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also the site of the toll gate that Martin operated on the
Federal Road. Salequoyah, where he lived with his other wife, Nellie's sister Lucy McDaniel, had 11 buildings and 110 acres (45 ha) under cultivation. Although the law said that lottery winners could not take possession of their new properties until the Cherokee inhabitants had moved out, this restriction was largely ignored. The new owners simply moved in and, abetted by the Georgia Guard, forced out the previous occupants. Thus the Martin family was forced out of the Salequoyah (Salacoa) house and farm in 1833 or 1834. Fields wrote that records about exactly when and how the Martins were forced from Salequoyah have not been located. The right to Coosawattie plantation had been bought by a wealthy Georgian, Farish Carter, from the lottery winner. When Carter requested Martin to vacate the property in January, 1835, Georgia Governor
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that his white skin, blond hair, blue eyes and fluency in
English would save his family from the abuses directed at his people. He was wrong. While the Cherokee land was simply confiscated, the U.S. had agreed to pay for improvements the former residents had made. Thus, Judge Martin received $ 22,400 total compensation for the three plantations in Georgia. He was compensated $ 2,500 in 1837 for his land, house and several outbuildings in Tennessee. A few months later in the same year, the U.S. government sold the Tennessee property, plus the 689 acres (279 ha) of land to settler George Hambright and his wife for $ 12,500.
122:. It is unclear where the future judge was born. Some accounts claim he was born in what is now Tennessee, while others claim he was born in the present state of Georgia. Jack Martin evidently became a prosperous trader. Rather than sending his son away to school at an early age, he hired a tutor to educate his son at home. Jack Martin died about 1800 or 1801. His widow died while John Jr. was a teenager. Then, he went to live with a sister named Nancy and her husband, Jeter Lynch. At some point, young John went away to school in order to complete his formal education.
97:. A biographer describes him as blond, blue-eyed and a person who could easily pass for white. He had no formal training in law, but he was one of the first men appointed to serve as a judge on the Cherokee Tribal Court, which was established in 1822. After his term as judge ended in 1828, he was addressed as Judge Martin for the rest of his life. He also served the Cherokee Nation as Treasurer, He was also a member of the Cherokee Constitutional Convention that led to the formation of a real national government. In 1837, he removed from
134:, before 1818. He was appointed as a member of the Cherokee delegation to Washington, D. C. in that year, and was a signer of the Calhoun Treaty on February 27, 1819, which ceded the land where his Sautee plantation was located to the United States. The treaty allowed him to continue to live there on a 640 acres (260 ha) reservation, which he initially planned to do. However, by early 1822, he gave up his reservation and moved his family inside the new Cherokee boundary. The new home was near the
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1822, he was also selected as one of the
District Judges appointed to the newly formed Superior Court, which was charged with handling all cases that might be appealed from the District Courts. This court referred to itself as the Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation. The first justices of this court were: John Martin, James Daniel, Richard Walker and James Brown. None of these had any formal legal training.
161:, the state militia, entered the former Cherokee territory early in 1831, ostensibly to keep intruders out of the area. In reality, the Guard began harassing the inhabitants to encourage them to leave the state on their own. Guard members even came to Martin's home one night in February, 1831 and arrested him, saying only that he was "under suspicion."
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was held
October 22, 1832, and included Martin's plantations (Coosawatie and one on Salequoyah (Salacoa) Creek. Coosawattee, where Martin lived with wife Nellie McDaniel, was the larger plantation, with 28 buildings and 300 acres (120 ha) under cultivation, plus apple and peach orchards. It was
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John's mother was
Susannah Emory, a one-quarter Cherokee who had been raised among the tribe. Susannah's grandfather was Ludovic Grant, a Scottish trader. Grant had married a full-blooded Cherokee woman. The Grants had a daughter who married William Emory and bore Susannah. Susannah was raised in the
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After the expiration of his term on the
Cherokee Supreme Court in 1828, Martin was asked to serve as Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation. He was responsible for receiving and disbursing funds paid to the tribe by the U.S. Government, collecting debts owed to the nation by individuals, leasing turnpikes
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The
Cherokee Nation created its judicial system by a law on October 20, 1820. The system had eight districts, each of which had eight district judges and four circuit judges. John Martin was appointed a Circuit Judge for the Coosawattee and Amohee Districts, beginning with the 1822 term. In November
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and an Indian agent during the
American Revolution. Susannah married again to Richard Fields, a mixed blood Cherokee, with whom she had seven children. Therefore, the marriage to John Martin Sr. was her third. John Martin Sr. and Susannah had three children: John Martin Jr., Nancy, and Rachael. John
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intervened on Martin's behalf. Lumpkin wrote to Martin that Carter had agreed that Martin could remain there until the end of that year, "provided that he use his influence to bring our Indian affairs to a final issue, by the removal of the
Cherokees." However, the Martins vacated the plantation in
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Martin's experiences in losing his
Georgia homes (and seeing his friends and relatives lose theirs) persuaded him that the Cherokees could not remain east of the Mississippi River. Many had already moved to Arkansas Territory, and were now known as the Western Cherokees. Initially, he had believed
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and were committed to moving west. The signing of the treaty split the tribe politically between the Treaty Party and Chief John Ross' National Party. Martin had tried to remain neutral and continue his work as a tribal leader, but he came to believe that Ross' efforts were doomed to failure. The
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John Martin Jr., who had never accepted baptism into the Christian religion, practiced polygamy. He met and married two sisters, Nellie and Lucy McDaniel, daughters of Alexander McDaniel, and reportedly had eight children with each of the women. He had one house in Coosawattie where he lived with
157:. Within three days after passage, the state of Georgia proclaimed its authority over 4,600,000 acres (1,900,000 ha) of Cherokee land inside the Georgia borders. Surveyors quickly arrived to divide the land into 160 acres (65 ha) lots that would be given to non-Indians by lottery. The
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surrounded his house one night while he was meeting with several other members of the Cherokee Grand Council, arrested them and confiscated all the account books and other official documents in their possession In March 1837, Judge Martin and one of his sons-in-law led a group of three hundred
211:. The Eastern and Western Cherokees reconciled and formed a unified government with a new constitution. Judge Martin was elected as the first Chief Justice of the reconstituted Cherokee Supreme Court in Indian Territory. He served his nation in this capacity until his death from "
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Nellie and another house in the Salacoa Valley, where he lived with Lucy. According to Fields, one descendant said the marriages were in 1807 and 1810. Fields speculates that Martin may have married both at the same time, a common practice among polygamous Cherokees.
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Stuart and Susannah had one son, who was called "Bushyhead", because he had inherited his father's bushy blond hair. Bushyhead became the surname of his descendants, and many were important people among the
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280:. Fields asserts that young John grew up in the Tugaloo area along the present border between Georgia and South Carolina, where his parental family had moved about 1789.
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to Indian Territory, where he was elected as the first Chief Justice of the newly created Cherokee Supreme Court in 1839. He served until his death the following year.
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93:(1784 – October 17, 1840) was a notable judge of the Cherokee Tribal Court. He was a highly educated member of the tribe, although he was only one-eighth
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and ferries within the Cherokee Nation's boundaries, He continued to serve as Treasurer until he and his family emigrated to Indian Territory in 1837.
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in Indian Territory. He was buried at the fort, where his tombstone describes him as "the chief justice of the supreme court of the Cherokee Nation."
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John Adair Bell and George Washington Adair were the Martin family members who signed. Bell became a noted leader of the tribe after resettlement.
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By 1835, two of Martin's sons-in-law had joined the political group known as the Treaty Party, which was led by John Ridge. Both signed the
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is from the Cherokee language and can be translated into English as "greasy corn". The name also appears as "Salequoyah."
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move to Red Hill proved only a temporary respite. The last straw of harassment came when U. S. soldiers under General
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Fields, Elizabeth Arnett. "Between Two Cultures: Judge John Martin and the Struggle for Cherokee Sovereignty."
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Maddox says John Jr. was born near Coyatee, in Tennessee, and that his early life was spent in what is now
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Young John inherited a fortune from his father. He established a home along Sautee Creek, in present-day
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The Martins established a new home on the Saline River in Indian Territory, near the present town of
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Martin, J. Matthew."Chief Justice John Martin and the Origins of Westernized Tribal Jurisprudence."
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His father was John (Jack) Martin, Senior, a white man who was reportedly the brother of General
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said that Judge Martin died of "brain fever" on October 17, 1840, near
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National Park Service. Trail of Tears. Places to Go in Tennessee.
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The two-story main house at Coosawatie was valued at $ 4,000.
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United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
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The U.S. Congress passed and the president signed the
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Chief Justice, Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation
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431:. 2005. Available on Google Books.
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1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Spike Bucktown
1456:
1451:
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1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
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1249:Cherokee Strip
1241:
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1191:
1186:
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1044:Trail of Tears
1036:
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886:
884:Raven of Chota
881:
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854:
849:
838:
836:
832:
831:
829:
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823:
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798:
796:Horned Serpent
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788:
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773:
772:
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762:
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723:
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613:
612:
605:
604:
597:
590:
582:
574:
573:
554:
522:
503:
477:
442:
410:
399:Vol. 34. 2012.
377:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
362:
359:
356:
355:
334:
325:
316:
300:Salacoa Valley
291:
282:
269:
258:
257:
255:
252:
233:
230:
220:
217:
200:
197:
171:Wilson Lumpkin
127:
124:
106:
103:
86:
85:
82:
81:Known for
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
68:Planter, judge
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
32:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
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2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Redbird Smith
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Sam Sixkiller
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
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2182:
2179:
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2159:
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2142:
2139:
2137:
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2132:
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2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
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2107:
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2102:
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2079:
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2074:
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2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Joel B. Mayes
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Lewis Downing
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:Richard Sneed
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Gerard Parker
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Tahlonteeskee
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:William Hicks
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Little Turkey
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
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1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
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1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
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1813:
1809:
1803:
1802:Cherokee Path
1800:
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1597:
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1594:
1590:Landmarks and
1588:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:Eastern Band
1569:
1565:
1564:Tahlonteeskee
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
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1549:
1547:
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1537:
1535:
1534:Running Water
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1145:
1144:Male Seminary
1142:
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1103:
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1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:Organizations
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177:
172:
167:
162:
160:
159:Georgia Guard
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
123:
121:
120:Joseph Martin
116:
113:
102:
100:
96:
92:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
65:Occupation(s)
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
31:
27:
20:
2273:
2261:Shawna Baker
2200:
2196:Ned Christie
2121:John W. Hair
2081:Ross Swimmer
2076:W. W. Keeler
1831:Amouskositte
1777:Tuckaleechee
1747:Abrams Creek
1709:Untokiasdiyi
1684:Blythe Ferry
1235:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1126:
1026:
891:Tribal Wars
765:Booger dance
628:Eastern Band
557:
546:. Retrieved
535:
525:
506:
428:
396:
337:
328:
319:
311:
294:
285:
272:
262:
241:
239:
235:
226:
222:
206:
202:
192:John E. Wool
184:
163:
144:
129:
117:
108:
90:
89:
2301:1840 deaths
2296:1784 births
2221:Major Ridge
2201:John Martin
2181:Joseph Vann
2071:J. B. Milam
1996:Joyce Dugan
1966:John Rogers
1961:John Looney
1956:Sam Houston
1886:Incalatanga
1699:Mantle Rock
1624:Long Island
1361:Island town
1199:1842 revolt
1107:Youth Choir
806:Nun'Yunu'Wi
760:Stomp dance
748:Black drink
743:Ethnobotany
351:Dalton Pike
310:. The name
302:is between
248:Fort Gibson
213:Brain fever
91:John Martin
57:Nationality
23:John Martin
2290:Categories
2274:See also:
2176:David Vann
2171:James Vann
2166:Wauhatchie
2156:Goingsnake
2131:Nancy Ward
1951:John Jolly
1906:Pathkiller
1866:Old Tassel
1856:Oconostota
1524:Turtletown
1519:Turkeytown
1509:Tuckasegee
1444:Oostanaula
1391:Long Swamp
1386:Kulsetsiyi
1135:Education
869:Ani-kutani
826:Tsul 'Kalu
791:Deer Woman
548:2020-01-29
373:References
349:, at 5640
267:Cherokees.
164:The first
2186:Bob Benge
2151:Junaluska
1986:Tsaladihi
1976:Yonaguska
1926:John Ross
1911:Big Tiger
1891:Tagwadihi
1881:Kunokeski
1861:Savanukah
1797:Tlanusiyi
1664:Fort Cass
1559:Tahlequah
1539:Titsohili
1504:Tsatanugi
1419:Nickajack
1406:Nantahala
1401:Nacoochee
1331:Dirt town
1311:Conasauga
1301:Chilhowee
1291:Brasstown
1272:Towns and
1254:in Kansas
1189:Blood Law
821:U'tlun'ta
699:syllabary
343:Cleveland
76:1822–1840
2091:Joe Byrd
2031:Utselata
2021:Degataga
1941:Degadoga
1936:The Bowl
1714:Standing
1574:Cherokee
1529:Tuskegee
1489:Tomotley
1484:Tomassee
1449:Red Clay
1396:Mialoquo
1351:Hiwassee
1346:Frogtown
1336:Ducktown
1326:Crowtown
1274:villages
859:Treaties
852:military
847:timeline
811:Nûñnë'hï
689:Language
659:Calendar
609:Cherokee
565:Archived
542:Archived
514:Archived
495:Archived
434:Archived
402:Archived
361:See also
232:Personal
95:Cherokee
60:Cherokee
2216:Sequoya
1836:Old Hop
1772:Chatata
1514:Tugaloo
1499:Toxoway
1479:Tellico
1469:Talulah
1454:Settico
1429:Nununyi
1424:Nikwasi
1366:Isunigu
1321:Coyotee
1296:Chatuga
1194:Slavery
1039:Removal
842:History
835:History
779:Legends
753:Kanuchi
726:Marbles
694:history
649:Society
642:Culture
312:Salacoa
99:Georgia
1811:People
1474:Tanasi
1464:Talisi
1439:Oconee
1414:Echota
1381:Kituwa
1376:Keowee
1341:Etowah
1240:(2005)
1232:(1871)
1223:(1832)
1215:(1831)
864:Kituwa
679:Ghigau
674:Gadugi
669:Chiefs
616:Tribes
306:, and
2136:Tsali
1901:Enola
1717:Stone
1494:Toqua
1434:Ocoee
1371:Joara
1316:Cowee
1306:Chota
888:Wars
664:Clans
254:Notes
1230:case
298:The
45:Died
36:1784
29:Born
1411:New
345:in
2292::
534:.
480:^
445:^
413:^
381:^
142:.
601:e
594:t
587:v
551:.
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