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341:, where he ranked last out of the 250 boys in his year group at biology, and was in the bottom set in every other science subject. A schoolmaster wrote a report stating, "I believe he has ideas about becoming a scientist; on his present showing this is quite ridiculous." Gurdon explains it is the only document he ever framed; he also told a
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Gurdon's experiments captured the attention of the scientific community as it altered the notion of development and the tools and techniques he developed for nuclear transfer are still used today. The term clone (from the ancient Greek word
1930:
345:: "When you have problems like an experiment doesn't work, which often happens, it's nice to remind yourself that perhaps after all you are not so good at this job and the schoolmaster may have been right!"
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399:(1971–83) and then in the Department of Zoology (1983–present). In 1989, he became a founding member of the Wellcome/CRC Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer (later Wellcome/CR UK) at
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in
Switzerland. They transplanted a nucleus from an antibody-producing lymphocyte (proof that it was fully differentiated) into an enucleated egg and obtained living tadpoles.
541:. At that time he could not conclusively show that the transplanted nuclei derived from a fully differentiated cell. This was finally shown in 1975 by a group working at the
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620:. In an interview with EWTN.com, Gurdon declared "I'm what you might call liberal-minded. I'm not a Roman Catholic. I'm a Christian, of the Church of England."
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Gurdon has stated that he is politically "middle of the road", and religiously agnostic because "there is no scientific proof either way". During his time as
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1640:; Lane, C. D.; Woodland, H. R.; Marbaix, G. (1971). "Use of Frog Eggs and Oocytes for the Study of Messenger RNA and its Translation in Living Cells".
1513:
Swarup H. Production of heteroploidy in the three-spined stickle back (Gasterosteus aculeatus L) Nature in 1956;178:1124–1125. doi: 10.1038/1781124a0;
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Wabl, M. R.; Brun, R. B.; Du
Pasquier, L. (1975). "Lymphocytes of the toad Xenopus laevis have the gene set for promoting tadpole development".
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1693:"Characterization of somatic cell nuclear reprogramming by oocytes in which a linker histone is required for pluripotency gene reactivation"
1374:; Elsdale, T. R.; Fischberg, M. (1958). "Sexually Mature Individuals of Xenopus laevis from the Transplantation of Single Somatic Nuclei".
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555:(klĹŤn, "twig")) had already been in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants. In 1963 the British biologist
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molecules, a technique which has been widely used to identify the proteins encoded and to study their function.
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in his honour. He was awarded the 2009 Albert Lasker Basic
Medical Research Award and in 2014 delivered the
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1428:(1962). "The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles".
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559:, in describing Gurdon's results, became one of the first to use the word "clone" in reference to animals.
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might occasionally be allowed to deliver "an address on anything they would like to talk about" in
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1803:(2004). "DNA demethylation is necessary for the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei".
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1064:(2000). "Not a total waste of time. An interview with John Gurdon. Interview by James C Smith".
871:(2006). "From Nuclear Transfer to Nuclear Reprogramming: The Reversal of Cell Differentiation".
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Gurdon's recent research has focused on analysing intercellular signalling factors involved in
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This article is about the Nobel-winning biologist. For other people with the same name, see
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His ("The Egg and the
Nucleus: A Battle for Supremacy") and Yamanaka's 2012 Nobel Lectures
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the nucleus in transplantation experiments, including the role of histone variants, and
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Gurdon married Jean
Elizabeth Margaret Curtis, by whom he has a son and a daughter.
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Jullien, J.; Astrand, C.; Halley-Stott, R. P.; Garrett, N.; Gurdon, J. B. (2010).
1457:"Transplantation of Living Nuclei From Blastula Cells into Enucleated Frogs' Eggs"
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729:. His Nobel Lecture was called "The Egg and the Nucleus: A Battle for Supremacy".
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Studies on nucleocytoplasmic relationships during differentiation in vertebrates
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1209:"Sir John Gurdon, Nobel Prize winner, was 'too stupid' for science at school"
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Gurdon
Institute | John Gurdon's 'Journey of a lifetime' lecture, March 2016
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573:(genus of highly aquatic frog) eggs and oocytes to translate microinjected
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Narbonne, P.; Simpson, D. E.; Gurdon, J. B. (2011). Misteli, Tom (ed.).
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1752:"Histone variant macroH2A confers resistance to nuclear reprogramming"
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1816:
1322:"Deficient Induction Response in a Xenopus Nucleocytoplasmic Hybrid"
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723:"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become
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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v178/n4542/abs/1781124a0.html
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he studied nuclear transplantation in a frog species of the genus
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Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic
Medical Research
1454:
1092:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – 2012 Press Release"
4504:
1955:
610:
481:
215:
81:
2003:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
2055:
Wolf Prize in
Medicine 1978–2008 edited by John Gurdon (book)
1848:"John Gurdon on ethics, politics, religion, and anti-theism"
1750:
Pasque, V.; Gillich, A.; Garrett, N.; Gurdon, J. B. (2011).
2471:
2109:
Cloning, Stem Cells, and Cell
Replacement with John Gurdon
1749:
917:; Melton, D. A. (2008). "Nuclear Reprogramming in Cells".
655:
in 1983, since 2005 he has been an Honorary Member of the
1636:
682:. In 2017, Gurdon received the Golden Plate Award of the
511:
tadpole. This work was an important extension of work of
2065:
Cloning and Stem Cell Discoveries Earn Nobel in Medicine
1254:
523:
cells and the successful induction of polyploidy in the
321:
for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to
1867:"Nobel Prize Winner Participates at Vatican Conference"
4790:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
2118:
Sir John Gurdon - Conversations with History Evolution
1370:
670:
Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer was renamed the
2050:
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 20 August 2008 (video)
1319:
962:"The birth of cloning: An interview with John Gurdon"
694:(FZS), he has received honorary doctorates including
2226:
609:, Gurdon caused some controversy by suggesting that
1525:
811:"The first half-century of nuclear transplantation"
403:, becoming its chairman until 2001. He served as a
1239:(Thesis). Thesis DPhil—University of Oxford. 1960.
1066:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
1430:Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology
294:(born 2 October 1933) is a British developmental
4686:
2025:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012"
1282:
1280:
1151:
589:, and on elucidating the mechanisms involved in
567:Gurdon and colleagues also pioneered the use of
392:Gurdon spent much of his research career at the
1798:
873:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
815:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
519:in 1952 on transplanting nuclei from embryonic
4455:
1845:
381:. After pursuing further postdoctoral work at
4820:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4441:
2898:
2457:
2212:
1979:. Royal College of Physicians. Archived from
1864:
1455:Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King (May 1952).
1277:
1576:
913:
298:, best known for his pioneering research in
4825:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
805:
752:
750:
562:
463:is shown on the top, cleaving and entering
16:English developmental biologist (born 1933)
4448:
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2905:
2891:
2464:
2450:
2219:
2205:
2092:
2017:
714:In 2012, Gurdon was awarded, jointly with
160:Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award
130:Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
48:
4795:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
4785:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1977:"2014 – Event listing from April onwards"
1775:
1726:
1716:
1605:
1490:
1480:
1347:
1337:
1243:
1106:"Sir John Gurdon Biography and Interview"
1029:
985:
844:
834:
782:
688:Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences
1839:
885:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.090805.140144
756:
747:
731:
600:
450:view of different embryos developing in
429:
377:, supervised by Dr Michail Fischberg at
4775:Masters of Magdalene College, Cambridge
4745:Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
1885:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1206:
1176:"None of us should ever be written off"
759:"Sir John Gurdon: Godfather of cloning"
4687:
1424:
1249:
1060:
1008:
867:
720:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
319:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
4429:
2918:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2886:
2445:
2200:
1259:(DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.
645:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
632:(FRS) in 1971, before appointment as
623:
165:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
959:
1152:Gurdon Institute (25 August 2016),
1128:"Sir John B. Gurdon – Biographical"
488:
201:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
13:
4755:Fullerian Professors of Physiology
1846:Johnny Michael (11 October 2012).
1236:Nuclear transplantation in Xenopus
657:American Association of Anatomists
580:
222:Nuclear transplantation in Xenopus
209:California Institute of Technology
14:
4836:
2148:Fullerian Professor of Physiology
2043:
1865:Ann Schneible (4 December 2013).
1287:Rodney Porter Lectures: Biography
1184:. 18 October 2012. Archived from
1094:. Nobel Media AB. 8 October 2012.
4815:John Humphrey Plummer Professors
4805:Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
2027:. NobelPrize.org. 8 October 2012
1207:Collins, Nick (8 October 2012).
692:Fellow of the Zoological Society
4735:21st-century British biologists
4730:20th-century British biologists
4715:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
4710:People educated at Eton College
2413:Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team
2059:Chapter 1: John B Gurdon (1989)
2011:American Academy of Achievement
1995:
1969:
1948:
1923:
1898:
1873:
1858:
1850:. upublish.info. Archived from
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1200:
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1114:American Academy of Achievement
684:American Academy of Achievement
446:article co-authored by Gurdon:
397:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
145:International Prize for Biology
4800:Recipients of the Copley Medal
2100:Interview with Sir John Gurdon
1098:
1084:
1054:
1002:
953:
907:
861:
799:
709:
653:American Philosophical Society
543:Basel Institute for Immunology
1:
966:Disease Models and Mechanisms
740:
736:Insignia of a Knight Bachelor
493:In 1958, Gurdon, then at the
409:Nuffield Council on Bioethics
4750:Fellows of the Royal Society
2179:Magdalene College, Cambridge
1339:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001197
649:National Academy of Sciences
505:from the somatic cells of a
417:Magdalene College, Cambridge
21:John Gurdon (disambiguation)
7:
4010:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
763:The Journal of Cell Biology
680:Royal College of Physicians
647:in 1978, the United States
630:Fellow of the Royal Society
425:
10:
4841:
2141:Sir David Chilton Phillips
467:about 50 min earlier than
18:
4612:
4587:
4562:
4537:
4514:
4490:
4465:
4083:
3748:
3409:
3207:Charles Scott Sherrington
3183:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3145:
2924:
2829:
2746:
2677:
2610:
2519:
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2235:
2185:
2172:
2164:
2154:
2145:
2137:
2132:
1031:10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.015
597:of the transplanted DNA.
328:
317:were jointly awarded the
313:in 2009, in 2012, he and
260:
256:
242:
232:
214:
192:
178:
171:
155:Edwin Grant Conklin Medal
125:
111:
97:
89:
59:
47:
30:
4740:Developmental biologists
4197:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2122:University of California
2113:University of California
1461:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
563:Messenger RNA expression
287:Sir John Bertrand Gurdon
135:William Bate Hardy Prize
4725:English Nobel laureates
4720:British Nobel laureates
2104:University of Cambridge
1718:10.1073/pnas.1000599107
1582:"The future of cloning"
1548:10.1126/science.1198115
1262:(subscription required)
939:10.1126/science.1160810
836:10.1073/pnas.1337135100
809:; Byrne, J. A. (2003).
300:nuclear transplantation
205:University of Cambridge
54:Sir John Gurdon in 2012
4618:Nobel Prize recipients
4564:Physiology or Medicine
2978:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2851:Lynne Elizabeth Maquat
2837:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2474:Wolf Prize in Medicine
1956:"The Gurdon Institute"
1881:"John Bertrand Gurdon"
1768:10.1038/emboj.2011.144
737:
702:as well as many other
485:
150:Wolf Prize in Medicine
3479:Dickinson W. Richards
3163:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1580:; Colman, A. (1999).
1482:10.1073/pnas.38.5.455
1309:www.burkespeerage.com
757:Williams, R. (2008).
735:
628:Gurdon was elected a
601:Politics and religion
529:Gasterosteus aculatus
441:
419:, from 1995 to 2002.
350:Christ Church, Oxford
251:Edward M. De Robertis
187:Developmental Biology
106:Christ Church, Oxford
3902:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3263:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2689:Alexander Varshavsky
2591:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2551:Jean-Pierre Changeux
2545:Stanley Norman Cohen
2405:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
1935:search.amphilsoc.org
1931:"APS Member History"
587:cell differentiation
501:a frog using intact
495:University of Oxford
387:University of Oxford
197:University of Oxford
64:John Bertrand Gurdon
4780:Royal Medal winners
4294:William C. Campbell
4205:Elizabeth Blackburn
4042:Robert F. Furchgott
4034:Stanley B. Prusiner
4026:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3926:George H. Hitchings
3890:Joseph L. Goldstein
3850:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3679:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2820:Jeffrey M. Friedman
2646:Stanley B. Prusiner
2429:Gregory Paul Winter
1805:Nature Cell Biology
1709:2010PNAS..107.5483J
1654:1971Natur.233..177G
1598:1999Natur.402..743G
1540:1975Sci...190.1310W
1534:(4221): 1310–1312.
1473:1952PNAS...38..455B
1388:1958Natur.182...64G
1188:on 30 November 2012
931:2008Sci...322.1811G
925:(5909): 1811–1815.
827:2003PNAS..100.8048G
607:Master of Magdalene
337:prep school before
4705:People from Surrey
4354:William Kaelin Jr.
4350:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4093:Leland H. Hartwell
3982:Richard J. Roberts
3862:Barbara McClintock
3806:Godfrey Hounsfield
3707:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3639:Marshall Nirenberg
3607:Charles B. Huggins
3396:Tadeusz Reichstein
3384:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
3179:Christiaan Eijkman
2798:Jeffrey V. Ravetch
2719:Alexander Levitzki
2640:Yasutomi Nishizuka
2541:Barbara McClintock
2389:John B. Goodenough
2091:on Nobelprize.org
2089:Sir John B. Gurdon
978:10.1242/dmm.002014
775:10.1083/jcb.1812pi
738:
668:Cancer Research UK
624:Honours and awards
486:
348:Gurdon went up to
4765:British agnostics
4760:British Anglicans
4682:
4681:
4589:Economic Sciences
4553:David J. Wineland
4423:
4422:
4388:Ardem Patapoutian
4237:Ralph M. Steinman
4233:Jules A. Hoffmann
4221:Robert G. Edwards
4189:Harald zur Hausen
4113:H. Robert Horvitz
4014:Eric F. Wieschaus
3950:E. Donnall Thomas
3934:J. Michael Bishop
3922:Gertrude B. Elion
3794:Hamilton O. Smith
3719:Christian de Duve
3455:Frederick Robbins
3332:Alexander Fleming
3271:Corneille Heymans
3117:Frederick Banting
3022:Allvar Gullstrand
2880:
2879:
2861:Daniel J. Drucker
2723:Anthony R. Hunter
2695:Ralph L. Brinster
2577:Pedro Cuatrecasas
2565:Donald F. Steiner
2555:Solomon H. Snyder
2510:Oleh Hornykiewicz
2472:Laureates of the
2439:
2438:
2381:Jeffrey I. Gordon
2365:Richard Henderson
2228:Copley Medallists
2195:
2194:
2186:Succeeded by
2168:Sir David Calcutt
2158:Dame Anne McLaren
2155:Succeeded by
2133:Academic offices
2085:(7 December 2012)
2073:, 8 October 2012)
1910:www.nasonline.org
1854:on 28 March 2013.
1762:(12): 2373–2387.
1703:(12): 5483–5488.
1648:(5316): 177–182.
1592:(6763): 743–746.
1298:www.chch.ox.ac.uk
1273:www.zoo.cam.ac.uk
1024:(19): R759–R760.
960:Kain, K. (2009).
821:(14): 8048–8052.
651:in 1980, and the
484:(bottom) embryos.
439:
379:Oxford University
356:then switched to
284:
283:
247:Douglas A. Melton
243:Doctoral students
238:Michail Fischberg
173:Scientific career
4832:
4770:Knights Bachelor
4620:
4574:(United Kingdom)
4475:Robert Lefkowitz
4450:
4443:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4416:
4401:
4390:
4375:
4369:Michael Houghton
4356:
4346:Gregg L. Semenza
4340:
4334:James P. Allison
4328:
4326:Michael W. Young
4312:
4310:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4304:
4288:
4272:
4270:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
4256:
4244:
4223:
4215:
4209:Carol W. Greider
4199:
4183:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4103:
4076:
4060:
4052:
4036:
4028:
4022:Peter C. Doherty
4016:
4000:
3994:Alfred G. Gilman
3988:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3938:Harold E. Varmus
3928:
3912:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3864:
3856:
3840:
3824:
3814:Baruj Benacerraf
3808:
3796:
3780:
3764:
3741:
3725:
3709:
3693:
3681:
3673:
3657:
3641:
3631:Robert W. Holley
3625:
3609:
3597:
3581:
3569:
3553:
3537:
3535:Georg von Békésy
3529:
3517:
3505:
3503:Joshua Lederberg
3489:
3481:
3475:Werner Forssmann
3465:
3457:
3441:
3429:
3421:
3402:
3386:
3374:
3366:
3364:Bernardo Houssay
3350:
3342:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3245:
3237:
3221:
3213:
3201:
3193:
3191:Karl Landsteiner
3185:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3155:Johannes Fibiger
3138:
3137:
3131:
3129:Willem Einthoven
3123:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2994:Élie Metchnikoff
2988:
2986:Alphonse Laveran
2980:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2871:José-Alain Sahel
2814:James P. Allison
2804:Lewis C. Cantley
2794:Philippa Marrack
2636:Michael Berridge
2466:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2165:Preceded by
2138:Preceded by
2130:
2129:
2096:
2079:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1906:"John B. Gurdon"
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1756:The EMBO Journal
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1662:10.1038/233177a0
1634:
1628:
1627:
1609:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1396:10.1038/182064a0
1368:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1332:(11): e1001197.
1317:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1033:
1006:
1000:
999:
989:
957:
951:
950:
911:
905:
904:
865:
859:
858:
848:
838:
803:
797:
796:
786:
754:
700:Hon ScD (Cantab)
676:Harveian Oration
672:Gurdon Institute
557:J. B. S. Haldane
489:Nuclear transfer
442:A video from an
440:
411:1991–1995, then
360:, graduating as
333:Gurdon attended
293:
280:
277:
275:
273:
271:
269:
267:
234:Doctoral advisor
228:
116:Nuclear transfer
77:
73:
71:
52:
42:
28:
27:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4616:
4608:
4605:(United States)
4599:(United States)
4583:
4578:Shinya Yamanaka
4558:
4555:(United States)
4533:
4510:
4486:
4483:(United States)
4477:(United States)
4461:
4454:
4424:
4419:
4404:
4393:
4378:
4373:Charles M. Rice
4365:Harvey J. Alter
4359:
4343:
4331:
4322:Michael Rosbash
4318:Jeffrey C. Hall
4315:
4307:
4291:
4282:May-Britt Moser
4275:
4259:
4254:Shinya Yamanaka
4247:
4226:
4218:
4213:Jack W. Szostak
4202:
4186:
4181:Oliver Smithies
4170:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4129:Peter Mansfield
4122:
4117:John E. Sulston
4106:
4090:
4079:
4063:
4055:
4039:
4031:
4019:
4006:Edward B. Lewis
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3915:
3910:Susumu Tonegawa
3907:
3895:
3883:
3867:
3859:
3843:
3827:
3811:
3799:
3783:
3770:Roger Guillemin
3767:
3762:Daniel Gajdusek
3758:Baruch Blumberg
3755:
3744:
3735:Renato Dulbecco
3731:David Baltimore
3728:
3712:
3699:Karl von Frisch
3696:
3684:
3676:
3660:
3644:
3628:
3619:Haldan Hartline
3612:
3600:
3584:
3572:
3556:
3551:Maurice Wilkins
3540:
3532:
3520:
3515:Arthur Kornberg
3508:
3492:
3484:
3468:
3460:
3444:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3405:
3389:
3377:
3369:
3353:
3345:
3329:
3320:Joseph Erlanger
3317:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3248:
3240:
3224:
3216:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3176:
3171:Charles Nicolle
3168:
3160:
3152:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3014:Albrecht Kossel
3011:
3003:
2991:
2983:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2920:
2911:
2881:
2876:
2841:Jennifer Doudna
2825:
2776:Nahum Sonenberg
2770:Ronald M. Evans
2764:Rudolf Jaenisch
2760:Shinya Yamanaka
2742:
2709:Robert Weinberg
2703:Oliver Smithies
2673:
2606:
2601:Edward B. Lewis
2535:James L. Gowans
2515:
2496:Jon J. van Rood
2476:
2470:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2281:Stephen Hawking
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2191:
2189:Duncan Robinson
2182:
2170:
2160:
2151:
2143:
2127:
2077:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2007:achievement.org
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1844:
1840:
1817:10.1038/ncb1176
1811:(10): 984–990.
1799:Simonsson, S.;
1797:
1793:
1748:
1744:
1689:
1685:
1635:
1631:
1575:
1571:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1453:
1449:
1423:
1419:
1382:(4627): 64–65.
1369:
1365:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1181:Western Gazette
1174:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1110:achievement.org
1104:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1059:
1055:
1018:Current Biology
1007:
1003:
958:
954:
912:
908:
866:
862:
804:
800:
755:
748:
743:
716:Shinya Yamanaka
712:
643:Elected to the
634:Knight Bachelor
626:
618:chapel services
603:
583:
581:Recent research
565:
497:, successfully
491:
461:laevis x laevis
430:
428:
331:
315:Shinya Yamanaka
289:
264:
249:
226:
207:
203:
199:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
104:
98:Alma mater
85:
78:
75:
69:
67:
66:
65:
55:
43:
38:
36:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4529:European Union
4525:
4523:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4499:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4410:Katalin KarikĂł
4402:
4391:
4376:
4357:
4341:
4329:
4313:
4305:
4289:
4273:
4266:Randy Schekman
4257:
4245:
4224:
4216:
4200:
4193:Luc Montagnier
4184:
4173:Mario Capecchi
4168:
4156:
4149:Barry Marshall
4144:
4132:
4125:Paul Lauterbur
4120:
4109:Sydney Brenner
4104:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4070:Paul Greengard
4066:Arvid Carlsson
4061:
4053:
4037:
4029:
4017:
4001:
3998:Martin Rodbell
3989:
3977:
3974:Edwin G. Krebs
3970:Edmond Fischer
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3918:James W. Black
3913:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3878:CĂ©sar Milstein
3874:Georges Köhler
3865:
3857:
3846:Sune Bergström
3841:
3838:Torsten Wiesel
3834:David H. Hubel
3825:
3809:
3797:
3790:Daniel Nathans
3781:
3774:Andrew Schally
3765:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3726:
3710:
3694:
3687:Gerald Edelman
3682:
3674:
3671:Julius Axelrod
3658:
3655:Salvador Luria
3651:Alfred Hershey
3642:
3626:
3610:
3598:
3587:François Jacob
3582:
3570:
3554:
3538:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3490:
3482:
3471:André Cournand
3466:
3458:
3442:
3430:
3427:Selman Waksman
3422:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3392:Edward Kendall
3387:
3375:
3367:
3351:
3348:Hermann Muller
3343:
3327:
3324:Herbert Gasser
3315:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3279:Gerhard Domagk
3274:
3266:
3258:
3246:
3238:
3235:William Murphy
3227:George Whipple
3222:
3214:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3112:
3105:Archibald Hill
3100:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3038:Charles Richet
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2989:
2981:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2855:Adrian Krainer
2844:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2808:C. Ronald Kahn
2801:
2787:
2773:
2767:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2716:
2713:Roger Y. Tsien
2706:
2699:Mario Capecchi
2692:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2633:
2627:
2624:Seymour Benzer
2621:
2618:Maclyn McCarty
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2571:Osamu Hayaishi
2568:
2562:
2559:James W. Black
2548:
2538:
2527:CĂ©sar Milstein
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2506:Arvid Carlsson
2499:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2333:John E. Walker
2329:
2321:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2241:Jacques Miller
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:(2001–present)
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2086:
2074:
2070:New York Times
2062:
2052:
2045:
2044:External links
2042:
2039:
2038:
2016:
1994:
1983:on 7 June 2010
1968:
1947:
1922:
1897:
1872:
1857:
1838:
1791:
1742:
1683:
1629:
1569:
1518:
1506:
1467:(5): 455–463.
1447:
1417:
1363:
1312:
1301:
1290:
1276:
1265:
1242:
1226:
1199:
1167:
1144:
1132:nobelprize.org
1119:
1097:
1083:
1053:
1001:
952:
906:
860:
798:
769:(2): 178–179.
745:
744:
742:
739:
711:
708:
696:Hon DSc (Oxon)
690:(FMedSci) and
664:Wellcome Trust
625:
622:
602:
599:
582:
579:
564:
561:
490:
487:
453:Xenopus laevis
427:
424:
330:
327:
282:
281:
262:
258:
257:
254:
253:
244:
240:
239:
236:
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169:
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127:
123:
122:
113:
112:Known for
109:
108:
99:
95:
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91:
87:
86:
79:
74:2 October 1933
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
37:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4837:
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4726:
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4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Living people
4698:
4696:
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4675:
4672:
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4657:
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4604:
4603:Lloyd Shapley
4601:
4598:
4597:Alvin E. Roth
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
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4567:
4565:
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4547:Serge Haroche
4545:
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4481:Brian Kobilka
4479:
4476:
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4468:
4464:
4459:
4451:
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4414:Drew Weissman
4411:
4407:
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4396:
4392:
4389:
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4330:
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4314:
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4306:
4303:
4299:
4298:Satoshi ĹŚmura
4295:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:James Rothman
4258:
4255:
4251:
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4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4229:Bruce Beutler
4225:
4222:
4217:
4214:
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4206:
4201:
4198:
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4185:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4157:
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4150:
4145:
4142:
4141:Linda B. Buck
4138:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4058:GĂĽnter Blobel
4054:
4051:
4047:
4046:Louis Ignarro
4043:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3986:Phillip Sharp
3983:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3946:Joseph Murray
3942:
3939:
3935:
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3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3898:Stanley Cohen
3894:
3891:
3887:
3886:Michael Brown
3882:
3879:
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3871:
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3863:
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3851:
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3802:Allan Cormack
3798:
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3778:Rosalyn Yalow
3775:
3771:
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3727:
3724:
3723:George Palade
3720:
3716:
3715:Albert Claude
3711:
3708:
3704:
3703:Konrad Lorenz
3700:
3695:
3692:
3691:Rodney Porter
3688:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3667:Ulf von Euler
3664:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:Ragnar Granit
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3595:Jacques Monod
3592:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3567:Andrew Huxley
3564:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3543:Francis Crick
3539:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3527:Peter Medawar
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:George Beadle
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3463:Hugo Theorell
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:Thomas Weller
3448:
3443:
3440:
3439:Fritz Lipmann
3436:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
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3397:
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3381:
3376:
3373:
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3352:
3349:
3344:
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3340:Howard Florey
3337:
3333:
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3325:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3309:
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3283:
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3259:
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3219:Thomas Morgan
3215:
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3110:
3109:Otto Meyerhof
3106:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
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3046:Róbert Bárány
3042:
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3034:
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3030:Alexis Carrel
3026:
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3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
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2999:
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2784:Victor Ambros
2781:
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2685:Avram Hershko
2683:
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2656:
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2647:
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2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:Judah Folkman
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
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2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:Henri G. Hers
2585:
2582:
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2569:
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2528:
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2390:
2386:
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2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:Alec Jeffreys
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:Tomas Lindahl
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:Roger Penrose
2294:
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2250:
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2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1982:
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1957:
1951:
1936:
1932:
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1907:
1901:
1886:
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1639:
1638:Gurdon, J. B.
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1607:10.1038/45429
1603:
1599:
1595:
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1587:
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1579:
1578:Gurdon, J. B.
1573:
1565:
1561:
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1451:
1443:
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1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:Gurdon, J. B.
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Gurdon, J. B.
1367:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
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1214:
1213:The Telegraph
1210:
1203:
1187:
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1177:
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1157:
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1133:
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1123:
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1111:
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1067:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:"John Gurdon"
1011:
1005:
997:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
972:(1–2): 9–10.
971:
967:
963:
956:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:Gurdon, J. B.
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Gurdon, J. B.
864:
856:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Gurdon, J. B.
802:
794:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
746:
734:
730:
728:
726:
721:
717:
707:
706:and medals.
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:In 2004, the
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
621:
619:
616:
612:
608:
598:
596:
595:demethylation
592:
591:reprogramming
588:
578:
576:
575:messenger RNA
572:
571:
560:
558:
554:
553:
546:
544:
540:
539:
534:
531:, in 1956 by
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
483:
480:
479:
474:(middle) and
473:
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406:
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297:
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224:
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177:
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146:
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136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
76:(age 90)
62:
58:
51:
46:
41:
29:
26:
22:
4648:
4571:
4399:Svante Pääbo
4384:David Julius
4338:Tasuku Honjo
4286:Edvard Moser
4278:John O'Keefe
4249:
4241:posthumously
4240:
4177:Martin Evans
4153:Robin Warren
4137:Richard Axel
4084:2001–present
3962:Bert Sakmann
3830:Roger Sperry
3822:George Snell
3818:Jean Dausset
3786:Werner Arber
3739:Howard Temin
3663:Bernard Katz
3647:Max DelbrĂĽck
3603:Francis Rous
3579:Feodor Lynen
3575:Konrad Bloch
3563:Alan Hodgkin
3547:James Watson
3523:Frank Burnet
3511:Severo Ochoa
3499:Edward Tatum
3487:Daniel Bovet
3400:Philip Hench
3312:Edward Doisy
3243:Hans Spemann
3231:George Minot
3211:Edgar Adrian
3199:Otto Warburg
3121:John Macleod
3090:August Krogh
3082:Jules Bordet
2998:Paul Ehrlich
2950:Niels Finsen
2934:Emil Behring
2867:Botond Roska
2790:John Kappler
2754:Axel Ullrich
2737:Aharon Razin
2733:Howard Cedar
2658:Michael Sela
2652:Mary F. Lyon
2596:
2581:Meir Wilchek
2502:Roger Sperry
2492:Jean Dausset
2488:George Snell
2373:Andrew Wiles
2325:Dan McKenzie
2305:Martin Evans
2256:
2173:
2146:
2126:
2068:
2029:. Retrieved
2019:
2006:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:the original
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1860:
1852:the original
1841:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1509:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1329:
1326:PLOS Biology
1325:
1315:
1304:
1293:
1268:
1255:
1251:Gurdon, John
1250:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1212:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1179:
1170:
1159:, retrieved
1154:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1122:
1109:
1100:
1086:
1072:(1): 93–99.
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1004:
969:
965:
955:
922:
918:
914:
909:
876:
872:
868:
863:
818:
814:
806:
801:
766:
762:
722:
713:
661:
642:
627:
604:
584:
568:
566:
550:
547:
536:
535:reported in
528:
506:
492:
475:
471:
465:gastrulation
460:
451:
421:
391:
372:
347:
339:Eton College
332:
311:Lasker Award
309:Awarded the
308:
286:
285:
278:/john-gurdon
220:
193:Institutions
172:
102:Eton College
80:Dippenhall,
25:
4695:1933 births
4572:John Gurdon
4458:Nobel Prize
4250:John Gurdon
4165:Craig Mello
4161:Andrew Fire
4074:Eric Kandel
4050:Ferid Murad
3958:Erwin Neher
3870:Niels Jerne
3635:Har Khorana
3623:George Wald
3591:André Lwoff
3559:John Eccles
3447:John Enders
3419:Max Theiler
3380:Walter Hess
3372:Paul MĂĽller
3336:Ernst Chain
3006:Emil Kocher
2966:Robert Koch
2958:Ivan Pavlov
2942:Ronald Ross
2847:Joan Steitz
2780:Gary Ruvkun
2727:Tony Pawson
2668:Eric Kandel
2597:John Gurdon
2421:Martin Rees
2397:Alan Fersht
2357:Peter Higgs
2265:Harry Kroto
2257:John Gurdon
2061:(pdf, 6 Mb)
1436:: 622–640.
725:pluripotent
710:Nobel Prize
525:stickleback
444:open-access
389:(1962–71).
335:Edgeborough
140:Royal Medal
90:Citizenship
35:John Gurdon
4689:Categories
4492:Literature
4101:Paul Nurse
3435:Hans Krebs
3360:Gerty Cori
3308:Henrik Dam
3255:Otto Loewi
3251:Henry Dale
2662:Ruth Arnon
2341:Andre Geim
2289:Robert May
2273:Paul Nurse
2249:John Pople
2183:1994–2002
2152:1985–1991
2057:including
1801:Gurdon, J.
1192:24 October
1062:Gurdon, J.
1010:Gurdon, J.
741:References
533:Har Swarup
478:tropicalis
364:. For his
352:, to read
323:stem cells
276:/directory
70:1933-10-02
4467:Chemistry
4460:laureates
4302:Tu Youyou
3854:John Vane
3749:1976–2000
3410:1951–1975
3356:Carl Cori
3146:1926–1950
2925:1901–1925
2914:Laureates
2531:Leo Sachs
2313:David Cox
2031:8 October
401:Cambridge
296:biologist
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