John Diefenbaker - Knowledge

1987: 2064: 2164: 2513:. After the service, his body was taken by train on a slow journey to its final destination, Saskatoon; along the route, many Canadians lined the tracks to watch the funeral train pass. In Winnipeg, an estimated 10,000 people waited at midnight in a one-kilometre line to file past the casket which made the trip draped in a Canadian flag and Diefenbaker's beloved Red Ensign. In Prince Albert, thousands of those he had represented filled the square in front of the railroad station to salute the only man from Saskatchewan ever to become prime minister. His coffin was accompanied by that of his wife Olive, disinterred from temporary burial in Ottawa. Prime Minister Clark delivered the eulogy, paying tribute to "an indomitable man, born to a minority group, raised in a minority region, leader of a minority party, who went on to change the very nature of his country, and change it forever". John and Olive Diefenbaker rest outside the 1190: 2265:) termed "a model of obfuscation". Harkness was initially convinced that Diefenbaker was saying that he would support nuclear warheads in Canada. After talking to the press, he realized that his view of the speech was not universally shared, and he asked Diefenbaker for clarification. Diefenbaker, however, continued to try to avoid taking a firm position. On January 30, the US State Department issued a press release suggesting that Diefenbaker had made misstatements in his Commons speech. For the first time ever, Canada recalled its ambassador to Washington as a diplomatic protest. Though all parties condemned the State Department action, the three parties outside the government demanded that Diefenbaker take a stand on the nuclear weapon issue. 1238: 2119:, the former minister responsible for postwar reconstruction, the St. Laurent government had serious misgivings about continuing the Arrow program, and planned to discuss its termination after the 1957 election. In the run-up to the 1958 election, with three Tory-held seats at risk in the Malton area, the Diefenbaker government authorized further funding. Even though the first test flights of the Arrow were successful, the US government was unwilling to commit to a purchase of aircraft from Canada. In September 1958, Diefenbaker warned that the Arrow would come under complete review in six months. The company began seeking out other projects including a US-funded "saucer" program that became the 1673: 1146:. Free trade was widely popular throughout Western Canada, but Diefenbaker was convinced by the Conservative position that free trade would make Canada an economic dependent of the United States. However, he did not speak publicly of his politics. Diefenbaker recalled in his memoirs that, in 1921, he had been elected as secretary of the Wakaw Liberal Association while absent in Saskatoon, and had returned to find the association's records in his office. He promptly returned them to the association president. Diefenbaker also stated that he had been told that if he became a Liberal candidate, "there was no position in the province which would not be open to him." 1751:, and called, not for an election, but for the Progressive Conservatives to resign, allowing the Liberals to form a government. Pearson stated that the condition of the economy required "a Government pledged to implement Liberal policies". Government MPs laughed at Pearson, as did members of the press who were present. Pearson later recorded in his memoirs that he knew that his "first attack on the government had been a failure, indeed a fiasco". Diefenbaker spoke for two hours and three minutes, and devastated his Liberal opposition. He mocked Pearson, contrasting the party leader's address at the Liberal leadership convention with his speech to the House: 1293: 2526: 2479: 1654:, five in Quebec, 28 in Ontario, and at least one seat in every other province. The Progressive Conservatives took 112 seats to the Liberals' 105: a plurality, but not a majority. While the Liberals finished some 200,000 votes ahead of the Tories nationally, that margin was mostly wasted in overwhelming victories in safe Quebec seats. St. Laurent could have attempted to form a government, however, with the minor parties pledging to cooperate with the Progressive Conservatives, he would have likely faced a quick defeat at the Commons. St. Laurent instead resigned, making Diefenbaker prime minister. 1863: 1450: 602: 10792: 3071: 902: 1627:

seek closer ties with the United Kingdom. St. Laurent called the Tory platform "a mere cream-puff of a thing—with more air than substance". Diefenbaker and the PC party used television adroitly, whereas St. Laurent stated that he was more interested in seeing people than in talking to cameras. Though the Liberals outspent the Progressive Conservatives three to one, according to Newman, their campaign had little imagination, and was based on telling voters that their only real option was to re-elect St. Laurent.

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began awkwardly. Kennedy accidentally left behind a briefing note suggesting he "push" Diefenbaker on several issues, including the decision to accept nuclear weapons on Canadian soil, which bitterly divided the Canadian Cabinet. Diefenbaker was also annoyed by Kennedy's speech to Parliament, in which he urged Canada to join the OAS (which Diefenbaker had already rejected), and by the President spending most of his time talking to Leader of the Opposition Pearson at the formal dinner. Both Kennedy and

2085:. Diefenbaker wrote in his memoirs, "I might add that President Eisenhower and I were from our first meeting on an 'Ike–John' basis, and that we were as close as the nearest telephone." The Eisenhower–Diefenbaker relationship was sufficiently strong that the touchy Canadian Prime Minister was prepared to overlook slights. When Eisenhower addressed Parliament in October 1958, he downplayed trade concerns that Diefenbaker had publicly expressed. Diefenbaker said nothing and took Eisenhower fishing. 1052: 2242: 1836:

electorate that the Liberals, at their convention, had called for an election. Pearson mocked Diefenbaker's northern plans as "igloo-to-igloo" communications, and was assailed by the Prime Minister for being condescending. The Liberal leader spoke to small, quiet crowds, which quickly left the halls when he was done. By election day, Pearson had no illusions that he might win the election, and hoped only to salvage 100 seats. The Liberals would be limited to less than half of that.

968:, in Saskatoon to lay the cornerstone for the university's first building. The present and future prime ministers conversed, and when giving his speech that afternoon, Laurier mentioned the newsboy, who had ended their conversation by saying, "I can't waste any more time on you, Prime Minister. I must get about my work." The authenticity of the meeting was questioned in the 21st century, with an author suggesting that it was invented by Diefenbaker during an election campaign. 1013:, in May 1916. In September of that year, Diefenbaker was part of a contingent of 300 junior officers sent to Britain for pre-deployment training. Diefenbaker related in his memoirs that he was hit by a shovel, and the injury eventually resulted in him being sent home as an invalid. Diefenbaker's recollections do not correspond with his army medical records, which show no contemporary account of such an injury, and his biographer, Denis Smith, speculates that any injury was 2645:

hostile journalists opined at the time. If Diefenbaker defies rehabilitation, he can at least be appreciated. He stood for a fascinating and still relevant combination of individual and egalitarian values ... But his contemporaries were also right in seeing some kind of disorder near the centre of his personality and his prime-ministership. The problems of leadership, authority, power, ego, and a mad time in history overwhelmed the prairie politician with the odd name.

1396:, and in 1941 approached former prime minister Meighen, who had been appointed as a senator by Bennett, about becoming party leader again. Meighen agreed, and resigned his Senate seat, but lost a by-election for an Ontario seat in the House of Commons. He remained as leader for several months, although he could not enter the chamber of the House of Commons. Meighen sought to move the Tories to the left, in order to undercut the Liberals and to take support away from the 1547:(formerly Olive Freeman), whom he had courted while living in Wakaw. Olive Diefenbaker became a great source of strength to her husband. There were no children born of either marriage. In 2013, claims were made that he fathered at least two sons out of wedlock, based a DNA test which, according to the test conductor, a 99.99% chance that the two individuals were related, with no other known commonality between them other than that Diefenbaker employed both mothers. 987:. He said, "From my earliest days, I knew the meaning of discrimination. Many Canadians were virtually second-hand citizens because of their names and racial origin. Indeed, it seemed until the end of World War II that the only first-class Canadians were either of English or French descent. As a youth, l determined to devote myself to assuring that all Canadians, whatever their racial origin, were equal and declared myself to be a sworn enemy of discrimination." 3085: 2228:

at both the lack of consultation and the fact that he was given less than two hours advance word. He was angered again when the US government released a statement stating that it had Canada's full support. In a statement to the Commons, Diefenbaker proposed sending representatives of neutral nations to Cuba to verify the American allegations, which Washington took to mean that he was questioning Kennedy's word. When American forces went to a heightened alert,

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told Diefenbaker that the Prime Minister no longer had the confidence of the Canadian people, and resigned. Diefenbaker asked ministers supporting him to stand, and when only about half did, stated that he was going to see the Governor General to resign, and that Fleming would be the next prime minister. Green called his Cabinet colleagues a "nest of traitors", but eventually cooler heads prevailed, and the Prime Minister was urged to return and to fight the

8371: 1684:, had served in federal governmental office, for a brief period under Bennett in 1935. Rowe was no friend of Diefenbaker – he had briefly served as the party's acting leader in-between Drew's resignation and Diefenbaker's election, and did not definitively rule himself out of running to succeed Drew permanently until a relatively late stage, contributing to Diefenbaker's mistrust of him – and was given no place in his government. Diefenbaker appointed 80: 1427:, and for the first time in five years the Tories had their party leader in the House of Commons. The Progressive Conservatives won 67 seats to the Liberals' 125, with smaller parties and independents winning 52 seats. Diefenbaker increased his majority to over 1,000 votes, and had the satisfaction of seeing Mackenzie King defeated in Prince Albert—albeit by a CCF candidate. The Prime Minister was returned in an Ontario by-election within months. 1551:

seen as disloyal. However, Diefenbaker was never a member of the "Five O'clock Club" of Drew intimates who met the leader in his office for a drink and gossip each day. By 1955, there was a widespread feeling among Tories that Drew was not capable of leading the party to a victory. At the same time, the Liberals were in flux as the aging St. Laurent tired of politics. Drew was able to damage the government in a weeks-long battle over the

917:) in Baden; Mary Diefenbaker was of Scottish descent and Diefenbaker was Baptist. The family moved to several locations in Ontario in John's early years. William Diefenbaker was a teacher, and had deep interests in history and politics, which he sought to inculcate in his students. He had remarkable success doing so; of the 28 students at his school near Toronto in 1903, four, including his son, John, served as Conservative MPs in the 8381: 2422:; Stanfield asked Diefenbaker to join him at a rally in Saskatoon, which Diefenbaker refused, although the two appeared at hastily arranged photo opportunities. Trudeau obtained the majority against Stanfield that Pearson had never been able to obtain against Diefenbaker, as the PC party lost 25 seats, 20 of them in the West. The former prime minister, though stating, "The Conservative Party has suffered a calamitous disaster" in a 2435:, and nearly half the caucus voted against their leader's will or abstained. In addition to his parliamentary activities, Diefenbaker travelled extensively and began work on his memoirs, which were published in three volumes between 1975 and 1977. Pearson died of cancer in 1972, and Diefenbaker was asked if he had kind words for his old rival. Diefenbaker shook his head and said only, "He shouldn't have won the Nobel Prize." 1948:

the Liberal-controlled Senate invited Coyne to testify before one of its committees. After giving the governor a platform against the government, the committee then chose to take no further action, adding its view that Coyne had done nothing wrong. Once he had the opportunity to testify (denied him in the Commons), Coyne resigned, keeping his increased pension, and the government was extensively criticized in the press.

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1933, ... he'd probably not be remembered at all ... If he had succeeded in his bid for the national leadership in 1942, he might have taken the place of John Bracken on his six-year march to oblivion as leader of a party that had not changed itself enough to follow a Prairie radical ... would have been free to flounder before the political strength of Louis St. Laurent in the 1949 and 1953 campaigns.

2196:, he angrily disclosed the paper Kennedy had left behind, and hinted that he might make use of it in the upcoming election campaign. Merchant's report caused consternation in Washington, and the ambassador was sent back to see Diefenbaker again. This time, he found Diefenbaker calm, and the Prime Minister pledged not to use the memo, and to give Merchant advance word if he changed his mind. Canada appointed a new 10780: 1973: US cents; it had previously hovered in the range from 95 cents to par with the United States dollar. Privately printed satirical "Diefenbucks" swept the country. On election day, the Progressive Conservatives lost 92 seats, but were still able to form a minority government. The New Democratic Party (the successor to the CCF) and Social Credit held the balance of power in the new Parliament. 2192:

devices. Canadian and American military officers launched a quiet campaign to make this known to the press, and to advocate Canadian agreement to acquire the warheads. Diefenbaker was also upset when Pearson was invited to the White House for a dinner for Nobel Prize winners in April, and met with the President privately for 40 minutes. When the Prime Minister met with retiring American Ambassador

1434:, Diefenbaker called for a Bill of Rights, calling it "the only way to stop the march on the part of the government towards arbitrary power". He objected to the great powers used by the Mackenzie King government to attempt to root out Soviet spies after the war, such as imprisonment without trial, and complained about the government's proclivity for letting its wartime powers become permanent. 1205:, who had been defeated in his Ontario riding. The Tories ran no candidate against King in the by-election on February 15, 1926, and he won easily. Although in the 1925 federal election, the Conservatives had won the greatest number of seats, King continued as prime minister with the support of the Progressives. Mackenzie King held office for several months until he finally resigned when the 1832:. Every meeting was jammed ... The halls would be filled with people and sitting there in the front would be the first Ukrainian immigrants with shawls and hands gnarled from work ... I would switch to Ukrainian and the tears would start to run down their faces ... I don't care who says what won the election; it was the emotional aspect that really caught on." 2359:, which, according to Diefenbaker biographer Smith, indulged in "three months of reckless political inquisition". By the time the commission issued its report, Diefenbaker and other former ministers had long since withdrawn their counsel from the proceedings. The report faulted Diefenbaker for not dismissing the ministers in question, but found no actual security breach. 1420:. Bracken was elected on the second ballot; Diefenbaker finished a distant third in both polls. At Bracken's request, the convention changed the party's name to "Progressive Conservative Party of Canada." Bracken chose not to seek entry to the House through a by-election, and when the Conservatives elected a new floor leader, Diefenbaker was defeated by one vote. 2498:(who, after Diefenbaker's death, would win the seat in a by-election) by 4,000 votes. Clark had defeated Trudeau, though only gaining a minority government, and Diefenbaker returned to Ottawa to witness the swearing-in, still unreconciled to his old opponents among Clark's ministers. Two months later, Diefenbaker died of a heart attack in his study at age 83. 1900:

federal legislation, it could be amended by any other law, and civil liberties were to a large extent a matter of provincial, rather than federal, jurisdiction. One lawyer remarked that the document provided rights for all Canadians, "so long as they don't live in any of the provinces". Diefenbaker had appointed the first First Nations member of the Senate,

1623:. The Liberals submitted a budget in March; Diefenbaker attacked it for overly high taxes, failure to assist pensioners, and a lack of aid for the poorer provinces. Parliament was dissolved on April 12. St. Laurent was so confident of victory that he did not even bother to make recommendations to the Governor General to fill the 16 vacancies in the Senate. 1504:

committee dominated by Liberals abolished Lake Centre entirely, dividing its voters among three other ridings. Diefenbaker stated in his memoirs that he had considered retiring from the House; with Drew only a year older than he was, the Westerner saw little prospect of advancement and had received tempting offers from Ontario law firms. However, the

1487:. One cynical party member commented, "Ghost delegates with ghost ballots, marked by the ghostly hidden hand of Bay Street, are going to pick George Drew, and he'll deliver a ghost-written speech that'll cheer us all up, as we march briskly into a political graveyard." Drew easily defeated Diefenbaker on the first ballot. St. Laurent called 1813:, who would be elected an MP in 1958, recalled the gathering, "When he had finished that speech, as he was walking to the door, I saw people kneel and kiss his coat. Not one, but many. People were in tears. People were delirious. And this happened many a time after." When Sévigny introduced Diefenbaker to a Montreal rally with the words 1333:. Diefenbaker campaigned aggressively in Lake Centre, holding 63 rallies and seeking to appeal to members of all parties. On election day, he defeated Johnston by 280 votes on what was otherwise a disastrous day for the Conservatives, who won only 39 seats out of the 245 in the House of Commons—their lowest total since Confederation. 2011:, Diefenbaker feared that Canadian exports to the UK would be threatened. He also believed that the mother country should place the Commonwealth first, and sought to discourage Britain's entry. The British were annoyed at Canadian interference. Britain's initial attempt to enter the Common Market was vetoed by French President 2612:

politics he had little more than two years of success in the midst of failure and frustration, but he retained a core of deeply committed loyalists to the end of his life and beyond. The federal Conservative Party that he had revived remained dominant in the prairie provinces for 25 years after he left the leadership." The

1921:, the failure of the Tories to build an effective structure in Quebec, and Diefenbaker appointing few Quebeckers to his Cabinet (and none to senior positions), all led to an erosion of Progressive Conservative support in Quebec. Diefenbaker did recommend the appointment of the first French-Canadian governor general, 2541:, "his conduct of foreign policy was reviled by an important and growing number of Canadians, while his relations with both the Americans and the British were disastrous." By the end of 1963, the first of the Bomarc warheads entered Canada, where they remained until the last were finally phased out during 2268:

The bitter divisions within the Cabinet continued, with Diefenbaker deliberating whether to call an election on the issue of American interference in Canadian politics. At least six Cabinet ministers favoured Diefenbaker's ouster. Finally, at a dramatic Cabinet meeting on Sunday, February 3, Harkness

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erupted in October 1962, Kennedy chose not to consult with Diefenbaker before making decisions on what actions to take. The US president sent former Ambassador Merchant to Ottawa to inform the Prime Minister as to the content of the speech that Kennedy was to make on television. Diefenbaker was upset

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in Parliament. The bill rapidly passed and was proclaimed on August 10, fulfilling a lifetime goal of Diefenbaker's, as he had begun drafting it as early as 1936. The document purported to guarantee fundamental freedoms, with special attention to the rights of the accused. However, as a mere piece of

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On March 31, 1958, the Tories won what is still the largest majority (in terms of percentage of seats) in Canadian federal political history, winning 208 seats to the Liberals' 48, with the CCF winning 8 and Social Credit wiped out. The Progressive Conservatives won a majority of the votes and of the

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Pearson and his Liberals faltered badly in the campaign. The Liberal Party leader tried to make an issue of the fact that Diefenbaker had called a winter election, generally disfavoured in Canada due to travel difficulties. Pearson's objection cut little ice with voters, and served only to remind the

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Diefenbaker ran on a platform which concentrated on changes in domestic policies. He pledged to work with the provinces to reform the Senate. He proposed a vigorous new agricultural policy, seeking to stabilize income for farmers. He sought to reduce dependence on trade with the United States, and to

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In August 1956, Drew fell ill and many within the party urged him to step aside, feeling that the Progressive Conservatives needed vigorous leadership with an election likely within a year. He resigned in late September, and Diefenbaker immediately announced his candidacy for the leadership. A number

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and was successful. He would hold that seat for the rest of his life. Even though Diefenbaker campaigned nationally for party candidates, the Progressive Conservatives gained little, rising to 51 seats as St. Laurent led the Liberals to a fifth successive majority. In addition to trying to secure his

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The governing Liberals repeatedly attempted to draw Diefenbaker's seat out from under him. In 1948, Lake Centre was redistricted to remove areas which strongly supported Diefenbaker. In spite of that, he was returned in the 1949 election, the only PC member from Saskatchewan. In 1952, a redistricting

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Diefenbaker won the local people over through his success; in his first year in practice, he tried 62 jury trials, winning approximately half of his cases. He rarely called defence witnesses, thereby avoiding the possibility of rebuttal witnesses for the Crown, and securing the last word for himself.

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Diefenbaker reinvigorated a moribund party system in Canada. Clark and Mulroney, two men who, as students, worked on and were inspired by his 1957 triumph, became the only other Progressive Conservatives to lead the party to election triumphs. Diefenbaker's biographer, Denis Smith, wrote of him, "In

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for leader, but when Clark won, stated that Clark would make "a remarkable leader of this party". However, Diefenbaker repeatedly criticized his party leader, to such an extent that Stanfield publicly asked Diefenbaker "to stop sticking a knife into Mr. Clark"—a request Diefenbaker did not agree to.

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MPs signed a statement that Pearson should form the government. These votes would be enough to give Pearson support of a majority of the House of Commons, and Diefenbaker resigned. The six MPs repudiated the statement within days. Nonetheless, Pearson formed a government with the support of the NDP.

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campaign. Several times during the campaign, Diefenbaker stated that the Kennedy administration desired his defeat because he refused to "bow down to Washington". After Diefenbaker was returned with a minority, Washington continued to press for acceptance of nuclear arms, but Diefenbaker, faced with

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American officials were uncomfortable with Diefenbaker's initial election, believing they had heard undertones of anti-Americanism in the campaign. After years of the Liberals, one US State Department official noted, "We'll be dealing with an unknown quantity." US officials viewed Diefenbaker's 1958

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as required by law. Negotiations between Minister of Finance Fleming and Coyne for the latter's resignation broke down, with the governor making the dispute public, and Diefenbaker sought to dismiss Coyne by legislation. Diefenbaker was able to get legislation to dismiss Coyne through the House, but

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It is a program ... for a united Canada, for one Canada, for Canada first, in every aspect of our political and public life, for the welfare of the average man and woman. That is my approach to public affairs and has been throughout my life ... A Canada, united from Coast to Coast, wherein

1612:, Diefenbaker won on the first ballot, and the dissidents reconciled themselves to his victory. After all, they reasoned, Diefenbaker was now 61 and unlikely to lead the party for more than one general election, an election they believed would be won by the Liberals regardless of who led the Tories. 1550:

Diefenbaker won Prince Albert in 1953, even as the Tories suffered a second consecutive disastrous defeat under Drew. Speculation arose in the press that the leader might be pressured to step aside. Drew was determined to remain, however, and Diefenbaker was careful to avoid any action that might be

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Saskatchewan Conservatives eventually arranged a leadership convention for October 28, 1936. Eleven people were nominated, including Diefenbaker. The other ten candidates withdrew, and Diefenbaker won the position by default. Diefenbaker asked the federal party for $ 10,000 in financial support, but

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My course has come to an end. I have fought your battles, and you have given me that loyalty that led us to victory more often than the party has ever had since the days of Sir John A. Macdonald. In my retiring, I have nothing to withdraw in my desire to see Canada, my country and your country, one

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Two members of the government resigned the day after the government lost the vote. As the campaign opened, the Tories trailed in the polls by 15 points. To Pearson and his Liberals, the only question was how large a majority they would win. Peter Stursberg, who wrote two books about the Diefenbaker

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Kennedy and Diefenbaker started off well but matters soon worsened. When the two met in Washington on February 20, Diefenbaker was impressed by Kennedy, and invited him to visit Ottawa. Kennedy, however, told his aides that he never wanted "to see the boring son of a bitch again". The Ottawa visit

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led to open conflict with Bank of Canada Governor Coyne, who adhered to a tight money policy. Appointed by St. Laurent to a term expiring in December 1961, Coyne could only be dismissed before then by the passing of an Act of Parliament. Coyne defended his position by giving public speeches, to the

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issue, which constituted two-thirds of the national debt and which was due to be redeemed by 1967, be refinanced to a longer term. After considerable indecision on Diefenbaker's part, a nationwide campaign took place, and 90% of the bonds were converted. However, this transaction led to an increase

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on February 12 voters filled the hall until the doors had to be closed for safety reasons. They were promptly broken down by the crowd outside. At the rally, Diefenbaker called for " new vision. A new hope. A new soul for Canada." He pledged to open the Canadian North, to seek out its resources and

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was not a successful prime minister; he was a jumble of attitudes but had little in the way of policy, was a disorganized administrator, and was inconsistent, indecisive, and not infrequently irrational. But he was very formidable; a deadly campaigner, an idiosyncratic but often galvanizing public

2442:. Diefenbaker was re-elected comfortably in his home riding, and the Progressive Conservatives came within two seats of matching the Liberal total. Diefenbaker was relieved both that Trudeau had been humbled and that Stanfield had been denied power. Trudeau regained his majority two years later in 2391:

or "two founding peoples" (as opposed to Diefenbaker's "One Canada"), decided to seek to retain his leadership. Although Diefenbaker entered at the last minute to stand as a candidate for the leadership, he finished fifth on each of the first three ballots, and withdrew from the contest, which was

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sat. The local people were mostly immigrants, and Diefenbaker's research found them to be particularly litigious. There was already one barrister in town, and the residents were loyal to him, initially refusing to rent office space to Diefenbaker. The new lawyer was forced to rent a vacant lot and

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John Diefenbaker had been interested in politics from an early age and told his mother at the age of eight or nine that he would some day be prime minister. She told him that it was an impossible ambition, especially for a boy living on the prairies. She would live to be proved wrong. John claimed

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process, Camp was able to stage a de facto review by running for re-election as party president on the platform of holding a leadership convention within a year. His campaign at the Tories' 1966 convention occurred amidst allegations of vote rigging, violence, and seating arrangements designed to

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Diefenbaker pursued a "One Canada" policy, seeking equality of all Canadians. As part of that philosophy, he was unwilling to make special concessions to Quebec's francophones. Thomas Van Dusen, who served as Diefenbaker's executive assistant and wrote a book about him, characterized the leader's

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3, Diefenbaker was slow to order Canadian forces to match it. Harkness and the Chiefs of Staff had Canadian forces clandestinely go to that alert status anyway, and Diefenbaker eventually authorized it. The crisis ended without war, and polls found that Kennedy's actions were widely supported by

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By 1962, the American government was becoming increasingly concerned at the lack of a commitment from Canada to take nuclear weapons. The interceptors and Bomarc missiles with which Canada was being supplied as a NORAD member were either of no use or of greatly diminished utility without nuclear

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There must be no compromise with Canada's existence as a nation. Opting out, two flags, two pension plans, associated states, Two Nations and all the other baggage of political dualism was ushering Quebec out of Confederation on the instalment plan. He could not accept any theory of two nations,

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magazine printed its regular weekly issue, to go on sale the morning after the vote, editorializing that democracy in Canada was still strong despite a sixth consecutive Liberal victory. On election night, the Progressive Conservative advance started early, with the gain of two seats in reliably

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From the distance of our times, Diefenbaker's role as a prairie populist who tried to revolutionize the Conservative Party begins to loom larger than his personal idiosyncrasies. The difficulties he faced in the form of significant historical dilemmas seem less easy to resolve than Liberals and

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Diefenbaker's confusions and inconsistencies are to be seen as essential to the Canadian fate. His administration was not an aberration from which Canada will recover under the sensible rule of the established classes. It was a bewildered attempt to find policies that were adequate to its noble

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Across the way, Mr. Speaker, sit the purveyors of gloom who would endeavour for political purposes, to panic the Canadian people ... They had a warning ... Did they tell us that? No. Mr. Speaker, why did they not reveal this? Why did they not act when the House was sitting in January,

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With the Conservatives leading in the polls, Diefenbaker wanted a new election, hopeful that his party would gain a majority of seats. The strong Liberal presence meant that the Governor General could refuse a dissolution request early in a parliament's term and allow them to form government if

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visited Ottawa, in one of a series of visits to member nations prior to his retirement. At a news conference, Norstad stated that if Canada did not accept nuclear weapons, it would not be fulfilling its commitments to NATO. Newspapers across Canada criticized Diefenbaker, who was convinced the

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in 1961, Verwoerd formally applied for South Africa to remain in the Commonwealth. The prime ministers were divided; Diefenbaker broke the deadlock by proposing that South Africa only be re-admitted if it joined other states in condemning apartheid in principle. Once it became clear that South

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On Thursday there was shrieking defiance, on the following Monday there is shrinking indecision ... The only reason that this motion is worded as it is is that my honourable friends opposite quake when they think of what will happen if an election comes ... It is the resignation from

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When a party calling itself Conservative can think of nothing better than to outbid the Government's election promises; when it demands economy in one breath and increased spending in the next; when it proposes an immediate tax cut regardless of inflationary results ... when in short, the

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Diefenbaker was initially inclined to go along with Kennedy's request that nuclear weapons be stationed on Canadian soil as part of NORAD. However, when an August 3, 1961, letter from Kennedy which urged this was leaked to the media, Diefenbaker was angered and withdrew his support. The Prime

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If, as a neophyte lawyer, he had succeeded in winning the Prince Albert seat in the federal elections of 1925 or 1926, ... Diefenbaker would probably have been remembered only as an obscure minister in Bennett's Depression cabinet ... If he had carried his home-town mayoralty in

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speaker, a brilliant parliamentarian, and a man of many fine qualities. He was absolutely honest financially, a passionate supporter of the average and the underprivileged and disadvantaged person, a fierce opponent of any racial or religious or socioeconomic discrimination ...

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In 1978, Diefenbaker announced that he would stand in one more election, and under the slogan "Diefenbaker—Now More Than Ever", weathered a campaign the following year during which he apparently suffered a mild stroke, although the media were told he was bedridden with influenza. In

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in London shortly after taking office in 1957. He generated headlines by proposing that 15% of Canadian spending on US imports instead be spent on imports from the United Kingdom. Britain responded with an offer of a free trade agreement, which was rejected by the Canadians. As the

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took place in early June; Liberals would later claim that Diefenbaker had campaigned for their party in the election. On June 19, however, Diefenbaker addressed a Conservative organizing committee, and on August 6, was nominated as the party's candidate for the federal riding of

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Although Stanfield worked to try to unify the party, Diefenbaker and his loyalists proved difficult to reconcile. The division in the party broke out in well-publicised dissensions, as when Diefenbaker called on Progressive Conservative MPs to break with Stanfield's position on

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Africa's membership would be rejected, Verwoerd withdrew his country's application to remain in the Commonwealth and left the group. According to Peter Newman, this was "Diefenbaker's most important contribution to international politics ... Diefenbaker flew home, a hero."

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in the expectation of receiving a majority, Diefenbaker ran an aggressive campaign. The Liberals fell two seats short of a majority, and the Tories improved their position slightly at the expense of the smaller parties. After the election, some Tories, led by party president

2285:

For the old Diefenbaker was in full cry. All the agony of the disintegration of his government was gone, and he seemed to be a giant revived by his contact with the people. This was Diefenbaker's finest election. He was virtually alone on the hustings. Even such loyalists as

1325:, but withdrew when his name was proposed, stating a local man should be selected. The winner among the six remaining candidates, riding president W. B. Kelly, declined the nomination, urging the delegates to select Diefenbaker, which they promptly did. Mackenzie King called 2092:, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Despite Liberal misgivings that Diefenbaker had committed Canada to the system before consulting either the Cabinet or Parliament, Pearson and his followers voted with the government to approve NORAD in June 1958. 2258:

statement was part of a plot by Kennedy to bring down his government. Although the Liberals had been previously indecisive on the question of nuclear weapons, on January 12, Pearson made a speech stating that the government should live up to its commitments.

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An economic downturn was beginning in Canada by 1958. Because of tax cuts instituted the previous year, the government's budget predicted a small deficit for 1957–58 and a large one, $ 648 million, for the following year. Minister of Finance Fleming and

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won the race, he sent Senator Kennedy a note of congratulations. Kennedy did not respond until Canadian officials asked what had become of Diefenbaker's note, two weeks later. Diefenbaker, for whom such correspondence was very meaningful, was annoyed at the

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before the debate even began. The Tories and the CCF combined to obstruct business in the House for weeks before the Liberals were finally able to pass the measure. Diefenbaker played a relatively minor role in the Pipeline Debate, speaking only once.

1715:

for its 14th congress, Diefenbaker was forced to wait until the fall to convene Parliament. However, the Cabinet approved measures that summer, including increased price supports for butter and turkeys, and raises for federal employees. Once the

1781:, to dissolve Parliament, alleging that though St. Laurent had promised cooperation, Pearson had made it clear he would not follow his predecessor's lead. Massey agreed to the dissolution, and Diefenbaker set an election date of March 31, 1958. 6306: 1728:– the government rapidly passed legislation, including tax cuts and increases in old age pensions. The Liberals were ineffective in opposition, with the party in the midst of a leadership race after St. Laurent's resignation as party leader. 1591:

Conservative party no longer gives us a conservative alternative after twenty-one years ... then our political system desperately requires an opposition prepared to stand for something more than the improbable chance of quick victory.

1350:, failed to win a place in the Commons in the election, which saw the Liberals take 181 seats. The Tories sought to be included in a wartime coalition government, but Mackenzie King refused. The House of Commons had only a slight role in 1608:, who had finished third at the previous leadership convention, but his having repeatedly criticised Drew's leadership ensured that the critical Ontario delegates would not back Fleming, all but destroying his chances of victory. At the 1103:, and Diefenbaker broke off contact with her. She died the following year. Diefenbaker was himself subject to internal bleeding, and may have feared that the disease would be transmitted to him. In late 1923, he had an operation at the 2536:

Some of Diefenbaker's policies did not survive the 16 years of Liberal government that followed his fall. This was especially true in the realm of foreign affairs: "By the time Diefenbaker left office," according to Canadian historian

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ensure that when Diefenbaker addressed the delegates, television viewers would see unmoved delegates in the first ten rows. Other Camp supporters tried to shout Diefenbaker down. Camp was successful in being re-elected thereby forcing

2123:, and also mounted a public relations offensive urging that the Arrow go into full production. On February 20, 1959, the Cabinet decided to cancel the Avro Arrow, following an earlier decision to permit the United States to build two 1461:

succeeded him. Although Bracken had nearly doubled the Tory representation in the House, prominent Tories were increasingly unhappy with his leadership and pressured him to stand down. These party bosses believed that Ontario Premier

1941:

dismay of the government. The Cabinet was also angered when it learned that Coyne and his board had passed amendments to the bank's pension scheme which greatly increased Coyne's pension, without publishing the amendments in the

1369:

in the House of Commons, supporting the regulations, and emphatically stating that most Canadians of German descent were loyal. In his memoirs, Diefenbaker wrote he waged an unsuccessful fight against the forced relocation and

1229:, a rare direct electoral contest between two individuals who had or would become prime minister. King triumphed easily over Diefenbaker, the Liberals won the federal election, and King regained his position as prime minister. 1491:, and the Tories were decimated, falling to 41 seats, only two more than the party's 1940 nadir. Despite intense efforts to make the Progressive Conservatives appeal to Quebecers, the party won only two seats in the province. 2570:

However, some defining features of modern Canada can be traced back to Diefenbaker. Diefenbaker's Bill of Rights remains in effect, and signaled the change in Canadian political culture that would eventually bring about the

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and Mackenzie King returned as prime minister. Judging his prospects hopeless, Diefenbaker had declined a nomination to stand again against Mackenzie King in Prince Albert. In the waning days of the Bennett government, the

2426:

interview, could not conceal his delight at Stanfield's humiliation, and especially gloated at the defeat of Camp, who made an unsuccessful attempt to enter the Commons. Diefenbaker was easily returned for Prince Albert.

2320:, the Tory leader addressed the Commons, stating, "A beacon of freedom has gone. Whatever the disagreement, to me he stood as the embodiment of freedom, not only in his own country, but throughout the world." In the 1964 2635:

worked in Diefenbaker's office during his second time as Opposition Leader, and has said of him, "He brought a lot of firsts to Canada, but a lot of it has been air-brushed from history by those who followed." Historian

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ridings, was the man to lead the Progressive Conservatives to victory. When Bracken resigned on July 17, 1948, Diefenbaker announced his candidacy. The party's backers, principally financiers headquartered on Toronto's

3150:, p. 3. Following his father's death, William Diefenbaker anglicized the spelling of "Diefenbacher", and changed its pronunciation so that the "baker" part of the name is pronounced like the English word "baker". 6554: 1955:, the party had been damaged by loss of support in Quebec and in urban areas as voters grew disillusioned with Diefenbaker and the Tories. The PC campaign was hurt when the Bank of Canada was forced to devalue the 1320:

but was unwilling to risk a divisive intra-party squabble. In what Diefenbaker biographer Smith states "appears to have been an elaborate and prearranged charade", Diefenbaker attended the nominating convention as

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took pains to foster good relations with Diefenbaker. The two men found much in common, from Western farm backgrounds to a love of fishing, and Diefenbaker had an admiration for war leaders such as Eisenhower and

1114:

After four years in Wakaw, Diefenbaker so dominated the local legal practice that his competitor left town. On May 1, 1924, Diefenbaker moved to Prince Albert, leaving a law partner in charge of the Wakaw office.

7070: 3503: 1773:, "Pearson looked at first merry, then serious, then uncomfortable, then disturbed, and finally sick." Pearson recorded in his memoirs that the Prime Minister "tore me to shreds". Prominent Liberal frontbencher 1272:

became prime minister. Diefenbaker continued a high-profile legal practice, and in 1933, ran for mayor of Prince Albert. He was defeated by 48 votes in an election in which over 2,000 ballots were cast.

2413:

Diefenbaker was embittered by his loss of the party leadership. Pearson announced his retirement in December 1967, and Diefenbaker forged a wary relationship of mutual respect with Pearson's successor,

1824:"thousands and thousands of people, jammed into that auditorium, just tore the roof off in a frenzy." Michael Starr remembered, "That was the most fantastic election ... I went into little places. 2130:

Although the two leaders had a strong relationship, by 1960 US officials were becoming concerned by what they viewed as Canadian procrastination on vital issues, such as whether Canada should join the

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landslide with disappointment; they knew and liked Pearson from his years in diplomacy and felt the Liberal Party leader would be more likely to institute pro-American policies. However, US President

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to take the case, and gained an acquittal, prejudicing the jury against the Crown prosecutor and pointing out a previous case in which interference had caused information to be lost in transmission.

1739:

attended his first parliamentary session as Leader of the Opposition on January 20, 1958, four days after becoming the Liberal leader. In his first speech as leader, Pearson (recently returned from

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or another design showing symbols of the nation's heritage. He dismissed the adopted design, with a single red maple leaf and two red bars, as "a flag that Peruvians might salute", a reference to

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In 1934, when the Crown prosecutor for Prince Albert resigned to become the Conservative Party's legislative candidate, Diefenbaker took his place as prosecutor. Diefenbaker did not stand in the

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in seeking to censure the government, the Prime Minister referred to Conservative MPs as "a mob". When Diefenbaker accompanied two other Conservative leaders to a briefing by Mackenzie King on

7187: 6033: 6486: 1986: 885:. Diefenbaker stood for re-election as party leader at the last moment, but attracted only minimal support and withdrew. He remained in parliament until his death in 1979, two months after 3386: 2616:, believing that Tory prime ministers have been given short shrift in the naming of Canadian places and institutions, named the former Ottawa City Hall, now a federal office building, the 2294:

Though the White House maintained public neutrality, privately Kennedy made it clear he desired a Liberal victory. Kennedy lent Lou Harris, his pollster to work for the Liberals again. On

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to allow it to remain in the Commonwealth regardless of the result of the referendum. Diefenbaker privately expressed his distaste for apartheid to South African External Affairs Minister

10928: 10873: 7168: 3356: 1904:, in January 1958, and in 1960, his government extended voting rights to all native people. In 1962, Diefenbaker's government eliminated race discrimination clauses in immigration laws. 9705: 1635:

there will be freedom for the individual, freedom of enterprise and where there will be a Government which, in all its actions, will remain the servant and not the master of the people.

2127:

missile bases in Canada. The company immediately dismissed its 14,000 employees, blaming Diefenbaker for the firings, though it rehired 2,500 employees to fulfil existing obligations.

10868: 6368: 1099:, and the two lost touch for more than 20 years. He then courted Beth Newell, a cashier in Saskatoon, and by 1922, the two were engaged. However, in 1923, Newell was diagnosed with 785:, Diefenbaker became a noted criminal defence lawyer. He contested elections through the 1920s and 1930s with little success until he was finally elected to the House of Commons in 7212: 2038:

and urged him to give the black and coloured people of South Africa at least the minimal representation they had originally had. Louw, attending the conference as Prime Minister

7281: 2355:—two officials of the Diefenbaker government had slept with a woman suspected of being a Soviet spy. In what Diefenbaker saw as a partisan attack, Pearson established a one-man 7317:

Carter, Mark. "Diefenbaker's Bill of Rights and the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty: The Notwithstanding Clause and Fundamental Justice as Touchstones for the Charter Debate."

1604:

as a possible candidate. When Smith declined, they could find no one of comparable stature to stand against Diefenbaker. The only serious competition to Diefenbaker came from

9242: 6584: 9583: 8714: 6546: 7228: 6400: 10953: 10898: 7061: 3495: 1149:

It was not until 1925 that Diefenbaker publicly came forward as a Conservative, a year in which both federal and Saskatchewan provincial elections were held. Journalist

10933: 3219:, p. 291. The 112th seat was not obtained until July 15, as the election in one riding was not held until then due to the death of the original Liberal candidate. 2457:, an honour bestowed as the personal gift of the Sovereign. After a long illness, Olive Diefenbaker died on December 22, a loss which plunged Diefenbaker into despair. 7093: 2026:. In 1960, however, the South Africans sought to maintain membership in the Commonwealth even if South African white voters chose to make the country a republic in a 10988: 10908: 8417: 1002:

After graduating from high school in Saskatoon in 1912, Diefenbaker entered the University of Saskatchewan. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1915, and his

3186:, p. 75. Thirty years later, the winning candidate, H. J. Fraser, challenged Diefenbaker for his parliamentary seat, and was defeated by a 5-to-1 margin. 10174: 2298:, April 8, 1963, the Liberals claimed 129 seats to the Tories' 95, five seats short of an absolute majority. Diefenbaker held to power for several days, until six 1508:

so angered him that he decided to fight for a seat. Diefenbaker's party had taken Prince Albert only once, in 1911, but he decided to stand in that riding for the

1416:, to lead the Conservatives. Diefenbaker objected to what he saw as an attempt to rig the party's choice of new leader and stood for the leadership himself at the 9776: 9576: 1280:, in which the governing Conservatives lost every seat. Six days after the election, Diefenbaker resigned as Crown prosecutor. The federal government of Bennett 6237: 3419: 1777:

called Diefenbaker's response "one of the greatest devastating speeches" and "Diefenbaker's great hour". On February 1, Diefenbaker asked the Governor General,

1528:

by omitting crucial information from a message. Twenty-one people were killed, mostly Canadian troops bound for Korea. Diefenbaker paid $ 1,500 and sat a token

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According to Diefenbaker's biographer, Denis Smith, the Conservative MP quietly admired Mackenzie King for his political skills. However, Diefenbaker proved a

1389:, the Prime Minister exploded at Diefenbaker (a constituent of his), "What business do you have to be here? You strike me to the heart every time you speak." 10968: 10958: 9607: 2042:

recovered from an assassination attempt, refused. The conference resolved that an advance decision would be interfering in South Africa's internal affairs.

1309:

by 190 votes. With the province-wide Conservative vote having fallen to 12 percent, Diefenbaker offered his resignation to a post-election party meeting in

1249:. He was defeated, but Saskatchewan Conservatives formed their first government, with help from smaller parties. As the defeated Conservative candidate for 7456: 2463: 2384: 1609: 1476: 1417: 882: 7439: 6095: 3441: 10878: 8723: 8201: 6274: 2597: 793: 6011: 5915: 2387:. Diefenbaker initially made no announcement as to whether he would stand, but angered by a resolution at the party's policy conference which spoke of 6182: 9619: 9235: 2261:

With the Cabinet still divided between adherents of Green and Harkness, Diefenbaker made a speech in the Commons on January 25 that Fleming (by then

1802:

This is the vision: One Canada. One Canada, where Canadians will have preserved to them the control of their own economic and political destiny. Sir

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Diefenbaker has had several locations named in his honour, some before his 1979 death (particularly in his home province of Saskatchewan, including

1289:

president was appointed a judge, leaving Diefenbaker, who had been elected the party's vice president, as acting president of the provincial party.

1024:

in law. He received his law degree in 1919, the first student to secure three degrees from the University of Saskatchewan. On June 30, 1919, he was

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Diefenbaker staked out a position on the populist left of the PC party. Though most Canadians were content to look to Parliament for protection of

1365:, an all-party committee which examined the wartime rules which allowed arrest and detention without trial. On June 13, 1940, Diefenbaker made his 3165:, p. 14. Note: Upon his brother's accession to the prime ministership, Elmer Diefenbaker sent him a letter recalling this childhood ambition. 10913: 2454: 2340:, who feared devastating PC losses in the province at the next election, Pearson imposed closure, and the bill passed with the majority singing " 2328:, which the Liberals pushed for after the rejection of Pearson's preferred design showing three maple leaves. Diefenbaker preferred the existing 7160: 3378: 3346: 1760:

Diefenbaker read from an internal report provided to the St. Laurent government in early 1957, warning that a recession was coming, and stated:

10858: 9599: 9094: 7955: 7622: 6898: 913:, to William Thomas Diefenbaker and Mary Florence Diefenbaker, née Bannerman. His father was the son of German immigrants from Adersbach (near 7541: 6524: 5978: 2509:

in Parliament for two and a half days; 10,000 Canadians passed by his casket. The Maple Leaf Flag on the casket was partially obscured by the

1313:, but it was refused. Diefenbaker continued to run the provincial party out of his law office and paid the party's debts from his own pocket. 10978: 10739: 8410: 7632: 4681: 2584:

cause. The 1957 election was the Canadian people's last gasp of nationalism. Diefenbaker's government was the strident swansong of that hope.

7465:

Parker, Oliver. "Canadian Concerns of a Different Kind of Brexit: Britain's First Application to the EEC and Canada's Commonwealth Appeal."

7424:

Manulak, Daniel. "Blood Brothers: Moral Emotion, the Afro-Asian-Canadian Bloc, and South Africa's Expulsion from the Commonwealth, 1960–1."

6361: 2063: 1135:. Diefenbaker was fond of stating, in his later years, that the only protection a Conservative had in the province was that afforded by the 10893: 10674: 10167: 9812: 9228: 7529: 3135: 7359:

Hilliker, John. "The Politicians and the 'Pearsonalities': The Diefenbaker Government and the Conduct of Canadian External Relations", in

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Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada – Former Prime Ministers and Their Grave Sites – The Right Honourable John George Diefenbaker

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In the mid-1940s Edna began to suffer mental illness and was placed in a private psychiatric hospital for a time. She later fell ill from

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peoples. In 1962, Diefenbaker's government eliminated racial discrimination in immigration policy. In foreign policy, his stance against

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attack. The interceptor had been under development since 1953, and had suffered from many cost overruns and complications. In 1955, the

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of Progressive Conservative leaders, principally from the Ontario wing of the party, started a "Stop Diefenbaker" movement, and wooed

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from the United States led to his government's downfall. Diefenbaker is also remembered for his role in the 1959 cancellation of the

7325: 10943: 9912: 8403: 7649: 6454: 6393: 2139: 751: 489: 242: 2316:

Diefenbaker continued to lead the Progressive Conservatives, again as Leader of the Opposition. In November 1963, upon hearing of

2204:, who on arrival received a cool reception from Kennedy and found that the squabble was affecting progress on a number of issues. 10160: 8194: 7431:

Morris-Hurl, Rebecca. "Diefenbaker's Canada: A Vision for Human Rights and Multiculturalism in the Speeches from the Throne." in

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wing of the party as early as 1964. Diefenbaker initially beat back attempts to remove him without trouble. When Pearson called

2163: 9762: 8779: 8754: 8103: 7236: 2027: 1210: 1198: 960:. William and Mary Diefenbaker felt that John and his brother Elmer would have greater educational opportunities in Saskatoon. 7486:

Urban, Michael Crawford. "A fearful asymmetry: Diefenbaker, the Canadian military and trust during the Cuban missile crisis."

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party leader between 1930 and 1979 to lead the party to an election victory, doing so three times, although only once with a

691: 64: 10444: 9893: 9347: 8440: 8426: 7553: 7085: 2746: 2613: 2148: 1397: 1154: 10863: 6187:] Degree at Delhi University. Photo shows Mr. John Diefenbaker, the Canadian Prime Minister, seen with Mr. Nehru, the" 1296:

Poster to advertise a speech by John Diefenbaker as Conservative candidate, 1939 (leading up to the 1940 federal election)

10066: 9487: 6151: 2962: 2600:). The city of Prince Albert continues to maintain the house he resided in from 1947 to 1975 as a public museum known as 696: 69: 17: 7491: 10963: 9087: 8951: 8374: 8187: 7948: 7086:"Nation left in sadness at the loss of a man who left 'em laughing: From prairie to pinnacle, Dief was with the people" 6802:

Kyba, Patrick. and Wendy Green-Finlay, "John Diefenbaker as prime minister," in D. C. Story and R. Bruce Shepard, eds.

3034: 1302: 1286: 1277: 1246: 1158: 679: 601: 52: 5895:. Carleton library series (40. anniversary ed.). Montréal Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 6–7. 2446:

that saw Diefenbaker, by then the only living former prime minister, have his personal majority grow to 11,000 votes.

1680:

When John Diefenbaker took office as Prime Minister of Canada on June 21, 1957, only one Progressive Conservative MP,

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McKercher, Asa. "The trouble with self-determination: Canada, Soviet colonialism and the United Nations, 1960–1963."

7041: 7023: 7001: 6979: 6929: 6882: 6860: 6838: 6787: 6769: 6745: 6722: 6697: 6665: 6647: 6245: 3411: 3110: 2926: 2605: 2466:, but as Clark had supported the leadership review, Diefenbaker held a grudge against him. Diefenbaker had supported 2423: 1793:

campaign saw a huge outpouring of public support for the Progressive Conservatives. At the opening campaign rally in

972: 738: 683: 56: 2176:

were bored by Diefenbaker's Churchill anecdotes at lunch, stories that Jackie Kennedy later described as "painful".

1346:

Diefenbaker joined a shrunken and demoralized Conservative caucus in the House of Commons. The Conservative leader,

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Prymak, Thomas M., "Cold War Clash, New York City, September–October 1960: Comrade Khrushchev vs. Dief the Chief,"

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As a trial lawyer, and in opposition, Diefenbaker had long been concerned with civil liberties. On July 1, 1960,

1806:

saw a Canada from east to west: he opened the west. I see a new Canada—a Canada of the North. This is the vision!

1533: 7453: 1672: 10183: 7793: 7436: 2782: 2491: 2443: 2439: 2419: 2367: 2295: 2208: 2134:(OAS). Talks on these issues in June 1960 produced little in results. Diefenbaker hoped that US Vice President 1952: 1846:

political machine had given the PC party little support, but with Quebec voters minded to support Diefenbaker,

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was becoming a potential rival to the Tories as Canada's main right-wing party. Canadian journalist and author

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make it a place for settlements. The conclusion to his speech expounded on what became known as "The Vision",

10883: 10614: 9080: 8734: 7941: 7568: 6003: 2854: 2317: 2274: 1689: 1579: 1475:, preferred Drew's conservative political stances to Diefenbaker's Western populism. Tory leaders packed the 1401: 1362: 1128: 332: 1765:

February, March, and April? They had the information ... You concealed the facts, that is what you did.

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McKercher, Asa. "Diefenbaker's World: One Canada and the History of Canadian–American Relations, 1961–63."

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By 1972, Diefenbaker had grown disillusioned with Trudeau, and campaigned wholeheartedly for the Tories in

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The final Gallup poll before the election showed the Liberals ahead, 48% to 34%. Just before the election,

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Asa McKercher, "Diefenbaker's World: One Canada and the History of Canadian–American Relations, 1961–63."

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Molinaro, Dennis. "'Calculated Diplomacy': John Diefenbaker and the Origins of Canada's Cuba Policy." in

7347: 6949: 3499: 2800: 2155:. However, with only days remaining in the Eisenhower administration, little else could be accomplished. 2008: 1697: 1202: 1183: 1068: 1020:

After leaving the military in 1917, Diefenbaker returned to Saskatchewan where he resumed his work as an

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became the first Progressive Conservative prime minister since Diefenbaker. Diefenbaker ranks average in

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scheduled for the following day. Harkness, however, persisted in his resignation. Negotiations with the

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stated it would need only nine squadrons of Arrows, down from 20, as originally proposed. According to

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Diefenbaker's father, William, was a Liberal; however, John Diefenbaker found himself attracted to the

957: 560: 201: 6713:

One Canada, Memoirs of the Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker: The Years of Achievement 1956 to 1962

1059:

Although Wakaw had a population of only 400, it sat at the heart of a densely populated area of rural

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Stevenson, Michael D. "George Drew, the Law of the Sea, and the Diefenbaker Government, 1957-1963."

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became prime minister, but was quickly defeated in the House of Commons, and Byng finally granted a

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Diefenbaker (front right) at the US Naval base in Argentia, Newfoundland, during the 1962 campaign.

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government. In this stance, Diefenbaker had the support of the Liberals but not that of CCF leader

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and an annoyance to Mackenzie King. Angered by the words of Diefenbaker and fellow Conservative MP

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Diefenbaker would often spend weekends with his parents in Saskatoon. While there, he began to woo

918: 747: 95: 6939: 6737:

One Canada, Memoirs of the Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker: The Tumultuous Years 1962 to 1967

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Newman argued that but for Diefenbaker's many defeats, he would never have become prime minister:

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that his first contact with politics came in 1910, when he sold a newspaper to Prime Minister Sir

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Empey, Sarah. "John G. Diefenbaker and Cross Border Relations During the Bomarc Missile Crisis."

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One Canada, Memoirs of the Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker: The Crusading Years 1895 to 1956

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Diefenbaker's disinclination to make concessions to Quebec, along with the disintegration of the

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effort; under the state of emergency, most business was accomplished through the Cabinet issuing

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however worded, because it would make of those neither French nor English second-class citizens.

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saw Diefenbaker's career as emblematic of the broader trajectory of Canadian national identity:

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had to stick close to their own bailiwicks, where they were fighting for their political lives.

2045:

On October 5, 1960, South Africa's white voters decided to make the country a republic. At the

1712: 1268:, citing health reasons. The Conservatives gained a majority in the election, and party leader 1124: 1072: 781:. He grew up in the province and was interested in politics from a young age. After service in 8824: 7448:

Neary, Peter. "High Commissioner JJS Garner on Joey Smallwood versus John Diefenbaker, 1959."

6892:"Cold War Clash, New York City, September-October 1960: Comrade Khrushchev vs. 'Dief the Chief 6222: 2501:

Diefenbaker had extensively planned his funeral in consultation with government officials. He

2018:

Through 1959, the Diefenbaker government had a policy of not criticizing South Africa and its

1862: 1513:

departure from Parliament, the government opened a home for unwed Indian mothers next door to

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Diefenbaker continued practising law. In 1951, he gained national attention by accepting the

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The Diefenbaker family moved west in 1903, for William Diefenbaker to accept a position near

922: 851: 843: 774: 6849: 6606: 792:

Diefenbaker was repeatedly a candidate for the party leadership. He gained that position in

10833: 10828: 10718: 10474: 8814: 8511: 8148: 8063: 7838: 7776: 7614: 3379:"Man calls for removal of Saskatoon Diefenbaker statue because he says it is based on lies" 3026: 2980: 2944: 2890: 2277:, which had enough votes to save the government, failed, and the government fell, 142–111. 2224: 2217: 2068: 1829: 1619:. In February, St. Laurent informed him that Parliament would be dissolved in April for an 1552: 1467: 1382: 1225:. Diefenbaker, who had been confirmed as Conservative candidate, stood against King in the 1214: 980: 949: 945: 770: 43: 7383:

McKercher, Asa. "Sound and Fury: Diefenbaker, Human Rights, and Canadian Foreign Policy."

5748: 3174:

Note: The exact phrasing of what Diefenbaker said to Laurier varies from source to source.

1888:, which in future years would hamper the government's efforts to respond to unemployment. 1880: 8: 10284: 10095: 9886: 9342: 9159: 9119: 8445: 8138: 8123: 7925: 7322: 6461: 5819: 2818: 2712: 2686: 2510: 2329: 2220:

on the question, continued to stall, hoping that time and events would invite consensus.

2193: 1876: 1825: 1292: 1029: 926: 866: 755: 746:; September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was a Canadian politician who served as the 13th 1442:

For further information on one of Diefenbaker's major legal cases during this time, see

800:, he led the party to its first electoral victory in 27 years; a year later he called a 10354: 9006: 8899: 8500: 8168: 8158: 8128: 8048: 8023: 7803: 7755: 7745: 7373:

McKercher, Asa. "No, Prime Minister: Revisiting Diefenbaker and the 'Pearsonalities'."

7012: 6990: 6957: 6758: 6711: 6686: 6637: 6065: 2593: 2514: 2483: 2345: 2173: 1725: 1701: 1601: 1250: 1237: 1167: 687: 325: 60: 7476:. (Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, 1998). 13 essays by experts. 7303:

Bothwell, Robert, Ian Drummond, and John English. "The Diefenbaker Years 1957-63." in

2545:'s brief government in 1984. Diefenbaker's decision to have Canada remain outside the 1457:

In early 1948, Mackenzie King, now aged 73, announced his retirement; later that year

808:. Diefenbaker appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his cabinet ( 10654: 10334: 10304: 10254: 10234: 10224: 10204: 10041: 9936: 9822: 9804: 9517: 9392: 9387: 9377: 9367: 9267: 9164: 9129: 8879: 8799: 8794: 8666: 8572: 8490: 8485: 8306: 8296: 8231: 8221: 7728: 7701: 7691: 7674: 7405: 7037: 7019: 6997: 6975: 6925: 6878: 6856: 6834: 6783: 6765: 6741: 6735: 6718: 6693: 6661: 6643: 6210: 5896: 2728: 2707: 2601: 2549:

was not reversed by Pearson, and it was not until 1989, under the Tory government of

2379: 2095:

In 1959, the Diefenbaker government cancelled the development and manufacture of the

2082: 2077: 2012: 1851: 1803: 1744: 1681: 1514: 1458: 1254: 1096: 1092: 910: 766: 449: 224: 161: 149: 2151:'s slowness to respond. In January 1961, Diefenbaker visited Washington to sign the 1735:

Such an excuse presented itself when former Secretary of State for External Affairs

1189: 10759: 10708: 10494: 10140: 9951: 9843: 9784: 9659: 9557: 9407: 9139: 8914: 8904: 8819: 8618: 8246: 8088: 8038: 8013: 7659: 6331: 2774: 2655: 2632: 2589: 2393: 2356: 2287: 2213: 2039: 2004: 1840:

seats in every province except British Columbia (49.8%) and Newfoundland. Quebec's

1685: 1559:—in which the government, in a hurry to obtain financing for the pipeline, imposed 1355: 1201:, did not hold the seat long, resigning it to open a place for the Prime Minister, 1132: 976: 817: 809: 703: 572: 564: 275: 10574: 10534: 10294: 9512: 9447: 8996: 8961: 8692: 8661: 8598: 8582: 8562: 8341: 6871: 3347:"Meeting in Saskatoon between Diefenbaker and Laurier never happened, author says" 1524:

case, in which a young telegraph operator had been accused of negligently causing

1301:

the funds were refused, and the Conservatives were shut out of the legislature in

901: 824:). During his six years as prime minister, his government obtained passage of the 10604: 10524: 10504: 10152: 10125: 10030: 9687: 9674: 9654: 9547: 9472: 9462: 9452: 9297: 9282: 9209: 9184: 9174: 9149: 9124: 9051: 8976: 8946: 8936: 8925: 8884: 8829: 8638: 8557: 8526: 8516: 8256: 8073: 8028: 7988: 7580: 7557: 7545: 7533: 7460: 7443: 7412: 7354: 7329: 6968: 6902: 6658:

Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Chrétien

5922: 3351: 3259:

also became a PC Prime Minister, but she never won an election to gain that role.

3090: 2538: 2352: 2325: 2185: 2143: 2120: 2104: 2088:

Diefenbaker had approved plans to join the United States in what became known as

1956: 1937: 1901: 1774: 1630:

Diefenbaker characterized the Tory program in a nationwide telecast on April 30:

1583: 1556: 1466:, who had won three successive provincial elections and had even made inroads in 1431: 1378: 1322: 1316:

Diefenbaker quietly sought the Conservative nomination for the federal riding of

1150: 1025: 965: 821: 9026: 8991: 8681: 7550: 6183:"Stock Photo – Nov. 11, 1958 – Canadian Prime Minister Receives Honary [ 2640:, who published a survey of the Canadian Prime Ministers, wrote of Diefenbaker: 10784: 10688: 10624: 10554: 10544: 10514: 10464: 10404: 10364: 10344: 10274: 10103: 10074: 9973: 9929: 9901: 9864: 9850: 9649: 9502: 9492: 9467: 9457: 9432: 9417: 9372: 9362: 9352: 9312: 9287: 9199: 9144: 9031: 9016: 8941: 8919: 8859: 8749: 8628: 8603: 8541: 8521: 8465: 8455: 8395: 8356: 8351: 8331: 8321: 8311: 8276: 8266: 8251: 8143: 8113: 8098: 8078: 8043: 7904: 7642: 2691: 2625: 2550: 2506: 2502: 2415: 2254: 1943: 1922: 1872: 1778: 1770: 1748: 1736: 1605: 1505: 1463: 1218: 1021: 1003: 568: 134: 129: 8889: 8033: 7993: 7786: 6159: 3243:, pp. 317–320. Over 50,000 other jobs were affected in the supply chain. 2517:, built to house his papers, on the campus of the University of Saskatchewan. 2337: 1095:, daughter of the Baptist minister, but in 1921, she moved with her family to 10817: 10796: 10564: 10454: 10394: 10314: 10194: 10118: 10059: 9879: 9857: 9644: 9542: 9527: 9482: 9337: 9327: 9292: 9169: 9154: 9114: 9061: 9041: 9011: 9001: 8971: 8869: 8839: 8834: 8656: 8633: 8577: 8475: 8450: 8286: 8261: 8133: 8108: 8053: 7872: 7337:

Reassessing the Rogue Tory: Canadian Foreign Relations in the Diefenbaker Era

6970:

Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow.

3223:, p. 235. Additionally, the Liberal victory in Yukon was vacated by the 3076: 2792: 2637: 2467: 2135: 1544: 1374:, but historians say that the fight against the internment never took place. 1366: 1347: 1269: 1108: 1014: 990: 930: 801: 531: 360: 8179: 7590: 3496:"Soldiers of the First World War – Item: DIEFENBAKER, JOHN GEORGE BANNERMAN" 2596:

in Prince Albert), others after (in 1993, Saskatoon renamed its airport the

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Wiseman, Nelson. "Minority Governments: The Diefenbaker-Pearson Years." in

6577:"Past Honorary Degree Recipients | University of Prince Edward Island" 3256: 3105: 2756: 2558: 2495: 2333: 2108: 2096: 1991: 1885: 1721: 1708: 1641: 1413: 1393: 1386: 1351: 1100: 1085: 937: 855: 778: 372: 116: 2525: 10698: 10644: 10594: 10584: 10424: 10414: 9994: 9829: 9532: 9522: 9437: 9036: 8956: 8909: 8809: 8739: 8608: 8346: 8326: 8236: 8093: 7854: 3200: 2972: 2738: 2699: 2542: 2372: 2100: 2023: 1932:

Three "Diefendollars", used to mock Diefenbaker during the 1962 campaign.

1651: 1305:

for the second consecutive time. Diefenbaker himself was defeated in the

1258: 1104: 782: 663: 506: 7963: 6455:"Honorary Graduates of Memorial University of Newfoundland 1960–Present" 3084: 1732:

Diefenbaker resigned. Diefenbaker sought a pretext for a new election.

975:, Diefenbaker recalled he saw injustice first-hand in his youth against 7205:"Diefenbaker tributes part of Tory efforts to rebrand Canadian history" 6831:

Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border

2882: 2363: 2116: 1892: 1472: 1257:. Three weeks after his electoral defeat, he married Saskatoon teacher 555: 5879:

Rise to Greatness: A History of Canada from the Vikings to the Present

79: 10384: 10374: 10002: 9958: 9442: 9422: 9412: 9194: 8981: 8567: 8316: 8068: 7998: 7363:

ed. J. L. Granatstein (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993), pp 152–167.

6804:

The Diefenbaker Legacy: Canadian Politics, Law and Society since 1957

6034:"List of McGill Honorary Degree Recipients from 1935 to October 2019" 2460: 2241: 2035: 2019: 1253:, he was given charge of political patronage there and was created a 1136: 953: 886: 839: 9072: 7307:(University of Toronto Press, 2018). pp 181–252; university textbook 10664: 7573: 3382: 3043: 2362:

There were calls for Diefenbaker's retirement, especially from the

2341: 1794: 1540: 1529: 1484: 1409: 1028:, and the following day, opened a small practice in the village of 914: 9598: 2158: 1449: 984: 8648: 7474:

Diefenbaker legacy: Canadian politics, law and society since 1957

7084: 5916:

Government of Canada Announces New National Historic Designations

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Diefenbaker chose not to stand for the House of Commons in the

617: 466: 7402:

Essence of Indecision: Diefenbaker's Nuclear Policy, 1957–1963

6152:"POMP AND CIRCUMSTANCE – Graduation Ceremonies 1828 – present" 4591: 4589: 4587: 4051: 4027: 3866: 2620:. It also gave Diefenbaker's name to a human rights award and 2575:, which came into force after his death. Canadian philosopher 2478: 2188:. Diefenbaker was handed a petition containing 142,000 names. 1170:. A nasty campaign ensued, in which Diefenbaker was called a " 1166:, a district in which the party's last candidate had lost his 730: 718: 712: 6238:"Royal Military College of Canada Honorary Degree Recipients" 5736: 5607: 2810: 2628:

often invoked Diefenbaker's northern vision in his speeches.

2233:

Canadians. Diefenbaker was severely criticized in the media.

2089: 1329:

for March 25, 1940. The incumbent in Lake Centre was Liberal

1055:

Recreation of Diefenbaker's first office, Wakaw, Saskatchewan

1051: 835: 7110:"Canadian PM Diefenbaker bored Jackie Kennedy, tapes reveal" 5782: 5780: 5778: 5726: 5724: 5648: 5646: 5549: 5547: 5390: 5388: 4999: 4997: 4682:"Visible majorities: History of Canadian immigration policy" 2475:, Diefenbaker regarded Clark as an upstart and a pipsqueak. 2399:

Diefenbaker addressed the delegates before Stanfield spoke:

1111:, but his health remained uncertain for several more years. 10929:

Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan

10874:

Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

5583: 5559: 5532: 5057: 5009: 4943: 4584: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3287: 1740: 724: 6959:

Trumpets and Drums: John Diefenbaker on the Campaign Trail

4823: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3820: 3818: 2207:

Kennedy was careful to avoid overt favouritism during the

1567: 773:. In 1903, his family migrated west to the portion of the 10869:

Canadian Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour

7131: 6797:

Canada 1957-1967: The years of uncertainty and innovation

5775: 5754: 5721: 5709: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5643: 5619: 5595: 5571: 5544: 5508: 5424: 5385: 5241: 5229: 5130: 4994: 4982: 4960: 4958: 4859: 4847: 4787: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4649: 4625: 4436: 4434: 4432: 3733: 3731: 3644: 3572: 3562: 3560: 1692:, the first woman to be appointed to a Cabinet post, and 1453:

Diefenbaker makes his point in the House of Commons, 1948

7250: 6780:

Foreign Policy of Canada: A Study in Diefenbaker's Years

6760:

The Worldly Years: The Life of Lester Pearson, 1949–1972

5825: 5792: 5699: 5697: 5496: 5472: 5448: 5361: 5349: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5217: 5205: 5181: 5142: 4811: 4799: 4777: 4775: 4700: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4461: 4417: 4357: 4210: 4198: 4147: 4087: 4063: 3984: 3960: 3948: 3924: 3895: 3878: 3854: 3803: 2532:'s statue of John Diefenbaker on Parliament Hill, Ottawa 1361:

Diefenbaker was appointed to the House Committee on the

7368:

Alvin: A Biography of the Honourable Alvin Hamilton, PC

5893:

Lament for a nation: the defeat of Canadian nationalism

4601: 4514: 4512: 4485: 4473: 4451: 4449: 4405: 4393: 4321: 4251: 4249: 4188: 4186: 4159: 4008: 3815: 3779: 3680: 852:

indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles

7134:"Stanfield tells Diefenbaker to button up about Clark" 5093: 5081: 4955: 4931: 4895: 4883: 4835: 4661: 4429: 4234: 3791: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3656: 3620: 3584: 3557: 3545: 3476: 3464: 3328: 3326: 2099:. The Arrow was a supersonic jet interceptor built by 1483:

in favour of Drew, appointing more than 300 delegates

1245:

Diefenbaker stood for the Legislative Assembly in the

1035: 6675:

Alliance and Illusion: Canada and the world 1945-1984

5952: 5842:

Alliance and Illusion: Canada and the World 1945–1984

5694: 5631: 5484: 5436: 5412: 5373: 5118: 5069: 5045: 5033: 5021: 4970: 4772: 4637: 4613: 4536: 4297: 4273: 2592:, the largest lake in Southern Saskatchewan, and the 2324:, Diefenbaker led the unsuccessful opposition to the 2058: 1994:

at the 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference.

1178:

was held on October 29; he finished third behind the

739: 727: 715: 6639:

I Stand For Canada; The Story of the Maple Leaf Flag

6122:"UBC Archives – Honorary Degree Citations 1958–1962" 5928: 5859: 5847: 5520: 5460: 5400: 5337: 5325: 5193: 4509: 4497: 4446: 4369: 4345: 4333: 4309: 4285: 4261: 4246: 4222: 4183: 4171: 4135: 4123: 4099: 4075: 3996: 3972: 3936: 3912: 3842: 3830: 3596: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3277: 3275: 3158: 3156: 3066: 2351:

In 1966, the Liberals began to make an issue of the

1854:

threw the machinery of his party behind the Tories.

952:. In February 1910, the Diefenbaker family moved to 948:, 160 acres (0.65 km) of undeveloped land near 881:

prompted opponents within the party to force him to

721: 709: 8722: 8434:

Secretaries of State for External Affairs (1909–83)

7500:(University of Toronto Press, 2020) pp. 67–82. 7421:(University of Toronto Press, 2016) pp. 75–95. 6922:

Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John Diefenbaker

6660:(revised ed.), HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., 5169: 4919: 4907: 4381: 4039: 3668: 3632: 3608: 3323: 3311: 3299: 2598:

Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport

2053: 1437: 1341: 1009:Diefenbaker was commissioned a lieutenant into the 706: 10954:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 10899:Canadian Secretaries of State for External Affairs 10182: 7518:Political Biography from the Library of Parliament 7060: 7011: 6989: 6967: 6914:Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs 6870: 6848: 6757: 6710: 6685: 5763: 4524: 4111: 3412:"John Diefenbaker and the Canadian Bill of Rights" 3227:and a Tory won the new election in December 1957. 2071:at the signing of the Columbia River Treaty, 1961. 1232: 1118: 944:(now in Saskatchewan). In 1906, William claimed a 873:. Diefenbaker stayed on as party leader, becoming 30:"Diefenbaker" redirects here. For other uses, see 5940: 3518: 3272: 3153: 1336: 10989:University of Saskatchewan College of Law alumni 10815: 8425: 7370:(Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1989). 7274:"Several 'Diefenbabies' suspected across nation" 1610:leadership convention in Ottawa in December 1956 6517:"Honorary Degrees – Wilfrid Laurier University" 6096:"Honorary Degrees – University of Saskatchewan" 2455:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour 2159:Bilateral antipathy: the Kennedy administration 1981: 1662: 1615:In January 1957, Diefenbaker took his place as 1543:and died in 1951. In 1953, Diefenbaker married 909:Diefenbaker was born on September 18, 1895, in 865:, the Progressive Conservatives narrowly won a 10934:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada 9600:Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan 7551:1960 Commencement Address at DePauw University 6948:. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). 5925:, Parks Canada news release, January 12, 2018. 2375:, began a quiet campaign to oust Diefenbaker. 1817:(Rise, rise, salute your chief!) according to 1067:. It was also easily accessible to Saskatoon, 255:December 14, 1956 – September 9, 1967 10904:Chancellors of the University of Saskatchewan 10168: 9770: 9584: 9236: 9088: 8708: 8411: 8209: 8195: 7949: 7595: 7256:, Parks Canada, March 7, 2014, archived from 6305:. University of Toronto. September 14, 2016. 5891:Grant, George Parkin; Potter, Andrew (2005). 3250: 2142:, but when Nixon's Democratic rival, Senator 1676:Diefenbaker greeting Queen Elizabeth II, 1957 1657: 1174:" because of his German-derived surname. The 243:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada 10969:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs 10959:Politicians from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan 10909:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs 9252:Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada 7650:Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party 7361:Canadian Foreign Policy: Historical Readings 3177: 1815:"Levez-vous, levez-vous, saluez votre chef!" 1404:(NDP)). To that end, he sought to draft the 9786:Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada 6730: 6705: 6680: 5890: 5565: 5538: 4949: 4877: 4057: 4033: 3872: 3650: 3578: 3293: 3204: 2464:succeeded Stanfield as party leader in 1976 2067:Diefenbaker (seated left) and US President 2000:meeting of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers 1586:discussed the state of the Tories in 1956: 1011:196th (Western Universities) Battalion, CEF 295:June 21, 1957 – September 12, 1957 181:April 22, 1963 – September 8, 1967 10879:Canadian military personnel of World War I 10475:The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord 10175: 10161: 9777: 9763: 9591: 9577: 9243: 9229: 9095: 9081: 8715: 8701: 8418: 8404: 8380: 8202: 8188: 7956: 7942: 7539:CBC Digital Archives – Dief the Chief 6942:. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). 6399:. Queen's University. September 14, 2011. 3234: 3210: 3193: 2306: 2180:Minister was also influenced by a massive 1423:Bracken was elected to the Commons in the 765:Diefenbaker was born in the small town of 350:August 10, 1953 – August 16, 1979 214:December 14, 1956 – June 20, 1957 78: 27:Prime Minister of Canada from 1957 to 1963 7395:The International Journal of Human Rights 7335:Cavell, Janice, and Ryan M. Touhey, eds. 7186:. CBC Digital Archives. August 16, 1979. 7132:The Canadian Press (September 23, 1977), 7031: 7009: 6987: 5742: 5613: 5589: 5502: 5478: 5454: 4706: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4491: 4479: 3406: 3404: 3141: 2007:government in the UK sought to enter the 1990:Diefenbaker stands to the right of Queen 1193:Handout for the Diefenbaker campaign 1926 1127:, the province had been dominated by the 1046: 395:March 26, 1940 – August 10, 1953 7472:Story, D. C. and R. Bruce Shepard, eds. 7404:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009) 7062:"Conservatives take the reins in Canada" 6851:Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years 6635: 6487:"1892 ‑ 1999 Honorary Degree Recipients" 5798: 4679: 3344: 2658:in recognition of his political career: 2524: 2477: 2408: 2344:" as Diefenbaker led the dissenters in " 2240: 2162: 2062: 2032:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 2028:referendum scheduled for later that year 1985: 1927: 1866:Diefenbaker with Charles de Gaulle, 1958 1861: 1671: 1448: 1291: 1236: 1188: 1050: 989: 900: 8551:Ministers of External Affairs (1983–95) 7763:Secretary of State for External Affairs 7736:Secretary of State for External Affairs 7202: 7058: 6965: 6777: 6755: 6235: 5934: 5063: 5015: 4889: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4607: 4595: 4440: 4387: 4240: 3168: 2573:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 2311: 2245:Button urging Diefenbaker's re-election 1568:Leader of the Opposition; 1957 election 777:that would soon become the province of 546: 1953; died 1976) 521: 1929; died 1951) 283:Secretary of State for External Affairs 108:June 21, 1957 – April 22, 1963 14: 10914:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada 10816: 10549:1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century 7271: 7107: 6992:Diefenbaker: Leadership Gained 1956–62 6846: 6819: 6406:from the original on February 27, 2020 6102:from the original on December 21, 2018 6004:"Honorary Degrees – Acadia University" 5175: 4901: 4829: 4667: 4411: 4399: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4177: 4165: 4117: 4045: 4021: 4002: 3824: 3785: 3686: 3602: 3401: 3332: 3317: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3187: 1857: 1769:According to the Minister of Finance, 1667: 1123:Since 1905, when Saskatchewan entered 10859:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers 10156: 9758: 9572: 9224: 9102: 9076: 8696: 8399: 8183: 7937: 7594: 7587:, the dictionary of Canadian politics 7203:Cheadle, Bruce (September 19, 2011), 7155: 7073:from the original on November 3, 2012 6937: 6919: 6868: 6822:The Canadian General Election of 1957 6655: 6587:from the original on October 24, 2020 6066:"Saint Mary's University – 1952–1970" 5984:from the original on October 18, 2017 5958: 5786: 5769: 5730: 5715: 5703: 5688: 5676: 5664: 5652: 5637: 5625: 5601: 5577: 5553: 5514: 5490: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5394: 5379: 5247: 5235: 5136: 5124: 5075: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5003: 4988: 4976: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4542: 4518: 4503: 4467: 4455: 4423: 4375: 4363: 4315: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4069: 3990: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3889: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3809: 3797: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3674: 3662: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3590: 3566: 3551: 3539: 3506:from the original on October 27, 2020 3482: 3470: 3452:from the original on November 5, 2021 3422:from the original on November 5, 2021 3389:from the original on October 21, 2020 3359:from the original on November 9, 2020 3305: 3281: 3244: 3240: 3183: 3162: 3147: 2182:demonstration against nuclear weapons 2107:, to defend Canada in the event of a 1372:internment of many Japanese-Canadians 1042:Electoral history of John Diefenbaker 891:rankings of prime ministers of Canada 804:and spearheaded them to one of their 750:, from 1957 to 1963. He was the only 10979:Saskatchewan political party leaders 10740:Children lost in residential schools 8592:Ministers of Foreign Affairs (1995–) 7226: 7190:from the original on August 26, 2012 7108:Druzin, Randi (September 14, 2011), 7014:Diefenbaker: Leadership Lost 1962–67 6828: 6312:from the original on October 1, 2018 5946: 5865: 5853: 5526: 5466: 5406: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5148: 5099: 5087: 4964: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4530: 3345:Charlton, Jonathan (July 25, 2017). 3121: 2482:The Diefenbaker grave, close by the 1828:, where nobody ever saw a minister. 1650:. The party picked up nine seats in 1398:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1084:In late 1920, he was elected to the 10894:Canadian people of Scottish descent 7433:Canada and Speeches from the Throne 7312:Cold fire: Kennedy's northern front 7272:Perkel, Colin (December 13, 2013), 6374:from the original on April 29, 2018 6180: 6014:from the original on April 29, 2018 5115:75.1 (2013): 94-120, at pp. 99–100. 2963:Memorial University of Newfoundland 2649: 2494:Diefenbaker defeated NDP candidate 1241:Diefenbaker as King's Counsel, 1929 1131:, which practised highly effective 1036:Barrister and candidate (1919–1940) 921:beginning in 1940 (the others were 24: 10974:Saskatchewan municipal councillors 10924:Leaders of the Opposition (Canada) 7623:Conservative Party of Saskatchewan 7297: 7284:from the original on March 4, 2016 7227:Cobb, Chris (September 20, 2011), 7215:from the original on March 4, 2016 7171:from the original on June 11, 2021 7144:from the original on June 11, 2021 7096:from the original on June 11, 2021 7059:Daniell, Raymond (June 22, 1957), 6799:(1986), the major scholarly survey 6613:from the original on April 5, 2019 6557:from the original on April 1, 2019 6527:from the original on July 28, 2022 6280:from the original on July 23, 2021 6132:from the original on July 29, 2022 6076:from the original on June 10, 2018 3035:University of Prince Edward Island 2059:Ike and John: the Eisenhower years 1951:By the time Diefenbaker called an 1418:party's 1942 leadership convention 869:before losing power altogether in 25: 11000: 10984:University of Saskatchewan alumni 10889:Canadian people of German descent 10839:20th-century Canadian politicians 7511: 7450:Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 7051: 6342:from the original on May 14, 2015 6273:. University of Western Ontario. 6197:from the original on May 22, 2018 3111:List of people from Prince Albert 2212:a split between Defence Minister 2030:. South Africa asked that year's 1976: 1617:Leader of the Official Opposition 10844:20th-century Canadian memoirists 10790: 10778: 8379: 8370: 8369: 6945:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 6924:, Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 6909:, vol. 45, no. 1 (2023), 134–51. 6599: 6569: 6539: 6509: 6479: 6447: 6418: 6386: 6354: 6324: 6292: 6260: 6229: 6174: 6144: 6114: 6088: 6058: 6026: 5996: 5964: 5909: 5884: 5871: 5834: 5105: 4673: 3083: 3069: 2837:Royal Military College of Canada 2420:a general election for June 1968 2385:a leadership convention for 1967 2336:. At the request of Quebec Tory 2281:years, stated of that campaign: 2054:Policy towards the United States 1784: 1756:responsibility of a great party. 1724:– the first to be opened by any 1438:Leadership contender (1948–1956) 1342:Mackenzie King years (1940–1948) 1186:candidates, losing his deposit. 702: 600: 10944:People from Wakaw, Saskatchewan 8724:Presidents of the Privy Council 7522:Diefenbaker's electoral results 7488:Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 7018:, University of Toronto Press, 6996:, University of Toronto Press, 6628: 6236:Bennett, Pete (July 19, 2016). 3488: 3434: 3371: 3338: 2132:Organization of American States 1534:Law Society of British Columbia 1287:Saskatchewan Conservative Party 1282:was defeated the following year 1233:Perennial candidate (1929–1940) 1119:Aspiring politician (1924–1929) 1080:erect a two-room wooden shack. 883:a leadership convention in 1967 842:helped secure the departure of 543: 518: 10184:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year 7794:President of the Privy Council 7314:(Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2016) 7229:"Old rivals .. new neighbours" 7209:Canadian Press Via Global News 6642:, Macfarlane Walter and Ross, 3128: 2927:Queen's University at Kingston 2783:University of British Columbia 2334:Peru's red-white-red tricolour 2216:and External Affairs Minister 1743:where he had been awarded the 1574:1957 Canadian federal election 1337:Parliamentary rise (1940–1957) 994:Diefenbaker as a law student, 13: 1: 7569:National Film Board of Canada 7507:no. 1 (January 2023), 134–51. 7505:International History Review, 6824:, University of Toronto Press 3442:"The Canadian Bill of Rights" 3116: 2855:University of Western Ontario 2654:Diefenbaker received several 2140:1960 US presidential election 1702:Canadian of Ukrainian descent 1690:Secretary of State for Canada 1400:(CCF, the predecessor of the 1363:Defence of Canada Regulations 1303:the 1938 provincial elections 995: 971:In a 1977 interview with the 905:John Diefenbaker's birthplace 896: 8427:Ministers of Foreign Affairs 6907:International History Review 6833:, McClelland & Stewart, 6362:"Honorary Degrees Conferred" 6300:"Honorary Degree Recipients" 3266: 3100:Dief Will Be the Chief Again 2999:Waterloo Lutheran University 2618:John G. Diefenbaker Building 2453:, Diefenbaker was created a 1982:Britain and the Commonwealth 1936:By mid-1961, differences in 1720:was opened on October 14 by 1663:Domestic events and policies 1392:The Conservatives elected a 1217:. Conservative Party leader 1088:to serve a three-year term. 830:and granted the vote to the 628:Canadian Expeditionary Force 32:Diefenbaker (disambiguation) 7: 10215:William Lyon Mackenzie King 7375:Canadian Journal of History 6950:University of Toronto Press 3500:Library and Archives Canada 3062: 2801:University of New Brunswick 2433:the Official Languages bill 2392:won by Nova Scotia Premier 2378:In the absence of a formal 2236: 2047:Prime Ministers' Conference 1203:William Lyon Mackenzie King 796:, on his third attempt. In 265:William Earl Rowe (interim) 10: 11005: 10728:Front-line workers in the 8119:Malcolm Wallace McCutcheon 7916:University of Saskatchewan 7481:Diplomacy & Statecraft 7459:December 22, 2021, at the 7442:December 22, 2021, at the 7426:Canadian Historical Review 7385:Canadian Historical Review 7344:Waterloo Historical Review 7032:Van Dusen, Thomas (1968), 6940:"Diefenbaker, John George" 6916:(U of Toronto Press, 1989) 6855:, McClelland and Stewart, 6782:, Uppal Publishing House, 6268:"Honorary Degrees Awarded" 5921:November 24, 2018, at the 2859:Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) 2769:Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) 2765:University of Saskatchewan 2322:Great Canadian Flag Debate 1953:election for June 18, 1962 1879:proposed that the wartime 1658:Prime Minister (1957–1963) 1571: 1477:1948 leadership convention 1441: 1039: 958:University of Saskatchewan 561:University of Saskatchewan 29: 10964:Prime ministers of Canada 10773: 10190: 10084: 10040: 10019: 9911: 9811: 9796: 9704: 9606: 9258: 9110: 8730: 8591: 8550: 8433: 8365: 8217: 8211:Prime ministers of Canada 7979: 7922: 7909: 7901: 7896: 7886: 7877: 7869: 7861: 7852: 7844: 7837: 7827: 7818: 7810: 7800: 7791: 7783: 7773: 7760: 7752: 7742: 7733: 7725: 7715: 7706: 7698: 7688: 7679: 7671: 7666: 7656: 7647: 7639: 7629: 7619: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596:Links to related articles 7411:November 5, 2013, at the 7328:October 13, 2021, at the 7010:Stursberg, Peter (1976), 6988:Stursberg, Peter (1975), 6778:Gabriel, Soloman (1987), 6367:. University of Windsor. 4721:, pp. 284, 367, 414. 3446:Diefenbaker Canada Centre 2955:Newfoundland and Labrador 2561:writes that Diefenbaker: 2520: 1747:), moved an amendment to 1489:an election for June 1949 1223:dissolution of Parliament 669: 659: 649: 641: 633: 623: 613: 608: 596: 579: 554: 495: 485: 481:, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 479:Diefenbaker Canada Centre 473: 456: 432: 427: 423: 411: 399: 388: 378: 366: 354: 343: 331: 319: 309: 299: 288: 281: 269: 259: 248: 240: 230: 218: 207: 195: 185: 174: 167: 155: 143: 122: 112: 101: 93: 89: 77: 41: 10750:Canada convoy protesters 9913:Progressive Conservative 7880:MP for Prince Albert, SK 7821:Leader of the Opposition 7709:Prime Minister of Canada 7682:Leader of the Opposition 7607:Party political offices 7161:"Big Thunder sounds off" 5972:"University Secretariat" 3052:University of the Punjab 2271:motion of non-confidence 2198:ambassador to Washington 1718:23rd Canadian Parliament 1709:the Parliament buildings 1278:1934 provincial election 1247:1929 provincial election 919:19th Canadian Parliament 879:second loss at the polls 812:), as well as the first 752:Progressive Conservative 748:prime minister of Canada 490:Progressive Conservative 169:Leader of the Opposition 96:Prime Minister of Canada 10939:People from Grey County 10919:Lawyers in Saskatchewan 10864:Canadian King's Counsel 8084:William McLean Hamilton 7848:John Frederick Johnston 7532:March 28, 2010, at the 7319:Saskatchewan Law Review 6974:, McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 6966:Stewart, Greig (1991), 6877:, Stoddart Publishing, 6829:Nash, Knowlton (1990), 6740:, Macmillan of Canada, 6717:, Macmillan of Canada, 6692:, Macmillan of Canada, 6656:Bliss, Michael (2004), 6636:Archbold, Rick (2002), 6547:"University of Alberta" 6429:Office of the President 4680:McIntyre, Tony (2001). 3225:Yukon Territorial Court 2747:Saint Mary's University 2471:According to columnist 2318:Kennedy's assassination 2307:Later years (1963–1979) 1998:Diefenbaker attended a 1897:Canadian Bill of Rights 1444:Canoe River train crash 1331:John Frederick Johnston 1197:The winning candidate, 848:Commonwealth of Nations 827:Canadian Bill of Rights 676:John George Diefenbaker 437:John George Diefenbaker 406:John Frederick Johnston 10949:People of the Cold War 7855:MP for Lake Centre, SK 7579:March 4, 2021, at the 7556:June 10, 2011, at the 7544:March 8, 2018, at the 7490:21.3 (2015): 257–271. 7452:32.1 (2017): 229–240. 7387:97.2 (2016): 165–194. 7377:52.2 (2017): 264–289. 7159:(September 23, 1977), 6956:Spencer, Dick (1994). 6901:June 12, 2023, at the 6869:Peden, Murray (1987), 6847:Newman, Peter (1963), 6756:English, John (1992), 6426:"DIEFENBAKER, John G." 6156:graduations.lib.unb.ca 3056:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 3021:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 3003:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2985:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2967:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2949:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2931:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2913:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2895:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2877:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2841:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2823:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2805:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2787:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2751:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2733:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 2647: 2606:National Historic Site 2604:; it was designated a 2586: 2568: 2553:, that Canada joined. 2533: 2486: 2406: 2292: 2251:NATO Supreme Commander 2246: 2209:1962 Canadian election 2184:, which took place on 2168: 2072: 1995: 1933: 1915: 1867: 1808: 1767: 1758: 1713:Universal Postal Union 1677: 1637: 1593: 1555:in 1956—the so-called 1501: 1454: 1297: 1242: 1194: 1056: 1047:Wakaw days (1919–1924) 999: 906: 775:North-West Territories 8009:William Joseph Browne 8004:Alfred Johnson Brooks 7527:Diefenbaker Homestead 7483:31.2 (2020): 326–349. 7400:McMahon. Patricia I. 7397:20.3 (2016): 343–364. 7353:July 7, 2022, at the 7260:on September 26, 2015 6938:Smith, Denis (2016). 6920:Smith, Denis (1995), 6820:Meisel, John (1962), 6813:75.1 (2013): 94–120, 6332:"Facts & Figures" 3017:University of Alberta 2909:University of Windsor 2873:University of Toronto 2642: 2631:Conservative Senator 2622:an icebreaking vessel 2581: 2563: 2528: 2481: 2451:1976 New Year Honours 2409:Final years and death 2401: 2283: 2244: 2166: 2153:Columbia River Treaty 2066: 1989: 1931: 1910: 1908:views on this issue: 1865: 1800: 1762: 1753: 1711:had been lent to the 1704:to serve in Cabinet. 1675: 1632: 1598:University of Toronto 1588: 1496: 1452: 1425:1945 general election 1295: 1266:1930 federal election 1240: 1215:refused a dissolution 1192: 1176:1925 federal election 1077:Court of King's Bench 1054: 993: 942:Northwest Territories 923:Robert Henry McGregor 904: 863:1962 federal election 756:majority of the seats 634:Years of service 10884:Canadian monarchists 10719:Jody Wilson-Raybould 10605:The Canadian Soldier 9798:Liberal-Conservative 9706:Leadership elections 8064:Howard Charles Green 7839:Parliament of Canada 7615:James T. M. Anderson 7567:, documentary film, 7469:108.1 (2019): 81–85. 7419:Our place in the sun 7120:on November 20, 2011 6912:Robinson, H. Basil. 6491:Dalhousie University 6336:Princeton University 6098:. library.usask.ca. 5812:CBC Digital Archives 5164:1979-08-17, Obituary 3027:Prince Edward Island 2981:Dalhousie University 2945:University of Ottawa 2891:Princeton University 2440:that year's election 2312:Return to opposition 2300:Quebec Social Credit 2249:On January 3, 1963, 2225:Cuban Missile Crisis 2069:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1895:, he introduced the 1830:Canora, Saskatchewan 1553:TransCanada pipeline 1402:New Democratic Party 1155:Legislative Assembly 1006:the following year. 981:Indigenous Canadians 950:Borden, Saskatchewan 771:Southwestern Ontario 379:Member of Parliament 333:Member of Parliament 44:The Right Honourable 8124:Frank Charles McGee 7926:Emmett Matthew Hall 7667:Government offices 7278:Winnipeg Free Press 7239:on December 1, 2014 7092:, August 17, 1979, 6890:Prymak, Thomas, M. 6795:Granatstein, J. L. 6609:. August 21, 2012. 6046:on January 22, 2021 5789:, pp. 575–577. 5745:, pp. 200–201. 5733:, pp. 571–574. 5718:, pp. 570–571. 5691:, pp. 567–568. 5679:, pp. 565–567. 5667:, pp. 563–564. 5655:, pp. 559–563. 5628:, pp. 558–559. 5616:, pp. 171–176. 5604:, pp. 534–536. 5580:, pp. 539–541. 5556:, pp. 522–524. 5517:, pp. 509–510. 5433:, pp. 478–479. 5397:, pp. 471–472. 5370:, pp. 223–225. 5358:, pp. 203–204. 5322:, pp. 188–189. 5310:, pp. 189–190. 5298:, pp. 180–184. 5286:, pp. 176–177. 5274:, pp. 167–168. 5262:, pp. 162–164. 5250:, pp. 435–436. 5238:, pp. 433–435. 5226:, pp. 156–158. 5214:, pp. 144–146. 5190:, pp. 139–141. 5151:, pp. 126–128. 5139:, pp. 385–388. 5066:, pp. 244–245. 5018:, pp. 254–255. 5006:, pp. 307–308. 4991:, pp. 295–296. 4880:, pp. 211–212. 4832:, pp. 272–274. 4796:, pp. 437–439. 4769:, pp. 412–413. 4757:, pp. 400–406. 4745:, pp. 397–399. 4733:, pp. 393–394. 4658:, pp. 195–196. 4634:, pp. 287–289. 4598:, pp. 201–202. 4470:, pp. 287–288. 4426:, pp. 272–273. 4366:, pp. 238–240. 4219:, pp. 217–218. 4207:, pp. 203–204. 4156:, pp. 201–203. 4096:, pp. 185–189. 4072:, pp. 573–574. 4060:, pp. 271–272. 4036:, pp. 268–269. 3993:, pp. 166–167. 3969:, pp. 135–136. 3957:, pp. 131–134. 3933:, pp. 128–129. 3909:, pp. 120–122. 3892:, pp. 194–195. 3875:, pp. 223–224. 3863:, pp. 114–115. 3812:, pp. 102–103. 3502:. August 23, 2013. 2819:University of Delhi 2713:Doctor of Civil Law 2687:McMaster University 2368:an election in 1965 2330:Canadian Red Ensign 2275:Social Credit Party 2263:Minister of Justice 2194:Livingston Merchant 1858:Mandate (1958–1962) 1826:Smoky Lake, Alberta 1668:Minority government 1621:election on June 10 1580:Social Credit Party 1406:Liberal-Progressive 1159:provincial election 1075:, places where the 1030:Wakaw, Saskatchewan 927:Joseph Henry Harris 867:minority government 84:Diefenbaker in 1957 18:John G. Diefenbaker 10854:Canadian diplomats 10785:History portal 8169:David James Walker 8159:Sidney Earle Smith 8129:Jay Waldo Monteith 8049:Hugh John Flemming 8024:Henri Courtemanche 7804:Maurice Lamontagne 7756:Sidney Earle Smith 7746:Sidney Earle Smith 7428:(2021): e20200041. 7339:(UBC Press, 2018). 7067:The New York Times 6673:Bothwell, Robert. 6394:"Honorary Degrees" 6221:has generic name ( 6126:www.library.ubc.ca 5756:The Canadian Press 4820:, pp. 255–56. 4808:, pp. 251–53. 3199:Diefenbaker was a 2779:September 25, 1958 2594:Diefenbaker Bridge 2534: 2515:Diefenbaker Centre 2487: 2484:Diefenbaker Centre 2346:God Save the Queen 2247: 2169: 2073: 1996: 1934: 1868: 1819:Postmaster General 1722:Queen Elizabeth II 1698:Minister of Labour 1678: 1517:in Prince Albert. 1515:Diefenbaker's home 1455: 1327:a general election 1298: 1251:Prince Albert City 1243: 1195: 1144:Conservative Party 1057: 1000: 956:, the site of the 907: 447:September 18, 1895 326:Sidney Earle Smith 10849:Canadian Baptists 10811: 10810: 10805: 10804: 10797:Canada portal 10730:COVID-19 pandemic 10335:Lester B. Pearson 10305:Lester B. Pearson 10255:Lester B. Pearson 10235:Lester B. Pearson 10225:Louis St. Laurent 10205:Barbara Ann Scott 10150: 10149: 10042:Canadian Alliance 9752: 9751: 9566: 9565: 9218: 9217: 9104:Dean of the House 9070: 9069: 8690: 8689: 8393: 8392: 8177: 8176: 7932: 7931: 7923:Succeeded by 7897:Academic offices 7887:Succeeded by 7862:Succeeded by 7828:Succeeded by 7814:Lester B. Pearson 7801:Succeeded by 7774:Succeeded by 7743:Succeeded by 7729:Lester B. Pearson 7719:Lester B. Pearson 7716:Succeeded by 7702:Louis St. Laurent 7692:Louis St. Laurent 7689:Succeeded by 7675:William Earl Rowe 7657:Succeeded by 7630:Succeeded by 7498:Partisan Odysseys 7305:Canada Since 1945 6764:, Vintage Books, 6732:Diefenbaker, John 6707:Diefenbaker, John 6682:Diefenbaker, John 6467:on April 29, 2018 6248:on March 21, 2021 6162:on April 27, 2018 5902:978-0-7735-3010-2 5840:Robert Bothwell, 5592:, pp. 61–62. 5102:, pp. 61–62. 5090:, pp. 59–61. 4967:, pp. 56–57. 4940:, pp. 54–55. 4868:, pp. 58–63. 4856:, pp. 56–57. 4414:, pp. 63–65. 4402:, pp. 61–63. 4330:, pp. 57–58. 4168:, pp. 17–18. 4024:, pp. 29–30. 3827:, pp. 23–24. 3800:, pp. 98–99. 3788:, pp. 22–23. 3776:, pp. 81–83. 3764:, pp. 76–77. 3752:, pp. 58–60. 3740:, pp. 70–71. 3725:, pp. 56–57. 3713:, pp. 47–50. 3701:, pp. 44–46. 3689:, pp. 19–20. 3665:, pp. 41–42. 3629:, pp. 38–39. 3593:, pp. 34–35. 3569:, pp. 31–33. 3554:, pp. 20–30. 3485:, pp. 19–20. 3473:, pp. 15–16. 3385:. July 27, 2017. 3296:, pp. 17–18. 3122:Explanatory notes 3060: 3059: 2815:November 11, 1958 2743:February 12, 1958 2729:McGill University 2708:Acadia University 2614:Harper government 2602:Diefenbaker House 2418:. Trudeau called 2380:leadership review 2097:Avro CF-105 Arrow 2078:Dwight Eisenhower 2013:Charles de Gaulle 1852:Maurice Duplessis 1804:John A. Macdonald 1745:Nobel Peace Prize 1459:Louis St. Laurent 1356:Orders in Council 1184:Progressive Party 1097:Brandon, Manitoba 1026:called to the bar 1022:articling student 911:Neustadt, Ontario 875:Opposition leader 806:greatest triumphs 673: 672: 469:, Ontario, Canada 450:Neustadt, Ontario 315:Lester B. Pearson 236:Louis St. Laurent 225:William Earl Rowe 191:Lester B. Pearson 162:Lester B. Pearson 150:Louis St. Laurent 123:Governors General 16:(Redirected from 10996: 10824:John Diefenbaker 10795: 10794: 10793: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10760:Pierre Poilievre 10709:Humboldt Broncos 10635:Russell Williams 10495:Jacques Parizeau 10325:John Diefenbaker 10265:John Diefenbaker 10177: 10170: 10163: 10154: 10153: 10143: 10136: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10106: 10099: 10077: 10070: 10062: 10055: 10033: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9940: 9932: 9925: 9904: 9897: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9825: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9756: 9755: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9570: 9569: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9222: 9221: 9180:John Diefenbaker 9140:Rodolphe Lemieux 9097: 9090: 9083: 9074: 9073: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8694: 8693: 8653: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8397: 8396: 8383: 8382: 8373: 8372: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8181: 8180: 8139:Raymond O'Hurley 8104:James Macdonnell 8089:Douglas Harkness 8039:Ellen Fairclough 8014:Gordon Churchill 7983:John Diefenbaker 7972:John Diefenbaker 7958: 7951: 7944: 7935: 7934: 7902:Preceded by 7870:Preceded by 7845:Preceded by 7811:Preceded by 7784:Preceded by 7768: 7753:Preceded by 7726:Preceded by 7699:Preceded by 7672:Preceded by 7660:Robert Stanfield 7640:Preceded by 7612:Preceded by 7604: 7603: 7592: 7591: 7574:"Dief the Chief" 7321:82 (2019): 121+ 7292: 7291: 7289: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7235:, archived from 7223: 7222: 7220: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7116:, archived from 7104: 7103: 7101: 7090:Montreal Gazette 7081: 7080: 7078: 7064: 7046: 7028: 7017: 7006: 6995: 6984: 6973: 6953: 6934: 6895: 6887: 6876: 6873:Fall of an Arrow 6865: 6854: 6843: 6825: 6792: 6774: 6763: 6750: 6727: 6716: 6702: 6691: 6670: 6652: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6497:on April 1, 2019 6493:. 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7298:Further reading 7295: 7287: 7285: 7263: 7261: 7242: 7240: 7218: 7216: 7193: 7191: 7184:"Farewell Dief" 7174: 7172: 7147: 7145: 7123: 7121: 7099: 7097: 7076: 7074: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7036:, McGraw-Hill, 7026: 7004: 6982: 6932: 6903:Wayback Machine 6893: 6885: 6863: 6841: 6790: 6772: 6748: 6725: 6700: 6668: 6650: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6607:"CO 1069-515-5" 6605: 6604: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6551:www.ualberta.ca 6545: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6435:on May 22, 2018 6424: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6234: 6230: 6218: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6198: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6064: 6063: 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10689:Justin Trudeau 10686: 10685: 10684: 10679:Nathan Cirillo 10672: 10671: 10670: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10625:Stephen Harper 10622: 10621: 10620: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10555:Pierre Trudeau 10552: 10551: 10550: 10545:Pierre Trudeau 10542: 10541: 10540: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10515:Donovan Bailey 10512: 10511: 10510: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10465:Brian Mulroney 10462: 10461: 10460: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10445:Michael Wilson 10442: 10441: 10440: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10405:Brian Mulroney 10402: 10401: 10400: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10365:Pierre Trudeau 10362: 10361: 10360: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10345:Pierre Trudeau 10342: 10341: 10340: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10312: 10311: 10310: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10275:Joey Smallwood 10272: 10271: 10270: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10180: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10157: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10137: 10129: 10122: 10115: 10107: 10100: 10096:Lynch-Staunton 10091: 10089: 10088:(2003–present) 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10071: 10063: 10056: 10047: 10045: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10026: 10024: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9970: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9933: 9926: 9918: 9916: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9818: 9816: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9801: 9794: 9793: 9782: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 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8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8720: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8697: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8595: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8423: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8400: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8207: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8184: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8154:Pierre Sévigny 8151: 8146: 8144:George Pearkes 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8114:Paul Martineau 8111: 8106: 8101: 8099:Marcel Lambert 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8079:Alvin Hamilton 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8044:Donald Fleming 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7969:Prime Minister 7961: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7938: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7921: 7908: 7905:E. M. Culliton 7903: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7885: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7826: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7799: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7772: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7741: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7714: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7687: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7655: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7628: 7621:Leader of the 7618: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7589: 7588: 7571: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7524: 7513: 7512:External links 7510: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7446: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7398: 7391: 7381: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7340: 7333: 7315: 7308: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7269: 7248: 7233:Ottawa Citizen 7224: 7200: 7180: 7165:Ottawa Citizen 7157:Lynch, Charles 7153: 7138:Ottawa Citizen 7129: 7105: 7082: 7055: 7053: 7052:Online sources 7050: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7029: 7024: 7007: 7002: 6985: 6980: 6963: 6954: 6935: 6930: 6917: 6910: 6888: 6883: 6866: 6861: 6844: 6839: 6826: 6817: 6807: 6806:(1998): 57–70. 6800: 6793: 6788: 6775: 6770: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6728: 6723: 6698: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6653: 6648: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6598: 6568: 6538: 6508: 6478: 6446: 6417: 6385: 6353: 6323: 6291: 6259: 6242:www.rmc-cmr.ca 6228: 6173: 6143: 6113: 6087: 6057: 6025: 5995: 5963: 5961:, p. 186. 5951: 5939: 5927: 5908: 5901: 5883: 5881:(2014) 819–20. 5877:Conrad Black, 5870: 5868:, p. 114. 5858: 5856:, p. 310. 5846: 5844:(2007) p. 135. 5833: 5818: 5803: 5801:, p. 147. 5791: 5774: 5762: 5747: 5743:Stursberg 1976 5735: 5720: 5708: 5706:, p. 568. 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5642: 5640:, p. 559. 5630: 5618: 5614:Stursberg 1976 5606: 5594: 5590:Van Dusen 1968 5582: 5570: 5568:, p. 272. 5558: 5543: 5541:, p. 223. 5531: 5529:, p. 314. 5519: 5507: 5503:Stursberg 1976 5495: 5493:, p. 504. 5483: 5479:Stursberg 1976 5471: 5469:, p. 273. 5459: 5455:Stursberg 1976 5447: 5445:, p. 485. 5435: 5423: 5421:, p. 475. 5411: 5409:, p. 245. 5399: 5384: 5382:, p. 469. 5372: 5360: 5348: 5346:, p. 200. 5336: 5334:, p. 194. 5324: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5202:, p. 144. 5192: 5180: 5168: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5127:, p. 382. 5117: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5078:, p. 317. 5068: 5056: 5054:, p. 316. 5044: 5042:, p. 310. 5032: 5030:, p. 309. 5020: 5008: 4993: 4981: 4979:, p. 292. 4969: 4954: 4952:, p. 157. 4942: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4904:, p. 258. 4894: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4784:, p. 442. 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4707:Van Dusen 1968 4699: 4672: 4670:, p. 101. 4660: 4648: 4646:, p. 335. 4636: 4624: 4622:, p. 282. 4612: 4610:, p. 203. 4600: 4583: 4579:Stursberg 1975 4571: 4567:Stursberg 1975 4559: 4555:Stursberg 1975 4547: 4545:, p. 280. 4535: 4523: 4521:, p. 279. 4508: 4506:, p. 278. 4496: 4492:Stursberg 1975 4484: 4480:Stursberg 1975 4472: 4460: 4458:, p. 276. 4445: 4443:, p. 200. 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4378:, p. 244. 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4318:, p. 235. 4308: 4306:, p. 286. 4296: 4284: 4282:, p. 158. 4272: 4260: 4245: 4243:, p. 185. 4233: 4231:, p. 224. 4221: 4209: 4197: 4195:, p. 188. 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4144:, p. 200. 4134: 4132:, p. 199. 4122: 4110: 4108:, p. 202. 4098: 4086: 4084:, p. 195. 4074: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3981:, p. 155. 3971: 3959: 3947: 3945:, p. 130. 3935: 3923: 3921:, p. 125. 3911: 3894: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3851:, p. 116. 3841: 3839:, p. 109. 3829: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3556: 3544: 3517: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3433: 3400: 3370: 3337: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3249: 3247:, p. 157. 3233: 3231:, p. 239. 3209: 3192: 3176: 3167: 3152: 3140: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3080: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2692:Doctor of Laws 2689: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2651: 2648: 2551:Brian Mulroney 2522: 2519: 2507:Hall of Honour 2416:Pierre Trudeau 2410: 2407: 2389:"deux nations" 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2255:Lauris Norstad 2238: 2235: 2160: 2157: 2138:would win the 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1977:Foreign policy 1975: 1944:Canada Gazette 1923:Georges Vanier 1873:Bank of Canada 1859: 1856: 1811:Pierre Sévigny 1786: 1783: 1779:Vincent Massey 1771:Donald Fleming 1737:Lester Pearson 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1606:Donald Fleming 1572:Main article: 1569: 1566: 1506:gerrymandering 1464:George A. Drew 1439: 1436: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1255:King's Counsel 1234: 1231: 1219:Arthur Meighen 1120: 1117: 1065:district court 1048: 1045: 1037: 1034: 1004:Master of Arts 940:, then in the 898: 895: 816:member of the 671: 670: 667: 666: 661: 657: 656: 651: 647: 646: 643: 639: 638: 635: 631: 630: 625: 624:Branch/service 621: 620: 615: 611: 610: 606: 605: 598: 594: 593: 591: 590: 587: 583: 581: 577: 576: 558: 552: 551: 539: 535: 530: 529: 528: 527: 514: 510: 505: 504: 503: 502: 499: 497: 493: 492: 487: 483: 482: 475: 471: 470: 464:(aged 83) 458: 454: 453: 436: 434: 430: 429: 425: 424: 421: 420: 415: 409: 408: 403: 397: 396: 386: 385: 376: 375: 370: 364: 363: 358: 352: 351: 341: 340: 329: 328: 323: 317: 316: 313: 307: 306: 303: 301:Prime Minister 297: 296: 286: 285: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 246: 245: 241:Leader of the 238: 237: 234: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 189: 183: 182: 172: 171: 165: 164: 159: 153: 152: 147: 141: 140: 138: 137: 135:Georges Vanier 132: 130:Vincent Massey 126: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 99: 98: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 75: 74: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11001: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10748: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10727: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10717: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10655:Luka Magnotta 10653: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10636: 10633: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10613: 10608: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10575:Jean Chrétien 10573: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10565:Stockwell Day 10563: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10535:Jean Chrétien 10533: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10455:Elijah Harper 10453: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10423: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10413: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10395:Wayne Gretzky 10393: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10373: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10363: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10355:René Lévesque 10353: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10343: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10333: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10315:Lucien Rivard 10313: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10303: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10295:Réal Caouette 10293: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10273: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10263: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10195:Igor Gouzenko 10193: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10173: 10171: 10166: 10164: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9855: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9780: 9775: 9773: 9768: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9703: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9608:Party leaders 9605: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9587: 9582: 9580: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9234: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190:Robert Coates 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9170:Azellus Denis 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160:Charles Power 9158: 9156: 9155:Arthur Cardin 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9115:John Costigan 9113: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9098: 9093: 9091: 9086: 9084: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8718: 8713: 8711: 8706: 8704: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8549: 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E. Trudeau 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8312:P. E. Trudeau 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8198: 8193: 8191: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8164:Michael Starr 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8134:George Nowlan 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8109:Angus MacLean 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8054:Jacques Flynn 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7978: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7952: 7947: 7945: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7882: 7881: 7874: 7873:Francis Helme 7868: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7831:Michael Starr 7823: 7822: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7796: 7795: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7769: 7764: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7730: 7724: 7720: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7697: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7676: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7616: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406:online review 7403: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7310:Boyko, John. 7309: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7225: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7045: 7043:0-665-25329-X 7039: 7035: 7030: 7027: 7025:0-8020-2225-1 7021: 7016: 7015: 7008: 7005: 7003:0-8020-2130-1 6999: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6983: 6981:0-07-551119-3 6977: 6972: 6971: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6933: 6931:0-921912-92-7 6927: 6923: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6889: 6886: 6884:0-7737-5105-X 6880: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6864: 6862:0-7710-6747-X 6858: 6853: 6852: 6845: 6842: 6840:0-7710-6705-4 6836: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6811:The Historian 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6789:81-85024-24-3 6785: 6781: 6776: 6773: 6771:0-394-28015-6 6767: 6762: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6747:0-7705-1569-X 6743: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724:0-7705-1443-X 6720: 6715: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699:0-7705-1331-X 6695: 6690: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6667:0-00-639484-1 6663: 6659: 6654: 6651: 6649:1-55199-108-X 6645: 6641: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6463: 6456: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6370: 6363: 6357: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6308: 6301: 6295: 6276: 6269: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5799:Archbold 2002 5795: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5666: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5505:, p. 94. 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5481:, p. 89. 5480: 5475: 5468: 5463: 5457:, p. 80. 5456: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5113:The Historian 5108: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4928:, p. 50. 4927: 4922: 4916:, p. 46. 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4892:, p. 66. 4891: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4844:, p. 53. 4843: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4709:, p. 79. 4708: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4581:, p. 95. 4580: 4575: 4569:, p. 94. 4568: 4563: 4557:, p. 98. 4556: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4533:, p. 49. 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4494:, p. 89. 4493: 4488: 4482:, p. 88. 4481: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4354:, p. 58. 4353: 4348: 4342:, p. 56. 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4294:, p. 54. 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4270:, p. 52. 4269: 4264: 4258:, p. 53. 4257: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4180:, p. 16. 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4005:, p. 28. 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3677:, p. 43. 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3653:, p. 64. 3652: 3647: 3641:, p. 41. 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3617:, p. 38. 3616: 3611: 3605:, p. 18. 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3581:, p. 79. 3580: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3510:September 15, 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3335:, p. 16. 3334: 3329: 3327: 3320:, p. 15. 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3190:, p. 21. 3189: 3185: 3180: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3136:Conservatives 3134:Known as the 3131: 3127: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3077:Canada portal 3067: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995:November 1968 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2793:New Brunswick 2791: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2638:Michael Bliss 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2473:Charles Lynch 2469: 2468:Claude Wagner 2465: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136:Richard Nixon 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2070: 2065: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2009:Common Market 2006: 2001: 1993: 1988: 1974: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1791:1958 election 1785:1958 election 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:Michael Starr 1691: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1578:By 1956, the 1575: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:a train crash 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1510:1953 election 1507: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1451: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1367:maiden speech 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:Robert Manion 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1270:R. B. Bennett 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1239: 1230: 1228: 1227:1926 election 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:Prince Albert 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:Liberal Party 1126: 1125:Confederation 1116: 1112: 1110: 1109:gastric ulcer 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093:Olive Freeman 1089: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:Prince Albert 1066: 1062: 1053: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1015:psychosomatic 1012: 1007: 1005: 992: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 931:George Tustin 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 903: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832:First Nations 829: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 802:snap election 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 744: 735: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 668: 665: 662: 658: 655: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 629: 626: 622: 619: 616: 612: 607: 603: 599: 595: 588: 585: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 559: 557: 553: 533: 526: 525: 508: 501: 500: 498: 494: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 474:Resting place 472: 468: 459: 455: 451: 435: 431: 426: 422: 419: 416: 410: 407: 404: 398: 392: 387: 384: 377: 374: 371: 365: 362: 361:Francis Helme 359: 353: 347: 342: 339: 338:Prince Albert 334: 330: 327: 324: 318: 314: 308: 304: 298: 292: 287: 284: 280: 277: 274: 268: 264: 258: 252: 247: 244: 239: 235: 229: 226: 223: 217: 211: 206: 203: 202:Michael Starr 200: 194: 190: 184: 178: 173: 170: 166: 163: 160: 154: 151: 148: 142: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 105: 100: 97: 92: 88: 81: 76: 71: 66: 62: 58: 54: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10485:Kim Campbell 10324: 10264: 10245:Marilyn Bell 10086:Conservative 9944: 9813:Conservative 9636: 9397: 9382: 9205:Bill Blaikie 9179: 9165:William Rowe 9120:John Haggart 8932:D. Macdonald 8894: 8505: 8495: 8301: 8059:Davie Fulton 8019:Paul Comtois 7982: 7981: 7971: 7910: 7890:Stan Hovdebo 7878: 7853: 7819: 7792: 7777:Howard Green 7761: 7734: 7707: 7680: 7648: 7620: 7584: 7563: 7504: 7497: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7449: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7401: 7394: 7384: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7343: 7336: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7286:, retrieved 7277: 7262:, retrieved 7258:the original 7252: 7241:, retrieved 7237:the original 7232: 7217:, retrieved 7208: 7192:. Retrieved 7173:, retrieved 7164: 7146:, retrieved 7137: 7122:, retrieved 7118:the original 7113: 7098:, retrieved 7089: 7077:December 27, 7075:, retrieved 7066: 7033: 7013: 6991: 6969: 6958: 6943: 6921: 6913: 6906: 6872: 6850: 6830: 6821: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6779: 6759: 6736: 6731: 6712: 6706: 6687: 6681: 6674: 6657: 6638: 6629:Bibliography 6615:. Retrieved 6601: 6589:. Retrieved 6580: 6571: 6559:. Retrieved 6550: 6541: 6529:. Retrieved 6520: 6511: 6499:. Retrieved 6495:the original 6490: 6481: 6469:. Retrieved 6462:the original 6449: 6437:. Retrieved 6433:the original 6428: 6420: 6408:. Retrieved 6388: 6376:. Retrieved 6356: 6344:. Retrieved 6335: 6326: 6314:. Retrieved 6294: 6282:. Retrieved 6262: 6250:. Retrieved 6246:the original 6241: 6231: 6199:. Retrieved 6190: 6184: 6176: 6164:. Retrieved 6160:the original 6155: 6146: 6134:. Retrieved 6125: 6116: 6104:. Retrieved 6090: 6078:. Retrieved 6069: 6060: 6048:. Retrieved 6041:the original 6028: 6016:. Retrieved 6007: 5998: 5986:. Retrieved 5966: 5954: 5942: 5935:Cheadle 2011 5930: 5911: 5892: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5841: 5836: 5827:Parks Canada 5826: 5821: 5811: 5806: 5794: 5765: 5755: 5750: 5738: 5711: 5684: 5672: 5660: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5534: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5486: 5474: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5161: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5112: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5064:Stewart 1991 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5016:Stewart 1991 5011: 4984: 4972: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4890:Gabriel 1987 4885: 4873: 4866:Gabriel 1987 4861: 4854:Gabriel 1987 4849: 4842:Gabriel 1987 4837: 4825: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690:. 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