550:
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249:
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2177:
746:. This resulted in another resounding victory for the Lancastrians, and Henry VI was captured from Warwick and returned to his wife and son. It is possible that this reunion occurred in John Clifford's own tent after the battle. Instead of marching on London however, the royal army retreated to the north, Clifford with it, and a Yorkist force slowly trailing them from London. On 28 March 1461 portions of the two armies clashed whilst attempting to cross the
42:
1665:
1638:
200:. As a result of the royalist defeat, Clifford was ordered to surrender such castles and offices as he had from the Nevilles back to them, although it is unlikely that he did so. In fact, he and his fellow northern Lancastrian lords merely commenced a campaign of destruction on Neville and Yorkist estates and tenantry, to such an extent that in December 1460, the duke of York and his close ally, the
512:' on the 24th of the month, which saw the king arbitrate a settlement between the warring parties. As a result of this, and as part of a general compensation package between the families of the battle's victors and losers, Clifford was to be paid ÂŁ666 by the earl of Warwick. This was to be shared between John and his siblings.
185:. This consisted of a series of armed raids, assaults and skirmishes, and included an ambush on one of the younger Nevilles' wedding parties in 1453. Historians have seen a direct connection between his involvement in the local feud in the north with the Nevilles, and his involvement in the national struggle against the
645:, and captured the king. As a result, Clifford was now ordered to surrender Penrith castle and Honour back to the earl of Salisbury. But although the now-Yorkist government repeatedly sent messages, orders and instructions to Clifford in the north, he did not acknowledge them, and with Northumberland and
653:, which disinherited the Prince of Wales in favour of York and his heirs. This, it has been said, was 'repugnant' to Clifford and his colleagues and strengthened their support for the queen. It seems that, although Clifford was summoned to attend, he stayed away, and probably met with Queen Margaret in
766:
Clifford's men. Traditionally, Clifford was killed at
Dittingdale, possibly by a headless arrow in the throat, and buried in a common burial pit, along with the rest of the dead from that encounter. Despite being only a few miles away, the main Lancastrian army held its position and either did not or
661:
to her. Together, they had soon gathered a fighting force of thousands. Clifford was one of these lords who was subsequently accused of 'systematically' pillaging and looting the
Yorkshire estates and tenants of York and Salisbury. In response to these attacks, York, Salisbury, and the latter's son
686:
One modern historian has noted, however, that although
Rutland's death brought Clifford "considerable notoriety, much of it first reported only several decades after the event." Henry Summerson dates the first published description of 'Butcher Clifford' as being not until the 1540s, by
350:, and secondly, Sir Edmund Sutton. There was also Anne Clifford, who married firstly, Sir William Tempest, and secondly, William Conyers, esquire. John Clifford's youngest sisters were Joan (who married Sir Simon Musgrave) and Margaret (who married Robert Carr).
208:
in the last days of the year, and was a decisive victory for the
Lancastrian army, of which Clifford was by now an important commander. The battle resulted in the deaths of both York and Salisbury, but was probably most notorious for Clifford's slaying of
189:, with whom the Nevilles were closely allied with in the late 1450s. Although this was supposedly a period of temporary peace between the factions, Clifford and his allies appear to have made numerous attempts to ambush the Neville and Yorkist lords.
196: – by now in exile – and he took a share of the profits from their lands, as well as being appointed to offices traditionally in their keeping. The Yorkist lords returned from exile in June 1460 and subsequently defeated a royal army at
519:, became more involved in the partisan politics of the day and increasingly influential in government. Summerson has noted how Clifford's youth and energy "made him an increasingly important supporter of the Lancastrian cause." Likewise, a
2171:
Briefly joined the
Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.
782:. On 4 November 1461, at Edward's first parliament, Clifford was attainted and his estates and barony forfeited to the king; a large portion was later granted to the earl of Warwick. The story – which would later be repeated by
149:
was one of the most prominent families among the northern
English nobility of the fifteenth century, and by the marriages of his sisters, John Clifford had links to some very important families of the time, including the
710:
York after the battle, whereas the duke almost certainly fell in the fighting. Historian J.R. Lander has said that most of the later descriptions of
Clifford at Wakefield "appear too late to be worthy of much credence".
706:, which became the source of Shakespeare's account. This included the addition of various confirmed historical inaccuracies, such as describing Rutland as being aged twelve rather than seventeen, and that Clifford also
479:
recorded, "with a grete power," and demanded compensation for his father's death. In this, he was accompanied by the other "yong lordes whoos fadres were sleyne at Seynt
Albonys." Jointly with Lord Egremont and the new
488:, he attempted to ambush Warwick and York on their way to Westminster. It is likely that they had organised armed gangs for the purpose of arresting the Yorkist lords, if not assassinating them. The
600:, on 11 December. As a result of the exiled Yorkists' attainders, their estates were available for redistribution by the crown to those who had remained loyal to it, and Clifford was granted the
508:, and Clifford visited him there on 1 March – "presumably to influence the result probably unsuccessfully," says Hicks. Clifford later participated in what was known ceremonially as the '
535:, but when a great council was summoned for October 1458, it seems that Clifford – along with other anti-York peers such as the dukes of Somerset and Exeter – were excluded from it.
288:
475:
imposed a reconciliation between the warring factions of St Albans in early 1458, and commanded the various parties, including
Clifford, to London. Clifford arrived there, a contemporary
649:, remained in control of most of the region. In October 1460, the duke of York claimed the throne, and a parliament was summoned to discuss this. The result of its deliberations was the
342:
John
Clifford's youngest brother was Sir Thomas Clifford, and his nearest sister was Elizabeth. She married firstly, Sir William Plumpton (1435–1461), who was probably slain at the
467:, for example, has suggested that "the heirs of the dead lords... now wanted revenge for their fathers' deaths. They were not particular whether by constitutional trial or by
702:, writing contemporaneously says that Clifford killed Rutland on Wakefield Bridge, whilst the latter fled the battle. In the sixteenth century, this report was expanded by
1429:
Cockayne, G.E. & V.E. Gibbs (ed.), The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland and the United Kingdom Extant Extinct or Dormant III (2nd ed, London, 1913), 293–4.
263:
The Clifford family has been described as one of the greatest fifteenth-century families "never to receive an earldom." John Clifford was born and baptised at
217:. This may have resulted in Clifford's being nicknamed 'Butcher Clifford', although historians disagree as to how widely used by contemporaries this term was.
381:
Little is known of Clifford's early life or career until he appears on the records of 24 August 1453, as supporting the traditional allies of his family, the
2221:
361:, who would become 10th baron, a younger son Richard, and a daughter Elizabeth. Elizabeth was later the wife of Sir Robert Aske (d. 21 February 1531) of
670:, where Clifford commanded one of the wings of the Lancastrian army. The Yorkist army was routed, and all three Yorkist lords were killed. Clifford was
1882:
588:. There, however, they had been forced into exile by superior crown forces, and as a result, a parliament had been called to attend to the Yorkists'
634:. It was also a traditional office of the Nevilles, and had most recently been held jointly by the earls of Salisbury and Warwick; now Clifford was
373:
has described his marriage, which gained the Cliffords estates, as he put it, "in parts of the north relatively free from Neville domination."
314:
Clifford had three younger brothers and five sisters. Sir Roger Clifford, who married Joan Courtenay (born c. 1447), the eldest daughter of
304:
804:. As Dr James Ross has pointed out, the young Henry Clifford was pardoned in 1472, and as early as 1466 was named publicly as receiving a
1533:
240:
the previous day. Following the coronation of the by-then victorious Edward IV, he was attainted and his lands confiscated by the Crown.
568:
in November 1459. By this time the civil wars had broken out again in earnest: the Neville earl of Salisbury had defeated an attempted
192:
Armed conflict erupted again in 1459, and again Clifford was found on the side of King Henry and Queen Margaret. Clifford took part in
1778:
220:
Clifford accompanied the royal army on its march south early the next year, where, although wounded, he played a leading part in the
909:
2231:
774:. After what is now considered the biggest and possibly bloodiest battle ever to take place on English soil, the Lancastrians were
369:. Margaret Clifford survived her husband, and at some time before 14 May 1467 had remarried, to Sir Lancelot Threlkeld. Historian
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174:
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believed they came "agaynst the peas," and excluded them from the city. Thus, Clifford and the others were forced to lodge at
2226:
1798:
1748:
1743:
1688:
1414:
739:
425:
225:
515:
King Henry's attempts at peacekeeping, however, came to little; indeed, it was around this time that Henry's forcible wife,
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1932:
1887:
1703:
1698:
675:
319:
1992:
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in 1455. It was probably as a result of his father's death there that Clifford became one of the strongest supporters of
1823:
1728:
528:
353:
In 1454, John Clifford married Margaret Bromflete (1443 – 12 April 1493), who was the only daughter and heiress of Sir
1947:
1902:
1788:
1783:
1733:
577:
485:
417:
362:
484:, Clifford is believed to have had an army of around 1,500 men in London in early 1458 where, with Egremont and the
1892:
1872:
1713:
561:
272:
2158:
1718:
1526:
646:
224:, and then afterwards with the Queen to the north. The Yorkist army, now under the command of Edward of York and
996:
Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant
719:
Following the victory at Wakefield, Clifford and other Lancastrian lords in the north attended Queen Margaret's
641:
In June 1460 the exiled Yorkists successfully invaded England, and on 10 July they defeated a royal army at the
2118:
1818:
838:, son of Richard, 3rd Duke of York. However, later authorities state that Rutland was slain during the battle.
357:, Baron Vessy, and his second wife Eleanor FitzHugh. With her, Clifford had two sons and a daughter; his heir,
22:
1153:
An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI Written Before the Year 1471
463:
It is likely that for him, the death of his father personalised an already bitter struggle with the Nevilles.
444:
of his lands until 16 June 1456. He entered into his inheritance less than a month later, and was appointed a
2092:
2012:
1917:
1843:
1708:
808:, although Ross does suggest that Henry may well have gone into hiding for a time from his father's enemies.
627:
204:, raised an army and headed north to crush the Lancastrian rebellion. This winter campaign culminated in the
560:
The next point at which Clifford appears to have been fully involved in national politics was attending the
1997:
1922:
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394:
197:
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2133:
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1793:
1738:
1693:
457:
256:
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2017:
1912:
1753:
1519:
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221:
770:
The day after Clifford's death the bulk of the Yorkist and Lancastrian armies faced each other at the
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1987:
1967:
1768:
831:
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429:
186:
159:
2216:
2143:
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532:
437:
347:
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1927:
1453:
The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland and the United Kingdom Extant Extinct or Dormant
1378:
The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland and the United Kingdom Extant Extinct or Dormant
1085:
The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland and the United Kingdom Extant Extinct or Dormant
910:
The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland and the United Kingdom Extant Extinct or Dormant
835:
688:
210:
623:
2138:
2077:
2062:
1982:
1833:
1623:
847:
724:
527:, referred to Clifford as a "well good sayl" of it. A few months later he was appointed to the
386:
2097:
2022:
1977:
1653:
1597:
1553:
783:
755:
735:
631:
573:
509:
233:
72:
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2201:
2128:
2072:
1633:
787:
779:
593:
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445:
339:
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173:
Clifford had already achieved prominence in the north where, as an ally of the son of the
8:
2007:
1678:
1593:
827:
817:
667:
658:
635:
472:
276:
264:
205:
167:
695:, when he wrote that "for killing of men at this bataill was caullid the boucher." The
1858:
1648:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1558:
1477:
1464:
Ross, J., 'The Treatment of Traitors' Children and Edward IV's Clemency in the 1460s',
738:. On 17 February 1461 they encountered a Yorkist army, led by Warwick and his brother
654:
505:
500:, probably in a house of one of the various bishops that lined the route. The king, as
493:
416:
Clifford's career was transformed when, on 22 May 1455, his father was killed fighting
346:
in 1461, and secondly, John Hamerton. Another sister was Maud, who married firstly Sir
300:
154:. He was orphaned at twenty years of age when his father was slain by partisans of the
138:
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2032:
2002:
1673:
1542:
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1410:
842:
763:
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601:
544:
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453:
163:
142:
271:(1414–1455) by his wife Joan Dacre (bef. 1424 – bef. 1455). She was the daughter of
2067:
2042:
2027:
1942:
822:
771:
758:. The Lancastrian force, under Clifford, captured the bridge, but the Yorkists had
390:
343:
308:
229:
213:, York's seventeen-year-old second son and the younger brother of the future King
1808:
759:
619:
370:
354:
248:
146:
866:
Dockray, K. R., 'Richard III and the Yorkshire Gentry', in P. W. Hammond (ed.),
608:, which had formerly been held by Salisbury. This was close enough to their own
2153:
2148:
2123:
1972:
1659:
796:, would be slain in retaliation for Rutland's death, sent him into hiding as a
731:
622:, near Penrith – that it has been suggested that it had been a particular
605:
569:
382:
335:
252:
237:
178:
151:
1053:
2195:
2113:
1853:
954:
834:, John Clifford, after the Battle of Wakefield, slew in cold blood the young
720:
663:
650:
581:
524:
468:
155:
259:
has been described as "wild, economically backward and chronically lawless."
228:, pursued the Lancastrians to Yorkshire and eventually defeated them at the
1867:
1828:
609:
402:
296:
385:
The Percys were at that time engaged in a bitter feud – known as the
751:
703:
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449:
433:
292:
232:
on 29 March 1461. Clifford though was not present; he had been slain in
1838:
1664:
1637:
1563:
747:
626:
between the two families. In April the following year he was appointed
520:
501:
334:. Next was Sir Robert Clifford, who eventually involved himself in the
1113:
I, eds Kimball G. Everingham (2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 2011), 52, 509.
295:
was Coningsburgh Castle. When she died in 1446, she left him numerous
1603:
1310:
The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97
743:
589:
476:
366:
327:
284:
214:
182:
1511:
1100:
IV, eds Kimball G. Everingham (2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 2011), 97–8.
1029:
IV, eds Kimball G. Everingham (2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 2011), 41–2.
1016:
I, eds Kimball G. Everingham (2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 2011), 508–9.
596:, and here Clifford swore allegiance to the new heir to the throne,
1613:
801:
797:
565:
389:
by historians – with their rivals for power in Yorkshire, the
79:
41:
1129:
I, eds Kimball G. Everingham (2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 2011), 509.
1042:
IV, eds Kimball G. Everingham (2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 2011), 41.
985:
I, eds Kimball G. Everingham (2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 2011), 508.
311:, and she was said to have lived "in great estate" in the castle.
805:
523:
poem, using a favoured contemporary metaphor for government, the
456:, the family seat at Skipton Castle and the hereditary office of
331:
1268:
Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England
1229:
Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England
1127:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
1111:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
1098:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
1040:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
1027:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
1014:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
983:
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
707:
696:
671:
585:
441:
406:
170:, who ended up as effective leader of the Lancastrian faction.
662:
Thomas led an army to the north. Encamped at York's castle at
614:
811:
775:
243:
1466:
The Fifteenth Century: Essays Presented to Michael Hicks
657:, where she was gathering Lancastrian lords and their
1406:
Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England
1347:
Lander, JR., 'Attainder and Forfeiture, 1453–1509',
1052:
792: – of how Clifford's widow, fearing her son,
158:at the first battle of the Wars of the Roses, the
666:, on 30 December 1460, the two armies met at the
460:. He was summoned to Parliament on 30 July 1460.
2193:
1255:Historical Poems of the XIVth and XVth Centuries
730:reports that everyone wore the Prince of Wales'
307:, executed on 5 August 1415 for his part in the
998:II, ed. V.Gibbs (2nd ed., London, 1912), 495 n.
681:
778:, and the son of the duke of York was crowned
630:, an important position in the defence of the
326:. She married secondly, Sir William Knyvet of
1527:
1323:Government & Community: England 1450–1509
881:The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages
723:in January; they soon led their army south.
471:." Warwick especially was held accountable.
305:Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
2222:English military personnel killed in action
1402:
1534:
1520:
194:the parliament that attainted the Yorkists
21:For other people named John Clifford, see
812:Fictional portrayals and later reputation
1396:
1121:
1119:
1079:
1077:
1075:
576:that September, and had joined with the
548:
538:
420:and York's Neville allies, the earls of
247:
1764:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
1759:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland
1451:Cockayne, G.E. & V.E. Gibbs (ed.),
1376:Cockayne, G.E. & V.E. Gibbs (ed.),
1083:Cockayne, G.E. & V.E. Gibbs (ed.),
1008:
1006:
1004:
907:Cockayne, G.E. & V.E. Gibbs (ed.),
2194:
1684:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
977:
975:
868:Richard III: Lordship, Loyalty and Law
714:
612:Westmorland – particularly their
598:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
554:The Murder of Rutland by Lord Clifford
316:Thomas de Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon
281:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
244:Background, youth, marriage and family
115:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford
101:Henry Clifford, 10th Baron de Clifford
1779:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
1754:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg
1694:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset
1689:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
1679:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England
1541:
1515:
1291:
1289:
1281:Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461
1197:
1195:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1163:
1161:
1116:
1072:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
177:, he took part in a feud against the
137:(8 April 1435 – 28 March 1461) was a
1933:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
1338:I (ed. T. Hearne), (Eton, 1748), 43.
1001:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
289:Maud Clifford, Countess of Cambridge
34:John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford
1928:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland
1814:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford
1674:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England
1155:(Camden Society, London, 1856), 77.
972:
397:and Sir Richard Percy, sons of the
324:John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
269:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford
13:
1908:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
1878:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond
1774:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
1380:III (2nd ed, London, 1913), 293–4.
1286:
1192:
1174:
1158:
14:
2248:
1883:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
1799:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
1744:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu
1409:. Simon and Schuster. p. 2.
1187:The Battle of Wakefield Revisited
916:
886:
436:at the time, and was not able to
131:John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford
48:Chequy or and azure, a fess gules
2176:
2175:
1938:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon
1888:William Hastings, Baron Hastings
1873:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
1857:
1749:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
1704:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
1699:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont
1663:
1652:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1087:III (2nd ed, London, 1913), 294.
913:III (2nd ed, London, 1913), 293.
678:prior to the battle commencing.
676:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
273:Thomas de Dacre, 6th Baron Dacre
181:, the Percy's natural rivals in
40:
2232:People of the Wars of the Roses
2159:Second Cornish uprising of 1497
1898:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell
1804:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
1458:
1455:III (2nd ed, London, 1913), 294
1445:
1432:
1423:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1145:
1132:
1103:
1090:
1045:
409:the returning wedding party of
376:
255:, seat of the Clifford family;
2119:Issue of Edward III of England
1868:Anne Neville, Queen of England
1829:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke
1824:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond
1440:The 15th Century', 1399–1485 (
1032:
1019:
988:
873:
860:
674:by the Lancastrian commander,
556:by Charles Robert Leslie, 1815
393:. On this day Clifford joined
23:John Clifford (disambiguation)
1:
2212:15th-century English nobility
2093:Stafford and Lovell rebellion
1918:William Neville, Earl of Kent
1903:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
1844:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales
1789:George Stanley, Baron Strange
1784:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby
1734:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter
1729:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon
1724:John Clifford, Baron Clifford
1709:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley
1403:Thomas Penn (12 March 2013).
854:
628:warden of the western marches
2227:High sheriffs of Westmorland
1993:Siege of the Tower of London
1893:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk
1714:James Butler, Earl of Ormond
1391:The Battle of Wakefield 1460
1336:The Itinerary of John Leland
682:Death of the earl of Rutland
504:, resided out of London, at
303:. She had been the widow of
267:on 8 April 1435, the son of
7:
2053:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion
1739:John Neville, Baron Neville
1719:John Butler, Earl of Ormond
767:could not come to his aid.
458:High Sheriff of Westmorland
395:Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont
141:military leader during the
10:
2253:
1819:James Tuchet, Baron Audley
1299:London (repr.) 1993), 127.
1216:Fatal Colours: Towton 1461
542:
432:. John Clifford was still
222:second Battle of St Albans
20:
16:15th-century English noble
2169:
2106:
1960:
1852:
1647:
1584:
1577:
1549:
1500:
1491:
1483:
1476:
452:. Clifford inherited the
430:first Battle of St Albans
120:
110:
96:
88:
78:
62:
54:
39:
32:
1468:(Woodbridge, 2015), 139.
1270:(Woodbridge, 2003), 161.
1257:(New York, 1959), 192–3.
1231:(Woodbridge, 2003), 154.
841:Clifford is depicted in
800:, is almost certainly a
638:to resist the Yorkists.
636:ordered to raise a force
533:West Riding of Yorkshire
226:Richard, Earl of Warwick
2134:Bonville–Courtenay feud
1349:The Historical Journal,
1297:The Wars of the Roses (
883:(Trowbridge, 1996), 64.
870:(Gloucester, 1986), 48.
836:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
762:the river upstream and
496:, between the city and
211:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
2083:Buckingham's rebellion
2063:Readeption of Henry VI
848:The Sunne in Splendour
832:Holinshed's Chronicles
557:
482:earl of Northumberland
399:earl of Northumberland
260:
175:earl of Northumberland
1769:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros
1554:Red Rose of Lancaster
1365:Warwick the Kingmaker
1253:Robbins, R.H. (ed.),
1242:Warwick the Kingmaker
1169:Warwick the Kingmaker
1140:Warwick the Kingmaker
784:George Edward Cokayne
756:Battle of Ferrybridge
736:ostrich feather badge
643:Battle of Northampton
632:Anglo-Scottish border
574:Battle of Blore Heath
572:ambush of him at the
552:
539:The Wars of the Roses
418:Richard, Duke of York
251:
73:Battle of Ferrybridge
2144:Neville–Neville feud
2129:Princes in the Tower
1367:(Oxford, 1998), 235.
1325:(London, 1980), 212.
1283:(Oxford, 2005), 439.
1244:(Oxford, 1998), 133.
1205:(Oxford, 1988), 222.
1203:Duke Richard of York
1171:(Oxford, 1998), 132.
1142:(Oxford, 1998), 129.
594:Parliament of Devils
446:Justice of the peace
405:in their attempt to
1923:Sir Richard Herbert
1442:Oxford, 1969), 539.
1393:(Stroud, 1996), 65.
1218:(London, 2011), 92.
1151:Davies, J.S. (ed.)
843:Sharon Kay Penman's
715:Death and attainder
668:Battle of Wakefield
440:in order to obtain
287:was his great-aunt
277:Philippa de Neville
265:Conisborough Castle
206:Battle of Wakefield
160:Battle of St Albans
135:9th Lord of Skipton
2237:Barons de Clifford
2139:Percy–Neville feud
2018:St Albans (Second)
1913:Sir Thomas Neville
1559:White Rose of York
1478:Peerage of England
1054:"William Plumpton"
879:Given-Wilson, C.,
845:historical novel,
655:Kingston upon Hull
624:bone of contention
558:
506:Berkhamsted Castle
454:barony of Clifford
387:Percy–Neville feud
322:, the daughter of
261:
92:Margaret Bromflete
46:Arms of Clifford:
2189:
2188:
1968:St Albans (First)
1956:
1955:
1834:Margaret Beaufort
1543:Wars of the Roses
1510:
1509:
1501:Succeeded by
1494:Baron de Clifford
1416:978-1-4391-9157-6
1354:(1961), 134 n.55.
1189:(York, 2010), 69.
1059:www.oxforddnb.com
959:www.oxforddnb.com
754:, now called the
700:William Worcester
602:Honour of Penrith
545:Wars of the Roses
517:Margaret of Anjou
320:Margaret Beaufort
275:of Gilsland, and
202:earl of Salisbury
164:Margaret of Anjou
143:Wars of the Roses
128:
127:
2244:
2179:
2178:
2013:Mortimer's Cross
1943:Margaret of York
1861:
1667:
1656:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1582:
1581:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1484:Preceded by
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1295:Gillingham, J.,
1293:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1125:Richardson, D.,
1123:
1114:
1109:Richardson, D.,
1107:
1101:
1096:Richardson, D.,
1094:
1088:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1038:Richardson, D.,
1036:
1030:
1025:Richardson, D.,
1023:
1017:
1012:Richardson, D.,
1010:
999:
994:Cokayne, G.E.,
992:
986:
981:Richardson, D.,
979:
970:
969:
967:
965:
951:
914:
905:
884:
877:
871:
864:
828:Hall's Chronicle
823:Henry VI, Part 3
789:Complete Peerage
772:Battle of Towton
580:at the latter's
391:House of Neville
344:Battle of Towton
309:Southampton Plot
230:Battle of Towton
145:in England. The
104:Richard Clifford
69:
44:
30:
29:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2217:Clifford family
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2165:
2102:
2078:Siege of London
1952:
1948:Richard of York
1856:
1848:
1809:Andrew Trollope
1794:William Stanley
1662:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1573:
1545:
1540:
1506:
1497:
1489:
1487:Thomas Clifford
1472:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1312:(USA 1981), 43.
1307:
1303:
1294:
1287:
1279:Harriss, G.L.,
1278:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1201:Johnson, P.A.,
1200:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
989:
980:
973:
963:
961:
955:"John Clifford"
953:
952:
917:
906:
887:
878:
874:
865:
861:
857:
814:
717:
684:
620:Brougham Castle
592:. This was the
547:
541:
521:pro-Lancastrian
490:Mayor of London
379:
371:Henry Summerson
355:Henry Bromflete
348:John Harrington
246:
236:with a Yorkist
166:, wife of King
147:Clifford family
105:
103:
71:
67:
50:
35:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:Battle of Deal
2149:Perkin Warbeck
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Titulus Regius
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Bosworth Field
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Losecoat Field
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Ludford Bridge
1980:
1975:
1973:Loveday (1458)
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
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1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1504:Henry Clifford
1502:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1422:
1415:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1340:
1327:
1321:Lander, J.R.,
1314:
1301:
1285:
1272:
1266:Maurer, H.E.,
1259:
1246:
1233:
1227:Maurer, H.E.,
1220:
1207:
1191:
1173:
1157:
1144:
1131:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1071:
1044:
1031:
1018:
1000:
987:
971:
915:
885:
872:
858:
856:
853:
813:
810:
780:King Edward IV
764:flank-attacked
716:
713:
683:
680:
606:Penrith Castle
543:Main article:
540:
537:
486:duke of Exeter
411:Thomas Neville
378:
375:
336:Perkin Warbeck
279:, daughter of
253:Skipton Castle
245:
242:
179:Neville family
152:earls of Devon
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
106:Elizabeth Aske
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
70:(aged 25)
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2249:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Act of Accord
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Hedgeley Moor
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
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1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
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1876:
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1855:
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1845:
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1827:
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1800:
1797:
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1496:
1495:
1488:
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1479:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1438:Jacob, E.F.,
1435:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1389:Haigh, P.A.,
1386:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1363:Hicks, M.A.,
1360:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1308:Goodman, A.,
1305:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1240:Hicks, M.A.,
1237:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1167:Hicks, M.A.,
1164:
1162:
1154:
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1138:Hicks, M.A.,
1135:
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976:
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869:
863:
859:
852:
850:
849:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
818:Shakespeare's
816:According to
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:
757:
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
722:
721:Royal council
712:
709:
705:
701:
698:
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690:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
656:
652:
651:Act of Accord
648:
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633:
629:
625:
621:
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611:
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587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
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563:
555:
551:
546:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:ship of State
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
473:King Henry VI
470:
469:assassination
466:
465:Michael Hicks
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:prove his age
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Percy family.
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
338:plot against
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:. One of his
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
254:
250:
241:
239:
238:advance party
235:
231:
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207:
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199:
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184:
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176:
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165:
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157:
156:House of York
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
102:
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95:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
74:
66:28 March 1461
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
31:
28:
24:
19:
1723:
1492:
1465:
1460:
1452:
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1439:
1434:
1425:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1334:Leland, J.,
1330:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1214:Goodwin, G.,
1210:
1202:
1186:
1168:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1013:
995:
990:
982:
962:. Retrieved
958:
908:
880:
875:
867:
862:
846:
840:
826:, following
821:
815:
788:
769:
740:John Neville
726:
718:
692:
685:
640:
613:
578:duke of York
564:summoned to
559:
553:
529:King’s Bench
514:
462:
415:
403:Heworth Moor
380:
377:Early career
352:
313:
297:silver plate
262:
219:
191:
187:duke of York
172:
134:
130:
129:
80:Noble family
68:(1461-03-28)
58:8 April 1435
47:
27:
18:
2207:1461 deaths
2202:1435 births
2098:Stoke Field
2023:Ferrybridge
1998:Northampton
1978:Blore Heath
1624:Richard III
1578:Key figures
1569:Family tree
752:Ferrybridge
704:Edward Hall
689:John Leland
570:Lancastrian
498:Westminster
450:Westmorland
293:dower house
198:Northampton
139:Lancastrian
2196:Categories
2073:Tewkesbury
1839:Owen Tudor
1564:Tudor rose
1498:1455–1461
855:References
748:River Aire
732:cognizance
725:Gregory's
590:attainders
562:parliament
502:arbitrator
494:Temple Bar
477:chronicler
340:Henry VII.
285:godparents
234:a skirmish
124:Joan Dacre
2008:Wakefield
1649:Lancaster
1634:Henry VII
1604:Edward IV
1185:Cox, H.,
744:St Albans
727:Chronicle
693:Itinerary
659:retainers
647:Lord Roos
434:under age
422:Salisbury
367:Yorkshire
328:Buckenham
215:Edward IV
183:Yorkshire
89:Spouse(s)
2181:Category
2107:See also
1988:Sandwich
1614:Edward V
1594:Henry VI
1586:Monarchs
802:folklore
798:shepherd
708:beheaded
697:annalist
672:knighted
604:and the
566:Coventry
531:for the
291:, whose
168:Henry VI
84:Clifford
2048:Edgcote
2033:Piltown
2003:Worksop
806:bequest
786:in his
691:in his
610:estates
510:Loveday
428:at the
426:Warwick
363:Aughton
332:Norfolk
299:in her
2068:Barnet
2043:Hexham
2028:Towton
1961:Events
1413:
1064:27 May
964:27 May
776:routed
760:forded
734:, the
664:Sandal
586:Ludlow
582:castle
442:livery
407:ambush
257:Craven
121:Mother
111:Father
1660:Tudor
820:play
794:Henry
742:, at
615:caput
401:, at
359:Henry
318:, by
97:Issue
1854:York
1411:ISBN
1066:2017
966:2017
830:and
424:and
301:will
63:Died
55:Born
750:at
618:of
584:in
448:in
2198::
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