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betrayed no want of fortitude, but retained a complacent smile on his countenance, and politely bowed to several gentlemen whom he knew, which was respectfully returned. It was his earnest desire to be shot, as being the mode of death most conformable to the feelings of a military man, and he had indulged the hope that his request would be granted. At the moment, therefore, when suddenly he came in view of the gallows, he involuntarily started backward, and made a pause. "Why this emotion, sir?" said an officer by his side. Instantly recovering his composure, he said, "I am reconciled to my death, but I detest the mode." While waiting and standing near the gallows, I observed some degree of trepidation; placing his foot on a stone, and rolling it over and choking in his throat, as if attempting to swallow. So soon, however, as he perceived that things were in readiness, he stepped quickly into the wagon, and at this moment he appeared to shrink, but instantly elevating his head with firmness he said, "It will be but a momentary pang," and taking from his pocket two white handkerchiefs, the provost-marshal, with one, loosely pinioned his arms, and with the other, the victim, after taking off his hat and stock, bandaged his own eyes with perfect firmness, which melted the hearts and moistened the cheeks, not only of his servant, but of the throng of spectators. The rope being appended to the gallows, he slipped the noose over his head and adjusted it to his neck, without the assistance of the awkward executioner. Colonel
Scammel now informed him that he had an opportunity to speak, if he desired it; he raised the handkerchief from his eyes, and said, "I pray you to bear me witness that I meet my fate like a brave man." The wagon being now removed from under him, he was suspended, and instantly expired; it proved indeed "but a momentary pang." He was dressed in his royal regimentals and boots, and his remains, in the same dress, were placed in an ordinary coffin, and interred at the foot of the gallows; and the spot was consecrated by the tears of thousands...
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escaped him, and the civilities and attentions bestowed on him were politely acknowledged. Having left a mother and two sisters in
England, he was heard to mention them in terms of the tenderest affection, and in his letter to Sir Henry Clinton, he recommended them to his particular attention. The principal guard officer, who was constantly in the room with the prisoner, relates that when the hour of execution was announced to him in the morning, he received it without emotion, and while all present were affected with silent gloom, he retained a firm countenance, with calmness and composure of mind. Observing his servant enter the room in tears, he exclaimed, "Leave me till you can show yourself more manly!" His breakfast being sent to him from the table of General Washington, which had been done every day of his confinement, he partook of it as usual, and having shaved and dressed himself, he placed his hat upon the table, and cheerfully said to the guard officers, "I am ready at any moment, gentlemen, to wait on you." The fatal hour having arrived, a large detachment of troops was paraded, and an immense concourse of people assembled; almost all our general and field officers, excepting his excellency and staff, were present on horseback; melancholy and gloom pervaded all ranks, and the scene was affectingly awful. I was so near during the solemn march to the fatal spot, as to observe every movement, and participate in every emotion which the melancholy scene was calculated to produce.
702:. Paulding had himself escaped from a British prison only days earlier, aided by a sympathetic Loyalist who provided him with the uniform. "Gentlemen," André said, "I hope you belong to our party." "What party?" asked one of the trio. "The lower party", replied André, referring to the British, whose headquarters were to the south. "We do" was their answer. André then declared that he was a British officer who must not be detained. To his surprise, Paulding informed him that "We are Americans" and took him prisoner. André then tried to convince the men that he was an American officer by showing them the passport Arnold had provided to him. However, the suspicions of his captors were now aroused; they searched him and found Arnold's papers and the plans for West Point hidden in his stocking. Only Paulding could read and Arnold was not the subject of suspicion. André offered them his horse and watch to let him go, but they declined.
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737:, which had returned to its northerly position on the river. Arnold turned himself over to the ship's commander, who promptly sailed for New York to deliver Arnold to Clinton. An hour or so later, Washington arrived at West Point with his party; he had not yet received Jameson's letter or the incriminating documents, and as yet knew nothing of Arnold's betrayal or his flight. Washington was disturbed to see the stronghold's fortifications in such neglect, which was part of Arnold's plan to weaken West Point's defenses. He was further irritated to find that Arnold had breached protocol by not being present to greet him.
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881:, it is their opinion, he ought to suffer death." Clinton did all that he could to save André, his favourite aide-de-camp. However, in their written negotiations Washington demanded that in exchange for André, Clinton must give the Americans Arnold, who was now under British protection in New York. Clinton personally detested Arnold, but declined to hand him over to the Americans. From the time of his arrest, André endeared himself to the Americans, some of whom lamented his death sentence as much as the British.
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Sympathy towards a soldier will surely induce your
Excellency and a military tribunal to adapt the mode of my death to the feelings of a man of honor." Washington refused his request. André was hanged by the Continental Army as a spy in Tappan on 2 October 1780. According to witnesses, he placed the noose around his own neck and tightened it. The day before his hanging, André drew a likeness of himself with pen and ink, which is now owned by
602:. Despite Arnold's assurances, the brothers sensed that something was wrong. None of the trio knew Arnold's purpose or suspected him of treason; all were told that his intentions were to assist the Patriot cause. Only Smith was told anything specific, and that was the false claim that it was to secure vital intelligence. The brothers finally agreed to row after Arnold mixed threats of arrest with a bribe of fifty pounds of
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683:. He had been warned to keep inland, but André instead shifted west until he was riding down the Albany Post Road, which followed the edge of the Hudson. André rode on safely until 9 a.m. on 23 September, when he arrived at the crossing of a stream known as Clark's Kill (since renamed the André River). Here, three Americans:
1910:"Historical Collections of the State of New York : Containing a general collection of the most interesting facts, traditions, biographical sketches, anecdotes, &c. relating to its history and antiquities, with geographical descriptions of every township in the state. Illustrated by 230 engravings"
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As his date of execution approached, André appealed to
Washington to be executed by firing squad as a soldier, rather than hanged as was customary for spies: "I trust that the request that I make to your Excellency at this serious period, and which is to soften my last moments, will not be rejected.
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Finally, several hours later, Washington returned to Arnold's home and headquarters on the eastern side of the Hudson, where the documents taken from André were presented to him. Instantly grasping the meaning and significance of the papers, Washington quickly sent men to try to intercept Arnold, but
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Arnold persuaded André that his best option for returning to
British lines was to travel overland, which meant that he would need to take off his uniform and put on civilian clothes. André carried six papers written by Arnold which were hidden in his stocking; they detailed to the British how to take
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October 2d.-- Major André is no more among the living. I have just witnessed his exit. It was a tragical scene of the deepest interest. During his confinement and trial, he exhibited those proud and elevated sensibilities which designate greatness and dignity of mind. Not a murmur or a sigh ever
545:'s strategies. His ultimate goal was to be the key player in helping the British achieve a decisive blow against American forces for which he would be handsomely rewarded. In pursuit of this plan, Arnold carefully maneuvered his way into the command of critical Continental Army fortifications at
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Major André walked from the stone house, in which he had been confined, between two of our subaltern officers, arm in arm; the eyes of the immense multitude were fixed on him, who, rising superior to the fears of death, appeared as if conscious of the dignified deportment which he displayed. He
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Jameson sent
Washington the six sheets of paper carried by André, but he hedged his bets about Arnold; Jameson knew that his own career would be in jeopardy if he treated Arnold with suspicion and Arnold was absolved of guilt. In place of André himself, he sent Arnold a letter informing him of
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allowing him to travel under the name John
Anderson. Arnold departed to return to his home, and Joshua Smith escorted André a few miles north, where the two men crossed to the east side of the Hudson River at King's Ferry. André, who had expected to travel to and from the meeting by ship while
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André's capture. Arnold received
Jameson's note while at breakfast with his officers, made an excuse to leave the room, and rushed upstairs to confer with his wife. Soon after, he made his escape to the Hudson, where he boarded his personal barge and ordered the crew to row him to the
985:, since he was known to be a former Continental Army officer of a similar rank to André. He was released after seven months of imprisonment. A pension was awarded by the British to André's mother and three sisters not long after his death; and his brother William André was made a
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On 29 September 1780, the board found André guilty of being behind
American lines "under a feigned name and in a disguised habit" and ordered that "Major André, Adjutant-General to the British Army, ought to be considered as a spy from the enemy, and that agreeable to the
2012:
Military
Journal of the American Revolution: From the Commencement to the Disbanding of the American Army; Comprising a Detailed Account of the Principal Events and Battles of the Revolution, with Their Exact Dates, and a Biographical Sketch of the Most Prominent
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After spending the night in a local home, the two men continued on to the Croton River, the southernmost edge of the American lines. Here Smith left him and André continued south in hopes of coming into contact with one of the Loyalist groups who marauded through
757:, and he spoke to André of Hale's capture, and what Tallmadge considered to be his cold-blooded execution by the British. André asked whether Tallmadge thought the situations similar; he replied, "Yes, precisely similar, and similar shall be your fate."
966:. The trial lasted four weeks and ended in Smith being acquitted due to a lack of evidence. The Colquhon brothers, as well as a Continental Army major named Keirs, under whose supervision the boat was obtained, were exonerated from all suspicion.
958:. Nathan Strickland, André's executioner, who was detained at the Continental Army camp in Tappan during André's trial due to being a Loyalist, was granted freedom for accepting the duty of hangman and returned to his home in the
749:. According to Tallmadge's account of the events, he and André conversed during the latter's captivity and transport to Tappan. André wanted to know how he would be treated by Washington. Tallmadge had been a classmate of
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to the British. Due to a series of mishaps and unforeseen events, André was forced to return to British lines from a meeting with Arnold through American-controlled territory while wearing civilian clothes.
549:, secretly promising to surrender them to the British for £20,000 (approximately £3.62 million in 2021). Possession of the forts at West Point would deliver to the British effective control of the entire
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As the summer of 1780 came to an end, Arnold had at last taken command of West Point, and was in a position to facilitate a British takeover of the forts. André traveled up the Hudson River onboard the
530:. However, he had become bitter about the decline in his financial fortunes caused by the war, and the reluctance of the Continental Congress to grant him the promotions Arnold believed he deserved.
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at the time permitted the men to keep whatever property they might take from a Loyalist's person. Paulding suspected that André was a spy and took him to Continental Army's frontline headquarters in
474:'s house, from which it has been alleged that he removed several valuable items on Grey's orders when the occupation of Philadelphia came to an end, including an oil portrait of Franklin by
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Officers of the Continental Army who served to the End of the War, and acquired the Right to Commutation Pay and Bounty Land, also Officers killed in Battle, or died in the Service
729:, head of Continental Army intelligence, arrived and was considerably more suspicious of Arnold's part in the episode. He persuaded Jameson to send a rider to bring André back.
907:
The American Revolution: From the Commencement to the Disbanding of the American Army Given in the Form of a Daily Journal, with the Exact Dates of all the Important Events
541:, was one of the go-betweens in his correspondence with André. Arnold steadily provided the British with vital intelligence on American military movements and General
865:". He told the board that he had neither desired nor planned to be behind American lines, but had been summoned ashore by Arnold and stranded there accidentally when
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by Joshua Hett Smith. At the oars were the Colquhon brothers (both of whom were tenants of Smith) who reluctantly rowed the boat 6 miles (10 km) on the river to
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on the river was discovered the following morning by two American soldiers, privates John Peterson and Moses Sherwood, on 21 September. From their position at
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893:. A religious poem was found in his pocket after his execution, written two days beforehand. Lafayette was reported to have wept at the execution of André.
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in particular was thoroughly charmed by André, writing that "He united a peculiar elegance of mind and manners, and the advantage of a pleasing person".
1094:", the townspeople describe the site of the capture of Major John André, in particular a tulip-tree, as one of the haunted locations in Sleepy Hollow.
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470:, Clinton's predecessor, after Howe had resigned and was about to return to England. During his nearly nine months in Philadelphia, André lived in
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Grey's descendants returned Franklin's portrait to the United States in 1906, the bicentennial of Franklin's birth. The painting now hangs in the
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Cray, Robert E. Jr., "Major John Andre and the Three Captors: Class Dynamics and Revolutionary Memory Wars in the Early Republic, 1780–1831",
1036:. In 1853, a monument was erected to their memory on the place where they captured André. It was re-dedicated in 1880 and today is located in
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or Smith's Cove; nothing further of him is known. Joshua Smith, whose connection's to André were discovered, was also brought to trial at the
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André later testified at his trial that the trio searched his boots for the purpose of robbing him. Whether or not this was true, the laws of
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2224:"Monument to the captors of Major John Andre, Tarrytown, N.Y., undated (ca. 1905-1909). | New York Historical Society | Digital Collections"
1028:, and a pension of $ 200 a year. That came close to the annual pay of a Continental Army's infantry ensign in 1778. All were honored in the
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opened on Broadway in November 1903, but was not a success, possibly because the play attempted to portray André as a sympathetic figure.
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dressed in full uniform, was now traveling by road, in civilian disguise. He was deep behind American lines, and risked arrest as a spy.
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An Authentic Narrative of the Causes Which Led to the Death of Major Andre, Adjutant-General of His Majesty's Forces in North America
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442:, as well as sing and write verse. André was a prolific writer who carried on much of Clinton's correspondence. He was fluent in
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637:, trapped by the Hudson's tidal currents, sustained several hits before it was finally able to escape downriver. The retreat of
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725:, unsure as to Arnold's role in André's mission, decided to send him back to Arnold's home close to West Point. However, Major
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Reynolds, Larry J. (Spring 1992), "Patriot and Criminals, Criminal and Patriots: Representations of the Case of Major Andre",
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Washington, Or, The Revolution: A Drama (in Blank Verse) Founded Upon the Historic Events of the American War for Independence
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G.P. Wygant (October 19, 1936). "Peterson and Sherwood, Local Men Real Heroes of "Vulture" Episode". Peekskill Evening Star.
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published André's poem "The Cow Chace" in his gazette in New York. In the poem, André muses on the American defeat at the
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as a dispatch bearer. After Grey returned to England, André was appointed as an aide-de-camp to Clinton with the rank of
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was imprisoned as a result. André is typically remembered positively by historians, and several prominent leaders of the
745:, and then briefly at Arnold's home, before being transferred across the Hudson to the Continental Army headquarters in
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when they were under British military occupation. He had a lively and pleasant manner and could draw, paint, and create
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1005:, his remains, which had been buried under the gallows, were removed to England and placed among kings and poets at
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André was captured by three Americans and was quickly identified and imprisoned; he was subsequently convicted of
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in 1982. One of the buildings in the towns' unified school district is today known as the John Paulding School.
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621:, André decided to continue their conversation, and with the sun coming up, he and Arnold rode several miles to
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2466:"Benedict Arnold, John André, and His Three Yeoman Captors: A Sentimental Journey or American Virtue Defined"
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A person of the name of Trumbull was taken up for high Treason on Sunday night and committed Irond to Prison.
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The location where André and Arnold plotted to surrender West Point to the British. It is located south of
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The Gentleman Spy: The True Story of the British Officer who might have prevented the American Revolution
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border of Westchester County. At first, all went well for André: the post commandant, Lieutenant-Colonel
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Bergen County historical society, Hackensack; Westervelt, Frances Augusta (Johnson) (October 21, 1905).
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with small arms fire. Seeking greater firepower, Peterson and Sherwood headed to Fort Lafayette at
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who had been wounded twice in battle, and was considered an American hero for his actions at the
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John Alcott (February 8, 1988). "Black Revolutionary Soldiers Fight to be Free". Journal News.
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wrote of him: "Never perhaps did any man suffer death with more justice, or deserve it less."
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David Williams and the capture of Andre: A paper read before the Tarrytown Historical Society
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1892:
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Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution
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gave each of André's captors: Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart, a silver medal, known as the
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André believed that the trio were Loyalists because Paulding was wearing the uniform of a
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on the river's west bank until nearly dawn on September 22. Then, instead of returning to
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1986:"Founders Online: From Alexander Hamilton to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, [1 ..."
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1534:"Revolutionary Incidents". Skaneatles, New York: Skaneateles Democrat. October 13, 1859.
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based on Major André's execution, is one of the earliest examples of American tragedy.
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the fort. In the event that André encountered American sentries, Arnold gave him a
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During this pause in the skirmish, a small boat furnished by Arnold was steered to
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of the British Army at the rank of major. By April of that year, he took charge of
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1545:"The Shrine of the Memorial Museum". The Putnam County Courier. November 28, 1963.
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later passes the tree himself just before he encounters the Headless Horseman.
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André was met with a positive reception in American society, including in both
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Letters from André, including coded interchange between André and Arnold
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Local History: British Agent Detained in Tarrytown, Executed in Rockland
1935:"1841 - North view of the place where Andre was taken prisoner - Antiqu"
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The Villainous Stage : Crime plays on Broadway and in the West End
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British military personnel killed in the American Revolutionary War
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An eyewitness account of André's last day can be found in the book
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waterway, and could have very well served as the death-blow to the
861:. André's defence was that he was suborning an enemy officer, "an
2324:, Vol. 17, No. 3. Autumn, 1997. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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One of the participants of the Mischianza was seventeen-year-old
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as an eloquent and dignified idealist in the 1955 Hollywood film
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King's Ferry was a crossing roughly halfway between present-day
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to request cannons and ammunition from their commander, Colonel
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on 18 January 1777. In the same year, André was appointed as an
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André has been portrayed several times in film and television:
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alongside a British lion mourning André's death. In 1879 a
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925:, a surgeon in the American Revolutionary Army contains:
458:. André also planned and organised the elaborate 13-hour
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People executed by the United States military by hanging
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British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
2351:(1858), vol vi, which contains a comprehensive essay by
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Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851, Rupert Gunnis
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for nearly two years, before re-joining his regiment in
2558:"The Capture of Major John André" by A.C. Warren (1856)
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The Traitor and the Spy: Benedict Arnold and John André
1446:"£20,000 in 1779 → 2021 | UK Inflation Calculator"
1001:
in London, to John's memory. In 1821, at the behest of
271:, disagreed with the American decision to execute him.
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was unveiled on the place of his execution at Tappan.
466:, staged in Philadelphia in May 1778 to honor General
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2121:"To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 22 November 1780"
1700:(1st ed.). New York: Morrow. pp. 553–554.
1500:(1st ed.). New York: Morrow. pp. 547–549.
1310:; Westminster Abbey webpage; accessed September 2020
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A Biographical Sketch of the Most Prominent Generals
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2476:(3), The University of North Carolina Press: 246,
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873:, he had the right to escape in civilian clothes.
792:to investigate the matter. The board consisted of
610:and brought him ashore, where Arnold was waiting.
291:. His parents were Antoine André, a merchant from
2349:Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
1009:, in the nave, under a marble monument depicting
2663:Huguenot participants in the American Revolution
2608:British Army personnel who were court-martialled
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1819:, transcribed by John W. Kennedy, archived from
1152:in season 4, episode 26 of the sci-fi TV series
510:. In 1780, André briefly took part in Clinton's
508:British intelligence operations in North America
415:. In September 1778, he accompanied Grey during
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1845:(1st ed.). New York: Morrow. p. 566.
1618:(1st ed.). New York: Morrow. p. 543.
1593:(1st ed.). New York: Morrow. p. 548.
741:it was too late. André, meanwhile, was held in
251:'s orders. His execution led to an outburst of
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1277:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
1241:Clark's Kill today forms the boundary between
1557:"Commemorating the Defense of Teller's Point"
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1044:. The memorial is along the boundary between
317:23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)
295:, and Marie Louise Girardot, who was born in
2648:British spies during the American Revolution
2593:18th-century executions by the United States
2399:, American Heritage Magazine, archived from
2016:. Hurlbut, Williams & Company. pp.
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665:An 1845 lithograph depicting André's capture
2678:People educated at St Paul's School, London
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1789:The library of American biography, volume 3
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1472:"The Hamilton Musical and History's Unsung"
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773:by André, drawn on the eve of his execution
311:. In 1771, at the age of 20, he joined the
307:, and in Geneva; he was briefly engaged to
2212:, J. and G. S. Gideon, Printers, p. 7
1374:. Independence Hall Association. 1997–2012
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869:sailed away. He also asserted that, as a
790:board of senior Continental Army officers
613:The two men conferred in the woods below
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2384:, John Evangelist Walsh (New York, 2001)
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969:After news of André's execution reached
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606:for each man. They picked up André from
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243:by the Continental Army and executed by
223:. In September 1780, he negotiated with
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2393:Fleming, Thomas (February–March 2000),
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2372:, Sargent, new edition (New York, 1904)
2008:
1962:The Life and Career of Major John André
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2249:"National Register Information System"
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2123:. Founders Online, National Archives.
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1338:The Biographical Dictionary of America
1160:by Eric Joshua Davis in the TV series
1032:, and Van Wert became the namesake of
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760:
379:. In December 1776, he was freed in a
329:7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers)
287:parents who had immigrated there from
279:John André was born on 2 May 1750, in
211:(May 2, 1750 – October 2, 1780) was a
2598:American Revolutionary War executions
2463:
2270:
2268:
2101:
1803:
1491:
1489:
1063:
2528:. New York: William Morrow and Inc.
2524:Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor
2254:National Register of Historic Places
2241:
2119:Digges, Thomas (November 22, 1780).
2112:
1843:Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor
1698:Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor
1642:©2016, Viking, New York, pp. 297-299
1616:Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor
1591:Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor
1498:Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor
1358:©2016, Viking, New York, pp. 201-203
1320:
1318:
1316:
1175:Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor
1058:National Register of Historic Places
407:and participating in the battles of
367:troops under the command of General
2376:The Secret is Out: True Spy Stories
2370:Life and Career of Major John André
2205:
1392:
494:, and forms part of the modern-day
331:. André took a leave of absence in
13:
2504:
2360:, H. W. Smith (Philadelphia, 1865)
2265:
1722:"Location of Sand's mill noted in
1486:
1431:Michael Dolan, "Hero and Villain"
1299:
514:, which began with the successful
383:, and was promoted to the rank of
215:officer who served as the head of
14:
2689:
2551:
2317:, Joshua Hett Smith (London 1808)
2170:, Silver, Burdett, pp. 34–35
1813:William Dunlap (March 30, 1798),
1341:. Vol. 1. 1906. p. 114.
1313:
1113:is about a young girl becoming a
323:before quickly being promoted to
217:Britain's intelligence operations
2613:English people of French descent
2520:Randall, Willard Sterne (1990).
2228:digitalcollections.nyhistory.org
1841:Randall, Willard Sterne (1990).
1696:Randall, Willard Sterne (1990).
1614:Randall, Willard Sterne (1990).
1589:Randall, Willard Sterne (1990).
1496:Randall, Willard Sterne (1990).
1324:
1261:
993:). In 1804 a memorial plaque by
571:to meet Arnold. The presence of
195:
163:
121:
100:
16:British Army officer (1750–1780)
2199:
2150:
2130:
2108:, F.Tennyson Neely, p. 369
2095:
2072:
2050:
2034:. Fortklock.com. Archived from
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2002:
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1198:, a daughter of a Philadelphia
1155:Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea
753:while the two were studying at
2673:Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
2638:British people executed abroad
2328:Flexner, James Thomas (1953).
2307:
1470:Suzanne Clary (July 8, 2020).
1425:
1412:
1386:
1209:
1188:
512:invasion of the American South
315:, being commissioned into the
1:
2511:Nathan, Adele Gutman (1970).
2322:Journal of the Early Republic
2185:"Commemorations - John Andre"
2091:– via Internet Archive.
1292:
817:Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
349:American War for Independence
347:During the early days of the
343:American War for Independence
274:
221:American War for Independence
19:For the baseball player, see
2633:Burials at Westminster Abbey
2519:
2415:Raymond, Marcius D. (1903),
2396:George Washington, Spymaster
2382:The Execution of MAJOR ANDRE
2336:. New York: Harcourt Brace.
2327:
2146:. March 20, 1781. p. 5.
1816:André' – A Play in Five Acts
1559:. Historical Marker Database
681:Westchester County, New York
377:given his word not to escape
160:American War of Independence
7:
2623:Executed military personnel
2618:Executed people from London
2378:, T. Martini (Boston, 1990)
1254:
1092:The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
973:, there was an outburst of
950:On the day of his capture,
10:
2694:
2366:, Lossing (New York, 1886)
1959:Sargent, Winthrop (1861),
1399:American Battlefield Trust
989:in his honor in 1781 (see
657:(since demolished) in 1909
359:, André was captured near
18:
2515:. Sidgwick & Jackson.
2470:Early American Literature
1202:, and the future wife of
1030:names of counties in Ohio
964:Reformed Church of Tappan
934:
781:André's execution by the
717:that was situated on the
644:
641:stranded André on shore.
627:West Haverstraw, New York
353:independence was declared
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30:
2275:Lachman, Marvin (2014).
2168:The World and Its People
1899:, August/September 2005.
1182:
1143:Turn: Washington's Spies
879:law and usage of nations
496:Hook Mountain State Park
299:. André was educated at
2206:Ray, Alexander (1849),
2166:Dunton, Larkin (1896),
2009:Thacher, James (1862).
1792:, Harper, p. 258,
1247:Sleepy Hollow, New York
943:A memorial to André in
655:Joshua Hett Smith House
522:. Arnold was a popular
482:Intelligence activities
419:, and was sent back to
373:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
2568:More on his early life
2060:. Cityofjerseycity.org
2058:"Cityofjerseycity.org"
1965:, Ticknor and Fields,
1435:(2016) 51#3 pp. 12–13.
1117:and foiling his plot.
1056:. It was added to the
1022:United States Congress
956:Battle of Bull's Ferry
947:
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863:advantage taken in war
856:Judge Advocate General
788:Washington convened a
785:
774:
715:North Castle, New York
666:
658:
502:In 1779, André became
499:
2482:10.1353/eal.2000.0011
2259:National Park Service
2102:Allen, Ethan (1894),
1989:founders.archives.gov
1418:Nathaniel Philbrick,
1282:John Champe (soldier)
1232:and Croton, New York.
977:and American painter
942:
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799:(presiding officer),
780:
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743:South Salem, New York
664:
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615:Stony Point, New York
489:
389:26th Regiment of Foot
337:British North America
283:, England to wealthy
227:officer and turncoat
135:Years of service
21:John André (baseball)
2653:Cameronians officers
2464:Trees, Andy (2000),
2434:South Central Review
1891:Schwarz, Frederic. "
1823:on December 11, 2007
1738:on September 3, 2016
1724:North Castle History
809:Marquis de Lafayette
547:West Point, New York
492:Haverstraw, New York
357:Continental Congress
269:Marquis de Lafayette
233:West Point, New York
176:Battle of Germantown
171:Battle of Brandywine
2403:on 18 February 2008
2187:. Westminster Abbey
1914:Library of Congress
1893:Benedict's Betrayal
1638:Philbrick, Nathan,
1474:. New York Almanack
1354:Philbrick, Nathan,
1243:Tarrytown, New York
1103:young adult fiction
997:was erected in the
901:Eyewitness accounts
848:Jedediah Huntington
761:Trial and execution
528:Battles of Saratoga
516:siege of Charleston
2143:The London Gazette
1664:Raymond, pp. 11–17
1422:(2016) pp. 321–26.
1393:Percoco, James A.
1372:"Major John Andre"
1307:Graveside–Memorial
1064:In popular culture
1054:Westchester County
1026:Fidelity Medallion
948:
895:Alexander Hamilton
883:Alexander Hamilton
821:brigadier generals
786:
775:
727:Benjamin Tallmadge
713:, a hamlet within
667:
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500:
401:British expedition
369:Richard Montgomery
305:Westminster School
289:Continental Europe
265:Alexander Hamilton
2353:Charles J. Biddle
2288:978-0-7864-9534-4
2261:. March 13, 2009.
2081:"Annual report ."
1939:Maps of Antiquity
1897:American Heritage
1880:Valiant Ambition,
1852:978-1-55710-034-4
1707:978-1-55710-034-4
1684:Valiant Ambition,
1673:Cray, pp. 371–397
1653:Valiant Ambition,
1640:Valiant Ambition,
1625:978-1-55710-034-4
1600:978-1-55710-034-4
1507:978-1-55710-034-4
1356:Valiant Ambition,
1140:in the TV series
1090:'s short story, "
1088:Washington Irving
1007:Westminster Abbey
981:was arrested for
945:Westminster Abbey
824:Samuel H. Parsons
801:William Alexander
585:Verplanck's Point
543:George Washington
472:Benjamin Franklin
421:Sir Henry Clinton
399:, serving in the
395:to Major-General
381:prisoner exchange
321:second lieutenant
249:George Washington
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797:Nathanael Greene
783:Continental Army
747:Tappan, New York
589:James Livingston
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1116:
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1108:
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1097:
1096:Ichabod Crane
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Sleepy Hollow
1047:
1043:
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1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
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996:
992:
988:
984:
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979:John Trumbull
976:
972:
971:Great Britain
967:
965:
961:
960:Ramapo Valley
957:
953:
946:
941:
931:
926:
924:
923:James Thacher
920:
915:
910:
908:
898:
896:
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886:
884:
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874:
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868:
864:
860:
859:John Laurance
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:John Paterson
837:
833:
829:
828:James Clinton
825:
822:
818:
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806:
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771:self-portrait
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748:
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738:
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730:
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724:
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708:
703:
701:
696:
695:stopped him.
694:
690:
686:
685:John Paulding
682:
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651:
642:
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636:
632:
628:
624:
623:Smith's house
620:
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582:
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569:
565:sloop-of-war
564:
558:
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555:Patriot cause
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Peggy Shippen
536:
531:
529:
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521:
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109:
108:Great Britain
97:
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81:
78:
69:
65:
61:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2523:
2512:
2493:, retrieved
2473:
2469:
2433:
2422:, retrieved
2417:
2405:, retrieved
2401:the original
2395:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2331:
2321:
2314:
2277:
2252:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:
2218:
2208:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2167:
2161:
2152:
2141:
2132:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:the original
2026:
2011:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1980:
1961:
1954:
1944:December 10,
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1919:December 10,
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1896:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1842:
1836:
1825:, retrieved
1821:the original
1815:
1788:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1723:
1716:
1697:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1615:
1609:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1551:
1540:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1497:
1478:December 12,
1476:. Retrieved
1465:
1454:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1395:"John André"
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1355:
1336:
1306:
1301:
1237:
1224:
1211:
1190:
1173:
1161:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1119:
1107:Sophia's War
1106:
1100:
1085:
1080:
1069:
1067:
1042:U.S. Route 9
1019:
968:
949:
928:
918:
917:
912:
906:
904:
891:Yale College
887:
875:
866:
787:
755:Yale College
739:
734:
731:
723:John Jameson
704:
697:
677:
668:
638:
634:
630:
618:
612:
607:
599:
595:
593:
580:
572:
567:
559:
551:Hudson River
532:
501:
468:William Howe
432:Philadelphia
429:
405:Philadelphia
397:Charles Grey
393:aide-de-camp
346:
313:British Army
309:Honora Sneyd
278:
263:, including
238:
213:British Army
208:
204:
153:Battles/wars
129:British Army
72:(1780-10-02)
25:
2588:1780 deaths
2583:1750 births
2308:Works cited
2138:"No. 12172"
2087:October 21,
1882:pp. 315-316
1878:Philbrick,
1865:Philbrick,
1827:October 25,
1769:Philbrick,
1756:Philbrick,
1742:October 21,
1682:Philbrick,
1651:Philbrick,
1520:Philbrick,
1378:October 25,
1333:André, John
1217:White House
1081:Major André
1077:Clyde Fitch
844:Edward Hand
836:John Glover
813:Robert Howe
751:Nathan Hale
719:Connecticut
440:silhouettes
417:Grey's raid
403:to capture
219:during the
181:Grey's raid
2577:Categories
1686:pp.299-300
1293:References
1287:Jane Tuers
1170:John Light
852:John Stark
832:Henry Knox
711:Sands Mill
563:Royal Navy
464:Mischianza
413:Germantown
409:Brandywine
325:lieutenant
275:Early life
209:John André
95:Allegiance
57:2 May 1750
53:1750-05-02
32:John André
2544:185605660
2490:162302291
2450:0743-6831
2364:Two spies
2297:903807427
1994:March 27,
1404:March 26,
1230:Peekskill
1046:Tarrytown
1011:Britannia
533:Arnold's
351:, before
339:in 1774.
241:espionage
192:Signature
138:1770–1780
62:, England
2495:March 9,
2424:July 15,
2358:Andreana
2233:June 29,
2191:June 15,
2013:Generals
1798:12009651
1786:(1856),
1255:See also
1200:Loyalist
1138:JJ Feild
1079:'s play
1015:monument
707:New York
672:passport
535:Loyalist
436:New York
285:Huguenot
267:and the
115:Service/
2458:3189387
2407:9 March
1869:, p.315
1726:, p.28"
1563:July 2,
987:baronet
983:treason
867:Vulture
735:Vulture
639:Vulture
635:Vulture
631:Vulture
619:Vulture
608:Vulture
600:Vulture
596:Vulture
581:Vulture
573:Vulture
568:Vulture
456:Italian
444:English
387:in the
385:captain
355:by the
333:Germany
327:in the
245:hanging
2542:
2532:
2488:
2456:
2448:
2342:426158
2340:
2295:
2285:
1969:
1849:
1796:
1704:
1655:p. 300
1622:
1597:
1504:
1329:
1245:, and
935:Legacy
854:, and
807:, the
645:Arrest
537:wife,
452:German
448:French
293:Geneva
281:London
162:
126:
117:branch
105:
83:Buried
60:London
2486:S2CID
2454:JSTOR
2020:–228.
1736:(PDF)
1729:(PDF)
1183:Notes
1105:book
1071:André
604:flour
425:major
297:Paris
206:Major
147:Major
2540:OCLC
2530:ISBN
2497:2008
2446:ISSN
2426:2010
2409:2008
2338:OCLC
2293:OCLC
2283:ISBN
2235:2023
2193:2018
2089:2019
2066:2013
2044:2013
1996:2024
1967:ISBN
1946:2021
1921:2021
1847:ISBN
1829:2007
1794:OCLC
1744:2019
1702:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1565:2020
1502:ISBN
1480:2021
1406:2024
1380:2007
1101:The
1048:and
1020:The
850:and
815:and
691:and
653:The
460:fête
454:and
434:and
411:and
143:Rank
67:Died
47:Born
2478:doi
2438:doi
2018:226
1335:".
1168:by
1148:by
1136:by
1124:by
1115:spy
1111:Avi
1109:by
1086:In
1052:in
1040:on
921:by
625:in
557:.
363:by
247:on
2579::
2538:.
2484:,
2474:35
2472:,
2468:,
2452:,
2444:,
2291:.
2267:^
2257:.
2251:.
2226:.
2176:^
2140:.
1937:.
1912:.
1895:"
1805:^
1488:^
1397:.
1363:^
1347:^
1315:^
909::
846:,
842:,
838:,
834:,
830:,
826:,
819:,
811:,
803:,
769:A
687:,
591:.
478:.
450:,
446:,
427:.
303:,
2546:.
2480::
2440::
2344:.
2299:.
2237:.
2195:.
2068:.
2046:.
1998:.
1948:.
1923:.
1855:.
1746:.
1710:.
1628:.
1603:.
1567:.
1510:.
1482:.
1448:.
1408:.
1382:.
1331:"
1219:.
1206:.
1178:.
1073:,
498:.
55:)
51:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
