280:. His early experiments suggested to him that the urine from manic patients was more toxic. There are 2 toxic substances in urine: urea and uric acid. He found urea was the same in both ill and healthy people. He started to work on uric acid. In order to do that, he made artificial solutions of uric acid. To make up different strengths of uric acid he needed to convert it into a substance that he could more easily manipulate. On its own uric acid would not dissolve in water. Then, in an effort to increase the water solubility of uric acid, lithium was added to make a solution of lithium urate. Cade found that in the guinea pigs injected with lithium carbonate solution, as a control solution, the guinea pigs were more restful. His use of careful controls in his experiments revealed that the lithium-ion had a calming effect by itself, but even this finding may have been caused by the toxic effects of an excessive dose of lithium. After ingesting lithium himself to ensure its safety in humans, Cade began a small-scale trial of lithium citrate and/or lithium carbonate on some of his patients diagnosed with
45:
317:
372:. Dr. Cade remained humble about his chance discovery, describing himself as merely a gold prospector who happened to find a nugget. Finally, in July 2004, the Medical Journal of Australia reported that Cade's 1949 article, "Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement", was the number one most cited MJA article.
275:
After the war, Cade recuperated very briefly in
Heidelberg Hospital, then took up a position at Bundoora Repatriation Mental Hospital in Melbourne. It was at an unused pantry in Bundoora that he conducted crude experiments which led to the discovery of lithium as a treatment of bipolar disorder.
266:
from
February 1942 to September 1945. During his imprisonment, he reportedly would observe some fellow inmates having strange, vacillating behaviour. He thought perhaps a toxin was affecting their brains and when it was eliminated through their urine, they lost their symptoms.
392:. Recognition of Cade's pioneering work continued after his death. The Adult Acute unit at Royal Park Hospital was named the "John Cade Unit" in recognition of Cade's long service to the hospital. After Royal Park's closure, the newly opened Adult Acute Psychiatric Unit at
187:' and had difficulty in continuing in general practice. Therefore, his father sold the practice and accepted a position with the Mental Hygiene Department. Over the next 25 years, Dr Cade Sr became medical superintendent at several Victorian mental hospitals, namely
303:
led to several deaths of patients undergoing lithium treatment. The problem of toxicity was greatly reduced when suitable tests were developed to measure the lithium level in the blood. Moreover, as a naturally occurring chemical, lithium salt could not be
452:, a 60-minute documentary portraying John Cade's discovery of the use of Lithium in mental illness. The documentary received international recognition, winning the main prize at the International Vega Awards for Excellence in Scientific Broadcasting.
336:, he visited Britain for six months to inspect psychiatric institutions. On his return, he introduced modern facilities and replaced the rather authoritarian approach to patient care with a lot more personal and informal style that included
308:, meaning that its manufacturing and sales were not considered commercially viable. These factors prevented its widespread adoption in psychiatry for some years, particularly in the United States, where its use was banned until 1970.
1024:
Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. John Cade and the discovery of lithium treatment for manic depressive illness. Medical
Journal of Australia, 1999, 171: 262–264. and Ref. No. 00-0612 Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000, 78
199:. John and his brothers spent many of their younger years living within the grounds of these institutions, which had a great bearing on John's later deep understanding of the needs of the mentally ill. John was educated at
359:
branch from 1963 until his death in 1980. In the end, Dr. Cade's discovery did receive widespread acknowledgements and praise. For his contribution to psychiatry, he was awarded a Kittay
International Award in 1974 (with
404:(NHMRC) offered two $ 750 000 per annum fellowships for mental health research, entitled the "NHMRC John Cade Fellowship in Mental Health Research". The Fellowship recipients were Professor Helen Christensen of the
175:. John's father David was Murtoa's general practitioner. Ellen, John's mother, and younger brothers David and Frank completed the family. When John was a small boy, his father left for World War I and served in
508:
852:
1299:
947:
483:
Some authors state Cade was born in
Horsham, one of the larger towns in the Wimmera area. However other authors, notably Cade's son Jack Cade, state John Cade was born in
899:
292:, with outstanding results. The calming effect was so robust that Cade speculated that mania was caused by a deficiency in lithium. He published these findings in the
413:
352:
1660:
1640:
569:
Cade, Jack F. (1999). "John
Frederick Joseph Cade: family memories on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his discovery of the use of lithium in mania".
856:
1650:
276:
Since he had no sophisticated analytical equipment these experiments mostly consisted of injecting urine from mentally ill patients into the abdomen of
1665:
1655:
1645:
401:
542:
1630:
994:
972:
227:
Like his father before him, Cade left his young family to fight for
Australia in the Armed Forces in World War II. Cade was appointed
1102:
1053:
1175:
212:
1406:
903:
99:
psychiatrist; army medical officer; medical scientist; mental health practitioner; prisoner of war (Australian); public servant
1635:
1625:
640:
1620:
1218:
208:
627:
1542:
1307:
369:
365:
239:, on 1 July 1940 and posted to the 2nd/9th Field Ambulance. Although trained as a psychiatrist, Dr. Cade served as a
35:
679:
525:
236:
299:
While Cade's results appeared highly promising, side effects of lithium in some cases led to non-compliance. The
396:
was named "John Cade Adult Acute
Inpatient Unit". In 1980 the first John Cade memorial lecture was delivered by
632:
456:
was also recognised locally with writer/director Dennis K. Smith winning the AWGIE Award for Best
Documentary.
683:
348:
in the treatment of alcoholism. Cade served as the
Superintendent at Royal Park until his retirement in 1977.
1347:
405:
232:
1517:
1512:
1332:
1107:
1046:
445:
409:
293:
155:, lithium had the distinction of being the first effective medication available to treat a mental illness.
1556:
1327:
1155:
180:
1317:
925:
20:
1522:
1145:
219:. While he was convalescing, John fell in love with one of his nurses, Jean. They married in 1937.
200:
148:
1337:
1312:
1191:
1170:
393:
1223:
1039:
429:
425:
296:
in a paper entitled 'Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement', published in 1949.
207:, graduating at the age of 21 years with honours in all subjects. He became a House Officer at
204:
332:. Two years later, at the request of the Mental Hygiene Authority which was planning to remodel
1527:
1464:
1289:
1165:
216:
1001:
400:
at the congress in Jerusalem of the Collegian International Psychopharmacologium. In 2013 the
1122:
147:, then known as manic depression. At a time when the standard treatments for psychosis were
1615:
1610:
1584:
1569:
1469:
1401:
1389:
1279:
465:
389:
8:
1507:
1322:
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333:
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321:
255:
172:
1087:
1070:
826:
801:
777:
752:
728:
703:
594:
381:
132:
622:
1474:
1420:
1238:
1137:
948:"NHMRC John Cade Fellowship in Mental Health Research for funding commencing in 2013"
831:
817:
782:
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733:
719:
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68:
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admission to aid early detection and later proposed the use of large doses of
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1604:
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768:
650:
544:
Life Matters Wednesday 31 August 2016: Finding Sanity – John Cade and lithium
337:
328:
In 1952 Cade was appointed Superintendent and Dean of the clinical school at
285:
263:
658:
1589:
1425:
835:
786:
737:
590:
510:
Finding sanity : John Cade, lithium and the taming of bipolar disorder
397:
361:
251:
44:
1369:
1262:
1097:
289:
184:
316:
1440:
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136:
364:
from Denmark), and he was invited to be a Distinguished Fellow of the
1415:
1379:
1274:
1233:
1228:
1150:
1112:
176:
115:
John (1938), David (1940), Mary (1947), Peter (1948), Richard (1950)
1267:
1213:
900:"100 Years of Australian Innovation – lithium for manic depression"
345:
152:
1205:
340:. Concerned at the number of alcohol-related cases, he supported
240:
168:
1031:
484:
305:
753:"Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. 1949"
270:
1117:
281:
420:
medical student following a special clinical examination at
388:
on 16 November 1980, and is buried at Yan Yean Cemetery in
203:, matriculating in 1928. He then studied medicine at the
353:
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
704:"Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement"
135:(18 January 1912 – 16 November 1980) was an Australian
680:
the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services
527:
Ockham's Razor Sunday 6 November 2016: Finding sanity
183:. On return from the war, his father suffered from '
879:"It's an Honour – Officer of the Order of Australia"
571:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
416:
awards The John Cade Memorial Medal to a final year
853:"NHMRC John Cade Fellowship Mental Health Research"
368:. In 1976, Cade was one of the first to be made an
487:, a town 32 kilometres (20 mi) NE of Horsham.
1602:
540:
506:
355:in 1969–70, and also as the president for its
1047:
1661:Royal Australian Army Medical Corps officers
1641:People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
513:. Crows Nest, NSW: News.com.au. p. 324.
402:National Health and Medical Research Council
215:before becoming severely ill with bilateral
1651:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
1000:. Australian Writers' Guild. Archived from
678:On Bundoora hospital, see the summaries by
271:Discovery of the effect of lithium on mania
1054:
1040:
631:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
541:Fanning, Ellen; McCullagh, Cassie (2016).
432:also awards the John Cade Memorial Prize.
351:He served as the federal president of the
43:
1666:Australian Army personnel of World War II
825:
776:
757:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
727:
623:"Cade, John Frederick Joseph (1912–1980)"
143:as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of
1656:Military personnel from Victoria (state)
847:
845:
620:
523:
315:
311:
1646:20th-century Australian medical doctors
1176:Depression in childhood and adolescence
799:
517:
500:
450:Troubled Minds – The Lithium Revolution
1603:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
534:
507:De Moore, Greg; Westmore, Ann (2016).
428:each year. The Faculty of Medicine at
243:and departed for Singapore in 1941 on
139:who in 1948 discovered the effects of
19:For other people named John Cade, see
1035:
842:
694:
692:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
1028:Mitchell PB. On the 50th anniversary
750:
698:
568:
1219:Depression (differential diagnoses)
926:"Inner West Mental health Services"
551:
13:
1631:Officers of the Order of Australia
689:
628:Australian Dictionary of Biography
605:
14:
1677:
1543:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
1308:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
1061:
435:
370:Officer of the Order of Australia
366:American College of Psychiatrists
818:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00706.x
802:"The history of lithium therapy"
720:10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.06241.x
583:10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00624.x
987:
965:
940:
918:
892:
871:
793:
222:
744:
672:
633:Australian National University
477:
408:and Professor John McGrath of
254:in September 1941. After the
1:
493:
406:University of New South Wales
233:Australian Army Medical Corps
158:
1636:Psychiatrists from Melbourne
1626:Bipolar disorder researchers
1518:Dialectical behavior therapy
1513:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1333:Rating scales for depression
708:Medical Journal of Australia
410:The University of Queensland
294:Medical Journal of Australia
7:
1621:Australian prisoners of war
1328:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
1156:Seasonal affective disorder
459:
10:
1682:
1318:General Behavior Inventory
995:"2005 AWGIE Award Winners"
621:Ironside, Wallace (1993).
130:John Frederick Joseph Cade
107:Estana Evelyn Jean Charles
21:John Cade (disambiguation)
18:
1555:
1523:Electroconvulsive therapy
1500:
1449:
1400:
1355:
1346:
1298:
1204:
1184:
1146:Major depressive disorder
1136:
1078:
1069:
448:screened the documentary
375:
213:Royal Children's Hospital
201:Scotch College, Melbourne
149:electroconvulsive therapy
123:Dr David & Ellen Cade
119:
111:
103:
95:
76:
54:
42:
30:
1338:Young Mania Rating Scale
1313:Child Mania Rating Scale
1192:Schizoaffective disorder
1171:Major depressive episode
800:Shorter, Edward (2009).
524:Williams, Robyn (2016).
471:
394:Royal Melbourne Hospital
320:John Cade acute unit at
1465:Atypical antipsychotics
1224:Emotional dysregulation
855:. NHMRC. Archived from
684:Research Data Australia
430:University of Melbourne
426:University of Melbourne
205:University of Melbourne
16:Australian psychiatrist
1528:Involuntary commitment
1290:Reduced affect display
1166:Melancholic depression
928:. Department of Health
325:
258:to Japan, he became a
250:. He was promoted to
217:pneumococcal pneumonia
163:John Cade was born in
1123:Mixed affective state
547:. ABC Radio National.
530:. ABC Radio National.
319:
312:Royal Park and RANZCP
209:St Vincent's Hospital
1585:Kay Redfield Jamison
1570:Frederick K. Goodwin
1390:Valproate semisodium
1280:Psychotic depression
1007:on 11 September 2009
751:Cade, J. F. (2000).
702:(3 September 1949).
466:Lithium pharmacology
1508:Clinical psychology
1323:Hypomania Checklist
1161:Atypical depression
330:Royal Park Hospital
322:Royal Park Hospital
301:toxicity of lithium
173:Victoria, Australia
1501:Non-pharmaceutical
382:oesophageal cancer
380:John Cade died of
326:
1598:
1597:
1551:
1550:
1475:Lithium carbonate
1421:Dextroamphetamine
1239:Suicidal ideation
1200:
1199:
806:Bipolar Disorders
642:978-0-522-84459-7
422:Monash University
256:Fall of Singapore
141:lithium carbonate
127:
126:
88:Fitzroy, Victoria
1673:
1490:Lithium toxicity
1452:mood stabilizers
1402:Sympathomimetics
1385:Sodium valproate
1353:
1352:
1080:Bipolar disorder
1076:
1075:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1006:
999:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
969:
963:
962:
960:
958:
952:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
902:. Archived from
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
849:
840:
839:
829:
812:(Suppl 2): 4–9.
797:
791:
790:
780:
748:
742:
741:
731:
696:
687:
676:
670:
669:
667:
665:
618:
603:
602:
566:
549:
548:
538:
532:
531:
521:
515:
514:
504:
488:
481:
145:bipolar disorder
83:
80:16 November 1980
69:Murtoa, Victoria
64:
62:
47:
28:
27:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1547:
1496:
1485:Lithium sulfate
1480:Lithium citrate
1445:
1436:Methylphenidate
1405:
1396:
1357:Anticonvulsants
1342:
1294:
1285:Racing thoughts
1196:
1180:
1132:
1065:
1060:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
997:
993:
992:
988:
978:
976:
973:"John Cade, AO"
971:
970:
966:
956:
954:
950:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
906:on 19 July 2008
898:
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
876:
872:
862:
860:
859:on 8 April 2018
851:
850:
843:
798:
794:
749:
745:
714:(36): 349–352.
697:
690:
677:
673:
663:
661:
643:
619:
606:
567:
552:
539:
535:
522:
518:
505:
501:
496:
491:
482:
478:
474:
462:
438:
378:
314:
286:dementia præcox
273:
260:prisoner of war
225:
161:
91:
85:
81:
72:
66:
65:18 January 1912
60:
58:
50:
38:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Emil Kraepelin
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1460:Antipsychotics
1456:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1398:
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1392:
1387:
1377:
1372:
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1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1257:Sleep disorder
1253:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
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1188:
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1168:
1163:
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1153:
1148:
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1133:
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1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
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1084:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1018:
986:
964:
939:
917:
891:
870:
841:
792:
763:(4): 518–520.
743:
688:
671:
641:
604:
577:(5): 615–618.
550:
533:
516:
498:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:
475:
473:
470:
469:
468:
461:
458:
454:Troubled Minds
442:Film Australia
437:
436:Troubled Minds
434:
377:
374:
313:
310:
272:
269:
224:
221:
160:
157:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
86:
84:(aged 68)
78:
74:
73:
67:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1678:
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1619:
1617:
1614:
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1609:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Karl Leonhard
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Psychotherapy
1536:
1534:
1533:Light therapy
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
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1481:
1478:
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1471:
1468:
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1427:
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1419:
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1414:
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1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Oxcarbazepine
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Carbamazepine
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
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1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
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1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
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1278:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:Hallucination
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:Comorbidities
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1128:Rapid cycling
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Mood disorder
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
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1616:1980 deaths
1611:1912 births
1409:and similar
1370:Lamotrigine
1263:Hypersomnia
1103:Bipolar NOS
1098:Cyclothymia
979:29 February
957:29 February
932:29 February
884:22 November
863:29 February
290:melancholia
278:guinea pigs
90:, Australia
71:, Australia
1605:Categories
1441:Sertraline
1431:Fluoxetine
1251:Mood swing
1138:Depression
1093:Bipolar II
910:11 October
494:References
390:Whittlesea
334:Royal Park
324:circa 2003
247:Queen Mary
193:Beechworth
171:region of
159:Early life
61:1912-01-18
1575:John Cade
1416:Bupropion
1380:Valproate
1348:Treatment
1300:Diagnosis
1275:Psychosis
1234:Dysphoria
1229:Anhedonia
1151:Dysthymia
1113:Hypomania
1108:Childhood
1088:Bipolar I
769:0042-9686
651:1833-7538
440:In 2004,
418:Victorian
342:voluntary
245:RMS
211:and then
197:Mont Park
177:Gallipoli
167:, in the
32:John Cade
1268:Insomnia
1214:Delusion
1206:Symptoms
1071:Spectrum
975:. RANZCP
836:19538681
787:10885180
738:10885180
659:70677943
591:10544983
460:See also
357:Victoria
346:thiamine
306:patented
153:lobotomy
112:Children
1557:History
1470:Lithium
953:. NHMRC
827:3712976
778:2560740
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682:and by
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424:or the
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241:surgeon
229:captain
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165:Murtoa
120:Parent
104:Spouse
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1118:Mania
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472:Notes
282:mania
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832:PMID
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765:ISSN
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666:2008
655:OCLC
647:ISSN
637:ISBN
587:PMID
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179:and
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55:Born
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