36:
647:. The A series is "the series of positions running from the far past through the near past to the present, and then from the present to the near future and the far future" (p. 458). This is contrasted with the B series, in which positions are ordered from earlier-than to later-than relations. Thus the A series represents the events in time in a moving relation (from future to present to past) to the temporally moving observer, whereas the B series orders the time events as in firm and fixed relations to other time events.
808:
113:
1692:
708:. There is a vicious circle because the response requires us to invoke the A-series determinations of future, present, and past to explain how the events of the series do not exemplify those determinations simultaneously but successively. And there is a vicious regress because invoking tense to explain how different tenses are exemplified successively, gives rise to second-order tenses that again are incompatible unless we again invoke tense to show how they are exemplified successively,
1711:
667:"It began by being a future event. It became every moment an event in the nearer future. At last it was a present event. Then it became past, and will always remain so, though every moment it becomes further and further past. Thus we seem forced to the conclusion that all change is only a change in the characteristics imparted to events by their presence in the A series" (p. 460).
663:
series then there cannot be said to be change. At the centre of his argument is the example of the death of Queen Anne. This event is a death, it has certain causes and certain effects, it is later than the death of Queen
Elizabeth etc., but none of these properties change over time. Only in one respect does the event change:
716:(p. 469). But even if the idea of a second A series within which the first falls makes sense (and McTaggart doubts it does, p. 469), it will face the same contradiction. And so, we must construct a third A series within which the second falls. And this will require the construction of a fourth A series and so on
720:. At any given stage the contradiction will appear; however far we go in constructing A series, each A series will be, without reference to a further A series containing it, contradictory. One ought to conclude, McTaggart argues, that the A series is indeed contradictory and, therefore, does not exist.
798:
is far from mystical. McTaggart arrived at his conclusions by a careful analysis of the essential requirements of any successful metaphysical system (Volume I) followed by a purported proof that only his system satisfies these requirements (Volume II). The logical rigour of his system is in evidence,
679:
McTaggart's attempted proof of the incoherence of the A series (the argument of pages 468β9) appears in the original paper only as a single part of a broader argument for this conclusion. According to the argument, the contradiction in our perception of time is that all events exemplify all three of
662:
The first, and longer, part of McTaggart's argument is his affirmative answer to the question "whether it is essential to the reality of time that its events should form an A series as well as a B series" (p. 458). Broadly, McTaggart argues that if events are not ordered by an A as well as a B
924:
has been widely discussed in philosophical literature. Historian of philosophy Emily Thomas has commented that "philosophers have since written tens of thousands of pages about it. Twenty-first-century thinkers have cited it more than 1,600 times so far β an extraordinary achievement for a vintage
715:
One can convey the basic idea of the vicious regress in the following way. In order to avoid the initial apparent contradiction that events have incompatible tenses, one has to construe "a second A series, within which the first falls, in the same way in which events fall within the first"
854:
In particular, McTaggart was an early influence on
Bertrand Russell. It was through McTaggart that the young Russell was converted to the prevalent Hegelianism of the day, and it was Russell's reaction against this Hegelianism that began the arc of his later work.
585:. He believed that many specific features of Hegel's argument were gravely flawed and was similarly disparaging of Hegel's application of his abstract thought. However, he by no means reached the same conclusions as the previous generations of
612:
McTaggart is best known today for his attempt to prove that our concept of time involves a contradiction and that therefore reality cannot be temporal. It follows that our perception of time is an illusion, and that time itself is merely
1719:βPhilosopher Rognvaldur Ingthorsson interviewed by Richard Marshall on McTaggart's causation and Idealism, action at a temporal distance, paradox of time and correspondence theory of truth and on "why we should heed the philosopher".
1390:
589:
and in his later work came to hold strikingly different and original views. Nonetheless, in spite of his break from earlier forms of
Hegelianism, McTaggart inherited from his predecessors a pivotal belief in the ability of
449:
society. In 1897 he was appointed to a college lectureship in
Philosophy, a position he would hold until his retirement in 1923 (although he continued to lecture until his death). He received the honorary degree
680:
the properties of the A-series, viz. being past, present and future. As McTaggart himself notes, the obvious response is that while exemplifying all three properties at some time, no event exemplifies all three
846:
through which he would have a personal influence on an entire generation of writers and politicians (his involvement with the
Apostles presumably overlapped with that of, among others, the members of the
1567:
913:, marks the greatest achievement of British idealism, and McTaggart was the last major British Idealist of the classic period (for the later development of British idealism, see
1308:
1323:
1098:
1094:
712:. It bears mentioning that in the mature version of the argument McTaggart gave up the claim that there is a vicious circle, and only held that there is a vicious regress.
581:
broadly construed and shared a similar outlook to Hegel, McTaggart's
Hegelianism was not uncritical and he disagreed significantly both with Hegel himself and with earlier
723:
Whether McTaggart's argument for the incoherence of the A series works or not, is one of the most hotly debated issues in the philosophy of time (see the entry for "
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McTaggart argued that the A series was a necessary component of any full theory of time since change only occurs in the A series, but that it was also
1054:
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557:, to the fields of ethics, politics and religion. In this book a number of his distinctive doctrines already appear, for example, his belief in
1774:
427:. After obtaining First class honours (the only student of Moral Sciences to do so in 1888), he was, in 1891, elected to a prize fellowship at
775:). His philosophy, however, was fundamentally optimistic. McTaggart believed each of the souls (which are identified with human beings) to be
617:. His argument for this point is popularly known as McTaggart's paradox. The argument first appeared in the form of a journal article called "
1302:
1105:
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629:, representing two different ways that events appear to have a position in time. The A series corresponds to our everyday notions of
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1621:
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372:" (1908), in which he argues that time is unreal. The work has been widely discussed through the 20th century and into the 21st.
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600:. Indeed, his later work and mature system can be seen as largely an attempt to give substance to his new conception of the
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621:" (1908), but reappeared later as Chapter 33, 'Time', in the posthumously published Second Volume of his masterpiece
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79:
57:
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50:
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McTaggart defended a similar
Hegelian view of the universe to that of his earlier work on the basis not of Hegel's
457:
McTaggart, although radical in his youth, became increasingly conservative and was influential in the expulsion of
1716:
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past, and here there is, it seems, no contradiction. However, McTaggart argues that this response gives rise to a
1380:"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. p102: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948
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also seeks to synthesise McTaggart's denial of the existence of time, matter etc. with their apparent existence.
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742:, McTaggart developed his own, highly original, metaphysical system. The most famous element is his defence of
396:. Early in his life, his family took the surname McTaggart as a condition of inheritance from that same uncle.
767:, each soul related to one or more of the others by love. He argued against belief in God since he denied the
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1350:(274). Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Institute of Philosophy: 567β579.
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This half of McTaggart's argument has, historically, received less attention than the second half.
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44:
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thought to grasp the nature of the ultimate reality, which for him like earlier
Hegelians was the
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473:. But McTaggart was a man of contradictions: despite his conservatism, he was an advocate of
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he was, as the most prominent of the surviving
British Idealists, the primary target of the
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reaction against it, as well as being a teacher and personal acquaintance of both men. With
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methods and conclusions and their application in other fields. His first published work
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He died in London on 18 January 1925. In 1899 he had married
Margaret Elizabeth Bird in
1779:
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843:
568:(1910), in which he attempted to explain and, to an extent, defend the argument of the
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224:
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assault. McTaggart's indirect influence was, therefore, very great. Given that modern
489:. He had an encyclopaedic knowledge of English novels and eighteenth-century memoirs.
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1193:
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and that our perception of time was, therefore, ultimately an incoherent illusion.
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570:
564:
541:
535:(1896), an expanded version of his Trinity fellowship dissertation, focused on the
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318:
236:
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Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll
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807:
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827:
783:. McTaggart held the view that all selves are unoriginated and indestructible.
701:
614:
493:
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249:
1470:. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. Vol. 6, No. 2. pp. 89-101.
1355:
527:
McTaggart's earlier work was devoted to an exposition and critique of Hegel's
1738:
1312:
870:
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for example, in McTaggart's famous attempted proof of the unreality of time.
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651:
1324:"A Defense of McTaggart's Proof of the Unreality of Time" by Michael Dummett
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356:. For most of his life McTaggart was a fellow and lecturer in philosophy at
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N. Wiener. Ex-Prodigy: My Childhood and Youth. MIT Press, 1953, Ch. XIV.
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886:
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839:
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536:
1610:
Truth, Love and Immortality: An Introduction to McTaggart's Philosophy
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1897, "Hegel's Treatment of the Categories of the Subjective Notion",
889:
in this period, McTaggart's work retains interest to the historian of
812:
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despite being, in a very real sense, the product of an earlier age.
1705:
1701:
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549:(1901) is directed more towards a critique of the applications of
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838:" (with McTaggart as the Dormouse). Along with Russell and
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1407:
Broad, C.D., "John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart, 1866-1925,"
763:
McTaggart concluded the world was composed of nothing but
1263:
1260:
730:
1499:. New York, Bramhall House, 1960, comment to Ch. VII of
963:
Cambridge University Press, revised second edition 1918.
511:
whom he met while visiting his mother (then living near
519:) and was survived by her; the couple had no children.
625:, published in 1927. He introduced the notions of the
441:. McTaggart had in the meantime been President of the
1251:
794:
tone of its conclusions, the philosophical method of
1689:. Provides full PDFs of all of McTaggart's writings.
1269:
1257:
1044:
1892, "The Changes of Method in Hegel's Dialectic",
349:(3 September 1866 β 18 January 1925) was an English
1646:, by R. D. Ingthorsson. New York: Routledge (2016).
1254:
1245:
1161:"Hegel's Treatment of the Categories of Quantity",
1150:"Some Considerations Relating to Human Immortality"
1117:"Hegel's Treatment of the Categories of the Idea",
1431:. No. 36779. London. 28 May 1902. p. 12.
885:can arguably be traced to the work of Russell and
674:
445:, a debating club, and a member of the secretive
1736:
1593:in two volumes, extracts from which are online:
1139:"Hegel's Treatment of the Categories of Quality"
657:
858:McTaggart was the most influential advocate of
811:Depiction of John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart by
771:any single personality (thereby justifying his
738:In his later work, particularly his two-volume
1687:John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart: a bibliography
997:: in two volumes, Cambridge University Press:
748:, but McTaggart's system was much broader. In
1723:"McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis (1866β1925")
1605:published 1938 at Cambridge University Press.
1391:"McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis (MTGT885JM)"
388:) and Caroline Ellis. At birth, he was named
1583:. Cambridge: At the University Press (1931).
1411:, vol. 13 (1927), pp. 307-334. Reprinted in
1622:McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis (1866β1925)
1531:McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis (1866β1925)
1441:
561:. His final book specifically on Hegel was
1106:"The Conception of Society as an Organism"
688:past, present, and future. A single event
380:McTaggart was born on 3 September 1866 in
360:. He was an exponent of the philosophy of
111:
1389:
942:The Further Determination of the Absolute
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1760:Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club
1587:An Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy
865:in Cambridge at the time of Russell and
806:
43:This article includes a list of general
1539:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1340:"Cambridge Philosophers III: McTaggart"
1216:"Propositions Applicable to Themselves"
933:
14:
1737:
1556:). Cambridge: At the University Press.
818:McTaggart was a friend and teacher of
756:but rather in the mode of more modern
607:
553:ideas made, both by Hegel and earlier
481:from his youth was a firm believer in
1775:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
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411:he was taught for the Moral Sciences
1693:Works by or about J. M. E. McTaggart
1656:
1631:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1414:Ethics and the history of philosophy
522:
29:
1681:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1668:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1194:"The Relation of Time and Eternity"
987:Human Immortality and Pre-existence
727:" for a more thorough discussion).
24:
1785:People educated at Clifton College
1560:
1446:. New York: Routledge. p. 3.
1409:Proceedings of the British Academy
431:on the basis of a dissertation on
364:and among the most notable of the
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1806:
1795:Presidents of the Cambridge Union
1755:20th-century British philosophers
1650:
1030:, edited with an introduction by
951:Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic
502:Fellowship of the British Academy
492:His honours included an honorary
454:from the university in May 1902.
384:to cousins Francis Ellis (son of
1709:
1676:"John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart"
1541:, Oxford University Press, 2004.
1501:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
1241:
842:, McTaggart was a member of the
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34:
1516:. Aeon. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
1506:
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1187:International Journal of Ethics
1154:International Journal of Ethics
1132:International Journal of Ethics
1110:International Journal of Ethics
1081:International Journal of Ethics
1070:International Journal of Ethics
978:A Commentary on Hegel's 'Logic'
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675:The incoherence of the A series
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27:British philosopher (1866β1925)
1770:Fellows of the British Academy
1568:John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart
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1374:
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1077:"Hegel's Theory of Punishment"
403:, Bristol, before going up to
342:John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart
162:John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart
13:
1:
1466:Patterson, Robert L. (1975).
1284:
960:Studies in Hegelian Cosmology
658:The necessity of the A series
547:Studies in Hegelian Cosmology
533:Studies in Hegelian Dialectic
362:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1617:. London: Hutchinson (1979).
1289:
1205:"The Meaning of Causality",
1183:"The Individualism of Value"
802:
7:
1708:(public domain audiobooks)
1702:Works by J. M. E. McTaggart
1442:Ingthorsson, R. D. (2016).
1427:"University intelligence".
1395:A Cambridge Alumni Database
1038:
981:Cambridge University Press.
954:Cambridge University Press.
830:, the three were known as "
10:
1811:
1728:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1537:(revised C. A. Creffield)
1397:. University of Cambridge.
915:T. L. S. Sprigge
405:Trinity College, Cambridge
368:. McTaggart is known for "
358:Trinity College, Cambridge
171:Trinity College, Cambridge
1717:McTaggart and Metaphysics
1356:10.1017/s0031819100065815
779:and defended the idea of
627:"A series" and "B series"
577:Although he defended the
392:, after his great-uncle,
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1468:The Case for Immortality
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1066:"The Necessity of Dogma"
563:A Commentary on Hegel's
498:University of St Andrews
1546:The Nature of Existence
1514:"Before, now, and next"
1512:Thomas, Emily. (2020).
1172:"The Unreality of Time"
995:The Nature of Existence
969:Some Dogmas of Religion
897:The Nature of Existence
796:The Nature of Existence
785:The Nature of Existence
750:The Nature of Existence
740:The Nature of Existence
733:The Nature of Existence
623:The Nature of Existence
215:20th-century philosophy
182:Margaret Elizabeth Bird
64:more precise citations.
910:Appearance and Reality
815:
669:
485:and a defender of the
291:philosophy of religion
1222:32, pp. 462β464.
1200:18, pp. 343β362.
1189:18, pp. 433β445.
1178:17, pp. 457β474.
1145:11, pp. 503β526.
1128:"Human Pre-Existence"
1027:Philosophical studies
922:The Unreality of Time
905:Prolegomena to Ethics
810:
745:The Unreality of Time
725:The Unreality of Time
710:etcetera ad infinitum
665:
619:The Unreality of Time
423:, both distinguished
370:The Unreality of Time
313:A-series and B-series
309:The unreality of time
1790:Philosophers of time
1765:English philosophers
1659:"John M E McTaggart"
1370:on 20 December 2002.
1156:13, pp. 152β171
1112:7, pp. 414β434.
1083:6, pp. 479β502.
1072:5, pp. 147β162.
934:Books and monographs
826:, and, according to
390:John McTaggart Ellis
131:John McTaggart Ellis
18:John Ellis McTaggart
1643:McTaggart's Paradox
1575:, with chapters by
1489:The Annotated Alice
1444:McTaggart's Paradox
1417:, (1952) pp. 70-93.
1211:, pp. 326β344.
1167:, pp. 180β203.
1123:, pp. 145β183.
945:(privately printed)
891:analytic philosophy
883:analytic philosophy
608:McTaggart's paradox
399:McTaggart attended
386:Thomas Flower Ellis
327:McTaggartian change
323:McTaggart's paradox
1573:G. Lowes Dickinson
1544:1921, & 1927,
925:journal article".
871:F. H. Bradley
844:Cambridge Apostles
816:
652:self-contradictory
579:dialectical method
545:. His second work
537:dialectical method
447:Cambridge Apostles
394:Sir John McTaggart
225:Western philosophy
98:J. M. E. McTaggart
1657:McDaniel, Chris.
1134:, pp. 83β95.
1034:. London: Arnold.
832:The Mad Tea-Party
587:British idealists
559:human immortality
523:Hegel scholarship
487:Church of England
483:human immortality
452:Doctor of Letters
366:British idealists
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790:Despite the
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718:ad infinitum
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148:(1925-01-18)
117:Portrait by
91:
76:
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48:
1750:1925 deaths
1745:1866 births
1615:P. T. Geach
1591:C. D. Broad
1535:C. D. Broad
1524:Works cited
1239:Pronounced
1093:, pp.
1053:, pp.
824:G. E. Moore
758:metaphysics
684:, no event
539:of Hegel's
509:New Zealand
471:World War I
283:Metaphysics
62:introducing
1739:Categories
1344:Philosophy
1285:References
754:dialectics
421:James Ward
255:James Ward
45:references
1780:Idealists
1548:(Volumes
1429:The Times
1290:Footnotes
813:Roger Fry
803:Influence
692:present,
70:June 2023
1706:LibriVox
1636:E. Craig
1602:Volume 2
1596:Volume 1
1309:Archived
1039:Articles
1012:Volume 2
1009:) 1921;
1000:Volume 1
993:1921β27
863:idealism
792:mystical
777:immortal
769:absolute
696:future,
602:absolute
593:a priori
551:Hegelian
517:Taranaki
467:pacifism
351:idealist
1695:at the
1665:(ed.).
1638:(1998).
1364:3751084
1099:342β358
1095:164β181
1059:188β205
1021:) 1927.
899:, with
867:Moore's
836:Trinity
773:atheism
698:will be
682:at once
638:present
565:"Logic"
479:atheist
469:during
463:Trinity
429:Trinity
409:Trinity
197:
189:
185:
58:improve
1634:, ed.
1624:", by
1579:&
1552:&
1533:", by
1450:
1362:
1214:1923,
1203:1915,
1192:1909,
1181:1908,
1170:1908,
1159:1904,
1148:1903,
1137:1902,
1126:1904,
1115:1900,
1104:1897,
1097:&
1075:1896,
1064:1895,
1057:&
875:Oxford
644:future
641:, and
413:Tripos
382:London
287:ethics
232:School
221:Region
177:Spouse
121:, 1917
47:, but
1661:. In
1613:, by
1589:, by
1571:, by
1360:JSTOR
1227:Notes
1055:56β71
1024:1934
984:1916
975:1910
966:1906
957:1901
948:1896
939:1893
887:Moore
840:Moore
765:souls
615:ideal
461:from
438:Logic
433:Hegel
211:19th-
191:(
187:
1448:ISBN
1220:Mind
1207:Mind
1198:Mind
1176:Mind
1163:Mind
1143:Mind
1119:Mind
1089:Mind
1047:Mind
1018:idem
1006:idem
822:and
704:and
632:past
500:and
465:for
419:and
143:Died
127:Born
1704:at
1628:in
1495:by
1352:doi
1051:v.1
917:).
903:'s
873:of
851:).
834:of
435:'s
415:by
346:FBA
207:Era
103:FBA
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