl of Kent

1543:. In 1965 the BBC again adapted the history plays for television, this time based on the 1963 theatre production 1173: 862:. The Duke of Suffolk himself fell from power and was murdered in April 1450. In the following years, Mowbray's 603: 6648: 6520: 6220: 1633: 1420: 733:—in one of the latter's many lawsuits 1441, and was able to impose an advantageous settlement (for Fastolf) in 1837:

The Howard family were described as "one of the wealthiest and most prestigious gentry lines in England", and

1739:

The precise date of Katherine Neville's death is unknown, but she is known to have attended the coronation of

729:

to quash Wingfield's fines; but Mowbray's success was fleeting. Mowbray was more successful in his support of

661:. Possibly Mowbray disapproved of royal foreign policy, which was then aimed at making peace with the French. 536:, but not yet his father's lands or titles. Mowbray's father lacked full control of his estates, as they were 6494: 6414: 6319: 6245: 6110: 309:

who, despite having a relatively short political career, played a significant role in the early years of the

60: 6643: 6399: 6324: 1161: 551: 440: 334: 4172:

Archer, R. E. (1984a). "Rich Old Ladies: The Problem of Late Medieval Dowagers". In Pollard, A. J. (ed.).

555:

Mowbray's 1433 petition to parliament over the lordship of Arundel and the right to the earldom of Arundel

6535: 6454: 6195: 6140: 6095: 5826: 5816: 1566: 1336: 812: 639: 46: 5501: 5241:

Pollard, A. J. (2011). "The People and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England". In Kleineke, H. (ed.).

4717:

Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005b).

4692:

Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005a).

1018:

Mowbray's alliance with York was intermittent. York again rebelled in 1452, confronting a royal army at

938:

reform the realm. Even so, Mowbray was part of a major royal army which eventually defeated the rebels.

559:

Immediately after his father's death, Mowbray made claim to the earldom of Arundel, setting him against

6582: 6419: 6314: 6155: 5921: 4141: 1689: 1202: 827: 346: 219: 191: 4250:"Chaucer [married names Phelip, Montagu, de la Pole], Alice, duchess of Suffolk(c. 1404–1475)" 1386:

Even though Mowbray supported the Yorkist regime, he met with strong opposition from the East Anglian

1133:. The Yorkists escaped into exile. Mowbray had taken neither side, but with the Yorkists exiled, when 6628: 6484: 6389: 6369: 6170: 1821: 1660: 1499: 1079: 1743:

in June 1483; Rowena Archer places her death as occurring at Epworth "in the late summer" that year.

1064:; both Mowbray and his arch-enemy Suffolk were imprisoned here at different stages of their careers. 427:. The younger Mowbray was born on 12 September 1415 while his father was in France campaigning with 6545: 6489: 6459: 5987: 5020:

Kaufman, A. L. (2004). "To Write: Sir Thomas Malory and his Cautionary Narrative of Legitimation".

2003: 1554: 1245: 1227:

The Lancastrian army marched on London, but were refused entry. On 3 March 1461 Mowbray attended a

1130: 855: 120: 109: 1168:

describes Mowbray as "more likely to have observed from a safe distance than participated" in it.

6653: 6623: 6618: 6439: 6329: 1469: 1447:. The son was seventeen when his father died in 1461, and inherited the estate four years later. 1153: 978: 745: 5447:

The Fifteenth Century X: Parliament, Personalities and Power. Papers Presented to Linda S. Clark

5243:

The Fifteenth Century X: Parliament, Personalities and Power. Papers Presented to Linda S. Clark

4952: 768: 459:

to the benefit of the crown, at a time when the government was in dire need of cash, due to the

6633: 6540: 6479: 6464: 6384: 6235: 6025: 2028: 1838: 1740: 1275:

in late March. There are different explanations for the delay. He may have faced difficulty in

1228: 619: 444: 4475:

The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of Lancaster: Public Authority and Private Power, 1399–1461

1895:, she married William de la Pole sometime between 1430 and 1432 as her third and last husband. 6499: 6424: 6379: 6055: 5999: 5955: 1517: 1423:, and Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Buckingham. Eleanor was the sister of his successor as 1126: 608: 580: 460: 350: 342: 137: 5224:

North-Eastern England during the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450-1500

1616:—or possibly an amalgamation of the two—both of whom are variously associated with Mowbray. 929:. They were eager to augment their positions at the expense of a neighbour, even if a lord. 6608: 6603: 6530: 6474: 6035: 1236: 1134: 806: 384: 5485:

The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland

1152:

The Nevilles and Earl of March spent their exile in Calais, while York and his other son,

1082:. Mowbray managed to avoid involvement in the fighting, even though, as Earl Marshal, his 8: 6409: 6080: 5995: 5681:

Virgoe, R. (1997). "Three Suffolk Parliamentary Elections of the mid-Fifteenth Century".

1571: 1561: 1522: 1232: 1194: 987: 863: 826:, but three hours later Brandon broke him out of prison. Mowbray successfully applied to 436: 330: 297: 32: 4655: 1935:

York held lands in over twenty English counties, mostly in the north of England and the

1722:(who died childless), in 1404, the estates had to support the dowers of Edmund's mother 6260: 6050: 6029: 6019: 6009: 5960: 5879: 5168: 1991: 1866: 1460: 1263:, his cousin and retainer. Mowbray's army may have constituted elements of the Yorkist 1146: 1075: 1039: 1035:, and although he swore loyalty to York's government, claimed to be too ill to attend. 1023:

Somerset, meanwhile, continued unabated. In 1453, with the King incapacitated and York

991: 843: 796:; who may have actively abetted the killing. On 18 June 1446 Mowbray oversaw the 772: 726: 472: 428: 83: 779:

Wingfield deserted Mowbray in light of the continuing attacks over Hoo, and offered a

6449: 6434: 6404: 6075: 5944: 5757: 5705: 5702:

The Livery Collar in Late Medieval England and Wales: Politics, Identity and Affinity

5686: 5669: 5646: 5627: 5568: 5549: 5530: 5488: 5469: 5450: 5431: 5412: 5393: 5376: 5345: 5326: 5284: 5265: 5246: 5227: 5208: 5189: 5172: 5141: 5122: 5103: 5084: 5065: 5046: 5029: 4969: 4937: 4918: 4899: 4880: 4861: 4842: 4823: 4804: 4785: 4766: 4747: 4678: 4661: 4640: 4623: 4592: 4573: 4554: 4535: 4516: 4497: 4478: 4459: 4440: 4421: 4402: 4385: 4362: 4343: 4324: 4307: 4213: 4196: 4177: 2055: 1824:

notes that "Bastard Feudalism existed for the mutual advantage of lords and retainers

1664: 1591: 1348: 1311: 1276: 1129:. Salisbury won that battle but was defeated soon after with the Duke of York at the 1107: 1051: 1024: 918: 734: 702: 468: 376: 375:

As law and order collapsed in eastern England, national politics became increasingly

310: 305:(12 September 1415 – 6 November 1461) was a fifteenth-century English 243: 186: 4551:

Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500

1776:

attempting to build alliances with the town burghers, although unsuccessfully. Says

1121:

After four years of peace, the civil war resumed in September 1459 when the Yorkist

631: 475:

for £2,000. By March 1434, Anne had arranged for Mowbray's marriage to her daughter

6469: 6444: 6429: 6344: 5645:. The History of Valois Burgundy (New ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 5368: 5164: 4615: 4299: 4290:

Beadle, R. (2002). "Fifteenth-century Political Verses From the Holkham Archives".

1949: 1892: 1870: 1596: 1480: 1476: 1255:

mentions that "every town hath waged and sent forth." Mowbray left East Anglia via

1248:. On Mowbray's advice, Edward followed the Lancastrian army north with a new army. 1241: 1214: 1111: 1103: 871: 730: 698: 687: 658: 627: 618:

In August 1436 Mowbray accompanied the Duke of Gloucester on a campaign to relieve

424: 388: 260: 196: 5744: 5614: 5012: 4637:

Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton AD 1461

1395:

of Norfolk. By November, however, he had been arrested by the new Yorkist regime.

990:. The battle led to the beleaguered duke seeking refuge in the Tower of London in 6210: 5895: 5856: 2053:

Mowbray's grandfather Thomas, 1st Duke of Norfolk, also appears in Shakespeare's

2015: 1961: 1939:, but he held a significant swathe of manors around the Suffolk / Norfolk border. 1685: 1594:, one of Shakespeare's best-known characters, for the audience. In Shakespeare's 1531: 1424: 1404: 1293: 1099: 1061: 905: 820: 780: 722: 623: 448: 392: 369: 162: 94: 42: 1219: 6555: 6550: 6525: 6374: 6061: 5660:

Virgoe, R. (1980). "The murder of James Andrew: Suffolk faction in the 1430s".

5140:. English Historical Documents. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 2299: 2297: 2295: 1711: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1540: 1297: 1268: 1252: 1165: 1010: 831: 455:

1,667). Until his majority, the Mowbray lands were administered by the English

5492: 5372: 5300: 4619: 4228: 1908:

as the new royal favourite, further eclipsing the duke. York resorted to arms.

1367:

The ruins of Thetford Priory, Norfolk, in 2006, where John Mowbray was buried.

6597: 6515: 6255: 5673: 5572: 5380: 5176: 5033: 4665: 4627: 4456:

The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509

4389: 4210:

Rulers and Ruled in Late Medieval England: Essays Presented to Gerald Harriss

4200: 3449: 2032: 1936: 1846: 1583: 1472: 1190: 1178: 922: 116: 105: 5582:

The Holland family, Dukes of Exeter, Earls of Kent and Huntingdon, 1352–1475

4311: 2292: 952:, the Duke of Norfolk ... and he shall be the richest Christian king." 6269: 6230: 5789: 1974: 1762: 1613: 1372: 926: 870:

in another county without their knowledge, and then seizing their goods as

761: 757: 738: 694: 591: 587: 533: 302: 214: 54: 1882:

At some point before 1461, Brandon married Wingfield's daughter Elizabeth.

717:

to Rome; a licence for him to do so had been granted three years earlier.

5861: 5683:

East Anglian Society and the Political Community of Late Medieval England

1575: 1032: 973:

in Autumn 1450—Mowbray took York's side against the new royal favourite,

914: 816: 797: 785: 670: 563:, who had also made claim. This was an old dispute. Mowbray's father and 537: 432: 357: 322: 173: 1363: 1042:, Mowbray may have ("quite rightly" he says) feared for his own safety. 6240: 6066: 6039: 5965: 1579: 1284: 1056: 957: 714: 464: 326: 1432: 6005: 4303: 1990:

Although the latter may have been more unlikely due to the fact that

1582:

places it in the reign of Henry VI, basing his conclusion in part on

1272: 1264: 1256: 1142: 1115: 1070: 839: 654: 650: 635: 456: 368:, and he was bound over for massive sums and imprisoned twice in the 365: 5913: 4075: 3784: 1235:, organised a small group of Yorkist loyalists, and agreed to offer 646: 6015: 4801:

The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558

1504: 1138: 1019: 338: 3296: 431:. Mowbray was seventeen at his father's death and still legally a 3533: 3531: 1392: 1377: 801: 706: 541: 420: 306: 255: 4716: 4691: 3455: 2303: 321:. He inherited his titles upon his father's death in 1432. As a 5565:

The High Court of Chivalry: A Study of the Civil Law in England

5546:

Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History

4174:

Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History

4006: 2059:, but is a far more pivotal character with a much greater role. 1707: 1681: 1484: 1387: 1157: 1083: 1006: 901: 867: 532:

On his father's death in 1432, Mowbray inherited the office of

5662:

Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute ofArchaeology and History

4193:

The Mowbrays: Earls of Nottingham and Dukes of Norfolk to 1432

3528: 3437: 5043:

Studies on Medieval and Early Modern Women: Pawns Or Players?

4953:"Monumental Heraldry in Dorset | British History Online" 4151: 4149: 3924: 3922: 3492: 2365: 1515:

Mowbray, as "Duke of Norfolk", is a minor figure in the play

1465: 545: 506: 5325:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 183–208. 4271:"Mowbray, John, second duke of Norfolk (1392–1432), magnate" 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3361: 3359: 3286: 3284: 2544: 345:. He fought in Calais in 1436, and during 1437–38 served as 4494:

Blood and Roses: The Paston Family in the Fifteenth Century

4042: 4018: 3320: 2982: 2980: 1352: 1110:

in 1456, and over the next two years may have travelled to

835: 823: 5525:

Shakespeare, W. (2001). Cox, J. D.; Rasmussen, E. (eds.).

5466:

Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle, and Drama

4763:

Fatal Colours: Towton, 1461 – England's Most Brutal Battle

4146: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 3919: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3608: 3606: 1507:

and its application, as it was fundamental to the office.

917:

had been granted the remnants of de la Pole's affinity by

571:'s claim. Mowbray based his right through his grandmother 452: 3970: 3642: 3567: 3555: 3473: 3403: 3401: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3308: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3209: 3197: 3069: 3067: 2953: 2755: 2753: 2573: 2571: 2436: 2434: 2314: 2312: 1526: 1251:

Mowbray seems to have recruited successfully; one of the

4606:

Fiehler, R. (1949). "I Serve the Good Duke of Norfolk".

3796: 3723: 3376: 3374: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3132: 3120: 3096: 2992: 2977: 2868: 2866: 2853: 2851: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2782: 2780: 2765: 2665: 2663: 2648: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2556: 2532: 2520: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2451: 2449: 2394: 2392: 5499: 4532:

Yorkist Lord: John Howard, Duke of Norfolk c. 1425–1485

4087: 4081: 4054: 3883: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3735: 3711: 3687: 3630: 3603: 3086: 3084: 3082: 2814: 2812: 2268: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2125: 2123: 379:, with popular revolts against the King's councillors. 5685:. Norwich: University of East Anglia. pp. 53–64. 4229:"Neville, Katherine, duchess of Norfolk (c.1400–1483)" 4030: 3946: 3907: 3895: 3859: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3543: 3504: 3413: 3398: 3064: 3052: 2750: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2624: 2568: 2508: 2431: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2377: 2353: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2309: 2256: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2108: 1347:

Mowbray launched a decisive attack on the Lancastrian

4634: 4553:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. 4513:

Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England

4116: 3934: 3871: 3790: 3371: 3180: 3108: 3040: 2965: 2883: 2881: 2863: 2848: 2836: 2792: 2777: 2726: 2714: 2660: 2636: 2612: 2583: 2496: 2461: 2446: 2389: 2232: 2096: 313:. Mowbray was born in 1415, the only son and heir of 71:

19 October 1432 – 6 November 1461

4725:. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge. 4700:. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge. 4104: 3994: 3982: 3847: 3820: 3752: 3699: 3425: 3386: 3221: 3079: 3028: 3004: 2809: 2600: 2120: 2084: 1726:, his brother's widow, Joan Stafford, and his aunt, 932: 834:

ordering Brandon and Wingfield to not come within 7

751: 5592:"Holland, Edmund, seventh earl of Kent (1383–1408)" 4968:(repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4677:(2nd ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4589:

Pilgrimage in Medieval English Literature, 700–1500

4434: 3808: 3654: 3618: 3591: 3579: 3516: 3461: 3302: 3168: 3016: 2893: 2824: 2738: 2702: 2675: 2404: 2341: 2324: 2280: 2244: 2135: 1663:from the mid-1450s and into the early years of the 435:. During his minority, his estates were granted by 5720: 5590: 5487:. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green. & Co. 5449:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 75–96. 5301:"Mowbray, John, third duke of Norfolk (1415–1461)" 5299: 4984: 3144: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2878: 2220: 2072: 1078:, York and his allies intercepted the King at the 5722:"Richard of York, third duke of York (1411–1460)" 5468:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5245:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 1–16. 5100:Violence and Social Order: East Anglia, 1422–1442 3958: 3156: 2484: 1098:After the battle, Mowbray threatened to hang the 819:but was ignored. Wingfield was then committed to 6595: 5342:Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270–1524 4418:Intimacy and Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare 1952:, which consisted primarily of Mowbray's uncle, 1706:, or dower—usually a third of everything he was 1435:" with his wife. The couple had one child, also 1027:, Mowbray presented charges against Somerset in 511:, Ordinances for John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, 362:William de la Pole, Earl (later Duke) of Suffolk 5626:(2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd. 5278: 5188:(2nd ed.). London: Yale University Press. 4858:From Wakefield to Towton: The Wars of the Roses 4639:(2nd paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxbow Books. 4012: 1419:Mowbray married Eleanor Bourchier, daughter of 669:For much of the 1430s, Mowbray had problems in 664: 579:. In July 1433 Mowbray presented a petition to 5155:Orme, N. (1984). "The Education of Edward V". 4839:Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, c. 1484–1545 4635:Fiorato, V.; Boylston, A.; Knüsel, C. (2007). 1259:on 17 March 1461, where he joined forces with 1005:– August 1450, and Mowbray summons his men to 5929: 4359:The Medieval Soldier in the Wars of the Roses 1956:, and his son, the premier earl in the land, 1578:reign). The 20th-century Shakespeare scholar 969:During the next crisis—the near-rebellion of 725:. In 1440, Mowbray was able to influence the 5754:Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West 5411:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5390:Calais: An English Town in France, 1347–1558 5083:. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. 5081:Government and Community: England, 1450–1509 4784:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4746:(2nd ed.). New York: Barnes and Noble. 4435:Burley, P.; Elliott, M.; Watson, H. (2007). 4212:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 99–116. 1801:"). and licences to travel became mandatory. 756:In 1443 Mowbray and Wingfield fell out over 607:The 1436 Siege of Calais, as illustrated in 505:, Chancery Masters' Exhibits, C 115/K2/6682 5548:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. pp. 35–58. 5529:(3rd ed.). London: Arden Shakespeare. 5524: 5136:Myers, A. R. (1996). Douglas, D. C. (ed.). 4567: 4342:(repr. ed.). Gloucester: Alan Sutton. 4176:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. pp. 15–35. 4048: 4024: 1655:Westmorland's eldest son, Mowbray's uncle, 1141:, Mowbray attended. Here the Yorkists were 575:; Maltravers through his great-grandfather 5936: 5922: 5731:(online ed.). Oxford University Press 5601:(online ed.). Oxford University Press 5588: 5579: 4999:(online ed.). Oxford University Press 4672: 3537: 3443: 2383: 2371: 5064:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4779: 4458:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4453: 4420:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4396: 3976: 3648: 3573: 3498: 3486: 3365: 3350: 3338: 3314: 3290: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3215: 3138: 3126: 3102: 2998: 2986: 2654: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2274: 1728:Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter 1604:refers to Falstaff as having once been a 673:, where the bulk of his estates now lay. 5482: 5428:The Wars of the Roses: A Concise History 5392:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 5320: 5297: 5262:Henry V and the Southampton Plot of 1415 5116: 4820:A Short History of the Wars of the Roses 4817: 4803:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 4798: 4529: 4356: 4337: 3841: 3802: 3778: 3746: 3729: 3717: 3636: 3612: 3203: 3191: 2696: 2577: 2514: 2502: 2214: 2114: 1535:, the character appears in the episode " 1454: 1362: 1218: 1164:, and once again the King was captured. 1055: 962:Historical Memoranda on Cade's rebellion 767: 602: 550: 473:Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Stafford 6166:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 6161:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 5728:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5643:Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy 5640: 5598:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5339: 5306:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5240: 5221: 5119:Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England 5097: 5045:. Dublin: Four Courts. pp. 59–74. 5019: 4996:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4982: 4874: 4822:. Short histories. London: I.B.Tauris. 4760: 4741: 4605: 4415: 4401:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited. 4318: 4275:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4268: 4254:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4247: 4233:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4226: 4195:(D.Phil thesis). University of Oxford. 4190: 4171: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4069: 3913: 3889: 3865: 3693: 3681: 3561: 3326: 3073: 3058: 3046: 3022: 2818: 2630: 2526: 2440: 2425: 2413: 2398: 2318: 2250: 2102: 1859:John Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Masham 1450: 402: 333:and was placed under the protection of 6596: 6086:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 5680: 5659: 5621: 5584:(D.Phil thesis). University of Oxford. 5562: 5463: 5078: 5059: 4491: 4472: 4375: 4289: 4207: 4155: 4036: 3988: 3952: 3928: 3901: 3549: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3114: 3090: 3010: 2971: 2959: 2872: 2803: 2786: 2720: 2669: 2642: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2478: 2455: 2129: 2090: 2078: 1954:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 1657:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury 1510: 577:Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel 573:Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk 567:had also sought the earldom, blocking 417:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland 6181:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 6156:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg 6096:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 6091:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 6081:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England 5943: 5917: 5718: 5543: 5512:from the original on 23 February 2018 5202: 5135: 5062:Shakespeare and the Idea of Apocrypha 5040: 4963: 4931: 4912: 4893: 4877:Shaping the Nation: England 1360-1461 4855: 4729:from the original on 18 February 2018 4704:from the original on 17 February 2018 4694:"'Introduction: Henry VI: July 1433'" 4653: 4548: 4510: 4323:(repr. ed.). London: Routledge. 4000: 3940: 3877: 3853: 3829: 3761: 3705: 3624: 3392: 3380: 3174: 3162: 3034: 2830: 2771: 2759: 2744: 2359: 2262: 2238: 2226: 1958:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 1906:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 1718:inherited the title from his brother 1669:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 1414: 1358: 586:Mowbray's ancestors had been largely 6335:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence 5751: 5704:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 5699: 5444: 5425: 5406: 5387: 5358: 5344:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 5259: 5205:Curious Tales of Old North Yorkshire 5183: 5154: 4950: 4836: 4591:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 4586: 4515:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 3964: 3814: 3669: 3597: 3585: 3522: 3510: 3467: 3227: 3150: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2857: 2842: 2732: 2708: 2684: 2490: 2347: 2335: 2286: 1463:with Mowbray's arms at centre left: 1407:. He was succeeded by his only son, 1045: 409:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 360:, and he became the bitter rival of 315:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 271:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 249:John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk 6330:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland 6216:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford 6076:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England 5102:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4936:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Routledge. 4879:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4572:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4570:The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare 4477:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3791:Fiorato, Boylston & Knüsel 2007 1208: 1193:, the Yorkists were crushed at the 1087:Northumberland, (father of the 3rd 13: 6310:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury 6280:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond 6176:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 5279:Quennell, P.; Johnson, H. (2002). 5169:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1984.tb02237.x 1588:History of the Worthies of England 1549:. Mowbray appears in the episode " 1355:to give the victory to Edward IV. 709:in 1443 (after the suppression of 14: 6670: 6285:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 6201:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 6146:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu 5624:The End of the House of Lancaster 5308:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 5264:. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing. 4917:. London: Yale University Press. 4235:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 3303:Burley, Elliott & Watson 2007 1125:fought off a royal ambush at the 975:Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 933:Later career and political crisis 860:Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk 752:Crime and disorder in East Anglia 407:John Mowbray was the only son of 293:John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 6639:Earls of Norfolk (1312 creation) 6578: 6577: 6340:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon 6290:William Hastings, Baron Hastings 6275:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 6259: 6151:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 6106:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 6101:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont 6065: 6054: 6038: 6028: 6018: 6008: 5998: 5500:Shakespeare and History (2018). 4966:The Fifteenth Century, 1399-1485 4128: 2047: 2038: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1984: 1967: 1948:York had become allied with the 1942: 1929: 1869:for his treasonable role in the 1498:irresponsibility." In contrast, 852:John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford 598: 59: 6659:People of the Wars of the Roses 6561:Second Cornish uprising of 1497 6300:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell 6206:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 5502:"John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk" 4164: 1911: 1898: 1885: 1876: 1852: 1831: 1814: 1804: 1791: 1769: 1756: 1746: 1733: 1695: 1674: 1649: 1445:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 1181:was the best possible outcome. 645:Mowbray returned to Calais and 6521:Issue of Edward III of England 6270:Anne Neville, Queen of England 6231:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke 6226:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 4568:Dobson, M.; Wells, S. (2001). 4496:. Chatham: Faber & Faber. 1784:... above all, a 'town of war. 1639: 1634:Lord High Constable of England 1626: 1421:William Bourchier, Count of Eu 1185:and York's sons, the Earls of 527: 353:, before returning to Calais. 1: 6495:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 6320:William Neville, Earl of Kent 6305:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk 6246:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales 6191:George Stanley, Baron Strange 6186:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby 6136:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter 6131:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon 6126:John Clifford, Baron Clifford 6111:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 5589:Stansfield, M. M. N. (2004). 5580:Stansfield, M. M. N. (1987). 5430:. London: Thames and Hudson. 2066: 1671:, known today as "Kingmaker." 1574:(1421–1471) to the 1580s (in 657:'s diplomatic mission to the 512: 6395:Siege of the Tower of London 6295:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 6116:James Butler, Earl of Ormond 5745:UK public library membership 5615:UK public library membership 5013:UK public library membership 4082:Shakespeare and History 2018 1091:), the Duke of Somerset and 794:John, Baron Scrope of Masham 679:parliamentary representation 665:Feud with William de la Pole 441:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 335:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 16:English magnate and nobleman 7: 6614:15th-century English people 6455:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 6141:John Neville, Baron Neville 6121:John Butler, Earl of Ormond 5817:Warden of the Eastern March 5567:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5226:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5207:. Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure. 4860:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 4841:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 4719:"'Henry VI: November 1459'" 4439:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 4399:Jasper Tudor: Dynasty Maker 4321:The Merry Devil of Edmonton 4013:Quennell & Johnson 2002 1567:The Merry Devil of Edmonton 1537:Henry VI: The Morning's War 640:Warden of the Eastern March 347:Warden of the Eastern March 220:Warden of the Eastern March 10: 6675: 6221:James Tuchet, Baron Audley 5810:The Earl of Northumberland 4654:Giles, J. A., ed. (1845). 4319:Bennett, C., ed. (2000) . 4142:Folger Shakespeare Library 1891:Granddaughter of the poet 1586:'s posthumously published 1212: 1199:John Neville, Lord Montagu 1049: 737:. Generally, though, says 613:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 192:Second Battle of St Albans 6571: 6508: 6362: 6254: 6049: 5986: 5979: 5951: 5902: 5893: 5885: 5878: 5868: 5854: 5846: 5841: 5833: 5823: 5814: 5806: 5796: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5373:10.1080/01440360600601896 4957:www.british-history.ac.uk 4898:. Oxford: Longman Group. 4780:Griffiths, R. A. (1981). 4620:10.1215/00267929-10-3-364 4608:Modern Language Quarterly 4277:. Oxford University Press 4256:. Oxford University Press 3456:Given-Wilson et al. 2005b 2304:Given-Wilson et al. 2005a 1661:Richard, 3rd Duke of York 1080:first Battle of St Albans 286: 276: 266: 254: 242: 238: 228: 207: 179: 169: 157: 145: 130: 75: 67: 53: 40: 25: 5483:Scofield, C. L. (1923). 5361:Journal of Legal History 5281:Who's who in Shakespeare 5138:Late Medieval: 1327–1485 5117:Morrison, S. S. (2000). 4437:The Battles of St Albans 4357:Boardman, A. W. (1998). 4338:Boardman, A. W. (1996). 1619: 1398: 900:Mowbray also forced the 638:, Mowbray was appointed 415:, who was a daughter of 6536:Bonville–Courtenay feud 5756:. London: I.B. Tauris. 5506:Shakespeare and History 5222:Pollard, A. J. (1990). 5098:Maddern, P. C. (1992). 4875:Harriss, G. L. (2005). 4673:Gillingham, J. (1990). 4416:Bromley, J. M. (2011). 4269:Archer, R. E. (2004c). 4248:Archer, R. E. (2004b). 4227:Archer, R. E. (2004a). 4191:Archer, R. E. (1984b). 4049:Dobson & Wells 2001 1341:Thomae Sprotti Chronica 1154:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 6485:Buckingham's rebellion 6465:Readeption of Henry VI 5563:Squibb, G. D. (1959). 5079:Lander, J. R. (1980). 4723:British History Online 4698:British History Online 4660:. London: James Bohn. 4454:Carpenter, C. (1997). 4397:Breverton, T. (2014). 1667:; Salisbury's son was 1659:would later ally with 1489: 1439:, who in 1448 married 1368: 1345: 1307: 1224: 1089:Earl of Northumberland 1065: 1002: 992:for his own protection 954: 889: 776: 711:Gladman's Insurrection 622:, then under siege by 615: 590:magnates based around 556: 498: 6649:Knights of the Garter 6171:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros 5956:Red Rose of Lancaster 5622:Storey, R.L. (1999). 5298:Richmond, C. (2004). 5283:. London: Routledge. 5121:. London: Routledge. 4964:Jacob, E. F. (1993). 4932:Hicks, M. A. (2013). 4915:The Wars of the Roses 4913:Hicks, M. A. (2010). 4896:Warwick the Kingmaker 4894:Hicks, M. A. (1998). 4856:Haigh, P. A. (2001). 4818:Grummitt, D. (2013). 4782:The Reign of Henry VI 4744:The Wars of the Roses 4675:The Wars of the Roses 4534:. London: Continuum. 4530:Crawford, A. (2010). 4511:Coote, L. A. (2000). 1546:The Wars of the Roses 1518:King Henry VI, Part 3 1458: 1366: 1319: 1303: 1237:Edward, Earl of March 1222: 1162:Battle of Northampton 1127:Battle of Blore Heath 1100:Royal Standard bearer 1059: 997: 941: 893:The National Archives 877: 856:Jack Cade's Rebellion 771: 606: 561:John, Lord Maltravers 554: 503:The National Archives 482: 381:Richard, Duke of York 351:Anglo-Scottish border 138:Epworth, Lincolnshire 6546:Neville–Neville feud 6531:Princes in the Tower 5641:Vaughan, R. (2014). 5527:King Henry VI Part 3 5426:Ross, C. D. (1986). 5407:Ross, C. D. (1974). 5340:Ridgard, J. (1985). 5323:Medieval East Anglia 5260:Pugh, T. B. (1988). 4983:Kathman, D. (2004). 4837:Gunn, S. J. (1988). 4799:Grummitt, D (2008). 4761:Goodwin, G. (2011). 4742:Goodman, A. (1996). 4340:The Battle of Towton 1451:Character and legacy 1104:Sir Philip Wentworth 655:Archbishop John Kemp 469:arrange his marriage 403:Background and youth 6644:Earls of Nottingham 6325:Sir Richard Herbert 5850:The Earl of Arundel 5800:The Duke of Norfolk 5783:The Duke of Norfolk 5464:Saccio, P. (2000). 5157:Historical Research 5060:Kirwan, P. (2015). 4492:Castor, H. (2004). 4473:Castor, H. (2000). 4158:, pp. 108–110. 3931:, pp. 151–152. 3540:, pp. 119–122. 3501:, pp. 146–147. 3446:, pp. 107–108. 3329:, pp. 257–258. 2962:, pp. 114–115. 2774:, pp. 150–151. 2553:, pp. 162–163. 2374:, pp. 151–161. 1861:was the brother of 1576:Queen Elizabeth I's 1523:William Shakespeare 1511:Cultural depictions 1195:Battle of Wakefield 1174:Christine Carpenter 467:, and the right to 6541:Percy–Neville feud 6420:St Albans (Second) 6315:Sir Thomas Neville 5961:White Rose of York 5880:Peerage of England 5775:Political offices 5719:Watts, J. (2004). 5203:Peach, H. (2004). 4549:Davis, J. (2011). 4361:. Stroud: Sutton. 1863:Henry, Lord Scrope 1490: 1461:Bruges Garter Book 1415:Marriage and issue 1369: 1359:Under the Yorkists 1225: 1076:pre-emptive strike 1066: 950:Duke of Buckingham 944:mighty prince the 777: 773:Framlingham Castle 675:William de la Pole 616: 609:Martial d'Auvergne 569:Maltravers' father 557: 461:Hundred Years' War 387:'s victory at the 343:Hundred Years' War 84:Earl of Nottingham 6591: 6590: 6370:St Albans (First) 6358: 6357: 6236:Margaret Beaufort 5945:Wars of the Roses 5912: 5911: 5903:Succeeded by 5872:The Earl of Essex 5869:Succeeded by 5834:Succeeded by 5824:Succeeded by 5797:Succeeded by 5763:978-1-86064-649-2 5752:Webb, D. (2001). 5743:(Subscription or 5711:978-1-78327-115-3 5700:Ward, M. (2016). 5692:978-0-906219-44-7 5652:978-0-85115-917-1 5633:978-0-75092-199-2 5613:(Subscription or 5555:978-0-86299-163-0 5536:978-1-903436-30-1 5475:978-0-19802-871-0 5456:978-1-84383-692-6 5437:978-0-500-27407-1 5418:978-0-52002-781-7 5399:978-1-84383-401-4 5388:Rose, S. (2008). 5351:978-0-85115-432-9 5332:978-1-84383-151-8 5290:978-0-41526-035-0 5271:978-0-86299-549-2 5252:978-1-84383-692-6 5233:978-0-19820-087-1 5214:978-1-85058-793-4 5195:978-0-30009-754-2 5186:Medieval Children 5184:Orme, N. (2003). 5147:978-0-41560-467-3 5128:978-1-13473-763-5 5109:978-0-19820-235-6 5090:978-0-674-35793-8 5071:978-1-107-09617-2 5052:978-1-85182-775-6 5011:(Subscription or 4975:978-0-19-285286-1 4943:978-1-31789-896-2 4934:Bastard Feudalism 4924:978-0-30018-157-9 4905:978-0-63123-593-4 4886:978-0-19-921119-7 4867:978-0-85052-825-1 4848:978-0-63115-781-6 4829:978-1-84885-875-6 4810:978-1-84383-398-7 4791:978-0-520-04372-5 4772:978-0-29786-072-3 4765:. London: Orion. 4753:978-0-88029-484-3 4684:978-1-84885-875-6 4646:978-1-84217-289-6 4598:978-0-85991-623-3 4587:Dyas, D. (2001). 4579:978-0-19811-735-3 4560:978-1-13950-281-8 4541:978-1-44115-201-5 4522:978-1-903153-03-1 4503:978-0-571-21670-3 4484:978-0-19-820622-4 4465:978-0-521-31874-7 4446:978-1-47381-903-0 4427:978-1-13950-532-1 4408:978-1-44563-402-9 4368:978-0-75091-465-9 4349:978-0-75091-245-7 4330:978-1-135-86674-7 4219:978-1-85285-133-0 4183:978-0-86299-163-0 3564:, pp. 42–43. 3513:, pp. 43–47. 2860:, pp. 75–76. 2845:, pp. 79–80. 2762:, pp. 62–63. 2735:, pp. 53–54. 2529:, pp. 80–83. 2362:, pp. 59–60. 2265:, pp. 17–19. 2029:Sir Robert Howard 1839:Sir Robert Howard 1665:Wars of the Roses 1592:Sir John Falstaff 1312:The Rose of Rouen 1131:Battle of Ludford 1123:Earl of Salisbury 1052:Wars of the Roses 1046:Wars of the Roses 1009:with him and the 925:and those around 703:oyer and terminer 477:Eleanor Bourchier 413:Katherine Neville 395:by his only son, 319:Katherine Neville 311:Wars of the Roses 290: 289: 281:Katherine Neville 233:Eleanor Bourchier 187:Wars of the Roses 134:12 September 1415 6666: 6629:Dukes of Norfolk 6581: 6580: 6415:Mortimer's Cross 6345:Margaret of York 6263: 6069: 6058: 6042: 6032: 6022: 6012: 6002: 5984: 5983: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5915: 5914: 5886:Preceded by 5847:Preceded by 5807:Preceded by 5780:Preceded by 5772: 5771: 5767: 5748: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5724: 5715: 5696: 5677: 5656: 5637: 5618: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5594: 5585: 5576: 5559: 5540: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5496: 5479: 5460: 5441: 5422: 5403: 5384: 5355: 5336: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5303: 5294: 5275: 5256: 5237: 5218: 5199: 5180: 5151: 5132: 5113: 5094: 5075: 5056: 5037: 5016: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4992: 4986:"Fabell, Peter ( 4979: 4960: 4947: 4928: 4909: 4890: 4871: 4852: 4833: 4814: 4795: 4776: 4757: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4688: 4669: 4650: 4631: 4602: 4583: 4564: 4545: 4526: 4507: 4488: 4469: 4450: 4431: 4412: 4393: 4372: 4353: 4334: 4315: 4304:10.2307/43630392 4286: 4284: 4282: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4223: 4204: 4187: 4159: 4153: 4144: 4136:Henry IV, Part 2 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4025:Shakespeare 2001 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3765: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3363: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3206:, p. xxxii. 3201: 3195: 3189: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2790: 2784: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2241:, pp. 1–13. 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2133: 2127: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2060: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1971: 1965: 1946: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1893:Geoffrey Chaucer 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1871:Southampton Plot 1856: 1850: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1767: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1741:King Richard III 1737: 1731: 1699: 1693: 1678: 1672: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1597:Henry IV, Part 2 1555:David Hargreaves 1483:of three points 1343: 1325: 1316: 1242:Battle of Towton 1233:Baynard's Castle 1215:Battle of Towton 1209:Battle of Towton 1014: 965: 896: 886: 882: 688:Robert Wingfield 659:peace conference 628:Duke of Burgundy 519: 517: 514: 488: 425:northern England 389:Battle of Towton 300: 197:Battle of Towton 180:Wars and battles 165: 152: 141: 63: 35: 23: 22: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6567: 6504: 6480:Siege of London 6354: 6350:Richard of York 6258: 6250: 6211:Andrew Trollope 6196:William Stanley 6064: 6060: 6059: 6053: 6045: 5975: 5947: 5942: 5908: 5899: 5896:Duke of Norfolk 5891: 5874: 5865: 5859: 5857:Justice in Eyre 5852: 5837: 5829: 5827:Sir Robert Ogle 5820: 5812: 5802: 5793: 5785: 5770: 5764: 5742: 5734: 5732: 5712: 5693: 5653: 5634: 5612: 5604: 5602: 5556: 5537: 5515: 5513: 5476: 5457: 5438: 5419: 5400: 5352: 5333: 5311: 5309: 5291: 5272: 5253: 5234: 5215: 5196: 5148: 5129: 5110: 5091: 5072: 5053: 5010: 5002: 5000: 4976: 4944: 4925: 4906: 4887: 4868: 4849: 4830: 4811: 4792: 4773: 4754: 4732: 4730: 4707: 4705: 4685: 4647: 4599: 4580: 4561: 4542: 4523: 4504: 4485: 4466: 4447: 4428: 4409: 4369: 4350: 4331: 4280: 4278: 4259: 4257: 4238: 4236: 4220: 4184: 4167: 4162: 4154: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3768: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3538:Gillingham 1990 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3444:Gillingham 1990 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3080: 3072: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2793: 2785: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2384:Stansfield 2004 2382: 2378: 2372:Stansfield 1987 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2136: 2128: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2026: 2022: 2016:Andrew Boardman 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1972: 1968: 1962:Lord Chancellor 1947: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1857: 1853: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1700: 1696: 1679: 1675: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1632:Along with the 1631: 1627: 1622: 1602:Justice Shallow 1553:" portrayed by 1539:" portrayed by 1532:An Age of Kings 1513: 1470:passant gardant 1453: 1429:Henry Bourchier 1425:Justice in Eyre 1417: 1405:Thetford Priory 1401: 1361: 1344: 1333:Hearne fragment 1330: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1294:Philip A. Haigh 1261:Sir John Howard 1217: 1211: 1114:, Rome or even 1062:Tower of London 1054: 1048: 1040:Ralph Griffiths 1016: 1013:at Framlingham. 1004: 971:Richard of York 967: 956: 935: 906:Bury St Edmunds 898: 891: 884: 880: 813:William Brandon 754: 723:Tower of London 667: 624:Philip the Good 601: 540:by two Mowbray 530: 521: 515: 500: 486: 451:(approximately 411:, and his wife 405: 393:Duke of Norfolk 370:Tower of London 296: 224: 203: 163:Thetford Priory 161: 150: 149:6 November 1461 136: 135: 126: 95:Earl of Norfolk 43:Duke of Norfolk 36: 31: 29: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6672: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6654:Mowbray family 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624:Barons Segrave 6621: 6619:Barons Mowbray 6616: 6611: 6606: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6556:Battle of Deal 6551:Perkin Warbeck 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6526:Titulus Regius 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6490:Bosworth Field 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460:Losecoat Field 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6385:Ludford Bridge 6382: 6377: 6375:Loveday (1458) 6372: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6033: 6023: 6013: 6003: 5992: 5990: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5918: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5901: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5867: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5842:Legal offices 5839: 5838: 5836:Sir Ralph Grey 5835: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5822: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5795: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5768: 5762: 5749: 5716: 5710: 5697: 5691: 5678: 5657: 5651: 5638: 5632: 5619: 5586: 5577: 5560: 5554: 5541: 5535: 5522: 5497: 5480: 5474: 5461: 5455: 5442: 5436: 5423: 5417: 5404: 5398: 5385: 5356: 5350: 5337: 5331: 5318: 5295: 5289: 5276: 5270: 5257: 5251: 5238: 5232: 5219: 5213: 5200: 5194: 5181: 5152: 5146: 5133: 5127: 5114: 5108: 5095: 5089: 5076: 5070: 5057: 5051: 5038: 5017: 4990:. 15th cent.)" 4980: 4974: 4961: 4951:HMSO (2023) . 4948: 4942: 4929: 4923: 4910: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4872: 4866: 4853: 4847: 4834: 4828: 4815: 4809: 4796: 4790: 4777: 4771: 4758: 4752: 4739: 4714: 4689: 4683: 4670: 4651: 4645: 4632: 4603: 4597: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4559: 4546: 4540: 4527: 4521: 4508: 4502: 4489: 4483: 4470: 4464: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4426: 4413: 4407: 4394: 4373: 4367: 4354: 4348: 4335: 4329: 4316: 4287: 4266: 4245: 4224: 4218: 4205: 4188: 4182: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4145: 4138: 3.2/26–28 4127: 4115: 4103: 4101:, p. 364. 4086: 4074: 4072:, p. 125. 4053: 4051:, p. 321. 4041: 4039:, p. 128. 4029: 4027:, p. 181. 4017: 4015:, p. 148. 4005: 3993: 3981: 3979:, p. 724. 3977:Griffiths 1981 3969: 3957: 3955:, p. 152. 3945: 3943:, p. 464. 3933: 3918: 3906: 3904:, p. 143. 3894: 3892:, p. 152. 3882: 3880:, p. 284. 3870: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3819: 3807: 3805:, p. 130. 3795: 3783: 3766: 3751: 3734: 3732:, p. 162. 3722: 3710: 3698: 3696:, p. 143. 3686: 3674: 3653: 3651:, p. 131. 3649:Breverton 2014 3641: 3629: 3617: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3576:, p. 872. 3574:Griffiths 1981 3566: 3554: 3552:, p. 188. 3542: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3499:Carpenter 1997 3491: 3489:, p. 158. 3487:Carpenter 1997 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3422:, p. 110. 3412: 3410:, p. 113. 3397: 3385: 3383:, p. 110. 3370: 3368:, p. 798. 3366:Griffiths 1981 3355: 3353:, p. 741. 3351:Griffiths 1981 3343: 3341:, p. 740. 3339:Griffiths 1981 3331: 3319: 3317:, p. 723. 3315:Griffiths 1981 3307: 3295: 3293:, p. 721. 3291:Griffiths 1981 3280: 3278:, p. 592. 3276:Griffiths 1981 3268: 3266:, p. 648. 3264:Griffiths 1981 3256: 3254:, p. 647. 3252:Griffiths 1981 3244: 3242:, p. 565. 3240:Griffiths 1981 3232: 3230:, p. 104. 3220: 3218:, p. 690. 3216:Griffiths 1981 3208: 3196: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3141:, p. 611. 3139:Griffiths 1981 3131: 3129:, p. 638. 3127:Griffiths 1981 3119: 3117:, p. 111. 3107: 3105:, p. 586. 3103:Griffiths 1981 3095: 3078: 3076:, p. 626. 3063: 3061:, p. 157. 3051: 3039: 3037:, p. 195. 3027: 3015: 3003: 3001:, p. 649. 2999:Griffiths 1981 2991: 2989:, p. 591. 2987:Griffiths 1981 2976: 2974:, p. 117. 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2902:, p. 119. 2892: 2877: 2875:, p. 107. 2862: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2808: 2806:, p. 227. 2791: 2789:, p. 226. 2776: 2764: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2723:, p. 109. 2713: 2711:, p. 166. 2701: 2689: 2687:, p. 138. 2674: 2672:, p. 110. 2659: 2657:, p. 587. 2655:Griffiths 1981 2647: 2645:, p. 264. 2635: 2633:, p. 203. 2623: 2621:, p. 114. 2611: 2599: 2597:, p. 105. 2582: 2567: 2565:, p. 448. 2563:Griffiths 1981 2555: 2551:Griffiths 1981 2543: 2541:, p. 404. 2539:Griffiths 1981 2531: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2481:, p. 108. 2460: 2458:, p. 104. 2445: 2443:, p. 116. 2430: 2428:, p. 103. 2418: 2403: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2350:, p. 208. 2340: 2338:, p. 122. 2323: 2321:, p. 115. 2308: 2291: 2289:, p. 125. 2279: 2275:Griffiths 1981 2267: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2134: 2132:, p. 263. 2119: 2117:, p. 203. 2107: 2105:, p. 168. 2095: 2093:, p. 104. 2083: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2046: 2037: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1983: 1979:Richard Beadle 1966: 1950:Neville family 1941: 1928: 1910: 1897: 1884: 1875: 1865:, executed by 1851: 1830: 1813: 1803: 1790: 1778:David Grummitt 1768: 1755: 1745: 1732: 1712:Holland family 1694: 1673: 1648: 1638: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1610:John Oldcastle 1541:Jeffry Wickham 1512: 1509: 1468:, three lions 1459:Page from the 1452: 1449: 1443:, daughter of 1416: 1413: 1400: 1397: 1360: 1357: 1328: 1302: 1298:battle fatigue 1269:council of war 1253:Paston letters 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1166:Colin Richmond 1137:was called at 1050:Main article: 1047: 1044: 1011:Earl of Oxford 996: 946:Duke of Exeter 940: 934: 931: 919:Queen Margaret 895:, KB 145/6/25. 876: 832:letters patent 753: 750: 666: 663: 600: 597: 529: 526: 481: 471:, was sold to 404: 401: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 252: 251: 246: 240: 239: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 223: 222: 217: 211: 209: 205: 204: 202: 201: 200: 199: 194: 183: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 159: 155: 154: 153:(aged 46) 147: 143: 142: 132: 128: 127: 125: 124: 113: 102: 91: 79: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 57: 51: 50: 38: 37: 30: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6671: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6634:Earls Marshal 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6584: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:Act of Accord 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Hedgeley Moor 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6063: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5778: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5730: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5600: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 4998: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378:The Ricardian 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4009: 4003:, p. 88. 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3916:, p. 10. 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3868:, p. 68. 3867: 3862: 3856:, p. 63. 3855: 3850: 3844:, p. 50. 3843: 3842:Boardman 1996 3838: 3832:, p. 87. 3831: 3826: 3824: 3817:, p. 36. 3816: 3811: 3804: 3803:Boardman 1996 3799: 3793:, p. 19. 3792: 3787: 3781:, p. 75. 3780: 3779:Boardman 1996 3775: 3773: 3771: 3764:, p. 86. 3763: 3758: 3756: 3749:, p. 18. 3748: 3747:Boardman 1998 3743: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3730:Scofield 1923 3726: 3720:, p. 59. 3719: 3718:Boardman 1996 3714: 3708:, p. 65. 3707: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3684:, p. 67. 3683: 3678: 3672:, p. 35. 3671: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3639:, p. ix. 3638: 3637:Boardman 1996 3633: 3626: 3621: 3615:, p. 78. 3614: 3613:Boardman 1996 3609: 3607: 3600:, p. 30. 3599: 3594: 3588:, p. 34. 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3525:, p. 48. 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3470:, p. 22. 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3433: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3395:, p. lv. 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3305:, p. 14. 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3204:Grummitt 2013 3200: 3193: 3192:Boardman 1996 3188: 3186: 3184: 3177:, p. 80. 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3153:, p. 12. 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3093:, p. 58. 3092: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3049:, p. 38. 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3013:, p. 93. 3012: 3007: 3000: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2950:, p. 47. 2949: 2944: 2938:, p. 86. 2937: 2932: 2926:, p. 84. 2925: 2920: 2914:, p. 83. 2913: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2890:, p. 80. 2889: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2839: 2833:, p. 96. 2832: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2747:, p. 62. 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2699:, p. 54. 2698: 2697:Morrison 2000 2693: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2609:, p. 56. 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2580:, p. 14. 2579: 2578:Crawford 2010 2574: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2517:, p. 29. 2516: 2515:Grummitt 2008 2511: 2504: 2503:Grummitt 2008 2499: 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Retrieved 4232: 4209: 4192: 4173: 4165:Bibliography 4135: 4130: 4125:, p. 6. 4123:Bennett 2000 4118: 4111:Kathman 2004 4106: 4099:Fiehler 1949 4077: 4070:Bromley 2011 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3991:, p. 2. 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3914:Pollard 2011 3909: 3897: 3890:Goodwin 2011 3885: 3873: 3866:Kaufman 2004 3861: 3849: 3837: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3694:Goodman 1996 3689: 3682:Kaufman 2004 3677: 3644: 3632: 3627:, p. 5. 3620: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3562:Goodman 1996 3557: 3545: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3434:, p. 4. 3427: 3415: 3388: 3346: 3334: 3327:Pollard 1990 3322: 3310: 3298: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3194:, p. 8. 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3074:Harriss 2005 3059:Maddern 1992 3054: 3047:Maddern 1992 3042: 3030: 3023:Archer 2004b 3018: 3006: 2994: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2838: 2826: 2821:, p. 5. 2819:Ridgard 1985 2767: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2650: 2638: 2631:Harriss 2005 2626: 2614: 2602: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2527:Vaughan 2014 2522: 2510: 2505:, p. 1. 2498: 2493:, p. 9. 2486: 2441:Archer 1984b 2426:Archer 1984b 2421: 2414:Archer 2004a 2399:Archer 1984a 2379: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2319:Harriss 2005 2282: 2270: 2258: 2251:Archer 2004c 2246: 2234: 2222: 2110: 2103:Archer 1984b 2098: 2086: 2081:, p. 1. 2074: 2054: 2049: 2040: 2023: 2011: 2004:Charles Ross 1999: 1986: 1975:Holkham Hall 1969: 1944: 1931: 1913: 1900: 1887: 1878: 1867:King Henry V 1854: 1833: 1816: 1806: 1798: 1793: 1771: 1763:Helen Castor 1758: 1748: 1735: 1704:dos nominata 1703: 1697: 1690:lesser hours 1676: 1651: 1641: 1628: 1614:John Fastolf 1595: 1587: 1565: 1559: 1544: 1530: 1516: 1514: 1495:J. 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Greg 1529:TV serial 1285:Pontefract 1108:Walsingham 1029:parliament 958:John Stowe 715:pilgrimage 695:bound over 581:Parliament 538:encumbered 6410:Wakefield 6051:Lancaster 6036:Henry VII 6006:Edward IV 5862:the Trent 5860:south of 5674:679927444 5573:504278136 5409:Edward IV 5381:709978800 5367:: 53–80. 5177:300188139 5034:984788270 5028:: 61–88. 5022:Enarratio 4666:319939404 4628:924728310 4390:906456722 4201:638691892 3965:HMSO 2023 3815:Ross 1974 3670:Ross 1974 3598:Ross 1974 3586:Ross 1974 3523:Ross 1986 3511:Ross 1986 3468:Ross 1974 3228:Ward 2016 3151:Ross 1974 2948:Gunn 1988 2936:Ross 2011 2924:Ross 2011 2912:Ross 2011 2900:Pugh 1988 2888:Ross 2011 2858:Ross 2011 2843:Ross 2011 2733:Rose 2006 2709:Webb 2001 2685:Dyas 2001 2491:Rose 2008 2348:Orme 2003 2336:Orme 1984 2287:Orme 1984 2033:household 1992:Palestine 1847:household 1766:Epworth". 1551:Edward IV 1441:Elizabeth 1315:, c. 1461 1277:mustering 1273:Doncaster 1265:rearguard 1257:Cambridge 1143:attainted 1116:Jerusalem 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Knowledge

John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

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