5000:
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2490:, pp. 2–4. "...and by informing the Cortes that he had appointed competent persons to examine the validity of the deeds and titles of the grants made up to the time of his accession to the throne, the grandson of the Infante D. Pedro clearly defined the position he was taking. Therefore, by placing himself on the side of the Councils and upholding them, he virtually cast down the gauntlet anew with the point of his lance, that gauntlet which at his suggestions had been flung in the face of the nobility. War was therefore declared – a war which D. Joao II. hoped, with the aid of the masses, to terminate with advantage, and by increasing his prerogatives. Continuing the proposed reform, he ordered his magistrates (
528:
42:
716:
1601:
believed that there were 800 children, including both boys and girls, whilst an anonymous Jewish chronicler alludes to 700. The most credible estimation may be that offered by
Valentim Fernandes, a German printer who established himself in Portugal in 1495 and wrote a description of the islands based on the testimony of sailors who had visited it. Valentim Fernandes’s description of São Tomé was published in 1510 and in it he asserts that the Jewish children who arrived on the island had originally numbered 2,000, of whom only 600 had survived into adulthood.”
4428:
2494:) heedless of the protests of the nobles, to enter into the lands of such as held jurisdictions, and investigate the abuses and violence said to be practised in the administration of justice. By this he virtually claimed one of the most important rights of the sovereignty, and boldly rent asunder the privileges of the most powerful favourites of his father. These resolutions, taken at the very commencement of the reign, formed the basis of the revolution commenced by D. Joao II. in favour of monarchical union."
2680:, p. 42. "The Portuguese crown brought in 8,000 ounces of gold per year between 1487 and 1489, enough to mint 64,000 Venetian ducats' worth of gold currency. That was already a substantial amount, which rose further to 22,500 ounces (roughly 180,000 ducats' worth) between 1494 and 1496. Those amounts did not count the massive revenues from other sources, such as the 1.1 million reis the Florentine merchant Marchionni paid for a monopoly on trading in Benin in 1487."
573:, John’s cousin and brother to his Queen Consort, Eleanor. In September 1484, John summoned Diogo to his private chambers, confronted him with evidence of treason, and stabbed him to death. Other ringleaders involved in the plot were persecuted. Ultimately, John succeeded in enriching the Crown by executing or exiling most of Portugal’s feudal lords and confiscating their estates. For the rest of his reign, he kept the creation of titles to a bare minimum.
547:
as simply first among equals. At the Cortes, John further enraged nobles by declaring that property title deeds would undergo examination to ensure their validity, as opposed to being confirmed in mass. After representatives of commoners voiced grievances concerning abuses committed by the nobility and clergy, he deprived nobles of their right to administer justice on their estates, instead authorizing crown officials or
1977:, on 1 March 1476. The Portuguese army, led by King Afonso, his twenty-one-year-old son Prince João, and the rebellious Archbishop Carrillo of Toledo opposed Ferdinand, the Duke of Alba, Cardinal Mendoza, and other Castilian nobles leading the Isabelline forces. Foggy and rainy, it was bloody chaos on the battlefield. (...) Hundreds of people – perhaps as many as one thousand – died that day. (...). Troops led by
1990:, to retain it. (...). The Portuguese, however, later managed to recover the banner. The battle ended in an inconclusive outcome, but Isabella employed a masterstroke of political theater by recasting events as a stupendous victory for Castile. Each side had won some skirmishes and lost others, but Ferdinand was presented in Castile as the winner and Afonso as a craven failure. (...)..
760:
Castilian Jewish families succeeded in obtaining permanent residence permits. Jews unable to leave the country within the specified interval (often the result of poverty) were reduced to slavery and were not liberated until the reign of John’s successor, Manuel. Many children of the enslaved
Castilian Jews were seized from their parents and deported to the African island of
3199:
on the assumptions behind it, noting that
Columbus had underestimated the distance to China. And then in December 1488 Bartolomeu Dias returned from his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope. Certain now that they had found the sea route to India and the east, João II and his advisers had no further interest in what probably seemed to them a hare-brained and risky plan.
2191:"That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana's cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of
3198:
in 1488 Columbus returned to
Portugal and once again put his project to João II. Again it was rejected. In historical hindsight this looks like a fatally missed opportunity for the Portuguese crown, but the king had good reason not to accept Columbus's project. His panel of experts cast grave doubts
1600:
Soyer (2009) explains, “Jewish sources offer different estimations as to the number of children who were sent by João II to São Tomé. Rabbi
Capsali states that 5,000 ‘boys’ were taken to São Tomé but the numbers provided by other sources are considerably lower. Abraham ben Solomon Torrutiel (1482–?)
780:
to succeed him but Queen
Eleanor was intent on securing succession for her younger brother Manuel, the legal heir presumptive. Following bitter disputes with Eleanor and a failed petition to Rome to have Jorge legitimized, John finally recognized Manuel as his heir in his will while on his deathbed
546:
in Evora and held a grand oath-taking ceremony in which magnates and other subjects were required to swear allegiance to him as their unequivocal superior. The ceremony was perceived as humiliating by members of the upper nobility who were accustomed to the feudal tradition of acknowledging the king
490:
in his fight against
Castile. In September 1477, disheartened that his efforts to secure support had proved fruitless, Afonso abdicated the throne and embarked on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He was eventually persuaded to return to Portugal, where he arrived in November 1477. John had been proclaimed
430:
Following the death of Henry IV of
Castile in December 1474 and the accession of his niece, Isabella, a faction of the nobility hostile to Isabella offered the Castilian crown to Afonso V, provided he wed Henry's daughter, Joanna. John urged his father to marry Joanna and invade Castile, but leading
2083:
was inconclusive, but
Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings
694:
proposed his planned voyage to John. The king relegated
Columbus's proposal to the Committee, who rejected it, correctly, on the grounds that Columbus's estimate for a voyage of 2,400 nmi was only a quarter of what it should have been. In 1488, Columbus again appealed to the court of Portugal,
751:
John sanctioned several anti-Jewish laws at the behest of parliamentary representatives, including restrictions on Jewish clothing and the emancipation of Christian converts owned by Jews. However, the king’s personal attitude towards Portuguese Jews has been described as pragmatic, as he valued
589:
called the Mesa or Tribunal do Desembargo do Paco to supervise petitions for pardon, privileges, freedoms, and legislation. He also instituted annual elections for the judges, clerks, and hospital stewards under federal jurisdiction. His attempts to centralize hospitals across Portugal were not
2039:
Wing, in front of the Asturians and Galician, the reinforcement army of the Prince heir of Portugal, well provided with artillery, could leave the battlefield with its head high. The battle resulted this way, inconclusive. But its global result stays after that decided by the withdrawal of the
759:
expelled Jews from Castile and Aragon in 1492, John authorized the admission of tens of thousands of Jews into Portugal at the price of eight cruzados a head but refused to let them stay longer than eight months. Of the some 20,000 families that entered Portugal, only 600 of the most affluent
581:
Under John's direction, commercial activity in Africa became a crown monopoly. The immense profits generated by African ventures enabled the king to fund exploration expeditions, reduce his reliance on the cortes for financial support, and strengthen the monarchy's power over the nobility.
470:. King Afonso V was beaten by the left and center of King Ferdinand's army and fled from the battlefield. John defeated the Castilian right wing, recovered the lost Portuguese Royal standard, and held the field, but overall the battle was indecisive. Despite its uncertain outcome, the
2215:"...San Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in 1476, which consolidated the union of the two most important Peninsular Kingdoms."
2013:
After nine months, occupied with frontier raids and fruitless negotiations, the Castilian and Portuguese armies met at Toro ... and fought an indecisive battle, for while Afonso was beaten and fled, his son John destroyed the forces opposed to
1985:
won in another part. But the most telling fact was that King Afonso had fled the battlefield with his troops in disarray; the Castilians seized his battle flag, the royal standard of Portugal, despite the valiant efforts of a Portuguese soldier,
442:
to meet Joanna while John returned home to govern the kingdom. On May 25, Joanna and Afonso were betrothed and proclaimed sovereigns of Castile. In the same month, John's wife, Eleanor, gave birth to the couple's only child to survive infancy,
450:
In late 1475, Afonso, with only a fragment of his army remaining, wrote letters to John imploring him to provide reinforcements. John raised an army and left for Castile again in January 1476, appointing Eleanor regent of the kingdom.
435:, opposed this conviction. Afonso sent an envoy to assess support for Joanna's cause and after receiving "favorable accounts respecting the partisans of the Infanta", he ordered war preparations to be made for the following spring.
494:
From 1477 to 1481, John and Afonso V were "practically corulers." John, given control of overseas policy in 1474 and concerned with consolidating Portuguese control of Africa, played a major role in negotiating the
3573:"render-vos graças em nome de todos quantos pertencemos a este século, o qual agora, por favor dos vossos méritos quasi-divinos, ousa já denodadamente competir com os vetustos séculos e com toda a antiguidade."
855:. He offered to write an epic work giving an account of John II accomplishments in navigation and conquests. The king replied in a positive manner in a letter of 23 October 1491, but delayed the commission.
2125:
2152:
to the main cities... are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic
822:. John II is considered to have lived his life exactly according to the writer's idea of a perfect prince. Nevertheless, he was admired as one of the greatest European monarchs of his time.
478:
and Afonso's prospects for obtaining the Castilian crown were severely damaged. John promptly returned to Portugal to disband the remnants of his army, arriving the first week of April.
1579:
The true extent of Portuguese explorations has been the subject of academic debate. It is often alleged that some navigations were kept secret for fear of competition by neighbouring
2110:
843:
to render you thanks on behalf of all who belong to this century, which now favours of your quasi-divine merits, now boldly competing with ancient centuries and all Antiquity.
614:, to further his goals. Portuguese explorers pushed south along the known coast of Africa with the purpose of discovering the maritime route to India and breaking into the
542:
accession to the throne, John strived to diminish the power and influence of the nobility that had greatly accumulated during his father’s reign. In 1481, he assembled the
562:. John responded by having Fernando arrested, tried and convicted of twenty-two counts of treason, and publicly beheaded in June 1483. Afterwards, the assets of the
2060:... The result of the battle was very uncertain; Ferdinand defeated the enemy's right wing led by Afonso, but the Prince had the same advantage over the Castilians.
6167:
1937:
It was 1 March 1476. Eight thousand men for each side, the chronicles tell. With Afonso of Portugal were his son João and the bishops of Evora and Toledo. With
5609:
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His cousin, Isabella of Castille, herself no weakling, admiringly dubbed him 'el Hombre', for all the world like some early spaghetti-western hero.
467:
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558:, the wealthiest nobleman in Portugal, and his followers had begun conspiring for John’s deposition, allegedly receiving support from the
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John allowed Diogo’s younger brother, Manuel, to inherit his titles and estate. Manuel would eventually succeed John as King of Portugal.
5867:
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2149:"His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the victory.... The letters written by the King
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Portuguese King, the surrender... of the Zamora's fortress on 19 March, and the multiple adhesions of the nobles to the young princes.
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previously signed with Spain, Columbus's discoveries lay within Portugal's sphere of influence. The king then prepared a fleet under
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On 12 May 1475, Afonso and John entered Castile with an army of 5,600 cavalry and 14,000 foot soldiers. Afonso V proceeded to
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357:. At one month old, on 25 June 1455, he was declared legitimate heir to the crown and received an oath of allegiance from the
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early in 1493, Columbus was driven by storm into the port of Lisbon. John II welcomed him warmly but asserted that under the
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1953:. The battle was long, but not especially bloody: it is estimated that the casualties of each side did not reach a thousand.
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to claim the new islands. Anxious to avoid war, the Catholic Monarchs arranged negotiations in the small Spanish town of
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with Spain that concluded the War of the Castilian Succession and ensured Portugal hegemony in the Atlantic south of the
257:
2467:"Prestage, Edgar. "Portugal." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 Jul. 2014"
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The formal marriage was delayed because Joanna was Afonso's niece and the two had not yet received a papal dispensation.
5490:
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4909:
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2847:"The Supposed Discovery of South America before 1488, and Critical Methods of the Historians of Geographical Discovery"
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from 1481 until his death in 1495, and also for a brief time in 1477. He is known for re-establishing the power of the
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and John II again granted him an audience. That meeting also proved unsuccessful, in part because not long afterwards
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Months after the Battle of Toro, in August 1476, Afonso V travelled to France hoping to obtain the assistance of King
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king days prior to Afonso's arrival, but relinquished his new title and insisted that his father reassume the crown.
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503:. The treaty also arranged for the marriage of John's son, Afonso, to the eldest daughter of the Catholic Monarchs,
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776:, died in a horse accident, confronting Portugal with a succession crisis. The king wanted his illegitimate son
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were his main priority in government, patronising both local and foreign men, such as João Afonso de Aveiro and
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4027:
Portugal: diccionario historico, chorographico, heraldico, biographico, bibliographico, numismatico e artistico
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690:, to supervise navigational efforts and provide explorers with charts and instruments. Around the same time,
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956:. Died in a horse riding accident. Because of the premature death of the prince, the throne was inherited by
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458:, Afonso V and John and some 8,000 men faced Castilian forces of similar size led by Isabella's husband,
330:
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implemented fully but paved the way for the radical reforms introduced during the reign of Manuel I.
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Following his father's death on 28 August 1481, John was proclaimed King of Portugal and crowned at
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The Political and Social Dynamics of Poverty, Poor Relief and Health Care in Early-Modern Portugal
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returned to Portugal with news of his successful rounding of the southern tip of Africa (near the
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743:, which sought to divide all newly discovered lands in the New World between Spain and Portugal.
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Such aggressive assertions of royal supremacy roused resentment amongst the nobility. By 1482,
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Braganza’s execution caused even more intrigue among the upper-nobility, who rallied behind
400:. The tapestries were commissioned by Afonso V to celebrate Portuguese victories in Morocco.
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The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III
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The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III
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The two sides finally and climactically clashed, in the major confrontation known as the
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Forgotten Portuguese: The Melungeons and Other Groups, the Portuguese Making of America
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Christopher Columbus and the Enterprise of the Indies: A Brief History with Documents
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Indeed, Poliziano considered his achievements to be more meritorious than those of
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attempted to arrange a double marriage in which John would marry Henry's daughter,
326:
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376:. However, Isabella refused to consent to the arrangement. Instead, John married
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Charles E. Nowell (1936). "The Discovery of Brazil: Accidental or Intentional?".
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3948:. Franklin, North Carolina: Portuguese-American Historical Research Foundation.
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3844:. From Beginnings to 1807. Vol. I: Portugal. Cambridge University Press.
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4030:(in Portuguese). Vol. III. Lisboa: J. Romano Torres. pp. 1040–1043.
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1583:. The archives of this period were mainly destroyed in the fire after the
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their economic contributions and defended them against unjust harassment.
634:
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The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World
4083:"King Joao II of Portugal 'O Principe Perfeito' and the Jews (1481–1495)"
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2117:. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo.
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From Lisbon to Goa, 1500–1750: Studies in Portuguese Maritime Enterprise
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3937:. Vol. III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
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La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)
2002:
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title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic
3926:. Vol. II. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
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1941:, Cardinal Mendoza and the Duke of Alba, as well as the militias of
618:. During John II's reign, the following achievements were realised:
333:, reinvigorating the Portuguese economy, and renewing his country's
2034:] (Spanish ed.). Madrid: Encuentro Ediciones. p. 49.
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in order to be raised there as Christians and serve as colonists.
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exploration, reviving and broadening the work of his great-uncle,
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Isabel of Castile and the Making of the Spanish Nation, 1451–1504
267:
6043:* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples
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1778:"The Invention of Glory: Afonso V and the Pastrana Tapestries"
4055:(in Portuguese) (First ed.). Lisbon: Portugalia Editora.
3821:
The history of Spain and Portugal from B.C. 1000 to A.D. 1814
2637:
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372:, and Afonso would marry Henry's niece and heir-presumptive,
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Reign of the Fortunate King, 1495–1521: Manuel I of Portugal
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Columbus and the Portuguese Voyages in the Columbian Sources
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1482 – Foundation of the coastal fortress and trade post of
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Navigations: The Portuguese Discoveries and the Renaissance
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Playing the king: Lope de Vega and the limits of conformity
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wrote a letter to John II that paid him a profound homage:
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In 1484, John appointed a Maritime Advisory Committee, the
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The Wreck of Catalonia: Civil War in the Fifteenth Century
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San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régio
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937:(2 May 1458 – 17 November 1525; married in January 1471)
812:
is a posthumous appellation that is intended to refer to
349:
Born in Lisbon on 3 May 1455, John was the second son of
4007:
The First Global Village: How Portugal Changed the World
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Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach
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Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus
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Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia
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also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony
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to inspect and dispense justice throughout the realm.
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Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain
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2620:
2579:
2509:
2497:
2427:
2379:
2355:
2343:
2230:
1898:
1886:
1862:
1850:
1790:
1734:
1722:
1686:
1636:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3345:
3306:
3294:
2683:
2608:
2415:
2080:" From all of this it is deductible that the battle
1981:
won in their part of the battle; some troops led by
416:
Participation in the War of the Castilian Succession
6051:
also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria
3686:
Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
3173:
3096:
3001:
2731:
2719:
2659:
1710:
3985:"King John II of Portugal and the Quest for India"
2555:
2278:
3895:Marques, Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira (1976).
2809:
739:. The result of this meeting would be the famous
566:were confiscated and the family fled to Castile.
6109:
5712:Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Portugal and Asturias
4136:Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen
4023:
3869:3rd printing of the 1959 ed. with a new preface.
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3150:
2844:
1680:
1630:
396:Prince John depicted on horseback in one of the
4024:Pereira, Esteves; Rodrigues, Guilherme (1904).
3841:A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire
3831:Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580
3736:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3676:
3674:
3582:
3580:
6168:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery
5558:Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias
3179:
2058:. Vol. III. Paris: Duchesne. p. 25.
380:, his first cousin and the eldest daughter of
5227:
4910:
4321:
3991:. Vol. 18, no. 6. pp. 415–421.
3833:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
3652:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3049:
827:
703:). Columbus then sought an audience with the
576:
240:
3828:
3671:
3577:
3561:. Lisboa: Livraria de A.M.Pereira. pp.
3288:
3210:
2980:
2968:
2920:
2160:Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de España
2155:achieved the fruits of a discussed victory."
2055:Abrégé chronologique de l'histoire d'Espagne
2001:
772:In July 1491, John's only legitimate child,
535:, a manuscript written between 1490 and 1498
4878:The House of Aviz is a cadet branch of the
4840:
3890:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
909:
719:Portrait of King John II at the Navy Museum
5234:
5220:
4917:
4903:
4858:
4328:
4314:
3829:Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George (1977).
3729:
3614:
3523:
3180:Symcox, Geoffrey; Sullivan, Blair (2016).
2701:
2092:San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro
2051:
796:, but his remains were transferred to the
598:John II famously restored the policies of
474:represented a great political victory for
408:and was knighted after the victory in the
40:
4098:
3883:
3872:
3774:. Collected Studies Series, 194. London:
3755:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
3597:
3438:
3276:
2995:
2602:
2453:
2409:
2213:Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez Casas:
1011:Natural son known as Jorge de Lancastre,
522:
5419:Infante João, Duke of Valencia de Campos
5241:
4924:
4762:
4649:
4518:
4440:
4107:
4045:
3930:
3919:
3796:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825
3665:
3511:
3474:
3450:
3423:
3327:
3246:
2944:
2908:
2773:
2761:
2549:
2537:
2503:
2487:
2459:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2308:
2296:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2008:The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 8
1916:
1880:
1844:
1832:
1808:
1764:
1752:
1704:
1692:
1657:
1642:
788:on 25 October 1495 and was succeeded by
714:
710:
526:
391:
317:; 3 May 1455 – 25 October 1495), called
4591:
4059:
4034:
3962:
3894:
3462:
3339:
3234:
3114:
3043:
3019:
2956:
2812:The Hispanic American Historical Review
2749:
2713:
2653:
2641:
2337:
2325:
1971:. New York: Anchor Books. p. 145.
1935:(in Spanish). La Esfera de los Libros.
1928:
1820:
1740:
1728:
767:
14:
6110:
5858:Pedro I of Brazil & IV of Portugal
5646:Diogo, Prince of Portugal and Asturias
5251:The generations indicate descent from
4348:
4129:
3995:
3982:
3973:
3837:
3750:
3363:
3261:
3222:
3138:
3126:
3055:
3031:
2932:
2689:
2626:
2614:
2590:
2573:
2520:
2438:
2421:
2361:
2349:
2236:
2195:, still alive in the Castilian memory"
2025:
1964:
1904:
1892:
1868:
1856:
1796:
1716:
1539:Rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese
1400:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1156:
1044:
1040:
707:and eventually secured their support.
655:1493 – Start of the settlement of the
5968:Infante Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza
5659:Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal
5553:Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal
5273:Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza
5215:
4898:
4857:
4839:
4761:
4648:
4590:
4517:
4439:
4347:
4309:
4153:
4080:
4000:. Boulder: Westview Press Collection.
3858:
3792:
3769:
3710:
3625:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3351:
3312:
3300:
3157:The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia
3102:
3007:
2785:
2737:
2725:
2677:
2665:
2078:Spanish academic António M. Serrano:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1434:
1418:
1408:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1372:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1329:
1323:
1313:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1258:
1248:
1232:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1200:
1190:
1174:
1164:
1160:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1111:
1101:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1069:
1052:
1048:
896:(as João II), leading the Portuguese.
858:
312:
5999:Infante Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
5501:Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal
5486:Infante Pedro, Constable of Portugal
5200:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
4004:
3941:
3817:
3411:
2797:
2561:
2284:
2032:The incomparable Isabel the Catholic
2028:La "imcomparable" Isabel la Catolica
640:1488 – Discovery and passage of the
5455:Infante João, Constable of Portugal
5314:Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders
4804:Maria Manuela, Princess of Asturias
3634:. Oxford University Press. p.
880:Christopher Columbus: The Discovery
792:. He was initially interred at the
746:
404:John accompanied his father in the
24:
5853:Francisco António, Prince of Beira
5361:Infante Afonso, Lord of Portalegre
4009:(2nd ed.). Lisbon: Notícias.
3151:Pinheiro-Marques, Alfredo (2016).
3058:"How Columbus Encountered America"
387:
27:King of Portugal from 1481 to 1495
25:
6179:
6067:also an imperial prince of Brazil
5625:Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães
5589:Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães
5496:Cardinal-Infante Jaime of Coimbra
4696:Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal
4335:
2052:Desormeaux, Joseph-Louis (1758).
531:Miniature of King John II in the
6128:15th-century Portuguese monarchs
5945:Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra
5897:Infante Miguel, Duke of Braganza
5574:Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda
5424:Infante Dinis, Lord of Cifuentes
4998:
4426:
4139:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4041:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
3753:Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation
3555:Manuel Bernardes Branco (1879).
3548:
3517:
3480:
1594:
1552:, also named John, died in 1451.
1030:Ancestors of John II of Portugal
964:, who reigned as Manuel I, 14th
481:
5754:Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja
5620:João Manuel, Prince of Portugal
5491:Infante João, Prince of Antioch
5481:Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu
5450:Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu
5340:Infante Fernando, Lord of Serpa
4819:João Manuel, Prince of Portugal
4117:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons
4100:10.3989/sefarad.2009.v69.i1.480
4066:. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books.
3969:. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
3682:"Leonora of Aragon (1405–1445)"
2877:
2838:
2803:
2671:
2481:
2176:
2019:
1995:
1958:
1922:
1770:
1573:
1564:
1555:
666:Funding of land expeditions by
422:War of the Castilian Succession
223:
5764:Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém
5584:Henrique I (The Cardinal-King)
5445:Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra
5382:Infante Afonso, Lord of Leiria
5309:Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell
3963:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1942).
3824:. London: Baldwin and Cradock.
3155:. In Bedini, Silvio A. (ed.).
2884:Ilaria Luzzana Caraci (1988).
2167:revue, nr 16, p. 56, May 1941.
1542:
1533:
723:While returning home from his
593:
13:
1:
5992:Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto
5952:Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu
4400:Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy
4049:A rainha D. Leonor, 1458–1525
3879:. Cambridge University Press.
3733:A Concise History of Portugal
3567:(Translation of the latin by
3056:Rickey, V. Frederick (1992).
1607:
984:Stillborn son, born in 1483.
958:Manuel of Viseu, Duke of Beja
344:
6143:Maritime history of Portugal
5885:João Carlos, Prince of Beira
5532:Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu
5255:, and continues through the
4706:Isabella, Holy Roman Empress
3863:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
3186:. Springer. pp. 11–12.
2183:Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela-
2140:
2071:
1681:Pereira & Rodrigues 1904
1631:Pereira & Rodrigues 1904
1612:
678:in search of the kingdom of
406:campaigns in northern Africa
7:
5527:Infante João, Duke of Viseu
4487:Eleanor, Holy Roman Empress
4405:John, Constable of Portugal
4046:Sabugosa, Conde de (1921).
3983:Orange, G. V. (June 1968).
3838:Disney, A. R. (2009).
2106:, segunda época, 1979 (9),
1968:Isabella: the Warrior Queen
1932:¡Santiago y cierra, España!
1021:
10:
6184:
6158:Portuguese Roman Catholics
5933:Infante João, Duke of Beja
5718:Teodósio, Prince of Brazil
5615:Filipe, Prince of Portugal
5610:Manuel, Prince of Portugal
5605:Afonso, Prince of Portugal
5569:Infante Luís, Duke of Beja
4814:Filipe, Prince of Portugal
4809:Manuel, Prince of Portugal
4799:Afonso, Prince of Portugal
4711:Beatrice, Duchess of Savoy
4628:Afonso, Prince of Portugal
4035:Plunket, Ierne L. (1915).
3996:Opello, Walter C. (1985).
3901:(2nd ed.). New York:
3793:Boxer, Charles R. (1969).
3770:Boxer, Charles R. (1984).
3730:Birmingham, David (2003).
3704:
3587:Afonso V, King of Portugal
3558:Portugal e os Estrangeiros
3488:"King John II (1455–1495)"
2227:, number 56, p. 364, 1990.
2206:
2011:. Macmillan. p. 523.
1394:
1276:
1150:
1042:
577:Economy and administration
556:Fernando, Duke of Braganza
497:Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479)
419:
251:Afonso, Prince of Portugal
6083:also a prince of Braganza
6040:
6017:Luís Filipe, Prince Royal
6009:
5978:
5913:
5877:
5845:
5824:
5808:
5772:
5736:
5704:
5689:Cardinal-Infante Fernando
5669:
5633:
5597:
5545:
5509:
5468:
5432:
5406:
5390:
5369:
5348:
5322:
5296:
5280:
5249:
5198:
5097:
5068:
5007:
4996:
4932:
4882:and was succeeded by the
4871:
4853:
4835:
4791:
4775:
4771:
4757:
4736:Edward, Duke of Guimarães
4721:Ferdinand, Duke of Guarda
4688:
4662:
4658:
4644:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4586:
4552:
4531:
4527:
4513:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4435:
4424:
4410:Ferdinand the Holy Prince
4377:
4361:
4357:
4343:
4293:
4285:
4275:
4266:
4258:
4251:
4241:
4232:
4222:
4213:
4205:
4200:
4165:
3931:McMurdo, Edward (1889b).
3920:McMurdo, Edward (1889a).
3903:Columbia University Press
3887:A New History of Portugal
3604:Pedro, 1 duque de Coimbra
2845:J. Baltalha-Reis (1897).
2128:30 September 2011 at the
1929:Esparza, José J. (2013).
1464:
1456:
1428:
1421:James II, Count of Urgell
1406:
1402:
1366:
1343:
1335:
1307:
1284:
1280:
1242:
1220:
1212:
1184:
1162:
1158:
1122:
1099:
1091:
1063:
1046:
988:
930:
826:often referred to him as
803:
288:
278:
266:
233:
208:
196:
176:
160:
156:
146:
136:
125:
114:
104:
94:
83:
72:
58:
39:
34:
6059:also an infante of Spain
5517:João, Prince of Portugal
4560:John, Prince of Portugal
4482:Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu
4081:Soyer, Francois (2009).
4060:Sanceau, Elaine (1970).
3942:Mira, Manuel S. (1998).
3884:Livermore, H.V. (1976).
3873:Livermore, H.V. (1947).
3865:Harvard University Press
3715:. Taylor & Francis.
3711:Abreu, Laurinda (2016).
3289:Diffie & Winius 1977
3211:Diffie & Winius 1977
3159:. Springer. p. 97.
2981:Diffie & Winius 1977
2969:Diffie & Winius 1977
2921:Diffie & Winius 1977
2851:The Geographical Journal
2147:A. Ballesteros Beretta:
1965:Downey, Kirstin (2014).
1527:
962:Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu
910:Marriage and descendants
629:1484 – Discovery of the
517:
382:Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu
48:Kunsthistorisches Museum
6030:Afonso, Prince of Beira
5780:Pedro, Prince of Brazil
5579:Cardinal-Infante Afonso
4741:Maria, Duchess of Viseu
4726:Cardinal-Infante Afonso
4154:Wyman, Patrick (2021).
3751:Bodian, Mirian (1997).
3609:Encyclopædia Britannica
3592:Encyclopædia Britannica
3531:. Tamesis. p. 55.
2890:. UC Biblioteca Geral 1
2113:29 January 2016 at the
1783:National Gallery of Art
1235:Eleanor of Alburquerque
883:(1992) he is played by
870:(1985) he is played by
784:John died of dropsy at
608:Portuguese explorations
585:John established a new
384:, on 22 January 1471.
5960:Infante Francisco José
5832:José, Prince of Brazil
5744:João, Prince of Brazil
4497:Joan, Queen of Castile
4390:Peter, Duke of Coimbra
3974:Newitt, Malyn (2023).
1585:1755 Lisbon earthquake
1326:Peter, Duke of Coimbra
905:played by Álvaro Monje
828:
720:
688:Junta dos Mathematicos
536:
523:Consolidation of power
476:Isabella and Ferdinand
433:Marquis of Vila Viçosa
401:
364:In 1468, Afonso V and
322:
308:
6138:Knights of the Garter
4369:Philippa of Lancaster
4114:The Story of Portugal
4005:Page, Martin (2002).
3876:A History of Portugal
3859:Duffy, James (1968).
2102:12 March 2012 at the
2026:Dumont, Jean (1993).
1358:Philippa of Lancaster
1177:Ferdinand I of Aragon
1114:Philippa of Lancaster
824:Isabella I of Castile
741:Treaty of Tordesillas
718:
711:Conflict with Castile
657:São Tomé and Príncipe
530:
420:Further information:
395:
167:Saint George's Castle
46:Portrait of John II,
6148:Nobility from Lisbon
5868:Infante Pedro Carlos
5243:Infantes of Portugal
4926:Monarchs of Portugal
4783:Catherine of Austria
4544:Joanna la Beltraneja
4177:Cadet branch of the
4167:John II of Portugal
3626:Ryder, Alan (2007).
3525:McKendrick, Melveena
3062:Mathematics Magazine
1141:Afonso V of Portugal
1082:Edward I of Portugal
867:Christopher Columbus
835:The Italian scholar
798:Monastery of Batalha
781:in September 1495.
768:Succession and death
733:Francisco de Almeida
692:Christopher Columbus
571:Diogo, Duke of Viseu
351:Afonso V of Portugal
283:Afonso V of Portugal
202:Monastery of Batalha
6163:Princes of Portugal
6153:Portuguese infantes
4716:Louis, Duke of Beja
4395:Henry the Navigator
4131:Stuart, Nancy Rubin
3898:History of Portugal
3291:, pp. 172–174.
3225:, pp. 328–329.
2935:, pp. 132–133.
2800:, pp. 143–144.
2644:, pp. 210–211.
2576:, pp. 135–136.
2456:, pp. 211–212.
2340:, pp. 218–219.
2275:, pp. 520–521.
2084:of San Juan's eagle
2036:...But in the left
1835:, pp. 509–510.
1811:, pp. 505–506.
1261:John II of Portugal
849:Alexander the Great
814:Niccolò Machiavelli
729:Treaty of Alcáçovas
604:Henry the Navigator
460:Ferdinand of Aragon
431:nobles, namely the
398:Pastrana Tapestries
374:Isabella of Castile
366:Henry IV of Castile
355:Isabella of Coimbra
331:Portuguese monarchy
323:o Príncipe Perfeito
293:Isabella of Coimbra
258:George of Lencastre
118:10 November 1477 –
18:João II of Portugal
5890:Pedro II of Brazil
4680:Eleanor of Austria
4670:Isabella of Aragon
4296:Prince of Portugal
4269:Prince of Portugal
4253:Portuguese royalty
4109:Stephens, H. Morse
3818:Busk, M.M (1833).
3668:, pp. 125–139
3492:Convento D. Cristo
1939:Fernando of Aragón
1591:or otherwise lost.
1479:Isabella of Aragon
1447:Isabella of Urgell
1299:John I of Portugal
1055:John I of Portugal
954:Prince of Portugal
859:In popular culture
810:the Perfect Prince
721:
540:After his official
537:
454:In March 1476, at
410:Conquest of Arzila
402:
319:the Perfect Prince
129:10 November 1477,
6105:
6104:
5904:Infante Sebastião
5800:Infante Alexandre
5269:House of Braganza
5261:House of Habsburg
5209:
5208:
5099:House of Braganza
5070:House of Habsburg
4934:House of Burgundy
4892:
4891:
4884:House of Habsburg
4880:House of Burgundy
4867:
4866:
4849:
4848:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4539:Isabel of Coimbra
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4461:Eleanor of Aragon
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4304:
4303:
4276:Succeeded by
4242:Succeeded by
4223:Succeeded by
4180:House of Burgundy
4016:978-9-72-461313-0
3955:978-0-96-589270-4
3861:Portuguese Africa
3851:978-0-521-60397-3
3810:978-0-09-131071-4
3785:978-0-86-078142-4
3776:Variorum Reprints
3762:978-0-25-333292-9
3743:978-0-521-83004-1
3645:978-0-19-920736-7
3453:, pp. 40–43.
3426:, pp. 37–38.
3378:, pp. 93–94.
3193:978-1-137-08059-2
3166:978-1-349-12573-9
3117:, pp. 68–70.
2788:, pp. 34–35.
2552:, pp. 14–18.
1988:Duarte de Almeida
1883:, pp. 45–47.
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1385:Isabel of Coimbra
1203:Eleanor of Aragon
1019:
1018:
899:In the TV series
864:In the TV series
757:Catholic Monarchs
705:Catholic Monarchs
701:Cape of Good Hope
642:Cape of Good Hope
624:São Jorge da Mina
564:House of Braganza
560:Catholic Monarchs
298:
297:
76:28 August 1481 –
16:(Redirected from
6175:
6099:claimant infante
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
5939:Infante Fernando
5460:Infante Fernando
5236:
5229:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5168:
5137:
5002:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4855:
4854:
4837:
4836:
4773:
4772:
4759:
4758:
4660:
4659:
4646:
4645:
4612:Eleanor of Viseu
4602:
4601:
4588:
4587:
4529:
4528:
4515:
4514:
4451:
4450:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4359:
4358:
4345:
4344:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4286:Preceded by
4259:Preceded by
4235:King of Portugal
4216:King of Portugal
4206:Preceded by
4196:
4189:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4150:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4104:
4102:
4077:
4056:
4054:
4042:
4031:
4020:
4001:
3992:
3979:
3970:
3959:
3938:
3927:
3916:
3891:
3880:
3868:
3855:
3834:
3825:
3814:
3789:
3766:
3747:
3726:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3650:
3649:
3633:
3623:
3612:
3601:
3595:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2436:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2204:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2138:
2132:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
966:King of Portugal
914:
913:
885:Mathieu Carrière
831:
794:Silves Cathedral
747:Religious policy
541:
464:Cardinal Mendoza
412:in August 1471.
378:Eleanor of Viseu
327:King of Portugal
316:
314:[ʒuˈɐ̃w]
244:
227:
225:
215:Eleanor of Viseu
183:
121:
120:14 November 1477
87:31 August 1481,
79:
60:King of Portugal
44:
32:
31:
21:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6070:
6062:
6054:
6046:
6036:
6010:24th generation
6005:
5979:23rd generation
5974:
5914:22nd generation
5909:
5878:21st generation
5873:
5846:20th generation
5841:
5825:19th generation
5820:
5809:18th generation
5804:
5773:17th generation
5768:
5759:Infante António
5737:16th generation
5732:
5705:15th generation
5700:
5670:14th generation
5665:
5634:13th generation
5629:
5598:12th generation
5593:
5546:11th generation
5541:
5510:10th generation
5505:
5464:
5428:
5402:
5386:
5365:
5344:
5318:
5292:
5276:
5245:
5240:
5210:
5205:
5194:
5166:
5135:
5093:
5064:
5003:
4994:
4928:
4923:
4893:
4888:
4863:
4845:
4823:
4787:
4767:
4745:
4684:
4675:Maria of Aragon
4654:
4632:
4616:
4596:
4574:
4548:
4523:
4501:
4465:
4445:
4431:
4414:
4373:
4353:
4339:
4334:
4299:
4291:
4281:
4272:
4264:
4247:
4238:
4228:
4219:
4211:
4195:25 October 1495
4190:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4168:
4147:
4120:
4118:
4074:
4052:
4017:
3956:
3913:
3852:
3811:
3786:
3763:
3744:
3723:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3688:. Gale Research
3680:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3653:
3646:
3624:
3615:
3602:
3598:
3585:
3578:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:, pp. 1–2.
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3194:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3074:10.2307/2691445
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2863:10.2307/1773506
2843:
2839:
2824:10.2307/2507557
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2702:Birmingham 2003
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2469:. Newadvent.org
2465:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:Wayback Machine
2115:Wayback Machine
2104:Wayback Machine
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2024:
2020:
2000:
1996:
1963:
1959:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1683:, p. 1040.
1679:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:, p. 1041.
1629:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1024:
1013:Duke of Coimbra
992:Ana de Mendonça
934:Leonor of Viseu
912:
893:Civilization IV
861:
806:
770:
749:
713:
697:Bartolomeu Dias
672:Pêro da Covilhã
668:Afonso de Paiva
646:Bartolomeu Dias
596:
579:
539:
533:Livro dos Copos
525:
520:
484:
428:
418:
390:
388:Early campaigns
347:
262:
256:
238:
237:
229:
226: 1470)
221:
217:
204:
185:
181:
180:25 October 1495
165:
119:
78:25 October 1495
77:
68:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6181:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6103:
6102:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6026:
6020:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5901:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5790:Infante Carlos
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5695:Infante Alonso
5692:
5686:
5683:Infante Carlos
5680:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5469:9th generation
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5433:8th generation
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5407:7th generation
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5391:6th generation
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5370:5th generation
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5349:4th generation
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5323:3rd generation
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5297:2nd generation
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5281:1st generation
5278:
5277:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5005:
5004:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4930:
4929:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4525:
4524:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4446:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4355:
4354:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:Regnal titles
4198:
4197:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4151:
4145:
4127:
4105:
4078:
4072:
4057:
4043:
4032:
4021:
4015:
4002:
3993:
3980:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3939:
3928:
3917:
3911:
3892:
3881:
3870:
3856:
3850:
3835:
3826:
3815:
3809:
3790:
3784:
3767:
3761:
3748:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3670:
3651:
3644:
3613:
3596:
3576:
3547:
3537:
3516:
3504:
3479:
3477:, p. 170.
3467:
3455:
3443:
3441:, p. 132.
3439:Livermore 1976
3428:
3416:
3414:, p. 154.
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3366:, p. 137.
3356:
3344:
3342:, p. 211.
3332:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3279:, p. 131.
3277:Livermore 1976
3266:
3264:, p. 335.
3251:
3239:
3237:, p. 222.
3227:
3215:
3213:, p. 171.
3203:
3192:
3172:
3165:
3143:
3141:, p. 256.
3131:
3129:, p. 255.
3119:
3107:
3095:
3048:
3036:
3034:, p. 236.
3024:
3022:, p. 220.
3012:
3000:
2998:, p. 129.
2996:Livermore 1976
2985:
2983:, p. 160.
2973:
2971:, p. 155.
2961:
2959:, p. 219.
2949:
2937:
2925:
2923:, p. 154.
2913:
2901:
2876:
2857:(2): 185–210.
2837:
2818:(3): 311–338.
2802:
2790:
2778:
2776:, p. 158.
2766:
2754:
2752:, p. 218.
2742:
2730:
2718:
2716:, p. 187.
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2631:
2629:, p. 130.
2619:
2607:
2605:, p. 125.
2603:Livermore 1976
2595:
2593:, p. 136.
2578:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2540:, p. 162.
2525:
2523:, p. 135.
2508:
2496:
2480:
2458:
2454:Livermore 1947
2443:
2441:, p. 134.
2426:
2414:
2412:, p. 211.
2410:Livermore 1947
2402:
2400:, p. 159.
2390:
2378:
2376:, p. 528.
2366:
2364:, p. 125.
2354:
2352:, p. 126.
2342:
2330:
2328:, p. 209.
2313:
2311:, p. 523.
2301:
2299:, p. 522.
2289:
2277:
2265:
2263:, p. 516.
2253:
2241:
2239:, p. 147.
2229:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2044:
2018:
1994:
1983:King Ferdinand
1975:Battle of Toro
1957:
1947:Ciudad Rodrigo
1921:
1919:, p. 511.
1909:
1907:, p. 145.
1897:
1895:, p. 142.
1885:
1873:
1871:, p. 137.
1861:
1859:, p. 136.
1849:
1847:, p. 510.
1837:
1825:
1823:, p. 208.
1813:
1801:
1799:, p. 127.
1789:
1769:
1757:
1755:, p. 509.
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1707:, p. 500.
1697:
1685:
1662:
1660:, p. 499.
1647:
1635:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1589:Peninsular War
1572:
1563:
1554:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1005:21 August 1481
1003:
997:
996:
986:
985:
982:
979:
976:
970:
969:
951:
948:
945:
943:Infante Afonso
939:
938:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
911:
908:
907:
906:
897:
890:He appears in
888:
875:
860:
857:
845:
844:
805:
802:
769:
766:
748:
745:
712:
709:
684:
683:
664:
661:Álvaro Caminha
653:
638:
627:
595:
592:
578:
575:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:on 31 August.
501:Canary Islands
483:
480:
472:Battle of Toro
426:Battle of Toro
417:
414:
389:
386:
346:
343:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
270:
264:
263:
261:
260:
253:
247:
245:
231:
230:
219:
213:
212:
210:
206:
205:
200:
198:
194:
193:
184:(aged 40)
178:
174:
173:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
127:
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
62:
56:
55:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6180:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6133:House of Aviz
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6100:
6092:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6060:
6052:
6044:
6039:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5257:House of Aviz
5254:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:House of Aviz
5006:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:House of Aviz
4331:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4172:House of Aviz
4164:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4146:0-312-05878-0
4142:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4073:0-2080096-8-X
4069:
4065:
4064:
4058:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3989:History Today
3986:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3912:0-231-08353-X
3908:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3722:9781317020899
3718:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:Stephens 1891
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3574:
3570:
3569:Teófilo Braga
3564:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3544:
3540:
3538:9781855660694
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3514:, p. 50.
3513:
3512:McMurdo 1889b
3508:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3475:Stephens 1891
3471:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3451:McMurdo 1889b
3447:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3424:McMurdo 1889b
3420:
3413:
3408:
3402:, p. 95.
3401:
3396:
3390:, p. 97.
3389:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3354:, p. 84.
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3330:, p. 53.
3329:
3328:McMurdo 1889b
3324:
3322:
3315:, p. 80.
3314:
3309:
3303:, p. 79.
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3249:, p. 47.
3248:
3247:McMurdo 1889b
3243:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3105:, p. 33.
3104:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3046:, p. 69.
3045:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3010:, p. 33.
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2947:, p. 27.
2946:
2945:McMurdo 1889b
2941:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2911:, p. 26.
2910:
2909:McMurdo 1889b
2905:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2774:Stephens 1891
2770:
2764:, p. 25.
2763:
2762:McMurdo 1889b
2758:
2751:
2746:
2740:, p. 29.
2739:
2734:
2728:, p. 28.
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2704:, p. 29.
2703:
2698:
2692:, p. 35.
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2668:, p. 34.
2667:
2662:
2656:, p. 32.
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2617:, p. 32.
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2564:, p. 80.
2563:
2558:
2551:
2550:McMurdo 1889b
2546:
2539:
2538:Stephens 1891
2534:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2504:McMurdo 1889b
2500:
2493:
2489:
2488:McMurdo 1889b
2484:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2424:, p. 31.
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2398:Stephens 1891
2394:
2387:
2386:McMurdo 1889b
2382:
2375:
2374:McMurdo 1889a
2370:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:McMurdo 1889a
2305:
2298:
2297:McMurdo 1889a
2293:
2287:, p. 76.
2286:
2281:
2274:
2273:McMurdo 1889a
2269:
2262:
2261:McMurdo 1889a
2257:
2251:, p. 58.
2250:
2249:Sabugosa 1921
2245:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1917:McMurdo 1889a
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1881:Sabugosa 1921
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1845:McMurdo 1889a
1841:
1834:
1833:McMurdo 1889a
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1809:McMurdo 1889a
1805:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1767:, p. 43.
1766:
1765:Sabugosa 1921
1761:
1754:
1753:McMurdo 1889a
1749:
1743:, p. 71.
1742:
1737:
1731:, p. 70.
1730:
1725:
1719:, p. 60.
1718:
1713:
1706:
1705:McMurdo 1889a
1701:
1695:, p. 48.
1694:
1693:McMurdo 1889b
1689:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:McMurdo 1889a
1654:
1652:
1645:, p. 60.
1644:
1643:Sabugosa 1921
1639:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1623:
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1597:
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1576:
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1558:
1551:
1548:The couple's
1545:
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895:
894:
889:
886:
882:
881:
876:
873:
872:Max von Sydow
869:
868:
863:
862:
856:
854:
853:Julius Caesar
850:
842:
841:
840:
838:
833:
830:
825:
821:
820:
815:
811:
808:The nickname
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
774:Prince Afonso
765:
763:
758:
753:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
717:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
689:
681:
677:
674:to India and
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
625:
621:
620:
619:
617:
613:
612:Martin Behaim
609:
605:
601:
591:
588:
583:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
545:
534:
529:
515:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
492:
489:
482:De facto rule
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
446:
441:
436:
434:
427:
423:
413:
411:
407:
399:
394:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
359:three estates
356:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:(Portuguese:
320:
315:
310:
306:
302:
294:
291:
287:
284:
281:
277:
274:
271:
269:
265:
259:
255:Illegitimate:
254:
252:
249:
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246:
243:
242:
236:
232:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
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100:
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90:
86:
82:
75:
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66:
61:
57:
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38:
33:
30:
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5966:
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5521:
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5170:Ferdinand II
5058:
5032:
4988:
4592:
4569:
4294:
4267:
4233:
4214:
4192:
4188:3 March 1455
4185:
4178:
4170:
4155:
4135:
4119:. Retrieved
4113:
4090:
4086:
4062:
4048:
4037:
4026:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3975:
3965:
3944:
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3922:
3897:
3886:
3875:
3860:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3795:
3771:
3752:
3732:
3712:
3690:. Retrieved
3685:
3629:
3607:
3599:
3590:
3572:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3528:
3519:
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:
3482:
3470:
3463:Sanceau 1970
3458:
3446:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3340:Marques 1976
3335:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3242:
3235:Marques 1976
3230:
3218:
3206:
3197:
3182:
3175:
3156:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3115:Morison 1942
3110:
3098:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3044:Morison 1942
3039:
3027:
3020:Marques 1976
3015:
3003:
2976:
2964:
2957:Marques 1976
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2886:
2879:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2750:Marques 1976
2745:
2733:
2721:
2714:Marques 1976
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2654:Morison 1942
2649:
2642:Marques 1976
2622:
2610:
2598:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2506:, p. 6.
2499:
2492:corregedores
2491:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2461:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2388:, p. 1.
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2338:Marques 1976
2333:
2326:Marques 1976
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2185:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2136:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2007:
2003:Bury, John B
1997:
1978:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1821:Marques 1976
1816:
1804:
1792:
1781:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1741:Plunket 1915
1736:
1729:Plunket 1915
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1638:
1596:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1544:
1535:
1260:
1008:22 July 1550
995:(c. 1460-?)
989:
950:13 July 1491
931:
900:
891:
878:
877:In the film
865:
846:
834:
817:
809:
807:
783:
771:
754:
750:
725:first voyage
722:
687:
685:
680:Prester John
597:
584:
580:
568:
553:
538:
532:
509:
493:
485:
468:Duke of Alba
453:
449:
437:
429:
403:
363:
348:
318:
300:
299:
239:
182:(1495-10-25)
29:
6123:1495 deaths
6118:1455 births
5641:Sebastião I
5101:(1640–1910)
5072:(1581–1640)
5048:Sebastian I
5011:(1385–1580)
4983:Ferdinand I
4936:(1139–1383)
4862:(1578–1580)
4844:(1557–1578)
4842:Sebastião I
4766:(1521–1557)
4653:(1495–1521)
4595:(1481–1495)
4522:(1438–1481)
4444:(1433–1438)
4352:(1385–1433)
3364:Disney 2009
3262:Stuart 1991
3223:Stuart 1991
3153:"Diogo Cão"
3139:Stuart 1991
3127:Stuart 1991
3032:Stuart 1991
2933:Newitt 2023
2894:17 November
2690:Opello 1985
2627:Newitt 2023
2615:Opello 1985
2591:Disney 2009
2574:Disney 2009
2521:Disney 2009
2439:Disney 2009
2422:Opello 1985
2362:Newitt 2023
2350:Newitt 2023
2237:Stuart 1991
2193:Aljubarrota
1979:Prince João
1905:Stuart 1991
1893:Stuart 1991
1869:Stuart 1991
1857:Stuart 1991
1797:Newitt 2023
1717:Stuart 1991
947:18 May 1475
832:(The Man).
737:Tordesillas
659:islands by
631:Congo River
616:spice trade
594:Exploration
549:corregedors
335:exploration
137:Predecessor
126:Acclamation
95:Predecessor
84:Acclamation
6112:Categories
5677:Filipe III
5414:Fernando I
5335:Afonso III
5267:, and the
5089:Philip III
4989:Beatrice I
4963:Afonso III
4860:Henrique I
4731:Henrique I
4300:1477–1481
4273:1455–1477
4239:1481–1495
3801:Hutchinson
3799:. London:
3400:Soyer 2009
3388:Soyer 2009
3376:Soyer 2009
3352:Soyer 2009
3313:Soyer 2009
3301:Soyer 2009
3103:Wyman 2021
3068:(4): 224.
3008:Boxer 1969
2786:Boxer 1969
2738:Abreu 2016
2726:Abreu 2016
2678:Wyman 2021
2666:Wyman 2021
2095:, revista
1951:Valladolid
1608:References
819:The Prince
800:in 1499.
755:After the
650:Mossel Bay
345:Early life
341:and Asia.
305:Portuguese
164:3 May 1455
6023:Manuel II
5795:Pedro III
5723:Afonso VI
5652:Filipe II
5377:Afonso IV
5330:Sancho II
5304:Afonso II
5190:Manuel II
5139:Peter III
5113:Afonso VI
5084:Philip II
5059:Anthony I
4973:Afonso IV
4958:Sancho II
4953:Afonso II
4776:Spouse(s)
4663:Spouse(s)
4605:Spouse(s)
4532:Spouse(s)
4492:Catherine
4454:Spouse(s)
4362:Spouse(s)
4093:: 75–99.
3412:Mira 1998
3082:0025-570X
2798:Mira 1998
2562:Busk 1833
2473:26 August
2285:Busk 1833
2123:0210-6310
2108:pp. 55–70
1613:Citations
1550:first son
974:Stillborn
960:, son of
837:Poliziano
829:El Hombre
635:Diogo Cão
147:Successor
105:Successor
5986:Carlos I
5863:Miguel I
5728:Pedro II
5564:João III
5537:Manuel I
5476:Afonso V
5440:Duarte I
5288:Sancho I
5271:through
5263:through
5253:Afonso I
5185:Carlos I
5164:Maria II
5159:Miguel I
5154:Maria II
5149:Peter IV
5128:Joseph I
5118:Peter II
5079:Philip I
5043:John III
5038:Manuel I
5028:Afonso V
5023:Edward I
4948:Sancho I
4943:Afonso I
4792:Children
4764:João III
4701:João III
4689:Children
4651:Manuel I
4621:Children
4553:Children
4520:Afonso V
4477:Afonso V
4470:Children
4442:Duarte I
4385:Duarte I
4378:Children
4245:Manuel I
4226:Afonso V
4209:Afonso V
4133:(1991).
4121:14 March
4111:(1891).
3527:(2000).
2165:Ejército
2126:Archived
2111:Archived
2100:Archived
2005:(1959).
1022:Ancestry
816:'s work
790:Manuel I
762:São Tomé
676:Ethiopia
600:Atlantic
505:Isabella
488:Louis XI
466:and the
440:Palencia
171:Portugal
151:Afonso V
141:Afonso V
131:Santarém
109:Manuel I
99:Afonso V
5921:Pedro V
5837:João VI
5522:João II
5398:Pedro I
5356:Dinis I
5202:italics
5175:Peter V
5144:John VI
5133:Maria I
5108:John IV
5053:Henry I
5033:John II
4978:Peter I
4968:Denis I
4593:João II
4570:João II
4087:Sefarad
3705:Sources
3692:11 July
3606:at the
3589:at the
3497:23 June
3090:2691445
2871:1773506
2832:2507557
2097:Toletum
1581:Castile
325:), was
309:João II
301:John II
228:
220:
191:Algarve
65:more...
35:John II
5927:Luís I
5785:José I
5749:João V
5259:, the
5180:Luís I
5123:John V
5018:John I
4565:Joanna
4350:João I
4289:Afonso
4279:Afonso
4262:Joanna
4191:
4143:
4070:
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3952:
3909:
3848:
3807:
3782:
3759:
3740:
3719:
3642:
3535:
3190:
3163:
3088:
3080:
2869:
2830:
1943:Zamora
1116:(= 13)
1057:(= 12)
926:Notes
902:Isabel
804:Legacy
606:. The
544:Cortes
512:Sintra
445:Afonso
370:Joanna
339:Africa
289:Mother
279:Father
241:Detail
209:Spouse
197:Burial
89:Sintra
52:Vienna
4875:Notes
4220:1477
4193:Died:
4186:Born:
4053:(PDF)
3565:–417.
3086:JSTOR
2867:JSTOR
2828:JSTOR
2030:[
1528:Notes
1360:(= 9)
1301:(= 8)
1001:Jorge
923:Death
920:Birth
786:Alvor
778:Jorge
587:court
518:Reign
268:House
235:Issue
222:(
218:
187:Alvor
115:Reign
73:Reign
5816:None
5167:with
5136:with
4141:ISBN
4123:2024
4068:ISBN
4011:ISBN
3950:ISBN
3907:ISBN
3846:ISBN
3805:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3757:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3717:ISBN
3694:2018
3640:ISBN
3533:ISBN
3499:2024
3188:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3078:ISSN
2896:2010
2475:2014
2119:ISSN
2014:him.
1949:and
1477:15.
1419:14.
1356:13.
1297:12.
1233:11.
1175:10.
981:1483
978:1483
917:Name
670:and
456:Toro
424:and
353:and
273:Aviz
177:Died
161:Born
4095:doi
3636:152
3563:415
3070:doi
2859:doi
2820:doi
2223:in
2217:In
2157:In
2089:in
1445:7.
1383:3.
1324:6.
1259:1.
1201:5.
1139:2.
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1080:4.
1053:8.
990:By
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633:by
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