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scandalised Jeanne's puritanical nature. In one of her letters to Henry, she issued the following warning: "Not for anything on earth would I have you come to live here. Although I knew it was bad, I find it even worse than I feared. Here it is the women who make advances to the men, rather than the other way around. If you were here you would never escape without special intervention from God". Jeanne also complained to her son the Queen Mother mistreated and mocked her as they negotiated terms of the settlement, writing on 8 March, "she treats me so shamefully that you might say that the patience I manage to maintain surpasses that of
592:. A description of Jeanne's appearance at her wedding revealed that she was sumptuously attired, wearing a golden crown, a silver and gold skirt encrusted with precious stones, and a crimson satin cloak richly trimmed with ermine. Before her wedding, Jeanne signed two documents which she had officers of her household sign, declaring: "I, Jeanne de Navarre, persisting in the protestations I have already made, do hereby again affirm and protest by these present, that the marriage which it is desired to contract between the duke of Cleves and myself, is against my will; that I have never consented to it, nor will consent..."
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Jeanne's birth was officially announced the following 7 January when King
Francis gave his permission for the addition of a new master in all cities where there were incorporated guilds "in honour of the birth of Jeanne de Navarre, the king's niece". Since the age of two, as was the will of her uncle
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on 14 May to break her lengthy homeward journey, she failed to prevent a 400-strong
Huguenot force from invading the town. The troop marauded through the streets of VendĂ´me, robbed and sacked all the churches, abused the inhabitants, and pillaged the ducal chapel, which housed the tombs of Antoine's
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on 14 February 1572 where the two powerful women from opposing factions met. Jeanne found the atmosphere at
Chenonceaux corrupt and vicious, and wrote letters to her son advising him about the promiscuity of the young women at Catherine's court, whose forward and wanton behaviour with the courtiers
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On 4 June 1572, two months before the wedding was due to take place, Jeanne returned home from one of her shopping excursions feeling ill. The next morning she woke up with a fever and complained of an ache in the upper right-hand side of her body. Five days later she died. A popular rumour which
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and died before Jeanne could obtain the necessary permission to cross over enemy lines, in order to be at his bedside where she had wished to nurse him. His mistress instead was summoned to his deathbed. Jeanne henceforth ruled
Navarre as the sole queen regnant; her sex being no impediment to her
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of France. Jeanne and
Catherine had encountered each other at court in the latter years of Francis I's reign and shortly after Henry II's ascension to the French throne, when Catherine attained the rank of queen consort. The historian Mark Strage suggested that Jeanne was one of Catherine's main
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in French affairs also enraged
Catherine de' Medici who, on behalf of Charles IX, sent angry letters of protest to the Pope. The threats never materialised. During the French court's royal progress between January 1564 and May 1565, Jeanne met and held talks with Catherine de' Medici at
963:. This was in exchange for the right of Huguenots to hold public office in France, a privilege which they had previously been denied. Jeanne, despite her mistrust of Catherine de' Medici, accepted the latter's invitation for a personal meeting to negotiate the marriage settlement.
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Jeanne's position in the conflicts remained relatively neutral in the beginning, being mainly preoccupied with military defences, given
Navarre's geographic location beside Catholic Spain. Papal envoys arrived to coax or coerce her into returning to Catholicism and abolishing
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The two women reached an agreement. Jeanne took leave of
Catherine de' Medici following the signing of the marriage contract between Henry and Marguerite on 11 April. She set up residence in Paris where she went on daily shopping trips to prepare for the upcoming wedding.
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Jeanne was the last active ruler of
Navarre. Her son inherited her kingdom, but as he was constantly leading the Huguenot forces, he entrusted the government of BĂ©arn to his sister, Catherine, who held the regency for more than two decades. In 1620, Jeanne's grandson
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to have her arrested and returned to Paris where she would subsequently be sent to a
Catholic convent. She resumed her journey after leaving VendĂ´me and managed to elude her captors, safely passing over the frontier into BĂ©arn before she could be intercepted by the
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When the third religious war broke out in 1568, however, she decided to actively support the Huguenot cause. Feeling that their lives were in danger from approaching French Catholic and Spanish troops, Jeanne and Henry sought refuge in the Protestant stronghold of
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When many of the other nobles also joined the Catholic camp, Catherine had no choice but to support the Catholic faction. Fearing the anger of both her husband and Catherine, Jeanne left Paris in March 1562 and made her way south to seek refuge in BĂ©arn.
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to the battlefield where the fighting was at its most intense; together they inspected the defences and rallied the Huguenot forces. She established a religious seminary in La Rochelle, drawing the most learned Huguenot men in France within its walls.
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She was described as "small of stature, frail but erect", her face was narrow, her eyes light-coloured, cold and unmoving, and her lips thin. She was highly intelligent, but austere and self-righteous. Her speech was sharply sarcastic and vehement.
700:, Jeanne and Antoine were crowned in a joint ceremony according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church. The previous month, a coronation coin commemorating the new reign had been minted. It was inscribed in Latin with the following words:
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sovereignty. Her son Henry subsequently became "first prince of the blood". Jeanne often brought him along on her many progresses through her domains to oversee administrative affairs. Jeanne refused an offer of matrimony issued by
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Whilst at La Rochelle, she assumed control of fortifications, finances, intelligence gathering, and the maintenance of discipline among the civilian populace. She used her own jewellery as security in a loan obtained from
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When her father died in 1555, Jeanne and Antoine ascended the Navarrese throne. They reigned as joint rulers until Antoine died from battle wounds in 1562. Jeanne was the acknowledged spiritual and political leader of the
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Apalategi, Ur (2016). "The recent systemic repositioning of literature in the French Basque Country: Origins of a literary subfield". In DomĂnguez, CĂ©sar; González, Anxo AbuĂn; Sapega, Ellen (eds.).
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Following the imposition of Calvinism in her kingdom, priests and nuns were banished, Catholic churches destroyed, and Catholic ritual prohibited. She commissioned the translation of the
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described Jeanne during this period in a letter she wrote to a friend: "The Queen of Navarre is here, not in very good health but very courageous. She is wearing more pearls than ever".
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on Christmas Day 1560. This conversion made her the highest-ranking Protestant in France. She became designated as an enemy of the Counter-Reformation mounted by the Catholic Church.
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603:, the marriage was annulled on the grounds that it had not been consummated and that Jeanne had to be forcibly married against her will. She remained at the royal court.
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On 25 May 1555, Henry II of Navarre died, at which time Jeanne and her husband became joint rulers of Navarre. On accession to the throne, she inherited a conflict over
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As Minister of Propaganda, Jeanne wrote manifestos and composed letters to sympathetic foreign rulers, requesting their assistance. She had visualised the province of
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of England. Despite having been whipped into obedience, she, nevertheless, continued to protest and had to be carried bodily to the altar by the Constable of France,
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Like her mother, Jeanne was a skilled author and enjoyed writing poetry. She also wrote her memoirs in which she justified her actions as leader of the Huguenots.
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In addition to her religious reforms, Jeanne worked on reorganising her kingdom; making long-lasting reforms to the economic and judicial systems of her domains.
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which ended this "third war" in August 1570 after the Catholic army ran out of money. That same year, as part of the conditions set out in the peace treaty, a
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1067:. Her son Henry succeeded her, becoming King Henry III of Navarre. In 1589, he ascended the French throne as Henry IV, founding the Bourbon line of kings.
919:, was captured and subsequently executed. Gaspard de Coligny assumed command of the Huguenot forces nominally on behalf of her son Henry and Condé's son,
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within her kingdom. Her response was to reply that "the authority of the Pope's legate is not recognised in BĂ©arn". At one stage there was a plot led by
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no pleasure or occupation except in talking about or writing to . She does it in company and in private… the waters cannot quench the flame of her love".
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Jeanne's marriage to Antoine was described by author Mark Strage as having been a "romantic match". A contemporary of Jeanne said of her that she had
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as a "Protestant homeland" and played a leading role in the military actions from 1569 to 1570 with the aim of seeing her dream come to fruition.
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After her funeral, a cortege bearing her body travelled through the streets of VendĂ´me. She was buried beside her husband at Ducal Church of
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576:, to settle the status of the Kingdom of Navarre. On 13 June 1541, when Jeanne was 12, Francis I, for political reasons, forced her to marry
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Described as a "frivolous and high-spirited princess", she also, at an early age, displayed a tendency to be both stubborn and unyielding.
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in 1560, she joined the Huguenot side. During the first and second war she remained relatively neutral, but in the third war she fled to
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in 1562. Jeanne and Antoine were at court, when the latter made the decision to support the Catholic faction, which was headed by the
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The power struggle between Catholics and Huguenots for control of the French court and France as a whole, led to the outbreak of the
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circulated shortly afterward maintained that Jeanne had been poisoned by Catherine de' Medici, who allegedly sent her a pair of
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704:(Antoine and Jeanne, by the grace of God, monarchs of Navarre and lords of BĂ©arn). Antoine's frequent absences left Jeanne in
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on 20 October 1548. The marriage was intended to consolidate territorial possessions in the north and south of France.
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2286:""A Princelike Soldier and Soldierlike Prince": Contemporary Views of the Military Leadership of Henry IV"
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Portrait of Jeanne d'Albret by an artist of the School of Francois Clouet, 2nd quarter of the 16th century
561:), thus living apart from her parents. She received an excellent education under the tutelage of humanist
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Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land: Dynasty, Homeland, Religion, and Violence in Sixteenth-Century France
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to rule alone, and in complete charge of a household which she managed with a firm and resolute hand.
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leader of the Huguenot-controlled city. After negotiating a peace treaty with the French queen mother
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ancestors. In consequence, her husband adopted a belligerent stance with her. He issued orders to
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719:. In the first year of her reign, Queen Jeanne III called a conference of beleaguered Protestant
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King's Sister – Queen of Dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549) and her Evangelical Network
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who had hoped to marry her to his son, on the condition that she return to the Catholic faith.
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Jeanne was influenced by her mother, who died in 1549, with leanings toward religious reform,
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thinking, and individual liberty. This legacy was influential in her decision to convert to
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Antoine was a notorious philanderer. In 1554, he fathered an illegitimate son, Charles, by
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Davis, Julia (2016). "How Catherine de Medici Made Gloves Laced with Poison Fashionable".
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Jeanne reluctantly agreed to was arranged between her son and King Charles IX's sister,
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1206:(7 February 1559 – 13 February 1604), also known as Catherine of Navarre, who married
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detractors, contemptuously referring to her as the "Florentine grocer's daughter".
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When Jeanne had stopped for a brief sojourn at her husband's ancestral chateau in
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the official religion of her kingdom after publicly embracing the teachings of
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series). An autopsy, however, proved that Jeanne had died of natural causes.
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Jeanne d'Albret buying poisoned gloves from Catherine de' Medici's parfumeur,
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This last threat alarmed King Philip, and the blatant interference by the
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and arranging the marriage of her son, Henry, to Catherine's daughter
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Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England
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from England, using her jewels as security, for the Huguenot cause.
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At the end of the year, Antoine was fatally wounded at the siege of
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King Francis who took over her education, Jeanne was raised in the
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A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula
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de l'Isle Rouhet, a court beauty known as "La belle Rouet".
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Robin, Diana Maury; Larsen, Anne R.; Levin, Carole (2007).
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Antonius et Johanna Dei gratia reges Navarrae Domini Bearni
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Women of Power: The Life and Times of Catherine de' Medici
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Four years later, after the duke signed an agreement with
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Henri de Bourbon (Henry III of Navarre and IV of France)
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Following the Huguenot defeat on 16 March 1569 at the
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Louis Charles de Bourbon, Count of Marle (1555–1557)
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Taking her daughter Catherine along, Jeanne went to
2229:. Vol. II. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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572:, offered to have her married to his son and heir,
2349:. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
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1167:William, Duke of JĂĽlich-Berg-Ravensberg-Kleve-Mark
951:Jeanne was the principal mover in negotiating the
813:Blaise de Lasseran-MassencĂ´me, seigneur de Montluc
599:to end his alliance with France in return for the
2290:Journal of the Western Society for French History
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416:; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also known as
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649:The couple had five children, of whom only two,
3983:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians
2431:Project Continua: Biography of Jeanne d'Albret
2259:The Making of the French Episcopate, 1589–1661
2248:Women of the Reformation in France and England
1733:, p. 297) and arriving on 28 September. (
1180:Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553)
578:William "the Rich", Duke of JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
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844:to have her kidnapped and turned over to the
4158:Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism
2366:Henri IV et les femmes. De l'amour Ă la mort
2324:Queen of Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret: 1528–1572
3489:Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre
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227:Ducal Church of collégiale Saint-Georges,
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3501:Princess Maria Fortunata d'Este of Modena
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2375:The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576
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1977:
1186:(13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610) married
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1138:Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1541–1545)
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2252:. Minneapolis: Ausburg Publishing House.
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290: 1548; died 1562)
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1208:Henry, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
1089:Reines de France et Femmes illustres
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3311:Louise Marguerite de Lorraine-Guise
3301:Charlotte Catherine de La Trémoille
3207:Princesses of the Blood by marriage
2204:Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "
1174:Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of VendĂ´me
921:Henri I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé
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541:and had previously been married to
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437:William, Duke of JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
247:William, Duke of JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
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3506:Maria Luisa, Princess of Lamballe
3456:Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti
3439:Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon-Condé
3270:Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre
2408:
2373:Thompson, James Westfall (1915).
2210:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography
1452:Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre
746:for the benefit of her subjects.
493:king of France as Henry IV.
467:. After her public conversion to
3597:Theological writers and scholars
3253:
2377:. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.
2188:
1200:Madeleine de Bourbon (1556-1556)
1172:On 20 October 1548, she married
1156:Countess of Soissons (1550–1562)
1122:Countess of Périgord (1555–1572)
1116:Countess of Armagnac (1555–1572)
387:
262:
3953:16th-century Navarrese monarchs
3948:16th-century princes of Andorra
3348:Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé
3280:Françoise d'Orléans-Longueville
1723:
1190:but had no children. Remarried
1153:Countess of La Fère (1548–1562)
1147:Duchess of Beaumont (1550–1562)
1119:Countess of Bigorre (1555–1572)
1110:Countess of Limoges (1555–1572)
1087:Statue of Jeanne III, from the
939:Queen Mother and French regent
287:
258:
3881:Significant for another reason
3786:Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter
3710:Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
3387:Marie Thérèse de Bourbon-Condé
1889:Robin, Larsen & Levin 2007
1757:Robin, Larsen & Levin 2007
1132:
953:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
945:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
931:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
723:ministers. She later declared
529:. Her mother, the daughter of
505:Early years and first marriage
13:
1:
3973:Women in 16th-century warfare
3404:Louise Françoise de Bourbon,
3164:Philomena de Tornos Steinhart
2389:Babelon, Jean-Pierre (1982).
1744:
1306:Frances, Countess of PĂ©rigord
1150:Countess of Marle (1548–1562)
1016:, skillfully poisoned by her
570:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
175:Pere de Castellet (1561–1571)
3978:16th-century peers of France
3852:Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna
3837:Anna Maria of the Palatinate
2261:. St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd.
1223:Ancestors of Jeanne d'Albret
1113:Countess of Foix (1555–1572)
1101:Queen of Navarre (1555–1572)
867:
551:Château de Plessis-lèz-Tours
7:
3968:16th-century French writers
3958:16th-century queens regnant
3428:Marie Anne de Bourbon-Conti
3223:after the death in 1627 of
2244:Bainton, Roland H. (1973).
1516:Charles, Count of AngoulĂŞme
1214:
1095:
1070:
915:, Jeanne's brother-in-law,
543:Charles IV, Duke of Alençon
535:Charles, Count of AngoulĂŞme
427:Jeanne was the daughter of
163:Miquel Despuig (until 1556)
10:
4189:
4173:Mothers of French monarchs
3251:
2423:Collier's New Encyclopedia
2364:Vincent, Marylène (2015).
2181:
1583:
1467:
1341:
1235:
784:
685:, and the principality of
4098:Queens regnant of Navarre
3880:
3819:
3718:
3662:
3596:
3592:
3535:
3514:
3481:
3448:
3415:
3396:
3366:
3340:
3324:
3288:
3262:
3236:
3213:
3148:
3135:
3097:Wives of hereditary Dukes
3096:
3037:
2988:
2949:
2925:
2871:
2847:
2829:
2806:
2769:
2736:
2693:
2660:
2577:
2551:
2498:
2489:25 May 1555 – 9 June 1572
2478:
2470:
2465:
2438:
1653:
1645:
1617:
1595:
1591:
1555:
1533:
1525:
1497:
1475:
1471:
1433:
1411:
1403:
1375:
1353:
1349:
1313:
1291:
1283:
1255:
1239:
1078:
621:first prince of the blood
580:, who was the brother of
383:
361:
351:
341:
329:
298:
235:
222:
208:
192:
188:
149:
139:
129:
121:
114:
103:
93:
83:
70:
66:25 May 1555 – 9 June 1572
62:
55:
39:
34:
4163:Remarried royal consorts
4123:Countesses of Ravensberg
4078:French suo jure nobility
3867:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
3639:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
3634:Catherine Vasa of Sweden
3586:women in the Reformation
3584:16th-century Protestant
3275:Eléanor de Roucy de Roye
3129:Marie Joséphine of Savoy
2284:Love, Ronald S. (2005).
1729:Departing on 23 August (
1716:
1610:Philip II, Duke of Savoy
1490:John, Count of AngoulĂŞme
1061:collégiale Saint-Georges
978:
693:of the crown of France.
276:Antoine, King of Navarre
218:Paris, Kingdom of France
4148:French women memoirists
3988:16th-century memoirists
3893:Anna Pehrsönernas moder
3847:Inger Ottesdotter Rømer
3746:Wendelmoet Claesdochter
3467:Maria Caterina Brignole
3379:Marie Anne de Bourbon,
2417:"Jeanne d'AlbrĂŞt"
2368:(in French). Sud Ouest.
2301:Reid, Jonathan (2009).
2257:Bergin, Joseph (1996).
1574:Marguerite of AngoulĂŞme
1368:Gaston, Prince of Viana
1248:Alain I, Lord of Albret
1165:In 1541 Jeanne married
957:marriage of convenience
793:French Wars of Religion
787:French Wars of Religion
781:French Wars of Religion
644:Louise de La Béraudière
527:Marguerite of AngoulĂŞme
509:Jeanne was born in the
465:French Wars of Religion
435:. In 1541, she married
4133:Women in war in France
3700:Birgitta Botolfsdotter
3472:Louise Diane d'Orléans
3423:Auguste of Baden-Baden
3374:Princess Palatine Anne
3142:
2266:Bryson, David (1999).
1194:in 1600 and had issue.
1161:Marriages and children
1126:Co-Princess of Andorra
1092:
1000:
948:
901:Elizabeth I of England
880:
670:
657:, lived to adulthood.
640:
116:Co-Princess of Andorra
4138:Women in war in Spain
3862:Marguerite de Navarre
3801:Elisabeth Wandscherer
3685:Katharina von Zimmern
3675:Ursula of Munsterberg
3539:princess of the Blood
3353:Anna Maria Martinozzi
3141:
3124:Marie Anne de Bourbon
3119:Françoise of Lorraine
2341:Strage, Mark (1976).
2206:Albret, Jeanne d'
1086:
1041:The Massacre at Paris
986:
938:
875:
696:On 18 August 1555 at
668:
636:
584:, the fourth wife of
515:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
433:Margaret of AngoulĂŞme
356:Margaret of AngoulĂŞme
199:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
4013:Duchesses of VendĂ´me
3872:Barbara von Wertheim
3751:Anneke Esaiasdochter
3680:Charlotte of Bourbon
3157:Henriette of Belgium
3090:Duchesses of VendĂ´me
2440:Jeanne d'Albret
2320:Roelker, Nancy Lyman
1394:Catherine of Navarre
1204:Catherine de Bourbon
997:Pierre-Charles Comte
941:Catherine de' Medici
772:, appointed Antoine
762:Catherine de' Medici
655:Catherine de Bourbon
537:, was the sister of
483:Catherine de' Medici
424:from 1555 to 1572.
261: 1541;
4113:Duchesses of Cleves
4103:Duchesses of JĂĽlich
4003:Protestant monarchs
3719:Reformation martyrs
3604:Argula von Grumbach
3544:prince of the Blood
3406:légitimée de France
3381:légitimée de France
3104:Françoise d'Alençon
3049:King/Queen of Spain
2927:House of Trastámara
2771:House of Trastámara
2076:, pp. 378–379.
2040:, pp. 301–312.
1668:Margaret of Bourbon
1548:Marguerite de Rohan
1426:Magdalena of Valois
1332:Henry II of Navarre
1274:John III of Navarre
1036:Christopher Marlowe
846:Spanish Inquisition
818:seigneur de Montluc
590:Anne de Montmorency
539:Francis I of France
429:Henry II of Navarre
346:Henry II of Navarre
18:Joan III of Navarre
4128:Navarrese infantas
4118:Countesses of Mark
4093:Countesses regnant
4068:Viscounts of BĂ©arn
4063:Counts of Soissons
4048:Counts of PĂ©rigord
4038:Counts of Armagnac
3998:Navarrese monarchs
3832:Elisabeth of Hesse
3811:Katarzyna Weiglowa
3731:MarĂa de BohĂłrquez
3670:Katharina von Bora
3649:Elisabeth Cruciger
3624:Elizabeth Melville
3527:Charlotte de Rohan
3495:Bathilde d'Orléans
3462:Charlotte de Rohan
3229:Montpensier branch
3143:
3114:Margaret of Valois
2662:House of Champagne
2617:GarcĂa Sánchez III
1188:Margaret of Valois
1142:Duchess of VendĂ´me
1093:
1001:
949:
905:Admiral de Coligny
881:
830:Philip II of Spain
774:Lieutenant General
671:
617:Antoine de Bourbon
441:Antoine de Bourbon
316:Henry IV of France
76:18 August 1555 at
4143:French memoirists
4108:Duchesses of Berg
4088:Duchesses regnant
4058:Counts of La Fère
4043:Counts of Bigorre
4023:Counts of Limoges
4018:Dukes of Beaumont
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3781:Ursula van Beckum
3619:Magdalena Heymair
3551:
3550:
3173:
3172:
3056:
3055:
2951:House of Habsburg
2607:GarcĂa Sánchez II
2508:
2507:
2499:Succeeded by
2393:. Paris: Fayard.
2127:, pp. 155–6.
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1105:Duchess of Albret
1065:French Revolution
764:, in her role as
752:Agrippa d'Aubigné
601:duchy of Guelders
395:
394:
203:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
4180:
4083:French duchesses
3903:Catherine Tishem
3898:Catharina Herman
3888:Amalia of Cleves
3776:Maria van Beckum
3766:Guernsey Martyrs
3761:Elizabeth Pepper
3705:Elizabeth Zouche
3654:Catherine Tishem
3594:
3593:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3316:Anne de Montafié
3306:Jeanne de Coëmes
3257:
3225:Marie de Bourbon
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3059:
2990:House of Bourbon
2873:House of Bourbon
2597:GarcĂa Sánchez I
2579:House of Jiménez
2552:House of Íñiguez
2534:
2527:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2485:Countess of Foix
2481:Queen of Navarre
2471:Preceded by
2461:
2454:
2453:16 November 1528
2436:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2404:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2348:
2337:
2315:
2314:. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
2306:
2297:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2240:
2221:
2198:
2196:Biography portal
2193:
2192:
2191:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2163:, p. 73-75.
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1727:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1192:Marie de' Medici
1050:L’Épopée d’Amour
999:, Salon of 1852.
993:history painting
943:. Following the
913:Battle of Jarnac
877:Henry of Bourbon
820:and his troops.
661:Queen of Navarre
422:Queen of Navarre
406:Joana Albretekoa
391:
309:
291:
289:
266:
264:
260:
215:
196:16 November 1528
57:Queen of Navarre
44:
32:
31:
21:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4053:Counts of Marle
4008:Dukes of Albret
3993:House of Albret
3928:
3927:
3926:
3917:
3908:Idelette Calvin
3876:
3857:Renée of France
3842:Jeanne d'Albret
3815:
3756:Aefgen Listincx
3714:
3695:Cecily Bodenham
3658:
3588:
3582:
3552:
3547:
3531:
3515:11th generation
3510:
3482:10th generation
3477:
3444:
3411:
3392:
3362:
3336:
3320:
3296:Marie of Cleves
3284:
3258:
3249:
3232:
3231:of the dynasty.
3209:
3204:
3174:
3169:
3144:
3133:
3109:Jeanne d'Albret
3092:
3087:
3057:
3052:
3033:
2992:- Upper Navarre
2984:
2953:- Upper Navarre
2945:
2929:- Upper Navarre
2921:
2875:- Lower Navarre
2867:
2851:- Lower Navarre
2849:House of Albret
2843:
2831:House of Albret
2825:
2816:Francis Phoebus
2802:
2765:
2738:House of Évreux
2732:
2689:
2656:
2573:
2547:
2538:
2504:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:House of Albret
2441:
2414:
2411:
2401:
2385:
2383:Further reading
2357:
2334:
2237:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1737:, p. 301).
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1636:Louise of Savoy
1217:
1163:
1135:
1098:
1091:series in Paris
1081:
1073:
1031:La Reine Margot
1026:Alexandre Dumas
1014:perfumed gloves
981:
933:
870:
789:
783:
770:King Charles IX
663:
609:
607:Second marriage
563:Nicolas Bourbon
531:Louise of Savoy
523:King of Navarre
507:
499:Louis XIII
475:, becoming the
461:French Huguenot
445:Duke of VendĂ´me
418:Jeanne III
414:Joana de Labrit
398:Jeanne d'Albret
373:
325:
303:
302:
294:
293:
285:
281:
278:
268:
265: 1545)
256:
252:
249:
231:
217:
213:
197:
184:
160:
159:
51:
48:François Clouet
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:Counts of Foix
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Marie Dentière
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Katharina Zell
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3449:9th generation
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3416:8th generation
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3400:
3398:
3397:7th generation
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3367:6th generation
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3341:5th generation
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3325:4th generation
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3289:3rd generation
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3263:2nd generation
3260:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3237:1st generation
3234:
3233:
3227:, last of the
3214:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3150:
3149:Courtesy title
3146:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3045:King of France
3041:King of Aragon
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2695:House of Capet
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:GarcĂa RamĂrez
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2564:GarcĂa Íñiguez
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2466:Regnal titles
2463:
2462:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2410:
2409:External links
2407:
2406:
2405:
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2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2175:, p. 448.
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2103:, p. 155.
2090:
2088:, p. 153.
2078:
2066:
2064:, p. 376.
2054:
2052:, p. 325.
2042:
2030:
2018:
2016:, p. 158.
2006:
1994:
1992:, p. 210.
1982:
1980:, p. 409.
1978:Apalategi 2016
1970:
1968:, p. 150.
1953:
1951:, p. 154.
1941:
1929:
1917:
1915:, p. 581.
1905:
1893:
1876:
1864:
1862:, p. 502.
1852:
1850:, p. 149.
1831:
1819:
1807:
1805:, p. xiv.
1788:
1773:
1771:, p. 148.
1761:
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1260:
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1234:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1181:
1176:and they had:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1048:'s 1907 novel
1028:'s 1845 novel
980:
977:
932:
929:
869:
866:
797:House of Guise
785:Main article:
782:
779:
662:
659:
608:
605:
582:Anne of Cleves
525:, by his wife
506:
503:
393:
392:
385:
381:
380:
378:Roman Catholic
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
338:
333:
327:
326:
324:
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318:
312:
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283:
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254:
250:
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244:
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239:
237:
233:
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226:
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216:(aged 43)
210:
206:
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194:
190:
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185:
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176:
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167:
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155:
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137:
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105:
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100:
95:
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68:
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64:
60:
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45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4185:
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3796:Anneke Ogiers
3794:
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3647:
3645:
3644:Emilia Lanier
3642:
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3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3358:Laura Mancini
3356:
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3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
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3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
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3189:
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3147:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
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3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Ferdinand III
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
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2976:
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2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2808:House of Foix
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
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2659:
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2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Jimeno Garcés
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2569:Fortún Garcés
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
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2516:
2515:
2512:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2400:2-213-01201-6
2396:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2356:0-15-198370-4
2352:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2333:0-674-74150-1
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2277:Atlas Obscura
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2236:9789027266910
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2151:, p. 66.
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2074:Thompson 1915
2070:
2063:
2062:Thompson 1915
2058:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2028:, p. 61.
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2004:, p. 29.
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1939:, p. 72.
1938:
1933:
1927:, p. 75.
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1903:, p. 55.
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1874:, p. 53.
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1829:, p. 31.
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Michel Zevaco
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:, as well as
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
998:
994:
990:
985:
976:
974:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
946:
942:
937:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
906:
902:
896:
894:
889:
887:
878:
874:
865:
863:
859:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
833:
831:
826:
821:
819:
814:
809:
804:
800:
798:
794:
788:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
755:
753:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:New Testament
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Lower Navarre
676:
667:
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
639:
635:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
502:
500:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
386:
382:
379:
376:
371:
367:
364:
360:
357:
354:
350:
347:
344:
340:
337:
334:
332:
328:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
311:
308:
307:
301:
297:
277:
270:
269:
248:
241:
240:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
211:
207:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3841:
3771:Alice Benden
3736:Alice Driver
3542:
3538:
3405:
3380:
3269:
3162:
3155:
3108:
3009:Ferdinand II
2862:
2790:
2783:
2559:Íñigo Arista
2491:
2479:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2421:
2390:
2374:
2365:
2344:
2323:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2247:
2226:
2209:
2173:Vincent 2015
2168:
2161:Roelker 1968
2156:
2149:Roelker 1968
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2050:Roelker 1968
2045:
2038:Roelker 1968
2033:
2026:Bainton 1973
2021:
2009:
1997:
1990:Roelker 1968
1985:
1973:
1949:Roelker 1968
1944:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1901:Roelker 1968
1896:
1891:, p. 3.
1872:Roelker 1968
1867:
1855:
1827:Roelker 1968
1822:
1817:, p. 9.
1815:Roelker 1968
1810:
1803:Roelker 1968
1786:, p. 7.
1784:Roelker 1968
1764:
1759:, p. 2.
1752:
1735:Roelker 1968
1731:Roelker 1968
1725:
1451:
1171:
1164:
1074:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1022:René Bianchi
1010:
1002:
965:
950:
924:
910:
897:
890:
882:
850:
842:Pope Pius IV
834:
822:
817:
805:
801:
790:
768:for her son
759:
756:
748:
733:
710:
701:
695:
672:
648:
641:
637:
633:
610:
594:
567:
555:Loire Valley
547:
511:royal palace
508:
495:
476:
457:
426:
417:
413:
405:
397:
396:
374:
304:
214:(1572-06-09)
178:
169:
156:
46:Portrait by
29:
3943:1572 deaths
3938:1528 births
3827:Anne Boleyn
3820:Benefactors
3791:Weyn Ockers
3741:Joan Bocher
3663:Former nuns
3019:Charles VII
2936:Ferdinand I
2756:Charles III
2675:Theobald II
2460:9 June 1572
2125:Strage 1976
2101:Strage 1976
2086:Strage 1976
2014:Strage 1976
2002:Bryson 1999
1966:Strage 1976
1937:Bryson 1999
1925:Bryson 1999
1913:Bergin 1996
1848:Strage 1976
1769:Strage 1976
1144:(1550–1562)
1133:By marriage
1128:(1555–1572)
1107:(1555–1572)
1006:Anna d'Este
968:Chenonceaux
886:La Rochelle
729:John Calvin
629:Bourbonnais
473:La Rochelle
212:9 June 1572
181:(1571–1572)
172:(1560–1561)
130:Predecessor
110:(1555–1562)
84:Predecessor
3932:Categories
3806:Joan Waste
3726:Anne Askew
3614:Anne Locke
3609:Anne Bacon
3029:Isabella I
3014:Charles VI
2999:Philip VII
2960:Charles IV
2792:Blanche II
2785:Charles IV
2751:Charles II
2746:Philip III
2670:Theobald I
2652:Sancho VII
2612:Sancho III
2218:Q115583595
2113:Davis 2016
1745:References
1054:Pardaillan
975:herself".
961:Marguerite
691:suzerainty
586:Henry VIII
487:Marguerite
72:Coronation
35:Jeanne III
4033:Huguenots
2980:Charles V
2975:Philip VI
2965:Philip IV
2917:Charles V
2897:Louis III
2887:Henry III
2821:Catherine
2761:Blanche I
2723:Charles I
2718:Philip II
2647:Sancho VI
2637:Alfonso I
2622:Sancho IV
2602:Sancho II
2502:Henry III
2212:: 26–28.
2137:Love 2005
1860:Reid 2009
868:Third war
760:In 1561,
725:Calvinism
717:Calvinism
597:Charles V
469:Calvinism
453:Catherine
384:Signature
150:Co-rulers
144:Henry III
140:Successor
125:1555–1572
98:Henry III
94:Successor
3913:Rose Lok
3221:Bourbons
3004:Louis II
2970:Philip V
2941:Joan III
2912:Louis VI
2902:Louis IV
2892:Louis II
2863:Joan III
2858:Henry II
2839:John III
2703:Philip I
2627:Sancho V
2587:Sancho I
2541:Monarchs
2474:Henry II
2391:Henri IV
2322:(1968).
2305:. Brill.
2214:Wikidata
1215:Ancestry
1210:in 1599.
1096:By birth
1071:Writings
1052:(in the
1038:'s play
1018:perfumer
973:Griselda
744:BĂ©arnese
721:Huguenot
713:humanist
651:Henry IV
613:Henry II
559:Touraine
519:Henry II
478:de facto
370:Huguenot
366:Reformed
362:Religion
134:Henry II
104:Co-ruler
88:Henry II
3047:. Also
3043:. Also
2907:Louis V
2882:Antoine
2798:Eleanor
2779:John II
2728:Joan II
2708:Louis I
2680:Henry I
2632:Peter I
2545:Navarre
2494:Antoine
2426:. 1921.
2182:Sources
893:Guyenne
808:VendĂ´me
675:Navarre
627:in the
625:Moulins
553:in the
491:Bourbon
410:Occitan
306:more...
292:
284:
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267:
255:
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236:Spouses
229:VendĂ´me
108:Antoine
2713:John I
2685:Joan I
2456:
2397:
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2216:
1079:Titles
925:livres
853:Papacy
838:heresy
766:regent
740:Basque
623:", at
574:Philip
420:, was
402:Basque
352:Mother
342:Father
336:Albret
223:Burial
179:Vacant
170:Vacant
50:, 1570
3039:Also
2492:with
2458:Died:
2451:Born:
1717:Notes
979:Death
917:Louis
862:NĂ©rac
858:Mâcon
825:Rouen
738:into
706:BĂ©arn
687:BĂ©arn
683:Soule
449:Henry
375:prev.
331:House
300:Issue
286:(
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253:
122:Reign
63:Reign
2395:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2231:ISBN
1666:15.
1608:14.
1546:13.
1488:12.
1424:11.
1366:10.
1044:and
989:René
860:and
742:and
533:and
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263:ann.
209:Died
193:Born
2543:of
2208:".
1634:7.
1572:3.
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1450:1.
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1330:2.
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1246:8.
995:by
698:Pau
619:, "
513:of
157:See
78:Pau
3934::
3537:*
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2294:33
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1956:^
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1776:^
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