John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough

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pay, amounting to £280,000. Despite Marlborough's refutations (claiming ancient precedent for the first allegation, and, for the second, producing a warrant signed by the Queen in 1702 authorising him to make the deductions instead of secret service money for the war), the findings were enough for Harley to persuade the Queen to release her Captain-General. On 29 December 1711 (O.S.), before the charges had been examined, Anne, who owed to him the success and glory of her reign, sent her letter of dismissal: "I am sorry for your own sake the reasons have become so public which makes it necessary for me to let you know you have rendered it impracticable for you to continue yet longer in my service". The Tory-dominated Parliament concluded by a substantial majority that "the taking of several sums of money annually by the Duke of Marlborough from the contractor for foraging the bread and wagons ... was unwarrantable and illegal", and that the 2.5% deducted from the pay of foreign troops "is public money and ought to be accounted for". When his successor, the

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aims to include the replacement of Philip V as King of Spain was a fatal mistake. Marlborough stands accused – possibly for political and diplomatic reasons – of not pressing his private doubts about reinforcing failure. Spain proved a continuous drain of men and resources and ultimately hampered his chances of complete success in Flanders, the war's main theatre. The Allies did come close to a complete victory on several occasions, but the increasingly severe conditions imposed upon Louis XIV forestalled an early end to hostilities. Although the Duke lost his political influence in the latter stages of the war he still possessed vast prestige abroad, yet his failure to communicate his innermost convictions to his allies or political masters means he must bear some responsibility for the continuance of the war beyond its logical conclusion.

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Whig and Tory, Jacobite and Hanoverian factions. By now Oxford and St John (Viscount Bolingbroke since 1712) – absorbed entirely by their mutual enmity and political squabbling – had effectively wrecked the Tory administration. Marlborough had been kept well informed of events while in exile and had remained a powerful figure on the political scene, not least because of the personal attachment the Queen still retained for him. After the death of his daughter Elizabeth from smallpox in March 1714, Marlborough contacted the Queen. Although the contents of the letter are unknown, Anne may likely have summoned him home. Either way, it seems that an agreement was reached to reinstate the Duke in his former offices.

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use stratagems to throw his enemy off balance.... It was in the realm of strategy, however, where Marlborough shone. As commander-in-chief of a coalition army, he could tolerate politicians, allies, and fools gladly. He also saw the potential of the recently introduced combination of flintlock and socket bayonet to restore the offensive...to warfare in an age when extensive fortifications, magazines, and the defensive dominated military thinking. Marlborough's attention to logistics allowed him to break free of the bonds of the magazine system and ensured that his soldiers were fed, clothed, and paid, earning him the loyalty of his troops and the nickname "Corporal John".

2273:) when in the summer the plan to break it up, prepared by Harley, was brought into action by the Queen. Sunderland was dismissed in June, followed by Godolphin (who had refused to sever his ties with Sarah) in August. Others followed. The result of the general election in October was a Tory landslide and a victory for the peace policy. Marlborough remained at the head of the army, however. The defeated Junto, the Dutch, Eugene, and the Emperor, implored him to stand by the common cause, while the new ministers, knowing they had to fight another campaign, required him to maintain the pressure on the enemy until they had made their own arrangements for the peace. 227: 1560: 2473:, who directed the operations). But his health was fading, and on 28 May 1716 (O.S.), shortly after the death of his daughter Anne, Countess of Sunderland, he suffered a paralytic stroke at Holywell House. This was followed by another, more serious stroke in November, this time at a house on the Blenheim estate. The Duke recovered somewhat, his speech had become slightly impaired, but it was not severe and continued to improve over time and his mind remained as sharp and clear as ever. He recovered enough to ride out to watch the builders at work on Blenheim Palace and attend the Lords to vote for Oxford's impeachment. 1974:, fought in the Spanish Netherlands on 23 May, was perhaps Marlborough's most successful action, and one in which he had himself characteristically drawn his sword at the pivotal moment. For the loss of fewer than 5,000 dead and wounded (far fewer than Blenheim), his victory had cost the enemy some 15,000 casualties, inflicting in the words of Marshal Villars, "the most shameful, humiliating and disastrous of routs". The campaign was an unsurpassed operational triumph for the English general. Town after town subsequently fell to the Allies. "It really looks more like a dream than truth", wrote Marlborough to Sarah. 1214: 2433: 691: 1717: 2642:

Marlborough's cooperation with Dutch officials and generals, who were more than him concerned with the logistics of the army. Despite this, Marlborough's concern for the welfare of the common soldier together with his ability to inspire trust and confidence, and his willingness to share the dangers of battle, often earned him adulation from his men – "The known world could not produce a man of more humanity", observed Corporal Matthew Bishop. It was this range of abilities that make Marlborough outstanding. Even his old adversaries recognised the Duke's qualities. In his

2234: 1999:. The Queen, who loathed Sunderland and the Junto, and who refused to be dominated by any single party, bitterly opposed the move; but Godolphin, increasingly dependent on Whig support, had little room for manoeuvre. With Sarah's tactless, unsubtle backing, Godolphin relentlessly pressed the Queen to submit to Whig demands. In despair, Anne finally relented and Sunderland received the seals of office; but the special relationship between Godolphin, Sarah, and the Queen had taken a severe blow and she began to turn increasingly to a new favourite – Sarah's cousin, 2342:, Anne's heir presumptive), and sided with the Whigs in opposing the peace preliminaries. Personal entreaties from the Queen (who had long tired of the war), failed to persuade the Duke. The Elector made it clear that he too was against the proposals, and publicly sided with the Whigs. Nevertheless, Anne remained resolute, and on 7 December 1711 (O.S.) she was able to announce that – "notwithstanding those who delight in the arts of war" – a sneer towards Marlborough – "both time and place are appointed for opening the treaty of a general peace". 10444: 573: 1494: 2605: 2277:

to Marlborough's general standing was substantial because it was so visible. For now, though, the central issue was the Duchess whose growing resentment of Harley and Abigail had finally persuaded the Queen to be rid of her. Marlborough visited Anne on 17 January 1711 (O.S.) in a last attempt to save his wife, but she was not to be swayed, and demanded Sarah give up her Gold Key (the symbol of her office) within two days, warning, "I will talk of no other business till I have the key."

1112:, converted to Catholicism and were seen as having betrayed their Protestant upbringing to gain favour at court. Churchill remained true to his conscience, telling the King, "I have been bred a Protestant, and intend to live and die in that communion", although he was also motivated by self-interest. Believing that the monarch's policy would either wreck his own career or generate a wider insurrection, he did not intend, like his unfortunate father before him, to be on the losing side. 10098: 2524: 2400: 814: 2646:(1752), Bolingbroke declared, "I take with pleasure this opportunity of doing justice to that great man ... as the greatest general, and as the greatest minister that our country, or perhaps any other has produced, I honour". His success was made possible because of his enormous reserves of stamina, willpower and self-discipline; his ability to hold together the Alliance against France, made possible by his victories, can hardly be overestimated. 9263: 2115: 1451:, the evidence linking Marlborough with the Camaret Bay letter (which no longer exists), is slender, concluding, "It is very hard to imagine a man as careful as Marlborough, only recently freed from suspicion of treason, writing a letter which would kill him if it fell into the wrong hands". However, David Chandler surmises that "the whole episode is so obscure and inconclusive that it is still not possible to make a definite ruling". 1983: 2192:

the war), were rejected by the French in June. The Whigs, the Dutch, Marlborough and Eugene failed for personal and political reasons to secure a favourable peace, adhering to the uncompromising slogan "No peace without Spain" without any clear knowledge of how to accomplish it. All the while Harley, maintained up the backstairs by Abigail, rallied the moderates to his side, ready to play an ambitious and powerful middle part.

2164: 1479:, Anne's eldest son; he was also restored to the Privy Council, together with his military rank. When William left for Holland in July, Marlborough was one of the Lords Justices left running the government in his absence; but striving to reconcile his close Tory connections with that of the dutiful royal servant was difficult, leading Marlborough to complain – "The King's coldness to me still continues". 1932: 1797:, enthusiastically supported the Ministry's Continental strategy of thrusting the army into the heart of France. This support wilted somewhat following the Allies' recent campaign, but the Duke, whose diplomatic tact had held together a very discordant Grand Alliance, was now a general of international repute, and the limited success of 1703 was soon eclipsed by the Blenheim campaign. 2575:

founding families and amassing estates at the public expense; Marlborough only differed in that he gave the public much more value for their money. In his quest for fame and personal interests he could be unscrupulous, as his desertion of James II testifies. To Macaulay this is regarded as a piece of selfish treachery against his patron; an analysis shared by

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forward to their former leaders' downfall. To compound his troubles, the Duchess, spurred on by her hatred of Harley and Abigail, had finally driven the Queen to distraction and wrecked what was left of their friendship. Sarah was retained in her court position out of necessity, as the price to be paid to keep her victorious husband at the head of the army.

1947:. The Queen enthusiastically agreed to this elevation, but after the successes of 1704, the campaign of 1705 brought little reason for satisfaction on the Continent. The planned invasion of France via the Moselle Valley was frustrated by friend and foe alike, forcing the Duke to withdraw back towards the Low Countries. Although Marlborough penetrated the 2624:

likely to manoeuvre than his opponents and was better at maintaining operational tempo at critical times, yet the Duke qualifies more as a great practitioner within the constraints of early 18th-century warfare, rather than as a great innovator who radically redefined military theory. Nevertheless, his predilection for fire, movement, and coordinated

1246: 2429:, James II's illegitimate son with Arabella. But these assurances against a Jacobite restoration (which he had been taking out since the early years of William III, no matter how insincere), stirred Hanoverian suspicions, and perhaps prevented him from holding the first place in the counsels of the future George I. 1405:, ordered Marlborough to dispose of all his posts and offices, both civil and military, and consider himself dismissed from all appointments and forbidden the court. No reasons were given but Marlborough's chief associates were outraged: Shrewsbury voiced his disapproval and Godolphin threatened to retire from government. 2216:

cost was high: the allied casualty figures were approximately double that of the enemy (sources vary), leading Marlborough to admit – "The French have defended themselves better in this action than in any battle I've seen". A rumour among the French about Marlborough's death in this battle lead to the burlesque lament "

893: 1003: 2492:, but following instructions left by Sarah, who died in 1744, Marlborough was moved to be by her side lying in the vault beneath the chapel at Blenheim. One newspaper described how the occasion was "celebrated with unparallel’d Magnificence", a fitting end for "he, who surpass’d all the Heroes of Antiquity". 1829:, but the scheme of seizing the initiative from the enemy was extremely bold. From the start, the Duke resolved to mislead the Dutch States General, who would never willingly permit any major weakening of Allied forces in the Spanish Netherlands. To this end, Marlborough moved English and Dutch troops to the 1928:. For her part, Anne, now Queen and no longer the timid adolescent so easily dominated by her more beautiful friend, had grown tired of Sarah's tactless political hectoring and increasingly haughty manner which, in the coming years, were to destroy their friendship and undermine the position of her husband. 5916:

All dates in the article are in the Gregorian calendar (unless otherwise stated). The Julian calendar as used in England until 1752 differed by 11 days after 1700, and ten days prior to that date. Thus, the battle of Blenheim was fought on 13 August (Gregorian calendar) or 2 August (Julian calendar).

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On the grand strategic level, Marlborough had a rare grasp of the broad issues involved and was able from the start of the Spanish Succession War to see the conflict in its entirety. He was one of the few influences working towards genuine unity within the Grand Alliance, but the extension of the war

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on 11 April 1713 (N.S.) – the Emperor and his German allies, including the Elector of Hanover, continued with the war before finally accepting the general settlement the following year. The Treaty marked Britain's emergence as a great power. Domestically, however, the country remained divided between

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Throughout his travels Marlborough remained in close contact with the Electoral court of Hanover, determined to ensure a bloodless Hanoverian succession on Anne's death. He also maintained correspondence with the Jacobites. The spirit of the age saw little wrong in Marlborough's continuing friendship

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The Allies were stunned by Marlborough's dismissal. The French, however, rejoiced at the removal of the main obstacle to the Anglo-French talks. Oxford (i.e. Harley) and St John had no intention of letting Britain's new Captain-General undertake any action, and issued Ormonde his "restraining orders"

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While Marlborough achieved honours on the battlefield, the Whigs, now in the ascendancy, drove the remaining Tories from the Cabinet. Marlborough and Godolphin, now distanced from Anne, would henceforth have to conform to the decisions of a Whig ministry, while the Tories, sullen and vengeful, looked

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Following his victory at Ramillies, Marlborough returned to England and the acclamation of Parliament; his titles and estates were made perpetual upon his heirs, male or female, so "the memory of these deeds should never lack one of his name to bear it". However, the Allied successes were followed in

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and C. T. Atkinson conclude that he probably did write the letter, but did so only when he knew that it would be received too late for its information to be of any practical use (the plan of the attack on Brest was widely known, and the French had already begun to strengthen their defences in April).

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ended in disaster; most of his men were killed or captured, and Tollemache died of his wounds shortly afterward. Despite lacking evidence, Marlborough's detractors claimed that it was he who had alerted the enemy. Macaulay states that in a letter on 3 May 1694 Marlborough betrayed the Allied plans to

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for deserting him in 1688 – a pardon essential for the success of his future career in the not altogether unlikely event of a Jacobite restoration. James himself maintained contact with his supporters in England whose principal object was to re-establish him upon his throne. William was well aware of

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to Anne. The Churchills and their relatives formed a central part of the so-called 'Cockpit circle' of Anne's friends, named after her apartments in Whitehall. Churchill was reportedly concerned at being too closely associated with James, particularly since Sarah's sister Frances was married to Irish

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He was sometimes indecisive, especially on the eve of some great undertaking, shrank from difficulties, and sometimes allowed himself to be beaten down by adversity. Maybe that's because he doesn't handle fatigue very well. He knows little about military discipline and gives too much freedom to the

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such as Cadogan), as well as enjoying a close personal relationship with the talented Imperial commander, Prince Eugene, Marlborough proved far-sighted, often far ahead of his contemporaries in his conceptions, and was a master at assessing his enemy's characteristics in battle. Marlborough was more

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in the ten campaigns he made against ; during all which time it cannot be said that he ever slipped an opportunity of fighting when there was any probability of coming at his enemy: and upon all occasions he concerted matters with so much judgment and forecast, that he never fought a battle which he

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Marlborough's place as one of the finest soldiers Britain ever produced is well deserved. He possessed the personal courage, imagination, common sense, self-control, and quick wits that mark the best battlefield commanders. He had an unerring ability to sense an enemy's weaknesses and the ability to

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Oxford's period of predominance was now at an end, and Anne turned to Bolingbroke and Marlborough to assume the reins of government and ensure a smooth succession. But beneath the weight of hostility the Queen's health, already fragile, rapidly deteriorated, and on 1 August 1714 (O.S.) – the day the

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The Allies had confidently expected that victory in a major set-piece battle would compel Louis XIV to accept peace on Allied terms, but after Malplaquet (the bloodiest battle of the war), that strategy had lost its validity: Villars had only to avoid defeat for a compromise peace settlement to

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on 20 October, but on his return to England his enemies used the Malplaquet casualty figures to sully his reputation. Harley, now master of the Tory party, did all he could to persuade his colleagues that the pro-war Whigs – and by their apparent concord with Whig policy, Marlborough and Godolphin –

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After the recent defeats and one of the worst winters in modern history, France was on the brink of collapse. However, Allied demands at the peace talks in The Hague in April 1709 (principally concerning Article 37 that bound Louis XIV to hand over Spain within two months or face the renewal of

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to the French. Marlborough remained despondent about the general situation, but his optimism received a major boost with the arrival in theatre of Prince Eugene, his co-commander at Blenheim. Heartened by the Prince's robust confidence, Marlborough set about to regain the strategic initiative. After

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A combination of strategic deception and brilliant administration enabled Marlborough to achieve his purpose. After marching 250 miles (400 km) from the Low Countries, the Allies fought a series of engagements against the Franco-Bavarian forces ranged against them on the Danube. The first major

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in pursuit of trade advantages and colonial expansion overseas. To the Tories an action at sea was preferable to one ashore: rather than attack the enemy where they were strongest the Tories proposed to attack Louis XIV and Philip V where they were weakest – in their colonial empires and on the high

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Mary's death on 28 December 1694 (O.S.) eventually led to a formal but cool reconciliation between William III and Anne, now heir to the throne. Marlborough hoped that the rapprochement would lead to his own return to office, but although he and Lady Marlborough were allowed to return to court,

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and made a Gentleman of the King's Bedchamber. His elevation, however, led to accusatory rumours from King James's supporters that Marlborough had disgracefully betrayed his erstwhile king for personal gain; William himself entertained reservations about the man who had deserted James. Marlborough's

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The Duke, "much thinner and greatly altered", returned to England in November. His relationship with Anne had suffered further setbacks in recent months (she had refused to grant him his requested appointment of Captain-General for life, and had interfered in military appointments). The damage done

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commemorative of his great victory at Blenheim; but since her accession her relationship with Sarah had become progressively distant. The Duke and Duchess had risen to greatness not least because of their intimacy with Anne, but the Duchess's relentless campaign against the Tories (Sarah was a firm

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William needed no further encouragement. Although the invitation was not signed by Churchill (he was not, as yet, of sufficient political rank), he declared his intention through William's principal English contact in The Hague – "If you think there is anything else that I ought to do, you have but

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where James had landed in March 1689 in an attempt to regain his thrones. When William left for Ireland in June 1690 Marlborough became commander of all troops and militia in England and was appointed a member of the Council of Nine to advise Mary on military matters in the King's absence, but she

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Marlborough's first official act was to assist in the remodeling of the army – the power of confirming or purging officers and men allowed the Earl to build a new patronage network that would prove beneficial over the next two decades. His task was urgent, for less than six months after James II's

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led Feversham to call for his arrest. Churchill himself had openly encouraged defection to the Orangist cause, but James continued to hesitate. Soon it was too late to act. After the meeting of the council of war on the morning of 24 November (O.S.), Churchill, accompanied by some 400 officers and

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It has often been said by British historians that Marlborough was also a good administrator and that his attention to detail meant his troops rarely went short of supply. When his armies arrived at their destination they were intact and in a fit state to fight. However, they often fail to mention

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Marlborough was welcomed and fêted by the people and courts of Europe, where he was not only respected as a great general but also as a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Sarah joined him in February 1713 and was delighted when on reaching Frankfurt in the middle of May to see that the troops under

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Two main charges were brought to the House of Commons against Marlborough: first, an assertion that over nine years he had illegally received more than £63,000 from the bread and transport contractors in the Netherlands; second, that he had taken 2.5% from the pay of the foreign troops in English

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led his Dutch infantry in desperate charges only to have it cut to pieces. On the other flank, Eugene attacked and suffered almost as severely. Nevertheless, sustained pressure on his extremities forced Villars to weaken his centre, enabling Marlborough to break through and claim victory. Yet the

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While Marlborough fought in the Low Countries, a series of personal and party rivalries instigated a general reversal of fortune. The Whigs, who were the main prop of the war, had been laying siege to Godolphin. As a price for supporting the government in the next parliamentary session, the Whigs

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on 4 May (O.S.) where he languished for five weeks; his anguish compounded by the news of the death of his younger son Charles on 22 May (O.S.). Young's letters were eventually discredited as forgeries and Marlborough was released on 15 June (O.S.), but he continued his correspondence with James,

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on 27 September (O.S.), and Kinsale followed in mid-October. Although the campaign did not end the war in Ireland as Marlborough hoped, it taught him the significance of the minutiae of logistics, and the importance of cooperation and tact when working alongside other senior Allied commanders. It

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Since Walcourt, though, Marlborough's popularity at court had waned. William and Mary distrusted both Lord and Lady Marlborough's influence as confidants and supporters of Princess Anne (whose claim to the throne was stronger than William's). Sarah had supported Anne in a series of court disputes

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Marlborough was ruthlessly ambitious, and relentless in the pursuit of wealth, power, and social advancement, earning him a reputation for avarice and miserliness. These traits may have been exaggerated for party faction but, notes Trevelyan, nearly all other statesmen of the day were engaged in

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on 11 July 1708 demoralised the French army in Flanders; his eye for ground, his sense of timing and his keen knowledge of the enemy were again amply demonstrated. The success, aided by the dissension of the two French commanders, restored the strategic initiative to the Allies, who now opted to

1373:), but their double-dealing was seen more like an insurance policy, rather than as an explicit commitment. Marlborough did not wish for a Jacobite restoration, but William was conscious of his military and political qualities, and the danger the Earl posed: "William was not prone to fear", wrote 1344:

rankled with the ambitious Earl; nor did Marlborough conceal his bitter disappointment behind his usual bland discretion. Using his influence in Parliament and the army, Marlborough aroused dissatisfaction concerning William's preferences for foreign commanders, an exercise designed to force the

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from 1701 to 1710 consolidated Britain's emergence as a front-rank power, while his ability to maintain unity in the fractious coalition demonstrated his diplomatic skills. He is often remembered by military historians as much for his organisational and logistic skills as his tactical abilities.

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To prevent the serious renewal of warfare in the spring, it was considered essential to replace Marlborough with a general more in touch with the Queen's ministers and less in touch with their allies. To do this, Harley (newly created Earl of Oxford) and St John first needed to bring charges of

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Marlborough's strategic gains in 1711 made it virtually certain that the Allies would march on Paris the following year, but Harley had no intention of letting the war progress that far and risk jeopardising the favourable terms secured from the secret Anglo-French talks (based on the idea that

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On 4 May 1702 (O.S.) England formally declared war on France. Marlborough was given command of the English, Dutch, and hired German forces, but he had not as yet commanded a large army in the field and had far less experience than a dozen Dutch and German generals who now had to work under him.

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Marlborough returned from these tribulations to a political storm as the Ministry's critics turned to attack the overall conduct of the war. The Duke and Godolphin had initially agreed to explore a "moderate scheme" with Harley and reconstruct the government, but they were incensed when Harley

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Marlborough's weakness during Anne's reign lay in the English political scene. His determination to preserve the independence of the Queen's administration from the control of the party faction initially enjoyed full support, but once royal favour turned elsewhere, the Duke, like his key ally

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in October 1691, their relationship had further deteriorated. In January 1692, the Queen, angered by Marlborough's intrigues in Parliament, the army, and even with Saint-Germain, ordered Anne to dismiss Sarah from her household – Anne refused. This personal dispute precipitated Marlborough's

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Churchill emerged from the Sedgemoor campaign with great credit, but he was anxious not to be seen as sympathetic towards the King's growing religious ardour against the Protestant establishment. James II's promotion of Catholics in royal institutions – including the army – engendered first

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To Trevelyan, Marlborough's behaviour during the 1688 revolution was a sign of his "devotion to the liberties of England and the Protestant religion". However, his continuing correspondence with Saint-Germain was not noble. Although Marlborough did not wish for a Jacobite restoration his

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still unfinished and running out of money; and with England split between Hanoverian and Jacobite factions, Marlborough thought it wise to leave the country. After attending Godolphin's funeral on 7 October (O.S.), he went into voluntary exile to the Continent on 1 December 1712 (O.S.).

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Notwithstanding all this turmoil – and his declining health – Marlborough returned to The Hague in late February to prepare for what was to be his last campaign, and one of his greatest. Once again Marlborough and Villars formed against each other in line of battle, this time along the

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The pure military artistry with which he repeatedly deceived Villars during the first part of the campaign has few equals in the annals of military history ... the subsequent siege of Bouchain with all its technical complexities, was an equally fine demonstration of martial

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Two wyverns wings elevated gules, collared and chained sable, each collar charged with three escallops argent. These are derived from the arms of the Duke's mother's family, Drake of Ash (Argent, a wyvern gules. These arms can be seen on the monument in Musbury Church to Sir

2587:, went to James with wanton professions of love and loyalty ... and then calmly handed over the army to the invader. To the finish of this work of art but few could aspire, but to their degree, all the politicians of the Revolution were upon this ethical pattern. 1061:

was accused of involvement in the rebellion and tried by 30 members of the House of Lords, including Churchill. As the most junior peer, he went first and his vote for acquittal was viewed as giving a lead to others; Delamere was set free, much to James's annoyance.

1689:. The Dutch generals and deputies were concerned by the threat of an invasion from a powerful enemy. Nevertheless, despite his Allies' initial lassitude the campaign in the Low Countries (the war's principal theatre) began well for Marlborough. After outmanoeuvring 2160:. Yet for all the difficulties of the winter siege, the campaign of 1708 had been a remarkable success, requiring superior logistical skill and organisation. The Allies re-took Brugge and Gent, and the French were driven out of almost all the Spanish Netherlands. 1966:. These setbacks thwarted Marlborough's original plans for the coming campaign, but he soon adjusted his schemes and marched into enemy territory. Louis XIV, equally determined to fight and avenge Blenheim, goaded his commander, Marshal Villeroi, to seek out 2252:

Although the Duke was only an observer at Geertruidenberg, the failed negotiations gave credence to his detractors that he was deliberately prolonging the war for his own profit. Yet it was with reluctance that he returned to campaigning in the spring, capturing

1959:. The French and the Tories in England dismissed arguments that only Dutch obstructionism had robbed Marlborough of a great victory in 1705, confirmed in their belief that Blenheim had been a chance occurrence and that Marlborough was a general not to be feared. 5969:, p. 126: Marlborough was also to settle the number of soldiers and sailors each coalition partner was to contribute, and supervise the organisation and supply of these troops. In these matters, he was ably assisted by Adam Cardonnel and William Cadogan. 2249:, but again Louis XIV would not concede Whig demands to force his grandson, Philip V, from Spain. Publicly Marlborough toed the government line, but privately he had real doubts about pressing the French into accepting such a dishonourable course. 2419:

about the middle height, and has the best figure in the world; his features are without fault, fine, sparkling eyes and good teeth ... In short, apart from his legs, which are too thin, he is one of the handsomest men ever seen ... His ambition knows no

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As commander of Anglo-Dutch forces, he had the power to give orders to Dutch generals only when their troops were in action with his own; at all other times he had to rely on his powers of tact and persuasion, and gain the consent of accompanying Dutch

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As early as 1682, Churchill was recorded as being uneasy at James's obstinacy. The conviction he was always right often resulted in what many viewed as vindictive behaviour, including Monmouth's clumsy execution and the persecution of his followers by

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and large parts of the Americas. It proved remarkably resilient; when Charles died in 1700, it was largely intact and had even expanded in areas like the Pacific. Its possession could change the balance of power in favour of either France or Austria.

2484:. Finally, at 4 a.m on 16 June (O.S.), in the presence of his wife and two surviving daughters Henrietta Godolphin and Mary Montagu, the 1st Duke of Marlborough died. He was initially buried on 9 August (O.S.) in the vault at the east end of the 1658:

wanted to prevent British political and military interests from being prioritised over those of the Dutch Republic. The States-General thus put severe limits on his power, which were defined in 12 articles. The most notable articles stated that:

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in 1703, the "Great Design" – the Anglo-Dutch plan to secure Antwerp and thereby open the river lines into Flanders and Brabant – was left in ruins by Villeroi's initiative and poor Allied co-ordination, resulting in the near-disaster at the

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in exchange for advising Charles XII to launch an invasion of Russia, as this would distract Charles from interfering in the War of the Spanish Succession. Carl Piper was accused of having accepted Marlborough's bribe, advising Charles to

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departure, England joined the war against France as part of a powerful coalition aimed at curtailing the ambitions of Louis XIV. With his experience it was logical that Marlborough took charge of the 8,000 English troops sent to the

531:(1709) ensured his place in history as one of Europe's great generals. His wife's stormy relationship with the Queen, and her subsequent dismissal from court, was central to his own fall. Incurring Anne's disfavour, and caught between 2090:, the Secretary at War, raised the issue in Parliament. Convinced of Harley's caballing, the duumvirs threatened the Queen with resignation unless she dismissed him. Anne fought stubbornly to keep her favourite minister, but when the 1903:

on the Moselle, Marlborough now stood as the foremost soldier of the age. Even the Tories, who had declared that should he fail they would "break him up like hounds on a hare", could not entirely restrain their patriotic admiration.

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With his health deteriorating, William III appointed Marlborough Ambassador-Extraordinary and commander of English forces to attend the conference at the Hague. On 7 September 1701, the Treaty of the Second Grand Alliance nominated

2156:, the strongest fortress in Europe. While the Duke commanded the covering force, Eugene oversaw the siege of the town, which surrendered on 22 October; however, it was not until 10 December that the resolute Boufflers yielded the 1294:

on 1 July 1690 (O.S.) forced James II to abandon his army and flee back to France. In August Marlborough himself left for Ireland engaged upon his first independent command – a land/sea operation upon the southern ports of

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Godolphin, found himself isolated; first becoming little more than a servant of the Whigs, then a victim of the Tories. Nonetheless he has been consistently ranked as one of the greatest military commanders of the modern era.

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The arms of the 1st Duke of Marlborough must not be confused with those of the 5th Duke and his successors, which also incorporate the Spencer arms. The heraldic achievement shown here also represents the 1st Duke's lands in

1037:

on 6 July 1685, defeating the rebels and effectively putting an end to the rebellion. Although subordinate to Feversham, Churchill's administrative capacity, tactical skill, and courage in battle were pivotal in the victory.

8972:

Memoirs of the most remarkable military transactions from the year 1683 to 1718. Containing a more particular account than any yet published of the several battles, sieges, etc. ... By Captain R. Parker ... Published by his

1603:. While his death was expected, it deprived the Alliance of its most obvious leader although Marlborough's personal position was further strengthened by his close relationship with the new Queen. Anne appointed him 794:, but to keep his subsidies, Charles encouraged members of the Anglo-Scots force to remain in French service; many did so, including Monmouth and Churchill, who became Colonel of one such regiment, serving under 78: 2312:. Expecting another onslaught on the scale of Malplaquet, the allied generals surmised that their commander, distressed from domestic turmoil, was leading them to an appalling slaughter. By an exercise of 2118:

Marlborough's main battles and sieges in the War of the Spanish Succession. In the decade he held command, 1702–11, Marlborough fought five great battles and besieged and captured over 30 enemy fortresses.

1190:

I hope the great advantage I enjoy under Your Majesty, which I own I would never expect in any other change of government, may reasonably convince Your Majesty and the world that I am actuated by a higher

884:

negotiated an Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance. Churchill was sent to the Hague to make arrangements for an expeditionary force, although English troops did not arrive in significant numbers until after the

9271: 1417:

The nadir of Marlborough's fortunes had not yet been reached. The spring of 1692 brought renewed threats of a French invasion and new accusations of Jacobite treachery. Acting on the testimony of one

9286: 1552:

on 16 November 1700. However, this was on condition Philip renounced his claim to the French throne; Louis' decision to ignore this once again threatened French domination over Europe and led to the

2449:

Marlboroughs returned to England – she died. The Privy Council immediately proclaimed the Elector of Hanover King George I of Great Britain. The Jacobites had proved incapable of action; what

1887:, the successful outcome of which had altered the course of the conflict – Bavaria was knocked out of the war, and Louis XIV's hopes of an early victory were destroyed. With the subsequent fall of 1421:, the Queen had arrested all the signatories to a letter purporting the restoration of James II and the seizure of William III. Marlborough, as one of these signatories, was sent to the 9193:

De subsistentie van het leger: Logistiek en strategie van het Geallieerde en met name het Staatse leger tijdens de Spaanse Successieoorlog in de Nederlanden en het Heilige Roomse Rijk (1701-1712)

11020: 9198:

The Subsistence of the Army: Logistics and Strategy of the Allied, Particularly the Dutch, Army during the War of the Spanish Succession in the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire (1701-1712)

2316:, and a secretive night march covering nearly 40 miles in 18 hours, the Allies penetrated the allegedly impregnable lines without losing a single man; Marlborough was now in position 5463:

12th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 14th Earl of Sunderland, 16th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

5273:

11th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 13th Earl of Sunderland, 15th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

5119:

10th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 12th Earl of Sunderland, 14th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

4941:

9th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 11th Earl of Sunderland, 13th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

4782:

8th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 10th Earl of Sunderland, 12th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

10910: 4520:

7th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 9th Earl of Sunderland, 11th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

4361:

6th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 8th Earl of Sunderland, 10th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

4162:

5th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 7th Earl of Sunderland, 9th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

3924:

4th Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 6th Earl of Sunderland, 8th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

3669:

3rd Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge, 5th Earl of Sunderland, 7th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

2207:, determined to maintain the ceaseless pressure on the French. With direct orders from the increasingly desperate Louis XIV to save the city, Villars advanced on the tiny village of 1349:'s envoy to London overheard the King remark that he had been treated – "so infamously by Marlborough that, had he not been King, he would have felt it necessary to challenge him to a 9304: 1463:

In 1696 Marlborough, together with Godolphin, Russell, and Shrewsbury, was yet again implicated in a treasonous plot with James II, this time instigated by the Jacobite militant

2106:, replaced St John as Secretary at War. The struggle had given Marlborough a final lease of power but it was a Whig victory, and he had to a large extent lost his hold on the Queen. 2561:

Macaulay "instinctively desired to make Marlborough's genius stand out bright against the background of his villainy". It was largely in response to Macaulay that a descendant,

1666:(Article 3) Marlborough always had to formulate his operational plans in consultation with the highest Dutch general, who was also authorised to ask his subordinates for advice. 1242:, it is difficult to absolve Marlborough of ruthlessness, ingratitude, intrigue and treachery against a man to whom he owed virtually everything in his life and career to date. 2147:, was crossing farther north with the intent of besieging the place. Marlborough – with renewed self-assurance – moved decisively to engage them. His subsequent victory at the 911:

James publicly confirmed his conversion to Catholicism in 1673; as heir to the throne, this led to a political crisis that dominated English politics from 1679 to 1681. In the

10925: 1780:

on 30 June. Domestically the Duke also encountered problems. The moderate Tory ministry of Marlborough, the Lord Treasurer Godolphin, and the Speaker of the House of Commons

2549: 2269:. Nevertheless, support for the pro-war policy of the Whigs had, by this time, ebbed away. The Cabinet had long lacked cohesion and mutual trust (particularly following the 6029:, p. 118 Marlborough himself was not keen on the marriage but Sarah, enchanted by Sunderland's Whig ideology and intellectual prowess, was decidedly more enthusiastic. 2071:

with a pair of valuable earrings which she accepted, and it was the habit of Carl to personally refuse bribes but allow his wife to accept them and then follow her advice.

1467:. The accusations were eventually dismissed as a fabrication and Fenwick executed – the King himself had remained incredulous – but it was not until 1698, a year after the 1278:– "despite his youth he displayed greater military capacity than do most generals after a long series of wars ... He is assuredly one of the most gallant men I know". 8366: 1282:

with the joint monarchs, infuriating Mary who included the Earl in her disfavour of his wife. Yet for the moment the clash of tempers was over-shadowed by more pressing

1014:

Despite his Catholicism, James succeeded Charles as king in February 1685 with widespread support. Many feared his exclusion would lead to a repetition of the 1638–1651

10980: 9882: 2674: 457:, through the 1670s and early 1680s, earning military and political advancement through his courage and diplomatic skill. He is known for never having lost a battle. 9410: 828:, who came from a similar background of minor Royalist gentry, ruined by the war. The family moved to London after her father died and in 1673, Sarah and her sister 1833:(a plan approved of by The Hague), but once there he planned to slip the Dutch leash and march south to link up with Austrian forces in southern Germany. The Dutch 226: 628: 10975: 1173:, but few of its senior officers were eager to fight – even Princess Anne wrote to William to wish him "good success in this so just an undertaking". Promoted to 1018:

but tolerance for his personal beliefs did not apply to Catholicism in general. His support collapsed when his policies appeared to threaten the primacy of the

6017:, p. 107 The Queen also granted him £5,000 annually for life, but Parliament refused. Sarah, indignant at this ingratitude, suggested he refuse the title. 2476:

In 1719 the Duke and Duchess were able to move into the east wing of the unfinished palace, but Marlborough had only three years to enjoy it. While living at

1756:. His parents rushed to be by his side, but on Saturday morning, 20 February (O.S.), the boy died, plunging the duke into "the greatest sorrow in the world". 1995:

demanded a share of public office with the appointment of a leading member of their Junto, the Earl of Sunderland (Marlborough's son-in-law), to the post of

11060: 10390: 9939: 8637: 3424: 175: 9160:

Het Staatsche Leger: Deel VIII Het tijdperk van de Spaanse Successieoorlog (The Dutch States Army: Part VIII The era of the War of the Spanish Succession)

1955:

in July, indecision and Dutch objections (concerned as they were for the security of their homeland), prevented the Duke from attacking the French at the

1781: 964: 17: 2632:, one of the Dutch deputies who worked very closely with Marlborough also noted several flaws. Although generally positive about Marlborough, he wrote: 2381:. Marlborough continued to make his views known, but he was in trouble: attacked by his enemies and the government press; with his fortune in peril and 775:. The alliance with Catholic France was extremely unpopular and many doubted the brigade's reliability against the Dutch. As a result, it served in the 11030: 10845: 6002: 4934: 2818: 941:

Charles defeated the Exclusionists and dismissed Parliament in 1681, allowing James to return to London. In 1682, Churchill was made Lord Churchill of

795: 10955: 8505: 2324:. Villars, deceived and outmanoeuvred, was helpless to intervene, compelling the fortress's unconditional surrender on 12 September. Chandler writes: 10869: 10837: 10821: 10813: 10534: 5451: 4775: 4354: 4155: 2746: 1442:

James, thus ensuring that the landing failed and that Tollemache, a talented rival, was killed or discredited as a direct result. Historians such as

2334:

Philip V would remain on the Spanish throne) that had proceeded throughout the year. Marlborough had long had doubts about the Whig policy of "

11045: 10970: 10861: 10853: 9352: 5266: 5112: 2019:

1707 with a resurgence in French arms on all fronts of the war, and a return to political squabbling and indecision within the Grand Alliance. The

190: 1029:

in Scotland and the Monmouth Rebellion in western England. In the campaign against Monmouth, Churchill led the infantry, under the command of the

11025: 10829: 10789: 9843: 5668: 4513: 3398: 844: 170: 89: 1471:

brought an end to the Nine Years' War, that the corner was finally turned in William's and Marlborough's relationship. On the recommendation of

1177:

on 7 November (O.S.) Churchill was still at the King's side, but his displaying "the greatest transports of joy imaginable" at the desertion of

10761: 10476: 10457: 10332: 5849:

A lion couchant guardant argent, supporting with its dexter forepaw a banner gules, charged with a dexter hand appaumée of the first, staff Or.

2667: 2410:. Begun in 1705, but plagued by financial troubles, this "pile of stones", as the Duchess resentfully called it, was finally completed in 1733. 1996: 1195:

When the King saw that he could not keep even Churchill – for so long his loyal servant – he despaired. James II, who in the words of the

6088:

were the last and most imposing entrenched fortifications designed to halt enemy raids and hinder the movements of enemy armies. The lines of

3405:

2nd Duchess of Marlborough, Marchioness of Blandford, Countess of Marlborough, Lady Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baroness Churchill of Sandridge

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in 1687. This was offset by their connection with the Protestant Anne, while Sarah herself was renowned for being virulently anti-Catholic.

10219: 2619:

As a commander, Marlborough preferred battle over slow-moving siege warfare. Aided by an expert staff (particularly his carefully selected

856: 185: 10702: 10490: 10244: 10126: 10108: 9952: 4367: 464:

in 1685 helped secure James on the throne, but he was a key player in the military conspiracy that led to James being deposed during the

9917: 9276: 1943:

During the Duke's march to the Danube Emperor Leopold I offered to make Marlborough a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in the small

604:; he was heavily fined for doing so, forcing his family to live at Ash House with his mother-in-law. John Churchill was a descendant of 11015: 10317: 9987: 9635: 9568: 8248: 2140: 473: 11000: 10960: 10940: 10935: 10571: 10559: 10465: 10407: 10052: 10042: 2660: 2007:'s policy of appeasing the Whig Junto was unnecessary, had set himself up as an alternative source of advice to a sympathetic Queen. 1864: 2211:

on 9 September 1709 and entrenched his position. Two days later the opposing forces clashed in battle. On the Allied left flank the

1760: 723: 10965: 10905: 10797: 10652: 10383: 10067: 10057: 9932: 3662: 3636: 3385: 2540: 2144: 2035:, Marlborough's diplomacy helped placate Charles and prevent his interference regarding the Spanish Succession. Following the 1706 1813:. "I have no time to say more but to beg you will give my duty to the Queen, and let her know her army has had a glorious victory." 1737: 1409:, now commander-in-chief of the Navy, personally accused the King of ingratitude to the man who had "set the crown upon his head". 837: 713: 11035: 11005: 10805: 10658: 10509: 3917: 3411: 3189:

1st Duke of Marlborough, Marquess of Blandford, Earl of Marlborough, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge

2087: 1741: 1729: 1366: 825: 150: 1433:, the French port in the West of Brittany. The French had received intelligence alerting them to the imminent assault, enabling 11055: 10727: 10352: 10134: 10082: 6068: 4964: 3649: 3473: 3459: 3169: 1845: 1472: 1370: 981: 958: 381: 2543:

who could "conceive nothing greater than Marlborough at the head of an English army". However the 19th century Whig historian

1320: 1229:'s coronation honours, Churchill was created Earl of Marlborough on 9 April 1689 (O.S.); he was also sworn as a member of the 708:

in the Mediterranean from March to November 1670. He returned to London, where in February 1671 he engaged in a duel with Sir

10920: 10262: 10072: 9460: 9180: 9148: 9096: 9049: 9008: 8989: 8932: 8890: 8778: 8715: 8696: 8625: 8597: 8576: 8538: 8479: 8394: 8330: 7936: 7774: 6269: 6218: 5994: 3975: 3706: 3433: 2934: 2179: 2091: 1745: 1736:, (they later married on 20 March 1705 (O.S.)). Their two older daughters were already married: Henrietta to Godolphin's son 1030: 852: 829: 180: 6319: 2415:

Eugene's command paid her lord "all the respects as if he had been at his old post". Churchill was described as having been

1599:

William III died on 8 March 1702 (O.S.) from injuries sustained in a riding accident and was succeeded by his sister-in-law

1512:

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the single most important theme in European politics was the rivalry between the

1097:

in his mainly Protestant subjects; even members of his own family expressed alarm at the King's zeal for Roman Catholicism.

11040: 10708: 10683: 10602: 10596: 10588: 10448: 10312: 10257: 10204: 9771: 9489: 9479: 9403: 9367: 9335: 6116:, p. 349 Marlborough threw the letter on the fire in disgust, but Oxford's memoranda contains an imperfect draft copy. 4954: 4168: 3446: 2426: 2212: 2095: 1744:

in 1700. However, Marlborough's hopes of founding a great dynasty of his own reposed in his eldest and only surviving son,

1398: 1287:

made scant effort to disguise her distaste at his appointment – "I can neither trust or esteem him", she wrote to William.

920: 667: 539:

factions, Marlborough was forced from office and went into self-imposed exile. He returned to favour with the accession of

426:

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, 1st Prince of Mindelheim, 1st Count of Nellenburg, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire

5827: 2557:

he pursued the Duke with "more than the ferocity, and much less than the sagacity, of a bloodhound", though according to

2436:

Marlborough by Enoch Seeman. This late portrait shows Marlborough during his retirement possibly 1716/17 after his stroke.

1962:

The early months of 1706 also proved frustrating for the Duke as Louis XIV's generals gained early successes in Italy and

10376: 10322: 10297: 10287: 10194: 10169: 10087: 10047: 9972: 9925: 9536: 8684: 4561: 3220: 2536: 2028: 1907: 1860: 1553: 1448: 1402: 1380: 1174: 1067: 1058: 912: 651: 1690: 1540:

Attempts to partition the Empire between the French and Austrian candidates or install an alternative from the Bavarian

1475:(whose wife was a close friend of Lady Marlborough), William eventually offered Marlborough the post of governor to the 1357: 10950: 10754: 10368: 10342: 10159: 10037: 10027: 10012: 9736: 9450: 9037: 2048: 1476: 1406: 1178: 1109: 1105: 1676:(Article 6) Marlborough was not allowed to give orders to the Dutch troops independently of the Dutch senior officers. 10995: 10677: 10633: 10627: 10484: 10337: 10272: 10002: 9997: 9977: 9756: 9714: 9704: 9657: 9620: 9551: 9518: 9027: 8909: 8867: 8848: 8824: 8739: 8674: 8557: 8457: 8438: 8416: 8375: 8351: 8308: 8286: 5548: 4843: 3675: 2470: 2366: 2217: 2010: 1733: 1686: 1655: 1275: 881: 772: 430: 406: 61: 2453:

called the "solidity of the constitution" had triumphed, and the regents chosen by George prepared for his arrival.

2377:

in May, forbidding him to use British troops in action against the French – an infamous step that ultimately ruined

1911:

John Churchill, by Godfrey Kneller. This oil sketch shows Marlborough, victor at Blenheim and Ramillies, in triumph.

1728:

On 9 February 1703 (O.S.), soon after the Marlboroughs' elevation, their daughter Elizabeth married Scroop Egerton,

10990: 10179: 10077: 10022: 10017: 9964: 9948: 9667: 9642: 9558: 9344: 9324: 9315: 9291: 5177: 5035: 4197: 2280: 532: 276: 9721: 9610: 9191: 2539:, Marlborough is the greatest British commander in history, an assessment that is shared by others, including the 1818: 1748:, who, since his father's elevation, had borne the courtesy title of Marquess of Blandford. But while studying at 508: 10945: 10577: 10565: 10540: 10214: 10189: 10062: 9684: 9508: 9374: 8428: 6048: 5764: 4092: 2567: 2099: 2000: 1732:. This was followed in the summer by an engagement between Mary and John Montagu, heir to the Earl of, and later 1682: 1670: 1270:(1688–97) he saw only three years service in the field, and then mostly in subordinate commands. However, at the 1075: 536: 35: 8527:

The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690–1715; Churchill, George (1654–1710), of Windsor Little Park

2036: 1924:

Whig) isolated her from the Queen whose natural inclinations lay with the Tories, the staunch supporters of the

1855:. However, the main event followed on 13 August when Marlborough – assisted by the Imperial commander, the able 10915: 10613: 10424: 10139: 9802: 9778: 9674: 9388: 8216: 7900: 5998: 5333: 4822: 4397: 3954: 2196: 1759:

Bearing his grief, and leaving Sarah to hers, the Duke returned to The Hague at the beginning of March. By now

1663:(Article 2) Marlborough was only allowed to command the Dutch troops that were part of the combined field army. 1604: 1573: 1524:

became the King of Spain. Spain was no longer the dominant global power it once was but remained a vast global

1341: 1143: 1139: 437: 280: 68: 7957: 2067:. Carl Piper denied having accepted Marlborough's offer, but he did admit that Marlborough provided his wife, 953:. These rewards allowed him to live in some style and comfort; in addition to a house in London, he purchased 10930: 10747: 10526: 10399: 10174: 10164: 9072: 8982:

Music and the City: Musical Cultures and Urban Societies in the Southern Netherlands and Beyond, c. 1650–1800

5918: 5917:

In this article (O.S.) is used to annotate Julian dates with the year adjusted to 1 January. See the article

2719: 1805: 1488: 1464: 1238:, have been at pains to attribute patriotic, religious, and moral motives to his action; but in the words of 1138:, William, Prince of Orange, to invade England and assume the throne. The signatories to the letter included 1115: 954: 934: 709: 705: 493: 442: 346: 8509: 5745: 3095: 2947: 2592:

double-dealing ensured that William III and George I would never be fully disposed to trust him.

1810: 1600: 972: 791: 768: 589: 497: 203: 6261:

The Royal Descents of 900 Immigrants to the American Colonies, Quebec, or the United States In Two Volumes

6071:

divided between them Sarah's places at court, and in bitterness she retired to her newly built mansion of

2171:. Apart from Ramillies, Eugene shared in Marlborough's great battles in the War of the Spanish Succession. 1763:

had replaced Boufflers as commander in the Spanish Netherlands, but although Marlborough was able to take

10770: 10420: 9947: 9833: 9746: 9694: 3105: 1710: 1154:, who assured the Prince that, "Nineteen parts of twenty of the people ... are desirous of change". 1101: 644: 581: 31: 9206: 7876:

The Marriage, Baptismal and Burial Registers of the Collegiate Church or Abbey of St. Peter, Westminster

6192: 1345:

King's hand. Aware of this, William, in turn, began to speak openly of his distrust of Marlborough; the

836:, James's second Catholic wife. Despite opposition from his father, who wanted him to marry the wealthy 10515: 10416: 9897: 9378: 8530: 3090: 2064: 1944: 1196: 1046: 1015: 784: 601: 303: 2432: 9578: 9498: 9469: 8949: 8834: 2544: 2357: 2339: 2285: 1624: 1374: 1283: 1104:, it opened up the prospect of successive Catholic monarchs. Some in the King's service, such as the 540: 334: 9128:

The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620

1669:(Article 4) Marlborough had to take all his decisions in agreement with the Dutch commander and the 1559: 10985: 8489: 6093: 5726: 5539: 3875: 1825:

and the situation in southern Germany convinced Marlborough of the necessity of sending aid to the

1336:

William III recognised Marlborough's qualities as a soldier and strategist, but the refusal of the

1230: 968: 422: 391: 266: 6130:, 1968, p. 747, apparently contradicts Robson who states the wyverns are argent rather than gules. 6038:

The Bavarian estate had been confiscated from the Elector and effectively occupied after Blenheim.

2122:

The military setbacks of 1707 continued through the opening months of 1708, with the defection of

11010: 10644: 9068: 8954: 4788: 2831: 2466: 2200: 2079: 1749: 10302: 9440: 8762: 7888: 6052: 3880: 2378: 2335: 2306: 2082:(Marlborough's major goal for 1707) ended any lingering hopes of a war-winning blow that year. 2078:

and along the Rhine in Southern Germany, had caused Marlborough great anxiety. Prince Eugene's

1916: 1856: 1848: 1638: 1443: 1437:

to strengthen its defences and reinforce the garrison. Inevitably the attack on 18 June led by

1346: 1222: 1151: 985: 976: 950: 873: 735: 469: 351: 8208: 8202: 7967: 1821:

to the east, Austria faced the real possibility of being forced out of the war. Concerns over

1199:, had "given up three kingdoms for a Mass", fled to France, taking with him his son and heir. 10144: 9874: 9586: 8962: 3109: 2480:

he suffered another stroke in June 1722, not long after his 72nd birthday and slipped into a

2373:, with "the same allowances that had been lately voted criminal in the Duke of Marlborough". 2313: 2153: 2024: 1620: 1418: 1131: 1078:

that "If the King should attempt to change our religion, I will instantly quit his service."

690: 620: 616: 376: 9111: 5941:, which meant reliance on William III. In this and other matters, Sarah supported Anne. 927:

and he spent the next three years in exile, Churchill acting as his liaison with the court.

10900: 10895: 10032: 9331: 9300:

The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 18/A New Vindication of the Duke of Marlborough

9123: 8749: 8252: 6126: 6055:, and awarded the colonelcy of the Oxford Dragoons to Jack Hill, brother of Abigail Masham. 2691: 2683: 2221: 2208: 2184: 2148: 1393: 1250: 1213: 916: 717: 624: 551:

However, he was also instrumental in moving away from the siege warfare that dominated the

528: 485: 386: 8635:

Hattendorf, John B. (May 2014). "Churchill, John, first duke of Marlborough (1650–1722)".

1716: 8: 10719: 10347: 9852: 8662: 5954: 3487: 3211: 3100: 2003:. Anne also became ever more reliant on the advice of Harley, who was convinced that the 1987: 1971: 1936: 1608: 1529: 1521: 1504: 1385: 1337: 1291: 1254: 1087: 1034: 975:

in 1683. His senior aide was Colonel Charles Griffin, brother-in-law to Sarah, appointed

946: 848: 747: 694: 663: 640: 524: 520: 465: 454: 371: 366: 315: 10398: 8493: 2355:

was already presenting to a credulous public through his pamphleteering, notably in his

2233: 2195:

Marlborough returned to campaigning in the Low Countries in June 1709. After outwitting

2086:

privately criticised the management of the war in Spain to the Queen, and his associate

10209: 10149: 9820: 9234: 8943: 8341: 6170: 4879: 2897: 2687: 2629: 2554: 2168: 2020: 1952: 1884: 1868: 1627:

giving them a combined annual income of over £60,000 and unrivaled influence at court.

1616: 1307:

supply routes, and one which the Earl conceived and executed with outstanding success.

1271: 1267: 1226: 1208: 1026: 997: 877: 807: 799: 593: 552: 516: 489: 461: 361: 356: 327: 322: 310: 10443: 5560:

9th Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, and Baron Spencer of Althorp, 4th Viscount Althorp

5340:

8th Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, and Baron Spencer of Althorp, 3rd Viscount Althorp

5184:

7th Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, and Baron Spencer of Althorp, 2nd Viscount Althorp

4850:

6th Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, and Baron Spencer of Althorp, 1st Viscount Althorp

2203:

on 3 September (a major and bloody operation), the Allies turned their attention upon

1312:

would, however, be more than ten years before he once again took charge in the field.

10739: 10116: 9909: 9241:

Protagonists in International Perspective. (Rotterdam: Karwansaray Publishing, 2012).

9176: 9169:

De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning

9144: 9092: 9060: 9045: 9023: 9004: 8985: 8928: 8905: 8886: 8863: 8844: 8838: 8820: 8813: 8774: 8766: 8735: 8711: 8692: 8670: 8621: 8593: 8572: 8553: 8534: 8475: 8453: 8434: 8412: 8404: 8390: 8371: 8347: 8326: 8318: 8304: 8282: 8212: 7932: 7770: 6265: 6214: 6188: 6162: 6072: 4947: 4210: 3699: 3465: 3391: 2562: 2532: 2489: 2441: 2317: 2270: 2075: 1925: 1837: 1645:

that, in various respects, governed Europe during the War of the Spanish Succession.

1634: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1569: 1549: 1513: 1468: 1438: 1239: 1235: 1070:. This provides the immediate context for Delamere's acquittal but shortly after the 1019: 886: 803: 780: 760: 755: 727: 298: 2369:, left London for The Hague to take command of British forces he went, noted Bishop 1392:

By the time William and Marlborough had returned from an uneventful campaign in the

1356:

Since January 1691 Marlborough had been in contact with the exiled James II in

666:. This lasted over a decade; James had four acknowledged children by her, including 30:"Duke of Marlborough" and "John Churchill" redirect here. For subsequent dukes, see 10694: 10154: 9420: 8879: 8642: 8361: 8296: 4752: 4388: 3871: 3478: 2576: 2485: 2477: 2462: 2298: 1948: 1880: 1834: 1777: 1631: 1517: 1147: 1010:; the executioner reputedly needed five blows, leading to a near riot by the crowd. 924: 751: 701: 679: 293: 140: 127: 8654: 10551: 10501: 10327: 10229: 9862: 9526: 9106: 8467: 7926: 7764: 6259: 6208: 5731: 3711: 3692: 3452: 2558: 2407: 2382: 2266: 2246: 2068: 2040: 1920: 1612: 1430: 1422: 1245: 904: 818: 511:

of British forces, then to a dukedom. As de facto leader of Allied forces in the

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The representatives of France, Great Britain, and the Dutch Republic signed the

1592:; however, the increasing independence of German states within the Empire meant 907:. On the Duke's left are Elizabeth, Mary, the Duchess, Henrietta, Anne and John. 555:. Churchill secured a reputation in Europe that was unrivaled until the rise of 10432: 10403: 10267: 10224: 10184: 9596: 8790:"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678–1679)" 5750: 4420: 2584: 2370: 2352: 2103: 1577: 1325: 1054: 833: 739: 671: 655: 572: 504: 446: 8729: 8646: 2514:

Marlborough was equally adept at both battle and siege. Robert Parker writes:

2032: 670:. Their relationship led to appointments for her brothers; John was appointed 10889: 10357: 10292: 10282: 9224: 6166: 5875: 2625: 2604: 2403: 2351:

corruption against the Duke, completing the anti-Whig, anti-war picture that

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Shortly thereafter, Churchill was commissioned Captain in the Duke of York's

675: 512: 445:) was an English soldier and statesman. From a gentry family, he served as a 339: 50: 1852: 1493: 783:, although Churchill, Monmouth and other volunteers took part in the French 10669: 10277: 10252: 10234: 10097: 9956: 8808: 6097: 2523: 2450: 2399: 2289: 2262: 2238: 1956: 1872: 1740:

in April 1698, and Anne to the hot-headed and intemperate Charles Spencer,

1709:, for which in December a grateful Queen publicly proclaimed Marlborough a 1702: 609: 597: 577: 256: 252: 109: 6047:

Against Marlborough's wishes, and prompted by Harley, the Queen appointed

2058:, the most favoured of the King's advisers. Allegedly, he offered Piper a 1875:

describes as one of the greatest examples of marching and fighting before

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refused to act without "the General nor the Treasurer", Harley resigned:

1642: 1541: 1533: 1377:, "but if there was anyone on earth that he feared, it was Marlborough". 1296: 1135: 1002: 7878:(volume X ed.). London: Mitchell and Hughes, Printers. p. 306. 6174: 6150: 1426:

leading to the celebrated incident of the "Camaret Bay letter" of 1694.

507:

and her relationship with Anne ensured Marlborough's rise, first to the

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also threatened dire consequences. The French had hoped to entice King

2004: 1794: 1789: 1304: 1071: 1007: 477: 2628:

attacks, lay at the root of his great battlefield successes. However,

2527:

Resting place of the Duke and Duchess in the chapel at Blenheim Palace

2258: 1788:

colleagues whose strategic policy favoured the full employment of the

1025:

This preference for stability led to the rapid defeat in June 1685 of

484:. William recognised his abilities by appointing him as his deputy in 10199: 6227: 5921:

for a more detailed explanation of the dating issues and conventions.

1840:, was likely informed by Marlborough of this secret plan beforehand. 1785: 1545: 1183: 1170: 1169:. James's forces – once again commanded by Lord Feversham – moved to 1050: 930: 776: 659: 547: 9173:

The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King

2114: 1508:

Charles II, King of Spain (1665–1700), whose death triggered the war

1328:. When Mary died childless in 1694 (O.S.), Anne, her sister, became 1274:

on 25 August 1689 Marlborough won praise from the Allied commander,

840:, Churchill married Sarah in the winter of 1677–78, helped by Mary. 8279:

The reforms of Peter the Great. Progress through coercion in Russia

7928:

A Passion for Government: The Life of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough

2321: 2014:

John Churchill, by Godfrey Kneller; late 17th or early 18th century

1982: 1900: 1876: 1772: 1753: 1698: 1576:

as King of Spain instead of Phillip. It was signed by England, the

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Sex with Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge

5867:

Sable a lion rampant argent on a canton of the last a cross gules.

2608:

Blenheim Column of Victory on the grounds of the Blenheim estate,

1706: 7042: 2245:

become inevitable. In March 1710, fresh peace talks re-opened at

2157: 2132: 2059: 1830: 1593: 1300: 1234:

apologists, including his biographer and most notable descendant

1186:, leaving behind him a letter of apology and self-justification: 1162: 743: 8609:

The Backstairs Dragon: The Life of Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford

4829:

5th Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, and Baron Spencer of Althorp

4568:

4th Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, and Baron Spencer of Althorp

4204:

2nd Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, and Baron Spencer of Althorp

3961:

1st Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, and Baron Spencer of Althorp

9305:

Text on the Column of Victory in the grounds of Blenheim Palace

9237:, A.J. Veenendaal, and Rolof van Hövell tot Westerflier, eds., 8618:

Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720

8207:. Pushed into War, Sold into Marriage: William Morrow. p. 7896: 2123: 2044: 1963: 1888: 1826: 1822: 1434: 1361: 1166: 716:, a mistress of Charles II, and may have fathered her daughter 632: 11021:

Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland

9042:

The First Churchill: The Life of John, 1st Duke of Marlborough

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Philip of Anjou proclaimed Philip V of Spain, 16 November 1700

1217:

King William III (1650–1702); portrait by Godfrey Kneller

631:

and from 1662 served as Commissioner for Irish Land Claims in

543:

to the throne in 1714, but a stroke in 1716 ended his career.

480:

led to his fall from office and temporary imprisonment in the

8569:

Sarah Churchill Duchess of Marlborough: The Queen's Favourite

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did not gain, nor laid siege to a town which he did not take.

2338:", but he was reluctant to abandon his allies (including the 2302: 2254: 2220:", (Marlborough has left for the war). The Duke proceeded to 2127: 1931: 1896: 1892: 1694: 1182:

men, slipped from the royal camp and rode towards William in

10911:

British army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession

8409:

A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution

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3rd Earl Spencer, Viscount Spencer, Baron Spencer of Althorp

2583:

Churchill, as if to add something ideal to his imitation of

1630:

During the war, Marlborough, along with his personal friend

1615:

of her armies at home and abroad. Lady Marlborough was made

1482: 1165:

on 5 November 1688 (O.S.); from there, he moved his army to

1022:

and created the instability his supporters wished to avoid.

8980:

Schreurs, Eugeen (2013). "Church music and minstrel musc".

5937:

income granted by Parliament, rather than a grant from the

2481: 1764: 1350: 584:(1625–1669) after its near-destruction during the Civil War 8450:

Marlborough: His Life and Times, Bk. 2, vols. iii & iv

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dismissal. On 30 January 1692 (20 January 1691 O.S.), the

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cannot be confirmed, but he is recorded as being with Sir

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4th Earl of Sunderland, 6th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

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3rd Earl of Sunderland, 5th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

3176:

2nd Earl of Sunderland, 4th Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

2941:

1st Earl of Sunderland, 3rd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton

2102:

replaced him as Secretary of State, and his fellow Whig,

1915:

The Queen lavished upon her favourite the royal manor of

1768: 1544:

dynasty failed. When Charles died, he left his throne to

1303:. It was a bold, imaginative project aimed at disrupting 967:

served at the Danish court, where he became friends with

588:

Churchill was the second but eldest-surviving son of Sir

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Coat of arms of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough

2031:. In a pre-campaign visit to the King's headquarters at 1752:

in early 1703, the 17-year-old was stricken with severe

843:

The couple had five children who survived to adulthood:

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3rd Viscount Churchill, 5th Baron Churchill of Wychwood

5138:

2nd Viscount Churchill, 4th Baron Churchill of Wychwood

4971:

1st Viscount Churchill, 3rd Baron Churchill of Wychwood

1844:

encounter occurred on 2 July 1704 when Marlborough and

1809:

Marlborough writing the Blenheim despatch to Sarah, by

817:

Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough; attributed to

546:

Marlborough's leadership of the Allied armies fighting

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Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter

1784:, were hampered by, and often at variance with, their 1497:

Europe in 1700; Marlborough fought principally in the

1388:, Chief Minister and fellow Tory friend of Marlborough 961:; his brother George held the seat from 1685 to 1708. 738:, Charles II agreed to support a French attack on the 600:, Devon. Winston served with the Royalist army in the 596:, Dorset, and Elizabeth Drake, whose family came from 8173: 7831: 7807: 7795: 7720: 7696: 7648: 7624: 7528: 7516: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7237: 6985: 6961: 6925: 6901: 6848: 6764: 6740: 6689: 6653: 6641: 6605: 6581: 6557: 6545: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6389: 6278: 8086: 7600: 7384: 7177: 7066: 6937: 6889: 6437: 6425: 6377: 6362: 6326: 1817:

Pressed by the French and Bavarians to the west and

1041:

In recognition of his contribution, he was promoted

824:

Sometime around 1675, Churchill met the 15-year-old

7225: 7141: 7117: 7027: 7000: 6812: 6716: 6677: 6473: 5953:, p. 80 Marlborough's son John, was appointed 2637:

soldiers, causing them to commit horrible excesses.

2547:denigrated Marlborough throughout the pages of his 2469:from London (although it was his former assistant, 2027:to attack the Empire regarding grievances over the 1654:Moreover, to the Dutch, he was a foreigner and the 1429:For several months the Allies had been planning an 9211:Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 1 9110: 8942: 8878: 8812: 8524: 6455: 6401: 2054:In Altranstädt, Marlborough reportedly approached 10981:People expelled from the Privy Council of England 10926:English military personnel of the Nine Years' War 9280:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 737–740. 9137:Friso: het tragische leven van Johan Willem Friso 6257: 6213:. The University of Michigan. 1998. p. 861. 1057:, which led to the first open breach with James; 758:on 28 May, possibly aboard James's flagship, the 10887: 9020:The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665–1700 8506:"The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill" 8191:Kate Fleming, The Churchills, Viking Press, 1975 771:, part of the British brigade, commanded by the 8064: 8062: 8060: 2047:unsuccessfully offered the yet to be conquered 1990:, c. 1710. Harley became Marlborough's nemesis. 845:Henrietta Churchill, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough 720:, although he never formally acknowledged her. 171:Henrietta Churchill, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough 8771:International Encyclopedia of Military History 8127: 8125: 7924: 7762: 5267:John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill 2465:enabled him to preside over the defeat of the 2051:crown to Marlborough, among other candidates. 1049:. In May, he had been made Baron Churchill of 1045:and given the colonelcy of the Third Troop of 750:paid him £230,000 per year for this. When the 10755: 10384: 9933: 9204: 8592:(2001 ed.). Routledge & Kegan Paul. 8387:General Percy Kirke and the Later Stuart Army 8251:. Churchill Society of London. Archived from 8232: 8230: 8228: 7107: 7105: 6979: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6706: 6704: 2668: 2131:a forced march, the Allies crossed the river 1520:. In 1665, the infirm and childless Habsburg 9141:Friso: the tragic life of John William Friso 8927:] (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. 8641:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 8550:The Military Experience in the Age of Reason 8325:(1989 ed.). Spellmount Publishers Ltd. 8149: 8057: 2292:. Depicted discussing the Siege of Bouchain. 2109: 862: 790:England withdrew from the war with the 1674 754:began in 1672, Churchill was present at the 500:in 1702 did he secure his fame and fortune. 186:Elizabeth Churchill, Countess of Bridgewater 11061:Members of Parliament for the Isle of Wight 10976:People educated at St Paul's School, London 9089:Sedgemoor 1685: Marlborough's First Victory 8122: 1879:, had been a model of planning, logistics, 1793:seas. In contrast, the Whigs, led by their 10762: 10748: 10391: 10377: 9940: 9926: 9587:The Duke of Marlborough's Regiment of Foot 8876: 8763:"Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of" 8634: 8525:Cruickshanks, E; Hayton, DW, eds. (2002). 8447: 8425: 8403: 8360: 8225: 8015: 7769:. National Portrait Gallery. p. 159. 7582: 7570: 7462: 7378: 7366: 7291: 7267: 7255: 7159: 7102: 6919: 6860: 6830: 6806: 6794: 6782: 6701: 6635: 6599: 6293: 6197:. Charles Scribner & Sons. p. 15. 5933:, p. 35. Anne wished to have her own 5826: 2675: 2661: 2225:were bent on leading the country to ruin. 1460:the Earl received no offer of employment. 1365:these contacts (as well as others such as 1266:in the spring of 1689; yet throughout the 77: 11031:Ambassadors of England to the Netherlands 9441:The King's Own Royal Regiment of Dragoons 9130:. Exeter: For the author, by H. S. Eland; 9105: 8027: 8003: 7991: 7893:Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey 7789: 7666: 7558: 7546: 7326: 7324: 6187: 5887:(Spanish for: "Faithful but unfortunate") 2074:Nevertheless, major setbacks in Spain at 1800: 1483:War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) 1360:, anxious to obtain the erstwhile King's 1315: 650:The family fortune was made in 1665 when 635:. On returning to London in 1663, he was 562: 27:British soldier and statesman (1650–1722) 9272:Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of 9189: 9166: 9134: 9065:Ego | Europäische Geschichte Online 9058: 8998: 8979: 8833: 8787: 8606: 8339: 8317: 8281:. The New Russian history. M.E. Sharpe. 8276: 8155: 8143: 8116: 8104: 8080: 8068: 8051: 8039: 7979: 7849: 7714: 7678: 7618: 7498: 7486: 7474: 7402: 7354: 7315: 7219: 7195: 7135: 7084: 7048: 7021: 6943: 6883: 6871: 6842: 6758: 6734: 6710: 6671: 6623: 6539: 6491: 6467: 6431: 6395: 6014: 5930: 2603: 2522: 2431: 2398: 2279: 2232: 2178: 2162: 2113: 2009: 1981: 1977: 1930: 1906: 1804: 1715: 1558: 1503: 1492: 1379: 1319: 1244: 1212: 1114: 1001: 929: 891: 812: 810:in July 1675, where Turenne was killed. 722: 689: 674:to James, and in September 1667 made an 571: 496:in 1701, but not until the accession of 11046:Peers of Scotland created by Charles II 10971:Members of the Privy Council of England 9036: 8918: 8760: 8661: 8638:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8472:The Great Marlborough & His Duchess 8295: 8131: 7951: 7873: 7738: 7594: 7510: 7342: 7330: 7303: 7279: 7171: 7096: 7060: 6994: 6967: 6770: 6746: 6695: 6659: 6611: 6551: 6371: 6332: 6064: 5950: 5669:George John Godolphin Spencer-Churchill 2505:Historian John H. Lavalle argues that: 1685:, the political representatives of the 971:, who married James's younger daughter 959:Parliamentary constituency of St Albans 949:and the following year, colonel of the 14: 11026:Ambassadors of Great Britain to Sweden 10888: 9122: 9086: 9017: 8969: 8899: 8754:The Nobility in the Revolution of 1688 8748: 8705: 8683: 8615: 8466: 8384: 8277:Anisimov, Evgeniĭ Viktorovich (1993). 8200: 8167: 7963: 7912: 7861: 7825: 7750: 7690: 7642: 7321: 7243: 6955: 6931: 6907: 6854: 6647: 6587: 6575: 6527: 6515: 6503: 6443: 6419: 6383: 6356: 6305: 6245: 6233: 5912: 5910: 4935:Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill 2461:The Duke's return to favour under the 1871:. The whole campaign, which historian 1249:Marlborough in his 30s, attributed to 700:Claims that Churchill served with the 662:and began an affair with her husband, 176:Anne Churchill, Countess of Sunderland 10956:Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company 10743: 10372: 9921: 8925:Christina and Carl Piper: a biography 8921:Christina och Carl Piper: en biografi 8857: 8815:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 8724: 8689:Marlborough: England's Fragile Genius 8585: 8566: 8547: 8503: 8343:A Guide to the Battlefields of Europe 8236: 8179: 7837: 7813: 7801: 7726: 7702: 7654: 7630: 7534: 7522: 7450: 7438: 7426: 7414: 7207: 7183: 7072: 6895: 6818: 6722: 6683: 6479: 6407: 6151:"John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough" 6148: 6113: 6067:, p. 268 Abigail Masham and the 6026: 5978: 5966: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5763: 5761: 5744: 5742: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5667: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 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5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4965:Victor Albert Francis Charles Spencer 4963: 4961: 4946: 4944: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4787: 4785: 4774: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4684: 4664: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4573: 4560: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4396: 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3703: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3661: 3659: 3648: 3646: 3635: 3591: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3521: 3509: 3486: 3472: 3470: 3458: 3456: 3445: 3443: 3432: 3430: 3423: 3410: 3408: 3397: 3384: 3316: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3181: 3179: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3023: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2946: 2944: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2830: 2828: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2784: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2682:Spencer-Churchill family tree of the 951:King's Own Royal Regiment of Dragoons 853:John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford 746:of 6,000 troops for the French army. 181:John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford 11051:Peers of England created by James II 10180:Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd 10127:Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff 9404:Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston 9270:Courtney, William Prideaux (1911). " 9205:Blok, P.J.; Molhuysen, P.C. (1911). 9157: 8963:participating institution membership 8807: 8488: 8092: 7606: 7390: 7231: 7147: 7123: 7111: 7036: 7006: 6563: 6344: 6101: 4955:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1202: 1100:When the queen gave birth to a son, 668:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick 10846:Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke 9722:Captain-General of the British Army 9611:Captain-General of the British Army 9001:Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion 6317: 6264:. Genealogical Publishing Company. 5907: 2394: 24: 18:John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough 10870:Jamie Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke 10838:George Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke 10822:George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke 10814:George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke 10771:Dukes and Duchesses of Marlborough 10210:The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein 10096: 9218: 8877:McKay, Derek; Scott, H.M. (1983). 8495:Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough 5375:Viscountcy Churchill extinct, 2017 2599: 1648: 712:. He allegedly had an affair with 460:Churchill's role in defeating the 191:Mary Churchill, Duchess of Montagu 25: 11072: 11016:People of the Glorious Revolution 10862:John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke 10854:John Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke 9965:Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces 9949:Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces 9295:. Vol. 10. pp. 315–341. 9239:Marlborough: Soldier and Diplomat 8840:The History of England (abridged) 8323:Marlborough as Military Commander 7766:Later Stuart Portraits, 1685-1714 6236:, p. 297, pedigree of Drake. 4948:Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill 2825:2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton 2753:1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton 2565:, wrote his laudatory biography, 2314:brilliant psychological deception 1859:– delivered a crushing defeat on 1528:, with possessions in Italy, the 1454: 1076:French Protestant Henri de Massue 923:; the majority supported James's 876:married James's eldest daughter, 441:(26 May 1650 – 16 June 1722 407:Knight of the Order of the Garter 11001:Soldiers of the Tangier Garrison 10961:Garter Knights appointed by Anne 10941:Prisoners in the Tower of London 10936:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire 10830:John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke 10790:Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess 10447: 10442: 9643:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces 9559:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces 9316:Parliament of the United Kingdom 9292:Dictionary of National Biography 9261: 9229:Marlborough and the British Army 8241: 8194: 8185: 7918: 7882: 7867: 7756: 6210:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica 6119: 6107: 6078: 6058: 6041: 5036:Descendants of Winston Churchill 4789:Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill 4776:George Charles Spencer-Churchill 2288:his chief engineer, possibly by 957:. He also gained control of the 730:, Churchill's first major action 277:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces 225: 10966:Lord-lieutenants of Oxfordshire 10906:1st The Royal Dragoons officers 9375:Chief Minister of Great Britain 8941: 8794:Oxford Public International Law 8552:. Wordsworth Military Library. 8452:. University of Chicago Press. 8433:. University of Chicago Press. 8429:Marlborough: His Life and Times 7874:Chester, Joseph Lemuel (1876). 6311: 6194:Marlborough: His Life and Times 6032: 6020: 6008: 5988: 5972: 5960: 5944: 5924: 5503:7th Baron Churchill of Wychwood 5452:Charles James Spencer-Churchill 5311:6th Baron Churchill of Wychwood 4374:2nd Baron Churchill of Wychwood 4175:1st Baron Churchill of Wychwood 2644:Letters on the Study of History 2568:Marlborough: His Life and Times 2139:just as the French army, under 1596:now allied itself with France. 1412: 937:, before its demolition in 1837 154: 36:John Churchill (disambiguation) 34:. For others of this name, see 11036:17th-century English diplomats 11006:South Wales Borderers officers 10614:Master-General of the Ordnance 10425:Leader of the House of Commons 9803:Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire 9779:Master-General of the Ordnance 9675:Master-General of the Ordnance 9175:] (in Dutch). Prometheus. 8734:. Cambridge University Press. 8710:. Cambridge University Press. 7931:. The University of Michigan. 6456:Cruickshanks & Hayton 2002 6320:"History of Parliament Online" 6251: 6201: 6181: 6142: 5796:Lady Olympia Spencer-Churchill 5549:Charles Edward Maurice Spencer 4514:John Winston Spencer-Churchill 2649: 2218:Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre 1605:Master-General of the Ordnance 1342:Master-General of the Ordnance 955:Holywell House, near St Albans 935:Holywell House, near St Albans 281:Master-General of the Ordnance 13: 1: 11056:Military personnel from Devon 10527:Lord President of the Council 9162:(in Dutch). Martinus Nijhoff. 9073:Institute of European History 8474:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 8411:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6136: 5919:Old Style and New Style dates 3700:Dukes of Albemarle (Jacobite) 2720:Baron Spencer of Wormleighton 2500: 2389: 2379:Eugene's campaign in Flanders 1721: 1489:War of the Spanish Succession 1290:William III's victory at the 1120: 1081: 897: 685: 494:War of the Spanish Succession 347:War of the Spanish Succession 10921:British Life Guards officers 9537:Hon. George Douglas-Hamilton 9411:English Ambassador to France 9231:(London: G.P. Putnam, 1924). 9018:Storrs, Christopher (2006). 8881:The Rise of the Great Powers 8655:UK public library membership 8607:Hamilton, Elizabeth (1968). 6092:lines ran from the coast at 5799: 5769: 5765:Louis Frederick John Spencer 5755: 5736: 5680:Styled Marquess of Blandford 5673: 5553: 5530: 5519:Heir Presumptive to Wychwood 5512: 5496: 5456: 3643:Styled Marquess of Blandford 3440:Styled Marquess of Blandford 3096:Baron Churchill of Sandridge 2553:. In the words of historian 2345: 1811:Robert Alexander Hillingford 991: 889:ended the war on 10 August. 806:in October, and possibly at 7: 11041:17th-century Scottish peers 10589:First Lord of the Admiralty 10421:Chancellor of the Exchequer 10245:Chiefs of the General Staff 9953:Chiefs of the General Staff 9747:1st Regiment of Foot Guards 9695:1st Regiment of Foot Guards 9287:Churchill, John (1650–1722) 9190:Nimwegen, Olaf van (1995). 9167:Nimwegen, Olaf van (2020). 9022:. Oxford University Press. 8984:. Leuven University Press. 8548:Duffy, Christopher (1987). 5957:at a salary of £500 a year. 4093:Baron Churchill of Wychwood 3693:Dukes of Berwick (Jacobite) 1340:and failure to appoint him 1130:Seven men met to draft the 1102:James Francis Edward Stuart 1074:, Churchill reputedly told 1053:, giving him a seat in the 639:and received a position at 582:Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet 32:Duke of Marlborough (title) 10: 11077: 10440: 10417:First Lord of the Treasury 10109:Chief of the General Staff 9496:Captain and Colonel of the 9467:Captain and Colonel of the 9379:First Lord of the Treasury 9258:(London: Macmillan, 1958). 9251:(London: Macmillan, 1956). 8885:. Addison-Wesley Longman. 8788:Lesaffer, Randall (n.d.). 8773:. Vol. 2. Routledge. 8531:Cambridge University Press 8367:A Short History of England 8270: 6258:Gary Boyd Roberts (2018). 3091:Lord Churchill of Eyemouth 2265:, followed in November by 2228: 2167:Prince Eugene of Savoy by 1945:principality of Mindelheim 1919:and the promise of a fine 1486: 1206: 1093:suspicion, and ultimately 1085: 1016:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 995: 602:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 29: 10951:Grenadier Guards officers 10798:Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke 10777: 10718: 10693: 10668: 10643: 10612: 10587: 10550: 10525: 10500: 10475: 10456: 10415: 10243: 10125: 10107: 10094: 9963: 9904: 9895: 9868: 9861: 9850: 9840: 9831: 9826: 9819: 9809: 9800: 9792: 9787: 9776: 9763: 9753: 9743: 9728: 9719: 9711: 9701: 9691: 9681: 9672: 9664: 9649: 9640: 9627: 9617: 9608: 9603: 9593: 9583: 9575: 9565: 9556: 9543: 9533: 9523: 9515: 9505: 9499:3rd Troop of Horse Guards 9494: 9486: 9476: 9470:3rd Troop of Horse Guards 9465: 9457: 9447: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9417: 9408: 9400: 9395: 9385: 9372: 9364: 9359: 9349: 9329: 9321: 9314: 9285:Stephen, Leslie (1887). " 9135:De Graaf, Ronald (2021). 9117:. Longmans, Green and Co. 9059:Thompson, Andrew (2013). 8950:Oxford English Dictionary 8904:. Yale University Press. 8761:Lavalle, John H. (2004). 8431:, Bk. 1, vols. i & ii 7051:, pp. 184, 262, 306. 6980:Blok & Molhuysen 1911 5787: 5785: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5575: 5573: 5536: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5351: 5349: 5257: 5255: 5231: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5195: 5193: 5147: 5145: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5093: 5091: 5067: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5026: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4988: 4986: 4925: 4923: 4899: 4897: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4859: 4800: 4798: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4724: 4708: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4658: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4628: 4612: 4610: 4602: 4600: 4571: 4558: 4547: 4545: 4529: 4527: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4486: 4470: 4468: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4440: 4413: 4411: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4243: 4216: 4138: 4136: 4120: 4118: 4084: 4082: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4052: 4036: 4034: 4010: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3900: 3898: 3839: 3837: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3629: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3589: 3585: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3484: 3421: 3395: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3217: 3144: 3142: 3083: 3081: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2975: 2909: 2907: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2859: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2495: 2110:Oudenaarde and Malplaquet 1641:, would come to form the 1625:Keeper of the Privy Purse 1126:–1690) by John Closterman 880:, and in March 1678, the 867: 863:Early service (1678–1700) 567: 416: 412: 402: 335:Williamite War in Ireland 286: 272: 262: 248: 244:Great Britain (1707–1722) 238: 233: 221: 217: 209: 199: 161: 146: 134: 117: 95: 85: 76: 45: 10996:Royal Fusiliers officers 10806:George Spencer, 4th Duke 10782:John Churchill, 1st Duke 10510:The Earl of Macclesfield 9200:]. Bataafsche Leeuw. 9143:] (in Dutch). Boom. 9113:England Under Queen Anne 9044:. Secker & Warburg. 8919:Norrhem, Svante (2010). 8706:Ingrao, Charles (2000). 8448:—— (2002c). 8426:—— (2002b). 8201:Herman, Eleanor (2005). 6149:Colby, Elbridge (1937). 5901: 5133:Victor Alexander Spencer 4574:Adelaide Horatia Seymour 4421:Horace Beauchamp Seymour 4355:George Spencer-Churchill 4156:George Spencer-Churchill 3876:Baron Spencer of Althorp 2456: 1849:stormed the Schellenberg 1556:being reformed in 1701. 1548:'s grandson, who became 1134:to the Protestant Dutch 1006:Monmouth's execution on 969:Prince George of Denmark 915:, Churchill was elected 832:joined the household of 476:, persistent charges of 10991:People from Old Windsor 10645:Paymaster of the Forces 10622:The Duke of Marlborough 10603:The Viscount Torrington 10348:Sir Mark Carleton-Smith 9277:Encyclopædia Britannica 9069:European History Online 9038:Thomson, George Malcolm 8999:Somerset, Anne (2013). 8970:Parker, Robert (1747). 8955:Oxford University Press 8567:Field, Ophelia (2003). 8389:. Bloomsbury Academic. 8346:. Wordsworth Editions. 8340:—— (1998). 8303:. Wordsworth Editions. 7925:Frances Harris (1991). 7763:John Ingamells (2009). 5815: 5776:Styled Viscount Althorp 4959:1940–1945 and 1951–1955 4219:Anne Horatia Waldegrave 4169:Francis Almeric Spencer 2531:To military historians 2257:in June, before taking 896:The Marlborough family 382:Crossing of the Scheldt 56:The Duke of Marlborough 10946:English art collectors 10728:The Earl of Scarbrough 10659:The Earl of Wilmington 10572:The Duke of Devonshire 10560:The Viscount Townshend 10466:The Viscount Townshend 10408:The Viscount Townshend 10101: 9737:The Duke of Cumberland 8860:Prince Eugene of Savoy 8586:Gregg, Edward (1980). 6920:McKay & Scott 1983 6053:Constable of the Tower 6001:from 1704 to 1708 and 4844:Charles Robert Spencer 4368:Francis George Spencer 2639: 2612: 2589: 2528: 2521: 2512: 2437: 2422: 2411: 2336:No Peace Without Spain 2331: 2293: 2241: 2188: 2172: 2119: 2015: 1991: 1940: 1912: 1857:Prince Eugene of Savoy 1814: 1801:Blenheim and Ramillies 1725: 1639:Prince Eugene of Savoy 1564: 1509: 1501: 1389: 1347:Elector of Brandenburg 1333: 1324:Princess Anne 1683 by 1316:Dismissal and disgrace 1258: 1218: 1193: 1127: 1011: 986:Lord Deputy of Ireland 977:Lady of the Bedchamber 938: 908: 821: 764:, which was crippled. 731: 697: 643:, with John attending 608:through his daughter, 585: 563:Early life (1650–1678) 352:Battle of Schellenberg 10916:British Army generals 10703:The Duke of Newcastle 10491:The Duke of Newcastle 10160:Sir William Robertson 10135:Sir William Nicholson 10117:Sir Neville Lyttelton 10100: 9527:The Ordnance Regiment 9461:The Earl of Feversham 9266:Texts on Wikisource: 9087:Tincey, John (2005). 9061:"The Grand Alliances" 8900:Miller, John (2000). 8862:. Thames and Hudson. 8858:McKay, Derek (1977). 8756:. University of Hull. 8708:The Habsburg Monarchy 8647:10.1093/ref:odnb/5401 8385:Childs, John (2014). 6155:The Military Engineer 5540:Diana Frances Spencer 5509:David Anthony Spencer 5295:Victor George Spencer 3212:King James VII and II 3110:Marquess of Blandford 2634: 2607: 2581: 2579:, a devout Catholic: 2526: 2516: 2507: 2435: 2425:with his nephew, the 2417: 2402: 2358:Conduct of the Allies 2326: 2283: 2236: 2182: 2166: 2117: 2037:Treaty of Altranstädt 2025:Charles XII of Sweden 2013: 1985: 1978:Falling out of favour 1934: 1910: 1846:Prince Louis of Baden 1808: 1719: 1621:Mistress of the Robes 1562: 1507: 1496: 1383: 1323: 1257:was added after 1707. 1248: 1216: 1188: 1118: 1005: 933: 913:1679 General Election 895: 816: 792:Treaty of Westminster 742:and supply a British 726: 693: 575: 10931:Dukes of Marlborough 10597:The Earl of Berkeley 10535:The Duke of Kingston 10155:Sir Archibald Murray 9898:Prince of Mindelheim 9813:The Earl of Abingdon 9796:The Earl of Abingdon 9772:The Duke of Hamilton 9636:The Duke of Leinster 9569:The Duke of Leinster 9552:The Duke of Monmouth 9421:Sir William Trumbull 9368:The Earl of Carlisle 9332:Member of Parliament 9256:The Later Churchills 9249:The Early Churchills 9124:Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L. 9003:. Knopf Publishing. 8663:Hibbert, Christopher 8616:Harris, Tim (2006). 5885:Fiel pero desdichado 3103:(2nd creation), 1689 2900:(2nd creation), 1643 2684:Dukes of Marlborough 2571:(4 vol. 1933–1938). 2467:1715 Jacobite rising 2199:to take the town of 2185:Battle of Oudenaarde 2149:Battle of Oudenaarde 1656:Dutch States General 1609:Knight of the Garter 1197:Archbishop of Rheims 798:. He was present at 625:Member of Parliament 486:Southern Netherlands 449:at the court of the 387:Battle of Malplaquet 130:, Berkshire, England 10720:Master of the Horse 10709:The Duke of Grafton 10653:The Lord Cornwallis 10353:Sir Patrick Sanders 10328:Sir Richard Dannatt 10308:Sir Charles Guthrie 10230:Sir Francis Festing 10195:Sir Edmund Ironside 10145:Sir Charles Douglas 9993:Duke of Marlborough 9983:Earl of Marlborough 9853:Earl of Marlborough 9844:Henrietta Godolphin 9834:Duke of Marlborough 9715:The Duke of Ormonde 9705:The Duke of Ormonde 9658:The Duke of Ormonde 9621:The Duke of Ormonde 9509:Viscount Colchester 9490:The Duke of Berwick 9480:The Duke of Berwick 9325:Sir John Barrington 9207:"Heinsius, Antonie" 9158:Wijn, J.W. (1956). 8953:(Online ed.). 8249:"Churchill's Motto" 8119:, pp. 133–134. 7417:, pp. 170–171. 7210:, pp. 109–110. 6958:, pp. 192–193. 6578:, pp. 139–140. 6347:, pp. 109–110. 6069:Duchess of Somerset 5955:Master of the Horse 5822: 5334:Edward John Spencer 4823:John Poyntz Spencer 3488:Henrietta FitzJames 3399:Henrietta Churchill 3106:Duke of Marlborough 3101:Earl of Marlborough 2688:Earls of Sunderland 2183:Marlborough at the 2080:retreat from Toulon 1988:Jonathan Richardson 1972:Battle of Ramillies 1968:Monsieur Marlbrouck 1937:Battle of Ramillies 1935:Marlborough at the 1730:Earl of Bridgewater 1530:Spanish Netherlands 1394:Spanish Netherlands 1338:Order of the Garter 1292:Battle of the Boyne 1255:Order of the Garter 1088:Glorious Revolution 947:peerage of Scotland 849:Lady Anne Churchill 785:siege of Maastricht 695:James, Duke of York 664:James, Duke of York 517:battles of Blenheim 515:, his victories at 474:Earl of Marlborough 466:Glorious Revolution 455:James, Duke of York 372:Battle of Oudenarde 367:Battle of Ramillies 316:Battle of Sedgemoor 304:Siege of Maastricht 242:England (1667–1707) 90:Henrietta Godolphin 10684:The Duke of Dorset 10678:The Duke of Argyll 10634:The Duke of Argyll 10485:The Earl Granville 10477:Southern Secretary 10458:Northern Secretary 10433:Sir Robert Walpole 10404:Sir Robert Walpole 10333:Sir David Richards 10318:Sir Michael Walker 10268:Sir Michael Carver 10263:Sir Geoffrey Baker 10225:Sir Gerald Templer 10185:Sir Cyril Deverell 10102: 10068:Duke of Wellington 10058:Duke of Wellington 10023:Marquess of Granby 10018:Viscount Ligionier 10013:Duke of Cumberland 9910:Annexed by Bavaria 9879:Title last held by 9821:Peerage of England 9768:Title last held by 9733:Title next held by 9668:The Earl of Romney 9654:Title next held by 9632:Title last held by 9548:Title last held by 9519:The Lord Dartmouth 9360:Political offices 9235:John B. Hattendorf 8611:. Hamish Hamilton. 8405:Churchill, Winston 8146:, p. 339–344. 8071:, pp. 320–321 6318:Hampson, Gillian. 6189:Churchill, Winston 5820: 4880:Viscount Churchill 3221:Arabella Churchill 2898:Earl of Sunderland 2630:Sicco van Goslinga 2613: 2555:John Wilson Croker 2550:History of England 2541:Duke of Wellington 2529: 2438: 2412: 2340:Elector of Hanover 2294: 2271:Sacheverell affair 2242: 2189: 2173: 2169:Jacob van Schuppen 2120: 2021:Great Northern War 2016: 1997:Secretary of State 1992: 1941: 1913: 1869:Battle of Blenheim 1865:Elector of Bavaria 1815: 1742:Earl of Sunderland 1726: 1617:Groom of the Stool 1590:Austrian Habsburgs 1565: 1510: 1502: 1477:Duke of Gloucester 1403:Secretary of State 1399:Earl of Nottingham 1390: 1384:Sidney Godolphin, 1371:Duke of Shrewsbury 1334: 1272:Battle of Walcourt 1259: 1253:. The Star of the 1219: 1191:principle ... 1175:Lieutenant-General 1161:William landed at 1128: 1012: 998:Monmouth Rebellion 939: 909: 872:In November 1677, 822: 769:Admiralty Regiment 732: 698: 652:Arabella Churchill 594:Glanvilles Wootton 586: 576:The Drake home of 462:Monmouth Rebellion 362:Battle of Elixheim 357:Battle of Blenheim 328:Battle of Walcourt 311:Monmouth Rebellion 10881: 10880: 10737: 10736: 10566:The Lord Carleton 10366: 10365: 10358:Sir Roland Walker 10313:Sir Roger Wheeler 10293:Sir Nigel Bagnall 10283:Sir Edwin Bramall 10258:Sir James Cassels 10190:The Viscount Gort 10170:The Earl of Cavan 10083:Viscount Wolseley 10078:Duke of Cambridge 10073:Viscount Hardinge 9973:Duke of Albemarle 9916: 9915: 9893: 9841:Succeeded by 9810:Succeeded by 9754:Succeeded by 9702:Succeeded by 9682:Succeeded by 9618:Succeeded by 9594:Succeeded by 9566:Succeeded by 9534:Succeeded by 9506:Succeeded by 9477:Succeeded by 9451:Viscount Cornbury 9448:Succeeded by 9428:Military offices 9418:Succeeded by 9396:Diplomatic posts 9386:Succeeded by 9350:Succeeded by 9182:978-90-446-3871-4 9150:978-90-2443-676-7 9098:978-1-84415-147-9 9051:978-0-43652-046-4 9010:978-0-307-96288-1 8991:978-90-5867-955-0 8961:(Subscription or 8934:978-91-86297-11-4 8892:978-0-582-48553-2 8780:978-1-135-95033-0 8767:James C. Bradford 8717:978-0-521-78505-1 8698:978-0-00-722571-2 8653:(Subscription or 8627:978-0-7139-9759-0 8620:. Penguin Books. 8599:978-0-7100-0400-0 8578:978-0-312-31466-8 8540:978-0-521-77221-1 8504:Courtenay, Paul. 8481:978-0-29778-225-4 8396:978-1-4742-5514-1 8332:978-0-946771-12-7 8297:Barnett, Correlli 8255:on 6 January 2022 7938:978-0-19-820224-0 7776:978-1-85514-410-1 7345:, pp. 91–92. 7306:, pp. 88–90. 6542:, pp. 12–13. 6422:, pp. 85–86. 6359:, pp. 67–68. 6308:, pp. 47–48. 6271:978-0-8063-2075-5 6248:, pp. 40–41. 6220:978-0-85229-663-9 6127:Debrett's Peerage 6073:Marlborough House 5985:in today's money. 5899: 5898: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5808: 4562:Frederick Spencer 3637:William Godolphin 3466:Duke of Albemarle 3392:Earl of Godolphin 3386:Francis Godolphin 2948:Winston Churchill 2563:Winston Churchill 2490:Westminster Abbey 2442:Treaty of Utrecht 2029:Polish Succession 1986:Robert Harley by 1970:. The subsequent 1926:Church of England 1885:operational skill 1838:Anthonie Heinsius 1691:Marshal Boufflers 1635:Anthonie Heinsius 1586:Emperor Leopold I 1582:Holy Roman Empire 1570:Emperor Leopold I 1550:Philip V of Spain 1514:House of Habsburg 1469:Treaty of Ryswick 1439:Thomas Tollemache 1284:events in Ireland 1240:David G. Chandler 1236:Winston Churchill 1203:William's general 1106:Earl of Salisbury 1031:Earl of Feversham 1020:Church of England 965:Charles Churchill 887:Peace of Nijmegen 874:William of Orange 781:Holy Roman Empire 756:Battle of Solebay 728:Battle of Solebay 623:, Winston became 590:Winston Churchill 509:captain-generalcy 420: 419: 392:Siege of Bouchain 299:Battle of Solebay 204:Winston Churchill 16:(Redirected from 11068: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10741: 10740: 10695:Lord Chamberlain 10628:The Earl Cadogan 10451: 10446: 10393: 10386: 10379: 10370: 10369: 10323:Sir Mike Jackson 10298:Sir John Chapple 10288:Sir John Stanier 10278:Sir Roland Gibbs 10253:Sir Richard Hull 10235:Sir Richard Hull 10220:Sir John Harding 10215:Sir William Slim 10175:Sir George Milne 10165:Sir Henry Wilson 10150:Sir James Murray 10048:Sir David Dundas 9988:Duke of Leinster 9978:Duke of Monmouth 9942: 9935: 9928: 9919: 9918: 9887: 9793:Preceded by 9788:Honorary titles 9757:The Earl Cadogan 9712:Preceded by 9665:Preceded by 9576:Preceded by 9516:Preceded by 9487:Preceded by 9458:Preceded by 9401:Preceded by 9389:The Earl Poulett 9365:Preceded by 9322:Preceded by 9312: 9311: 9296: 9281: 9265: 9214: 9201: 9186: 9163: 9154: 9131: 9118: 9116: 9102: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9055: 9033: 9014: 8995: 8976: 8966: 8958: 8946: 8938: 8915: 8896: 8884: 8873: 8854: 8835:Macaulay, Thomas 8830: 8818: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8784: 8757: 8745: 8721: 8702: 8691:. Harper Press. 8680: 8667:The Marlboroughs 8658: 8650: 8631: 8612: 8603: 8582: 8563: 8544: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8508:. Archived from 8499: 8485: 8468:Cowles, Virginia 8463: 8444: 8422: 8400: 8381: 8370:. BiblioBazaar. 8362:Chesterton, G.K. 8357: 8336: 8314: 8292: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8245: 8239: 8234: 8223: 8222: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7903:; 1882), p. 225. 7886: 7880: 7879: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7333:, pp. 90–91 7328: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7025: 7019: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6276: 6275: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6161:(167): 366–374. 6146: 6131: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6082: 6076: 6062: 6056: 6051:for the post of 6045: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5948: 5942: 5928: 5922: 5914: 5855:Argent and sable 5830: 5823: 5819: 5803: 5801: 5773: 5771: 5759: 5757: 5740: 5738: 5677: 5675: 5557: 5555: 5534: 5532: 5526:King Charles III 5516: 5514: 5500: 5498: 5460: 5458: 4815:Augustus Spencer 4753:Viscount Althorp 4554:Georgiana Poyntz 4389:Augustus Spencer 3976:James Waldegrave 3872:Viscount Spencer 3707:James Waldegrave 3479:Baron Waldegrave 3474:Henry Waldegrave 3093:(Scotland), 1682 2699: 2698: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2577:G. K. Chesterton 2486:Henry VII Chapel 2463:House of Hanover 2395:Return to favour 2320:the fortress of 2299:Avesnes-le-Comte 2284:Marlborough and 2213:Prince of Orange 2096:Earl of Pembroke 2092:Duke of Somerset 1949:Lines of Brabant 1835:Grand Pensionary 1819:Hungarian rebels 1778:Battle of Ekeren 1761:Marshal Villeroi 1723: 1632:Grand Pensionary 1574:Archduke Charles 1518:House of Bourbon 1158:to command me". 1148:Bishop of London 1125: 1122: 902: 899: 838:Catherine Sedley 773:Duke of Monmouth 752:Franco-Dutch War 714:Barbara Villiers 702:Tangier Garrison 645:St Paul's School 440: 435: 294:Franco-Dutch War 234:Military service 229: 156: 124: 113: 112:, Devon, England 105: 103: 81: 71: 66: 43: 42: 21: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11065: 10986:Pages of Honour 10886: 10885: 10882: 10877: 10773: 10768: 10738: 10733: 10714: 10689: 10664: 10639: 10608: 10583: 10578:The Lord Trevor 10552:Lord Privy Seal 10546: 10541:The Lord Trevor 10521: 10502:Lord Chancellor 10496: 10471: 10452: 10438: 10423: 10419: 10411: 10397: 10367: 10362: 10343:Sir Nick Carter 10239: 10205:Sir Alan Brooke 10140:Sir John French 10121: 10103: 10092: 9998:Duke of Ormonde 9959: 9946: 9912: 9901: 9886: 9880: 9877: 9863:German nobility 9856: 9846: 9837: 9815: 9806: 9798: 9782: 9769: 9759: 9750: 9745:Colonel of the 9734: 9725: 9717: 9707: 9698: 9693:Colonel of the 9687: 9685:The Earl Rivers 9678: 9670: 9655: 9646: 9633: 9623: 9614: 9599: 9590: 9581: 9579:William Seymour 9571: 9562: 9549: 9539: 9530: 9521: 9511: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9482: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9453: 9444: 9423: 9414: 9406: 9391: 9382: 9377: 9370: 9355: 9341: 9339: 9327: 9284: 9269: 9221: 9219:Further reading 9183: 9151: 9107:Trevelyan, G.M. 9099: 9077: 9075: 9052: 9030: 9011: 8992: 8960: 8935: 8912: 8893: 8870: 8851: 8827: 8798: 8796: 8781: 8742: 8718: 8699: 8685:Holmes, Richard 8677: 8652: 8628: 8600: 8579: 8560: 8541: 8515: 8513: 8512:on 18 July 2013 8482: 8460: 8441: 8419: 8397: 8378: 8354: 8333: 8319:Chandler, David 8311: 8289: 8273: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8247: 8246: 8242: 8235: 8226: 8219: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8130: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8067: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8016:Chesterton 1917 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7887: 7883: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7583:Churchill 2002a 7581: 7577: 7571:Churchill 2002b 7569: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7463:Churchill 2002a 7461: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7379:Churchill 2002a 7377: 7373: 7367:Churchill 2002c 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7322: 7318:, pp. 107. 7314: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7292:Churchill 2002c 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7268:Churchill 2002c 7266: 7262: 7256:Churchill 2002c 7254: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7230: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7160:Churchill 2002a 7158: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7049:Nimwegen (2020) 7047: 7043: 7035: 7028: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6910:, pp. 6–7. 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6831:Churchill 2002a 6829: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6807:Churchill 2002b 6805: 6801: 6795:Churchill 2002a 6793: 6789: 6783:Churchill 2002b 6781: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6636:Churchill 2002b 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6600:Churchill 2002b 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6370: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6294:Hattendorf 2014 6292: 6279: 6272: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6186: 6182: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6083: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5981:, p. 153 £ 5977: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5949: 5945: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5908: 5904: 5818: 5798: 5797: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5735: 5734: 5732:Prince of Wales 5730: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5542: 5529: 5528: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5493:Michael Spencer 5461: 5455: 5454: 5338: 5336: 5309: 5307: 5306:Richard Spencer 5298: 5296: 5271: 5269: 5182: 5180: 5155: 5154:Richard Spencer 5136: 5134: 5117: 5115: 4969: 4967: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4939: 4937: 4848: 4846: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4791: 4780: 4778: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4555: 4518: 4516: 4423: 4402: 4400: 4391: 4372: 4370: 4359: 4357: 4220: 4213: 4202: 4200: 4173: 4171: 4160: 4158: 3981: 3980:Earl Waldegrave 3979: 3959: 3957: 3922: 3920: 3879: 3714: 3712:Earl Waldegrave 3710: 3678: 3667: 3665: 3663:Charles Spencer 3654: 3652: 3641: 3639: 3490: 3481: 3477: 3464: 3462: 3460:Henry FitzJames 3453:Duke of Berwick 3451: 3449: 3447:James FitzJames 3438: 3436: 3427: 3416: 3414: 3412:Charles Spencer 3403: 3401: 3390: 3388: 3223: 3214: 3187: 3185: 3174: 3172: 3104: 3099: 3094: 2950: 2939: 2937: 2834: 2823: 2821: 2819:William Spencer 2812: 2751: 2749: 2681: 2652: 2602: 2600:Captain-General 2559:G. M. Trevelyan 2545:Thomas Macaulay 2503: 2498: 2459: 2427:Duke of Berwick 2408:Blenheim Palace 2397: 2392: 2383:Blenheim Palace 2367:Duke of Ormonde 2348: 2267:Aire-sur-la-Lys 2247:Geertruidenberg 2231: 2197:Marshal Villars 2143:and the duc de 2141:Marshal Vendôme 2112: 2069:Christina Piper 2041:Peter the Great 1980: 1867:'s army at the 1861:Marshal Tallard 1803: 1734:Duke of Montagu 1720:John Churchill 1651: 1649:Early campaigns 1613:Captain-General 1584:represented by 1491: 1485: 1473:Lord Sunderland 1457: 1431:attack on Brest 1423:Tower of London 1415: 1407:Admiral Russell 1375:Thomas Macaulay 1367:Baron Godolphin 1318: 1268:Nine Years' War 1211: 1209:Nine Years' War 1205: 1123: 1110:Earl of Melfort 1090: 1084: 1027:Argyll's Rising 1000: 994: 905:John Closterman 900: 870: 865: 819:Godfrey Kneller 796:Marshal Turenne 736:Treaty of Dover 718:Barbara Fitzroy 688: 615:After the 1660 570: 565: 553:Nine Years' War 482:Tower of London 472:with the title 451:House of Stuart 433: 429: 398: 323:Nine Years' War 279: 255: 243: 213:Elizabeth Drake 195: 166: 126: 122: 108: 107: 101: 99: 72: 64: 60: 58: 57: 54: 53: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11074: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11011:Spencer family 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10875: 10873:(2014–present) 10867: 10859: 10851: 10843: 10835: 10827: 10819: 10811: 10803: 10795: 10787: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10767: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10744: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10724: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10706: 10699: 10697: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10681: 10674: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10656: 10649: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10618: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10600: 10593: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10556: 10554: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10531: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10513: 10506: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10494: 10488: 10481: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10462: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10429: 10427: 10413: 10412: 10396: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10373: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10338:Sir Peter Wall 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10303:Sir Peter Inge 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10273:Sir Peter Hunt 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10249: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10131: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10119: 10113: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9969: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9945: 9944: 9937: 9930: 9922: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9894: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9839: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9808: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9784: 9775: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9752: 9741: 9740: 9732: 9727: 9718: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9700: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9680: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9653: 9648: 9639: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9616: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9597:William Tatton 9595: 9592: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9567: 9564: 9555: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9532: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9507: 9504: 9493: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9475: 9464: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9446: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9416: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9384: 9371: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9353:Lemuel Kingdon 9351: 9348: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9282: 9259: 9252: 9242: 9232: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9202: 9187: 9181: 9164: 9155: 9149: 9132: 9126:, ed. (1895). 9120: 9103: 9097: 9091:. Leo Cooper. 9084: 9056: 9050: 9034: 9028: 9015: 9009: 8996: 8990: 8977: 8967: 8939: 8933: 8916: 8910: 8897: 8891: 8874: 8868: 8855: 8849: 8831: 8825: 8805: 8785: 8779: 8758: 8746: 8740: 8722: 8716: 8703: 8697: 8681: 8675: 8659: 8632: 8626: 8613: 8604: 8598: 8583: 8577: 8571:. St Martins. 8564: 8558: 8545: 8539: 8522: 8501: 8486: 8480: 8464: 8458: 8445: 8439: 8423: 8417: 8401: 8395: 8382: 8376: 8358: 8352: 8337: 8331: 8315: 8309: 8293: 8287: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8240: 8224: 8217: 8193: 8184: 8182:, p. 227. 8172: 8170:, p. 482. 8160: 8148: 8136: 8121: 8109: 8107:, p. 327. 8097: 8095:, p. 273. 8085: 8083:, p. 324. 8073: 8056: 8054:, p. 321. 8044: 8042:, p. 317. 8032: 8028:Trevelyan 1934 8020: 8018:, p. 137. 8008: 8004:Trevelyan 1934 7996: 7992:Trevelyan 1934 7984: 7972: 7956: 7954:, p. 829. 7944: 7937: 7917: 7915:, p. 477. 7905: 7881: 7866: 7864:, p. 472. 7854: 7852:, p. 264. 7842: 7840:, p. 397. 7830: 7828:, p. 469. 7818: 7816:, p. 389. 7806: 7804:, p. 224. 7794: 7790:Trevelyan 1934 7782: 7775: 7755: 7753:, p. 465. 7743: 7741:, p. 290. 7731: 7729:, p. 222. 7719: 7717:, p. 304. 7707: 7705:, p. 356. 7695: 7693:, p. 463. 7683: 7681:, p. 302. 7671: 7667:Trevelyan 1934 7659: 7657:, p. 347. 7647: 7645:, p. 459. 7635: 7633:, p. 339. 7623: 7621:, p. 299. 7611: 7609:, p. 343. 7599: 7597:, p. 259. 7587: 7575: 7573:, p. 785. 7563: 7559:Trevelyan 1934 7551: 7547:Trevelyan 1934 7539: 7537:, p. 215. 7527: 7525:, p. 185. 7515: 7513:, p. 229. 7503: 7501:, p. 123. 7491: 7489:, p. 266. 7479: 7477:, p. 251. 7467: 7455: 7453:, p. 279. 7443: 7441:, p. 278. 7431: 7429:, p. 117. 7419: 7407: 7405:, p. 222. 7395: 7393:, p. 319. 7383: 7371: 7369:, p. 313. 7359: 7357:, p. 199. 7347: 7335: 7320: 7308: 7296: 7294:, p. 214. 7284: 7282:, p. 195. 7272: 7270:, p. 196. 7260: 7258:, p. 193. 7248: 7246:, p. 349. 7236: 7234:, p. 308. 7224: 7212: 7200: 7198:, p. 164. 7188: 7186:, p. 181. 7176: 7174:, p. 192. 7164: 7152: 7150:, p. 294. 7140: 7138:, p. 128. 7128: 7126:, p. 418. 7116: 7101: 7099:, p. 121. 7089: 7087:, p. 122. 7077: 7075:, p. 133. 7065: 7063:, p. 115. 7053: 7041: 7039:, p. 111. 7026: 7024:, p. 263. 7011: 7009:, p. 110. 6999: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6934:, p. 105. 6924: 6912: 6900: 6898:, p. 320. 6888: 6876: 6859: 6857:, p. 184. 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6809:, p. 341. 6799: 6787: 6785:, p. 327. 6775: 6763: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6715: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6652: 6650:, p. 194. 6640: 6638:, p. 263. 6628: 6616: 6604: 6602:, p. 240. 6592: 6590:, p. 187. 6580: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6530:, p. 158. 6520: 6518:, p. 234. 6508: 6506:, p. 144. 6496: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6310: 6298: 6277: 6270: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6219: 6200: 6180: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6118: 6106: 6104:, p. 79). 6077: 6057: 6040: 6031: 6019: 6007: 5987: 5971: 5959: 5943: 5923: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5762: 5760: 5751:Duke of Sussex 5743: 5741: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5546: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5523: 5521: 5507: 5505: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5178:Albert Spencer 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4962: 4960: 4945: 4943: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4820: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4786: 4784: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4559: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4395: 4393: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4365: 4363: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4198:George Spencer 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4166: 4164: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3918:George Spencer 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3660: 3658: 3650:Robert Spencer 3647: 3645: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3483: 3471: 3469: 3457: 3455: 3444: 3442: 3434:John Churchill 3431: 3429: 3425:Anne Churchill 3422: 3420: 3409: 3407: 3396: 3394: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3183:John Churchill 3180: 3178: 3170:Robert Spencer 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2943: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2832:John Churchill 2829: 2827: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2747:Robert Spencer 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2695: 2694: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2601: 2598: 2537:Richard Holmes 2533:David Chandler 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2458: 2455: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2353:Jonathan Swift 2347: 2344: 2305:sector of the 2286:John Armstrong 2237:Queen Anne by 2230: 2227: 2111: 2108: 2104:Robert Walpole 2001:Abigail Masham 1979: 1976: 1802: 1799: 1693:, he captured 1687:States General 1683:field deputies 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671:field deputies 1667: 1664: 1650: 1647: 1588:, head of the 1578:Dutch Republic 1572:'s second son 1554:Grand Alliance 1487:Main article: 1484: 1481: 1456: 1455:Reconciliation 1453: 1449:Richard Holmes 1435:Marshal Vauban 1414: 1411: 1386:Lord Treasurer 1326:Willem Wissing 1317: 1314: 1276:Prince Waldeck 1207:Main article: 1204: 1201: 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1068:Judge Jeffreys 1055:House of Lords 996:Main article: 993: 990: 982:Richard Talbot 869: 866: 864: 861: 834:Mary of Modena 826:Sarah Jennings 802:in June 1674, 740:Dutch Republic 687: 684: 656:maid of honour 569: 566: 564: 561: 505:Sarah Jennings 468:. Rewarded by 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 404: 400: 399: 397: 396: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 377:Siege of Lille 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 344: 343: 342: 332: 331: 330: 320: 319: 318: 308: 307: 306: 301: 290: 288: 284: 283: 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 259: 250: 249:Branch/service 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 231: 230: 223: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 194: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 163: 159: 158: 151:Sarah Jennings 148: 144: 143: 138: 132: 131: 125:(aged 72) 119: 115: 114: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 74: 73: 59: 55: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11073: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10884: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10765: 10760: 10758: 10753: 10751: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10685: 10682: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10660: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10642: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10579: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10542: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10517: 10516:The Lord King 10514: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10492: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10387: 10382: 10380: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10242: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10200:Sir John Dill 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10063:Viscount Hill 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10003:Earl of Stair 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9938: 9936: 9931: 9929: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9911: 9907: 9900: 9899: 9892: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9876: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9845: 9836: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9805: 9804: 9797: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9749: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9723: 9716: 9710: 9706: 9697: 9696: 9690: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9669: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9613: 9612: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9589: 9588: 9580: 9574: 9570: 9561: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9529: 9528: 9520: 9514: 9510: 9501: 9500: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9472: 9471: 9462: 9456: 9452: 9443: 9442: 9435: 9431: 9426: 9422: 9413: 9412: 9405: 9399: 9394: 9390: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9346: 9338: 9337: 9333: 9326: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9254:A. L. Rowse, 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9225:C.T. Atkinson 9223: 9222: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9188: 9184: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9109:(1930–1934). 9108: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9090: 9085: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9029:0-19-924637-8 9025: 9021: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9002: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8951: 8945: 8944:"Marlborough" 8940: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8913: 8911:0-300-08728-4 8907: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8875: 8871: 8869:0-500-87007-1 8865: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8850:0-14-043133-0 8846: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8826:0-582-05629-2 8822: 8817: 8816: 8810: 8809:Lynn, John A. 8806: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8741:0-521-37593-2 8737: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8676:0-670-88677-7 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8605: 8601: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8559:0-7102-1024-8 8555: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8511: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8490:Coxe, William 8487: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8459:0-226-10635-7 8455: 8451: 8446: 8442: 8440:0-226-10633-0 8436: 8432: 8430: 8424: 8420: 8418:0-304-36393-6 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8377:0-554-10672-8 8373: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8353:1-85326-694-9 8349: 8345: 8344: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8310:1-84022-200-X 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8288:1-56324-047-5 8284: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8197: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8158:, p. 314 8157: 8156:Chandler 1973 8152: 8145: 8144:Nimwegen 1995 8140: 8134:, p. 264 8133: 8128: 8126: 8118: 8117:De Graaf 2021 8113: 8106: 8105:Chandler 1973 8101: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8081:Chandler 1973 8077: 8070: 8069:Chandler 1973 8065: 8063: 8061: 8053: 8052:Chandler 1973 8048: 8041: 8040:Chandler 1973 8036: 8029: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7988: 7982:, p. 32. 7981: 7980:Macaulay 1968 7976: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7948: 7940: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7921: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7889:Stanley, A.P. 7885: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7851: 7850:Hamilton 1968 7846: 7839: 7834: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7791: 7786: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7715:Chandler 1973 7711: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7679:Chandler 1973 7675: 7668: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7644: 7639: 7632: 7627: 7620: 7619:Chandler 1973 7615: 7608: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7585:, p. 73. 7584: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7555: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7500: 7499:Schreurs 2013 7495: 7488: 7487:Chandler 1973 7483: 7476: 7475:Chandler 1973 7471: 7465:, p. 64. 7464: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7416: 7411: 7404: 7403:Chandler 1973 7399: 7392: 7387: 7381:, p. 58. 7380: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7355:Chandler 1973 7351: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7316:Anisimov 1993 7312: 7305: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7269: 7264: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7233: 7228: 7222:, p. 28. 7221: 7220:Chandler 1998 7216: 7209: 7204: 7197: 7196:Chandler 1973 7192: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7162:, p. 44. 7161: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7136:Chandler 1973 7132: 7125: 7120: 7114:, p. 286 7113: 7108: 7106: 7098: 7093: 7086: 7085:Chandler 1973 7081: 7074: 7069: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7023: 7022:Nimwegen 2020 7018: 7016: 7008: 7003: 6997:, p. 31. 6996: 6991: 6989: 6981: 6976: 6970:, p. 24. 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6944:Thompson 2013 6940: 6933: 6928: 6922:, p. 54. 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6886:, p. 49. 6885: 6884:Chandler 1973 6880: 6873: 6872:Chandler 1973 6868: 6866: 6864: 6856: 6851: 6845:, p. 47. 6844: 6843:Chandler 1973 6839: 6833:, p. 12. 6832: 6827: 6821:, p. 47. 6820: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6797:, p. 11. 6796: 6791: 6784: 6779: 6773:, p. 57. 6772: 6767: 6761:, p. 46. 6760: 6759:Chandler 1973 6755: 6749:, p. 22. 6748: 6743: 6737:, p. 44. 6736: 6735:Chandler 1973 6731: 6725:, p. 44. 6724: 6719: 6712: 6711:Chandler 1973 6707: 6705: 6698:, p. 48. 6697: 6692: 6686:, p. 41. 6685: 6680: 6674:, p. 25. 6673: 6672:Chandler 1973 6668: 6662:, p. 46. 6661: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6637: 6632: 6626:, p. 24. 6625: 6624:Chandler 1973 6620: 6614:, p. 41. 6613: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6554:, p. 36. 6553: 6548: 6541: 6540:Chandler 1973 6536: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6494:, p. 70. 6493: 6492:Somerset 2013 6488: 6482:, p. 35. 6481: 6476: 6470:, p. 48. 6469: 6468:Somerset 2013 6464: 6457: 6452: 6446:, p. 96. 6445: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6397: 6396:Chandler 1973 6392: 6386:, p. 16. 6385: 6380: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6141: 6129: 6128: 6122: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6090:Ne Plus Ultra 6087: 6086:Ne Plus Ultra 6084:The lines of 6081: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6035: 6028: 6023: 6016: 6015:Chandler 1973 6011: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5980: 5975: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931:Chandler 1973 5927: 5920: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5876:Bernard Drake 5872: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5861:Ducal coronet 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5806: 5794: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5766: 5752: 5747: 5733: 5728: 5681: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5550: 5541: 5527: 5520: 5504: 5464: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5438: 5436: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5312: 5301: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5139: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5099: 5098: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5037: 5021: 5019: 4972: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4883: 4881: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4830: 4824: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4696: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4656: 4654: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4569: 4563: 4521: 4515: 4503: 4501: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4327: 4325: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4291: 4283: 4271: 4255: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4212: 4205: 4199: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4145: 4143: 4096: 4094: 4071: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4008: 4000: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3962: 3956: 3925: 3919: 3907: 3905: 3884: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3826: 3823: 3805: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3769: 3753: 3751: 3741: 3733: 3731: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3613: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3480: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3364: 3362: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3330: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3312: 3300: 3298: 3286: 3284: 3274: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3244: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3213: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3151: 3149: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3062: 3059: 3027: 3026: 3019: 2987: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2935:Henry Spencer 2916: 2914: 2901: 2899: 2878: 2876: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2820: 2801: 2798: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2692:Earls Spencer 2689: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2621:aides-de-camp 2617: 2611: 2606: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:Windsor Lodge 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2405: 2404:John Vanbrugh 2401: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2309:Ne Plus Ultra 2304: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2154:besiege Lille 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:Henry St John 2083: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2065:invade Russia 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782:Robert Harley 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:confederation 1523: 1519: 1515: 1506: 1500: 1499:Low Countries 1495: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1358:Saint-Germain 1354: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1330:heir apparent 1327: 1322: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:Low Countries 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1231:Privy Council 1228: 1224: 1215: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1179:Lord Cornbury 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1152:Henry Compton 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1059:Lord Delamere 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043:Major General 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1004: 999: 989: 987: 983: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 936: 932: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 906: 894: 890: 888: 883: 882:Earl of Danby 879: 875: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 820: 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 762: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 729: 725: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 696: 692: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 583: 580:, rebuilt by 579: 578:Ash, in Devon 574: 560: 558: 554: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:of Malplaquet 526: 522: 518: 514: 513:Low Countries 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 492:) before the 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 432: 427: 424: 415: 411: 408: 405: 401: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340:Siege of Cork 338: 337: 336: 333: 329: 326: 325: 324: 321: 317: 314: 313: 312: 309: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 295: 292: 291: 289: 285: 282: 278: 275: 271: 268: 265: 261: 258: 254: 251: 247: 241: 237: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 165:7, including: 164: 160: 157:1677 or 1678) 152: 149: 145: 142: 139: 137: 133: 129: 128:Windsor Lodge 120: 116: 111: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 80: 75: 70: 63: 52: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10883: 10872: 10864: 10856: 10848: 10840: 10832: 10824: 10816: 10808: 10800: 10792: 10784: 10781: 10670:Lord Steward 10621: 10088:Earl Roberts 10053:Duke of York 10043:Duke of York 10038:Lord Amherst 10033:Henry Conway 10028:Lord Amherst 9992: 9982: 9957:British Army 9905: 9896: 9889: 9888: 9881: 9869: 9851: 9832: 9827: 9801: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9744: 9735: 9729: 9720: 9692: 9673: 9656: 9650: 9641: 9634: 9628: 9609: 9604: 9584: 9557: 9550: 9544: 9524: 9495: 9466: 9438: 9434:New regiment 9433: 9409: 9373: 9343: 9340:1679 9330: 9290: 9275: 9255: 9248: 9238: 9228: 9210: 9197: 9192: 9172: 9168: 9159: 9140: 9136: 9127: 9112: 9088: 9076:. Retrieved 9064: 9041: 9019: 9000: 8981: 8975:. S. Austen. 8971: 8948: 8924: 8920: 8901: 8880: 8859: 8839: 8814: 8797:. Retrieved 8793: 8770: 8753: 8750:Kenyon, J.P. 8730: 8707: 8688: 8666: 8636: 8617: 8608: 8588: 8568: 8549: 8526: 8514:. Retrieved 8510:the original 8494: 8471: 8449: 8427: 8408: 8386: 8365: 8342: 8322: 8300: 8278: 8257:. Retrieved 8253:the original 8243: 8203: 8196: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8132:Barnett 1999 8112: 8100: 8088: 8076: 8047: 8035: 8023: 8011: 7999: 7987: 7975: 7959: 7952:Lavalle 2004 7947: 7927: 7920: 7908: 7892: 7884: 7875: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7833: 7821: 7809: 7797: 7785: 7765: 7758: 7746: 7739:Hibbert 2001 7734: 7722: 7710: 7698: 7686: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7626: 7614: 7602: 7595:Barnett 1999 7590: 7578: 7566: 7554: 7542: 7530: 7518: 7511:Barnett 1999 7506: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7458: 7446: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7398: 7386: 7374: 7362: 7350: 7343:Norrhem 2010 7338: 7331:Norrhem 2010 7311: 7304:Norrhem 2010 7299: 7287: 7280:Barnett 1999 7275: 7263: 7251: 7239: 7227: 7215: 7203: 7191: 7179: 7172:Barnett 1999 7167: 7155: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7097:Barnett 1999 7092: 7080: 7068: 7061:Hibbert 2001 7056: 7044: 7002: 6995:Barnett 1999 6975: 6968:Barnett 1999 6963: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6879: 6874:, p. 48 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6771:Hibbert 2001 6766: 6754: 6747:Barnett 1999 6742: 6730: 6718: 6713:, p. 35 6696:Hibbert 2001 6691: 6679: 6667: 6660:Hibbert 2001 6655: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6612:Hibbert 2001 6607: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6552:Hibbert 2001 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6432:Lesaffer n.d 6427: 6415: 6410:, p. 8. 6403: 6398:, p. 8. 6391: 6379: 6374:, p. 9. 6372:Hibbert 2001 6352: 6340: 6335:, p. 7. 6333:Hibbert 2001 6328: 6313: 6301: 6260: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6209: 6203: 6193: 6183: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6125: 6121: 6109: 6098:River Sambre 6089: 6085: 6080: 6065:Hibbert 2001 6060: 6043: 6034: 6022: 6010: 5997:until 1703, 5990: 5974: 5962: 5951:Hibbert 2001 5946: 5926: 5884: 5775: 5679: 5559: 5518: 5502: 5462: 5374: 5339: 5310: 5299: 5272: 5183: 5137: 5118: 5033: 4970: 4953: 4940: 4878: 4849: 4828: 4781: 4751: 4567: 4519: 4403: 4398:John Spencer 4373: 4360: 4211:Hugh Seymour 4203: 4174: 4161: 4091: 3960: 3955:John Spencer 3923: 3881:Earl Spencer 3870: 3676:John Spencer 3668: 3655: 3642: 3439: 3417: 3404: 3188: 3182: 3175: 2940: 2896: 2824: 2811:John Spencer 2752: 2718: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2573: 2566: 2548: 2530: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2475: 2460: 2451:Daniel Defoe 2447: 2439: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2375: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2332: 2329:superiority. 2327: 2308: 2295: 2290:Enoch Seeman 2275: 2263:Saint-Venant 2251: 2243: 2239:Michael Dahl 2194: 2190: 2174: 2121: 2084: 2073: 2053: 2017: 1993: 1967: 1961: 1942: 1914: 1873:John A. Lynn 1842: 1816: 1758: 1727: 1703:Stevensweert 1679: 1652: 1629: 1598: 1566: 1539: 1511: 1465:John Fenwick 1462: 1458: 1428: 1419:Robert Young 1416: 1413:High treason 1391: 1355: 1335: 1289: 1280: 1260: 1220: 1194: 1189: 1160: 1156: 1129: 1099: 1091: 1064: 1040: 1024: 1013: 984:, appointed 963: 940: 910: 871: 859:, and Mary. 842: 823: 789: 779:against the 766: 759: 733: 710:John Fenwick 706:Thomas Allin 699: 649: 614: 610:Joan of Acre 587: 545: 527:(1708), and 525:of Oudenarde 521:of Ramillies 503:Marriage to 502: 488:(modern-day 459: 425: 421: 287:Battles/wars 257:British Army 253:English Army 136:Noble family 123:(1722-06-16) 121:16 June 1722 40: 10901:1722 deaths 10896:1650 births 10865:(1972–2014) 10857:(1934–1972) 10849:(1892–1934) 10841:(1883–1892) 10833:(1857–1883) 10825:(1840–1857) 10817:(1817–1840) 10809:(1758–1817) 10801:(1733–1758) 10793:(1722–1733) 10785:(1702–1722) 10730:(1727–1730) 10711:(1724–1730) 10705:(1721–1724) 10686:(1725–1730) 10680:(1721–1725) 10661:(1722–1730) 10655:(1721–1722) 10636:(1725–1730) 10630:(1722–1725) 10624:(1721–1722) 10605:(1727–1730) 10599:(1721–1727) 10574:(1725–1730) 10568:(1721–1725) 10543:(1726–1730) 10537:(1721–1726) 10518:(1725–1730) 10512:(1721–1725) 10493:(1724–1730) 10487:(1721–1724) 10468:(1721–1730) 10435:(1721–1730) 10410:(1721–1730) 10008:George Wade 9585:Colonel of 9525:Colonel of 9439:Colonel of 9345:John Holmes 9245:A. L. Rowse 8843:. Penguin. 8819:. Longman. 8731:Marlborough 8726:Jones, J.R. 8669:. Penguin. 8301:Marlborough 8168:Holmes 2008 7964:Parker 1747 7913:Holmes 2008 7901:John Murray 7862:Holmes 2008 7826:Holmes 2008 7792:, III, 272. 7751:Holmes 2008 7691:Holmes 2008 7669:, III, 198. 7643:Holmes 2008 7244:Holmes 2008 6956:Holmes 2008 6932:Ingrao 2000 6908:Storrs 2006 6855:Holmes 2008 6648:Holmes 2008 6588:Miller 2000 6576:Holmes 2008 6528:Tincey 2005 6516:Harris 2006 6504:Harris 2006 6444:Holmes 2008 6420:Holmes 2008 6384:Childs 2014 6357:Kenyon 1963 6306:Holmes 2008 6246:Holmes 2008 6234:Vivian 1895 6049:Lord Rivers 5939:Privy Purse 5802: 2020 5772: 1994 5758: 1984 5739: 1982 5676: 1992 5556: 1964 5533: 1948 5515: 1970 5499: 1960 5459: 1955 2650:Family tree 2610:Oxfordshire 2100:Henry Boyle 2033:Altranstädt 1863:'s and the 1851:heights at 1643:triumvirate 1542:Wittelsbach 1534:Philippines 1223:William III 1221:As part of 1136:Stadtholder 1124: 1685 1119:Churchill ( 1047:Life Guards 901: 1694 680:Foot Guards 617:Restoration 470:William III 106:26 May 1650 10890:Categories 9902:1705–1714 9883:George III 9857:1689–1722 9838:1702–1722 9807:1706–1712 9783:1714–1722 9751:1714–1722 9726:1714–1717 9699:1704–1712 9679:1702–1712 9647:1702–1708 9615:1702–1711 9591:1702–1704 9563:1690–1691 9531:1689–1692 9503:1689–1692 9474:1685–1688 9445:1683–1685 9383:1702–1710 9119:3 volumes. 8965:required.) 8657:required.) 8589:Queen Anne 8500:6 volumes. 8218:0060585439 8180:Jones 1993 7966:, p. 7838:Gregg 1980 7814:Gregg 1980 7802:Jones 1993 7727:Jones 1993 7703:Gregg 1980 7655:Gregg 1980 7631:Gregg 1980 7561:, III, 69. 7549:, III, 40. 7535:Jones 1993 7523:Jones 1993 7451:Gregg 1980 7439:Gregg 1980 7427:McKay 1977 7415:Jones 1993 7208:Jones 1993 7184:Gregg 1980 7073:Gregg 1980 6896:Duffy 1987 6819:Jones 1993 6723:Jones 1993 6684:Jones 1993 6480:Gregg 1980 6408:Field 2003 6137:References 6114:Gregg 1980 6027:Gregg 1980 6005:from 1708. 5979:Gregg 1980 5967:Gregg 1980 5935:Civil list 5878:, d.1586). 5870:Supporters 5864:Escutcheon 5841:Mindelheim 3468:(Jacobite) 2501:Assessment 2390:Later life 2318:to besiege 2209:Malplaquet 2137:Oudenaarde 2056:Carl Piper 2005:duumvirate 1853:Donauwörth 1790:Royal Navy 1522:Charles II 1444:John Paget 1251:John Riley 1146:, and the 1132:invitation 1082:Revolution 1072:Coronation 1008:Tower Hill 686:Army entry 621:Charles II 498:Queen Anne 478:Jacobitism 239:Allegiance 110:Ashe House 102:1650-05-26 9890:as baron 9828:New title 9605:New title 9067:. 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London. 8407:(2002a). 8237:Courtenay 8093:Lynn 1999 8030:, I, 180. 8006:, I, 182. 7994:, I, 178. 7607:Lynn 1999 7391:Lynn 1999 7232:Lynn 1999 7148:Lynn 1999 7124:Wijn 1956 7112:Lynn 1999 7037:Wijn 1956 7007:Wijn 1956 6564:Coxe 1847 6345:Lynn 1999 6167:0026-3982 6102:Lynn 1999 6094:Montreuil 5983:4 million 5543:1961–1997 5337:1924–1992 5308:1926–2020 5297:1934–2017 5270:1926–2014 5181:1892–1975 5156:1888–1956 5135:1890–1973 5116:1897–1972 4968:1864–1934 4951:1874–1965 4938:1871–1934 4847:1857–1922 4826:1835–1910 4817:1851–1912 4792:1849–1895 4779:1844–1892 4576:1825–1877 4565:1798–1857 4556:1799–1851 4517:1822–1883 4424:1791–1851 4401:1782–1845 4392:1807–1893 4371:1802–1886 4358:1793–1857 4221:1762–1801 4214:1759–1801 4201:1758–1834 4172:1779–1845 4159:1766–1840 3982:1715–1763 3958:1734–1783 3921:1739–1817 3715:1684–1741 3679:1708–1746 3666:1706–1758 3653:1701–1729 3640:1700–1731 3491:1667–1730 3482:1661–1689 3463:1673–1702 3450:1670–1734 3437:1686–1703 3428:1683–1716 3415:1675–1722 3402:1681–1733 3389:1678–1766 3224:1648–1730 3215:1633–1701 3186:1650–1722 3173:1640–1702 2951:1620–1688 2938:1620–1643 2835:1600–1673 2822:1592–1636 2813:1590–1610 2750:1570–1627 2346:Dismissal 2307:Lines of 2222:take Mons 1917:Woodstock 1786:High Tory 1750:Cambridge 1546:Louis XIV 1309:Cork fell 1184:Axminster 1171:Salisbury 1051:Sandridge 1035:Sedgemoor 992:Rebellion 980:Catholic 925:exclusion 857:Elizabeth 777:Rhineland 748:Louis XIV 660:Anne Hyde 641:Whitehall 548:Louis XIV 222:Signature 147:Spouse(s) 141:Churchill 86:Successor 51:His Grace 9873:Part of 9078:17 March 9040:(1979). 8902:James II 8837:(1968). 8811:(1999). 8752:(1963). 8728:(1993). 8687:(2008). 8665:(2001). 8492:(1847). 8470:(1983). 8364:(1917). 8321:(1973). 8299:(1999). 6566:, I, 18. 6191:(1947). 6175:44555466 5999:Overkirk 2626:all-arms 2585:Iscariot 2361:(1711). 2322:Bouchain 2145:Burgundy 2094:and the 1953:Elixheim 1901:Trarbach 1881:tactical 1877:Napoleon 1773:Limbourg 1754:smallpox 1699:Roermond 1580:and the 1516:and the 1369:and the 1305:Jacobite 1108:and the 1095:sedition 943:Eyemouth 800:Sinsheim 734:In 1670 637:knighted 629:Weymouth 606:Edward I 557:Napoleon 541:George I 523:(1706), 519:(1704), 273:Commands 10400:Cabinet 9955:of the 9875:Bavaria 9336:Newtown 8799:25 July 8769:(ed.). 8516:20 July 8271:Sources 8259:20 July 6096:to the 5995:Athlone 5727:William 2471:Cadogan 2420:bounds. 2259:Béthune 2229:Endgame 2201:Tournai 2158:citadel 2133:Schelde 2076:Almansa 2060:pension 2039:, Tsar 1891:on the 1831:Moselle 1738:Francis 1594:Bavaria 1301:Kinsale 1227:Mary II 1163:Brixham 945:in the 921:Newtown 830:Frances 808:Sasbach 804:Enzheim 744:brigade 678:in the 654:became 490:Belgium 423:General 267:General 48:General 10580:(1730) 10562:(1721) 9906:Vacant 9870:Vacant 9765:Vacant 9730:Vacant 9651:Vacant 9629:Vacant 9545:Vacant 9342:With: 9179: 9147: 9095: 9048: 9026: 9007: 8988: 8931: 8908: 8889: 8866: 8847: 8823: 8777: 8738: 8714: 8695: 8673: 8651: 8624: 8596: 8575: 8556: 8537: 8478: 8456: 8437: 8415: 8393: 8374: 8350: 8329: 8307: 8285: 8215: 7935: 7897:London 7773: 6268: 6217: 6173: 6165: 5890:Orders 4882:, 1902 4755:, 1905 4095:, 1815 3883:, 1765 3878:, 1761 3112:, 1702 3098:, 1685 2722:, 1603 2496:Legacy 2371:Burnet 2261:, and 2187:, 1708 2124:Bruges 2049:Polish 2045:Russia 1964:Alsace 1939:, 1706 1921:palace 1895:, and 1889:Landau 1827:Danube 1823:Vienna 1771:, and 1532:, the 1362:pardon 1167:Exeter 1144:Tories 868:Crisis 761:Prince 676:ensign 633:Dublin 568:Family 453:under 403:Awards 210:Mother 200:Father 9415:1685 9196:[ 9171:[ 9139:[ 8959: 8923:[ 8765:. 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John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough

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