871:
95:
144:, and told Hargreaves that it was he, Kay, who was the real inventor. Arkwright accused Kay of revealing the design to Hargreaves, and the two fell out. Kay left Arkwright's Nottingham house, where he had been living, ending their relationship. Kay subsequently accused Arkwright of stealing his work tools, and Arkwright made a counter-charge .
735:
Mr
Justice Buller: it may have the effect of inducing people who apply for patents in future times, to be more explicit in their specifications, and consequently, the public will derive a great benefit from it ... If those are of no use but to be thrown in merely to puzzle, I have no difficulty
335:
But drawing of the Highs design from this time "reveal vital differences which show that despite his great mechanical abilities he was unable to develop the finer points of roller spinning". In any case, these drawings (and all documentation of the 1764 research) are of uncertain authenticity because
565:
Espinasse (1874) p.408 & p.391, Dr Ure: "This straightforward expedition in constructing a complex machine affords unquestionably a conclusive proof that
Arkwright must have thoroughly matured his plan of a drawing-roller frame before he ever called upon Kay, and that he employed this workman
184:
began in 1781, and in the last of them (1785), Arkwright's claims as an inventor were called into question, Highs, Kay and Kay's wife Sarah all testifying that
Arkwright had stolen High's invention of the rollers "by the medium of Mr Kay". Subsequently it was variously claimed that Arkwright had
139:
Arkwright and Kay subsequently moved to
Nottingham, where in 1769 they constructed a spinning machine embodying the ideas which they had been developing. Arkwright patented it 1769 without mentioning Kay, his "workman". Kay learned of this patent from another Nottingham inventor,
640:
According to most accounts, Arkwright had the idea for a spinning frame, a powered machine which would spin cotton using a system of rollers. Lacking the technical expertise to put the idea into execution, he called on Kay's skills to build the first working
553: : "with the co-operation of a friend of Arkwright, Mr. John Smalley, described as a 'liquor merchant and painter,' the machine was constructed and set up in the parlour of the house belonging to the Free Grammar School."
151:
by Kay and
Arkwright was powered by horses, and apparently was not commercially viable. But it did prove the feasibility of the new machine, known as a "spinning frame". Arkwright was thereby able to finance a more elaborate
106:, an entrepreneur. The character of this relationship, and in particular, the competing claims of Arkwright, Kay, and also Highs to primacy as inventors, were subsequently to become the subjects of bitter legal dispute (see
331:
It must have been about 1764 or 1765 – the time Highs was later to claim he had first become acquainted with
Arkwright – that, again assisted by Kay, he began work on a machine for spinning cotton by
566:
partly on account of his reputation as a clever clockmaker, but chiefly from his living at a distance from Bolton where
Arkwright resided, and where he would not wish any hints of his projects to transpire."
1410:
1440:
1517:
1288:
945:
441:
Arkwright, aware of the importance of the spinning apparatus, which he was then concocting, may have disguised the purpose of his wheels under the name of a perpetual motion.
46:, England, Kay was at least the co-constructor of the first spinning frame, and was a claimant to having been its inventor. He is sometimes confused with the unrelated
1455:
1450:
900:
631:
895:
1415:
930:
221:
For example, the MadeHow biography of
Arkwright confuses the two, giving a date of death for the maker of the spinning-frame slightly before it was built.
1552:
1091:
1056:
1420:
128:
to serve
Arkwright for 21 years, and to keep their methods secret. To deflect attention, Arkwright told outsiders that he and Kay were developing a
1470:
890:
687:
succeed; and it is well-known that many others besides Hayes were at this time engaged in making experiments to change the mode of spinning.
1695:
177:
1460:
1354:
804:
185:
envisaged the design before meeting Kay, that Kay had stolen High's ideas, or that Kay conceived the machine as well as building it.
188:
The case did not settle the question of authorship, but was notable for clarifications of patent law in the instructions given by
683:
is attributable to Kay... But it must be observed, in the first place, that the machine which Kay constructed for Mr. Hayes did
1177:
1425:
764:
728:
509:
472:
324:
1715:
1430:
609:
541:
70:, was an inventor, and the two collaborated in investigations of machinery for the manufacture of textiles, including
1587:
1532:
1445:
970:
635:
168:", would revolutionize the textile manufacturing industry and enrich Arkwright and his partners – but not Kay.
925:
547:
200:. Presumably on these grounds, the jury set aside the patents—a loss for Arkwright, as well as for Highs and Kay.
1720:
797:
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83:
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176:
Arkwright obtained a "Grand Patent" covering the spinning frame and other inventions in 1775. Subsequent
366:
1700:
1572:
1258:
1026:
790:
599:
Espinasse (1874) p.392 "Little is known of the mill at
Nottingham except that it was turned by horses."
516:
he engaged to serve Arkwright for twenty-one years and to keep details of the technology confidential.
1664:
1577:
1562:
1309:
840:
197:
181:
157:
129:
63:
47:
17:
540:
1710:
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910:
845:
384:
technological progress is equally dependent on skills of invention and the management of invention.
114:
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1273:
1005:
955:
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276:
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316:
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1527:
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995:
192:
to the jury: they must find the patent null, regardless of authorship, if they considered it
153:
35:
31:
424:
1618:
1116:
1101:
1061:
985:
975:
362:
357:
74:
by means of rollers. By 1763 weaving was already automated, but spinning was still done by
454:
8:
1491:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1167:
915:
860:
121:
71:
500:
Hills, R. L. (August 1998). "Kay (of Warrington), John". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.).
249:(2). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association: 209–233.
1268:
1147:
1036:
965:
258:
132:; even so, the secrecy and the noises coming from their workshop led to accusations of
125:
1639:
1613:
1394:
1324:
1212:
1152:
1076:
1021:
770:
760:
752:
724:
505:
468:
432:
401:
320:
241:
Musson, A. E.; Robinson, E. (June 1960). "The Origins of Engineering in Lancashire".
113:
Arkwright initially engaged Kay to manufacture brass wheels, ostensibly for use in a
103:
79:
54:, who had invented the flying shuttle, a weaving machine, some thirty years earlier.
1654:
1623:
1162:
1132:
950:
905:
250:
193:
141:
51:
920:
117:
Six months later, Arkwright engaged Kay to build a roller-based spinning-machine.
1644:
1501:
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830:
371:
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885:
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75:
27:
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254:
1689:
1603:
1374:
1344:
1329:
1086:
1000:
405:
161:
774:
1659:
1411:
Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
1379:
1364:
1232:
1172:
436:
67:
1674:
1384:
1359:
1187:
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1142:
816:
165:
94:
1486:
1389:
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1217:
813:
262:
148:
133:
43:
39:
82:
had made a machine using mechanical rollers in 1738, but this had not
1441:
General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
782:
431:. Bohn's scientific library. Vol. II. H. G. Bohn. p. 249.
429:
The cotton manufacture of Great Britain investigated and illustrated
336:
they were presented long after the fact, by Highs and his advocates.
180:
by mill-owners led him to take legal action to assert his rights. A
1071:
1349:
30:
in 1767, which marked an important stage in the development of
410:
John Kay became acquainted with him and dissuaded him from it
26:
was an English inventor best known for the development of the
850:
692:
581:
569:
360:
essay on the two John Kays of the industrial revolution:
198:
adequately specify the technology in the patent documents
646:
481:
339:
290:
1456:
North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
667:
Glasgow Mechanics' Magazine, and Annals of Philosophy
1451:
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
1416:
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
502:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
102:In 1767, Kay commenced a working relationship with
124:to develop a further prototype. Kay had given his
736:to say upon that ground alone, the patent is void
89:
1687:
616:. Blackburn with Darwen Council. Archived from
1421:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
240:
798:
395:
120:In 1768 Arkwright brought Kay to the town of
951:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
62:In 1763, Kay was working as a clockmaker in
57:
1471:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
1461:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
551:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
805:
791:
755:(2010) . "John Kay and James Hargreaves".
107:
751:
698:
652:
587:
575:
535:
533:
487:
345:
296:
719:. Manchester University Press. pp.
610:"Sir Richard Arkwright: Was he a cheat?"
504:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 394.
171:
93:
20:of Bury who invented the flying shuttle.
493:
463:. Manchester University Press. p.
315:. Manchester University Press. p.
1688:
710:
561:
559:
542:"Arkwright, Richard (1732-1792)"
530:
452:
400:. Vol. 1. Robinson. p. 391.
308:
991:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
812:
786:
499:
98:An Arkwright water frame made in 1775
367:"Weaving the fine fabric of success"
147:The spinning machine constructed in
1696:People of the Industrial Revolution
717:The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune
665:"Sketch of the life of Arkwright".
556:
460:The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune
422:
361:
312:The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune
13:
1426:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
971:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
602:
14:
1732:
1446:General Union of Loom Overlookers
1431:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
869:
632:"Arkwright, Richard (1732–1792)"
548:Dictionary of National Biography
396:Aikin, J.; Johnston, W. (1799).
196:, or if Arkwright had failed to
861:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
704:
658:
624:
593:
521:
446:
243:The Journal of Economic History
1289:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
416:
389:
351:
302:
269:
234:
215:
90:John Kay and Richard Arkwright
1:
1264:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
1238:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
941:W & J Galloway & Sons
679:suggestion of the principle,
634:. cartage.org. Archived from
203:
164:. The new machine, called a "
1042:John Hetherington & Sons
926:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
7:
1027:Butterworth & Dickinson
759:. Vol. 2. Ballantyne.
10:
1737:
1716:Cotton industry in England
1259:Fine Spinners and Doublers
867:
15:
1670:John Kay (spinning frame)
1665:John Kay (flying shuttle)
1632:
1596:
1510:
1479:
1403:
1310:Cotton-spinning machinery
1297:
1246:
1125:
1082:Parr, Curtis & Madely
1032:Curtis, Parr & Walton
1014:
911:Browett, Lindley & Co
878:
823:
455:"Arkwright in Lancashire"
255:10.1017/S0022050700110435
84:been a commercial success
58:John Kay and Thomas Highs
1107:Textile Machinery Makers
1087:British Northrop Loom Co
1006:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
956:John Musgrave & Sons
836:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
115:perpetual motion machine
16:Not to be confused with
1624:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
1284:James Burton & Sons
1274:Combined Egyptian Mills
1112:Tweedales & Smalley
423:Ure, Dr Andrew (1861).
277:"How Products Are Made"
156:, built in 1771 on the
1721:People from Warrington
1320:Magnetic ring spinning
1315:DREF friction spinning
996:Willans & Robinson
901:Bateman & Sherratt
711:Fitton, R. S. (1989).
453:Fitton, R. S. (1989).
309:Fitton, R. S. (1989).
154:mill using water power
99:
72:the spinning of thread
66:. A neighbour of his,
1497:Mule spinners' cancer
1466:The Textile Institute
1436:Cardroom Amalgamation
1305:Textile manufacturing
1117:T. Wildman & Sons
1102:Taylor, Lang & Co
1062:Howard & Bullough
1052:John Pilling and Sons
986:Urmson & Thompson
896:Ashworth & Parker
172:Disputes over patents
97:
36:Industrial Revolution
32:textile manufacturing
1480:Employment practices
1298:Industrial processes
916:Buckley & Taylor
841:F.W. Dixon & Son
425:"The Factory System"
194:insufficiently novel
1706:English clockmakers
1492:Kissing the shuttle
1269:Bagley & Wright
1208:George Augustus Lee
1198:William Houldsworth
1168:Nathaniel Eckersley
1037:Dobson & Barlow
981:Scott & Hodgson
946:Benjamin Goodfellow
931:Earnshaw & Holt
757:Lancashire worthies
701:, pp. 396–397.
614:Cotton Town website
590:, pp. 392–395.
578:, pp. 395–396.
1148:Hugh Hornby Birley
1092:Pemberton & Co
1077:Mather & Platt
1057:Harling & Todd
1022:Brooks & Doxey
966:Petrie of Rochdale
961:J & W McNaught
906:Boulton & Watt
713:"Rex v. Arkwright"
638:on 15 March 2012.
620:on 10 August 2004.
527:Fitton (1989) p.15
365:(2 January 2003).
100:
1701:English inventors
1683:
1682:
1640:Richard Arkwright
1619:Weavers' Triangle
1614:Queen Street Mill
1395:Lancashire boiler
1325:Open-end spinning
1247:Limited companies
1213:Charles Macintosh
1153:Joseph Brotherton
766:978-1-146-87257-7
730:978-0-7190-2646-1
675:the merit of the
511:978-0-415-19399-3
474:978-0-7190-2646-1
398:General Biography
326:978-0-7190-2646-1
130:longitude machine
104:Richard Arkwright
1728:
1655:James Hargreaves
1553:Oldham (borough)
1163:Peter Drinkwater
1133:Elkanah Armitage
1015:Machinery makers
873:
807:
800:
793:
784:
783:
778:
739:
738:
708:
702:
699:Espinasse (2010)
696:
690:
689:
662:
656:
653:Espinasse (2010)
650:
644:
643:
628:
622:
621:
606:
600:
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591:
588:Espinasse (2010)
585:
579:
576:Espinasse (2010)
573:
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554:
552:
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528:
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519:
518:
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488:Espinasse (2010)
485:
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387:
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355:
349:
346:Espinasse (2010)
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306:
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297:Espinasse (2010)
294:
288:
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273:
267:
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238:
222:
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182:series of trials
142:James Hargreaves
52:Bury, Lancashire
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1711:Textile workers
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1645:Samuel Crompton
1628:
1609:Helmshore Mills
1592:
1506:
1502:Piece-rate list
1475:
1399:
1370:Lancashire Loom
1293:
1254:Oldham Limiteds
1242:
1193:Richard Howarth
1121:
1067:Geo. Hattersley
1010:
874:
865:
831:David Bellhouse
819:
811:
781:
767:
742:
731:
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394:
390:
377:
375:
372:Financial Times
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60:
21:
12:
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5:
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1650:Peter Foxcroft
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1512:
1511:Lists of mills
1508:
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1340:Spinning jenny
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1335:Spinning frame
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1223:Samuel Oldknow
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1190:
1185:
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1138:Henry Ashworth
1135:
1129:
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1120:
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1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1097:Platt Brothers
1094:
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1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1047:Joseph Hibbert
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1001:J & E Wood
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
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953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
886:Daniel Adamson
882:
880:
876:
875:
868:
866:
864:
863:
858:
856:Stott and Sons
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
827:
825:
821:
820:
810:
809:
802:
795:
787:
780:
779:
765:
748:
741:
740:
729:
703:
691:
657:
655:, p. 378.
645:
623:
601:
592:
580:
568:
555:
529:
520:
510:
492:
490:, p. 395.
480:
473:
445:
415:
388:
350:
348:, p. 294.
338:
325:
301:
299:, p. 338.
289:
268:
232:
224:
223:
213:
212:
205:
202:
173:
170:
91:
88:
59:
56:
28:spinning frame
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Bancroft Shed
1602:
1601:
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1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Northrop Loom
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Spinning mule
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Ring spinning
1328:
1326:
1323:
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1318:
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1660:Thomas Highs
1404:Associations
1380:Air-jet loom
1365:Roberts Loom
1233:John Rylands
1203:John Kennedy
1178:William Gray
1173:John Fielden
1158:James Burton
976:George Saxon
891:Ashton Frost
846:Edward Potts
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1675:Robert Owen
1385:Rapier loom
1360:Water frame
1228:Robert Peel
1188:Samuel Greg
1183:Hannah Greg
1143:Hugh Birley
1126:Mill owners
681:it is said,
673:: 4. 1825.
166:water frame
34:during the
1690:Categories
1548:Manchester
1543:Lancashire
1538:Derbyshire
1487:More looms
1390:Dandy loom
1279:Courtaulds
1218:Hugh Mason
824:Architects
814:Lancashire
358:John Kay's
204:References
149:Nottingham
134:witchcraft
80:Lewis Paul
44:Lancashire
40:Warrington
38:. Born in
1588:Yorkshire
1573:Stockport
1518:LCC mills
936:Fairbairn
406:220051472
229:Citations
190:the judge
1633:Pioneers
1578:Tameside
1563:Rochdale
1533:Cheshire
1355:Steaming
1072:Asa Lees
775:10973235
332:rollers.
162:Cromford
48:John Kay
24:John Kay
18:John Kay
1597:Museums
1568:Salford
1558:Preston
1350:Carding
721:130–137
641:models.
437:1979449
363:Kay, J.
263:2114855
122:Preston
1523:Bolton
817:cotton
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378:2 June
323:
282:3 June
261:
1583:Wigan
851:Stott
677:first
259:JSTOR
209:Notes
108:below
64:Leigh
50:from
1528:Bury
771:OCLC
761:ISBN
725:ISBN
506:ISBN
469:ISBN
433:OCLC
402:OCLC
380:2010
321:ISBN
284:2010
126:bond
76:hand
685:not
251:doi
160:at
110:).
42:in
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