851:). In 1452, he added an additional 50,000 soldiers and created ten training units. He also restructured the command system of the capital garrison. Initially, command was divided between generals and eunuchs, with each of the three army camps (for infantry, cavalry, and firearms) operating independently under its own field commander. However, there was little coordination between detachments from different camps. Yu Qian placed each camp under one field commander and the entire garrison under the field marshal. He also removed the eunuchs from their supervisory role, resulting in a unified command and a greater involvement of the capital generals in managing the training camps. This new arrangement of the drill camps was unique among the various Ming command systems, as the generals in charge of training also commanded the same soldiers in battle.
1009:; 1393–1458). They saw an opportunity when the emperor fell ill at the end of 1456, causing him to cancel audiences and New Year ceremonies in 1457. The request for the appointment of a successor went unanswered, and the court was filled with anxiety as they prepared for the emperor's death. On the morning of 11 February 1457, the conspirators forcefully removed Emperor Yingzong from his residence and placed him on the throne, surprising officials who had come for the morning audience. Yingzong wasted no time in making changes to the government, promoting the conspirators and dismissing officials from the previous regime. Some supporters of the Jingtai regime, including Yu Qian, Wang Wen, and three high-ranking eunuchs, were killed.
826:. Jin Ying held significant influence in the 1430s, but eventually lost power to Wang Zhen. During the Jingtai Emperor's reign, he was appointed as head of the Directorate of Ceremonial, but was later imprisoned in 1450 for backing the return of Emperor Yingzong. Xing An then took over as head of the eunuchs and played a crucial role in negotiating the return of Emperor Yingzong and the exchange of the crown prince in 1452. Two other eunuch generals, Cao Jixiang and Liu Yongcheng, were instrumental in the military reform of 1453. However, prominent officials such as Grand Secretaries Chen Xun (
701:, petitioned the Empress dowager to install Zhu Qiyu as the new emperor. This was done in order to stabilize the government and improve relations with the Mongols by reducing the influence of the captured Emperor Yingzong. As the only adult relative of the captured emperor, Zhu Qiyu was seen as a natural choice. Initially, Zhu Qiyu rejected the proposal, but those around him saw this as a formality and he eventually accepted. On 17 (or possibly 22 or 23) September, he ascended the throne as the Jingtai Emperor. He also declared his brother as
567:, the Ming army was defeated and the emperor was taken captive. This event caused shock and concern throughout the government and the country. In response, the court eventually elevated the emperor's brother, Zhu Qiyu, who had taken charge of government affairs during the campaign, to the throne. The former emperor, who had formed a positive relationship with Esen, was released in 1450 but did not regain his position. He was instead placed under house arrest in the Southern Palace of the
2210:
736:
954:, and Zhejiang in the years 1453–56. Throughout the 1450s, there were armed conflicts in Guangdong, where the authorities mobilized loyal tribes against the rebels. Non-Han Chinese groups generally rebelled against the Ming government, while Han Chinese miners and landless individuals in the peripheral regions of the provinces remained relatively calm.
589:
However, after ruling for eight years, the emperor fell ill and his death was imminent in early 1457. He had not designated an heir, as his son and crown prince had died in the fourth year of his reign under unclear circumstances, possibly due to poisoning. Taking advantage of this situation, Emperor
978:
One ongoing political issue during
Jingtai's reign was the situation of Emperor Yingzong and the matter of who would succeed him. Despite being isolated, Emperor Yingzong still had allies within the government, including Minister of Rites Hu Ying. Typically, the emperor's adversaries would have been
833:
Despite having a stable personnel, the ruling group was not free from controversy. In 1451–1452, Yu Qian, the most influential figure in
Beijing, had a heated conflict with Shi Heng over the abuse of power and corruption by Shi Heng and his family. The emperor was unable to resolve the dispute until
982:
The crown prince had been the eldest son of
Emperor Yingzong since 1449. However, the emperor eventually decided to reserve the throne for his own descendants. Through a combination of bribery and intimidation, he was able to gain enough support for his plan. On 20 May 1452, despite opposition from
925:
Traditional history portrays the 1450s as a time of intense competition between two imperial brothers, but
Marxist historians emphasize the presence of class conflicts. The population was consistently dissatisfied, leading to rebellions and keeping the army occupied for much of the decade. By 1452,
751:
To some extent, the
Jingtai Emperor's regime followed the tradition of the "Three Yangs" who ruled the empire from the mid-1420s to the early 1440s. This continuity was embodied by Wang Zhi, who held the position of Minister of Personnel from 1443 to 1457. During the 1440s, Wang Zhi was a constant
894:
In 1453, the ban on using coins for trade was lifted. From the mid-1450s, illegal private coins from
Jiangnan began to dominate the markets in Beijing, replacing the old Yongle coins. Although there were some proposals to address this problem by resuming state production, they were disregarded,
747:
Traditional historians often praise the rule of the
Jingtai Emperor, particularly when compared to the corrupt and inept eunuchs who had controlled the government in the previous decade. However, it is important to note that power did not completely transfer from eunuchs to officials during his
712:
After their triumph at Tumu, the
Mongols did not immediately launch an attack on Beijing, even though they likely would have been successful. Instead, they hesitated and allowed the Ming dynasty two months to recuperate from their defeat. During this time, the new Minister of War, Yu Qian, took
721:
The
Jingtai Emperor's government refused all of Esen's attempts to pay for the release of the captured emperor and insisted on his unconditional return. The imprisoned emperor became a burden to the Mongols, so they eventually released him without any conditions. The Jingtai Emperor lacked the
1002:; d. 1455), a censor, suggested reinstating Emperor Yingzong's eldest son, but they were imprisoned for their suggestion. Zhong Tong and others were even flogged to death. This event sparked the ambition of courtiers and government officials to conspire in favor of Emperor Yingzong.
768:. Wang Ao remained Minister of Personnel until his death in 1467 at the age of 73. The widely respected Ministers of Personnel, along with their careful selection of capable officials, contributed to a high level of administration in the third quarter of the fifteenth century.
922:, presented a plan to rebuild the levees and canals. With a workforce of 58,000, he completed complex repairs to the dams and excavated hundreds of kilometers of canals within two years. His work successfully withstood the great flood of 1456 and remained in use for decades.
636:) as an adult. He was naturally shy, weak, and indecisive, and had no desire for power. He had a close relationship with his brother, which may have been the reason he remained in the capital, even though he was old enough to move to Wenshang in the latter half of the 1440s.
717:
and effectively became the leader of the government even before the new emperor was appointed. The
Mongols did not approach the city until 27 October, but after four days of siege, they abandoned their efforts when they realized they had no chance of victory.
1683:; 1439–1489), a Hanlin academic who also taught at the palace school for selected eunuchs, was the first person to claim that the Jingtai Emperor was murdered. According to his personal records, the emperor was strangled to death by the eunuch Jiang An (
722:
confidence to keep his brother free, so he confined him to the Southern Palace and cut off any contact with government officials. His fear of his brother's influence dominated the rest of his reign and influenced a cautious approach towards the Mongols.
1017:, 'Rebel') and was buried outside the imperial mausoleums at Yuchuanshan. Some officials suggested abolishing his era name, similar to the abolishment of the Jianwen era, but Emperor Yingzong did not agree. It wasn't until 1475, during the reign of the
957:
Overall, the reign of the Jingtai Emperor was marked by successful reforms and the restoration of stability, thanks to the efforts of capable ministers. In the field of culture, the Jingtai era is known for the advancement of wire enamel
854:
After 1449, the practice of hiring soldiers for wages from the peasant and urban population became more widespread due to the shortage of men and the inefficiency of many hereditary soldiers. These hired soldiers were referred to as
890:
were greatly affected by heavy rains and cold weather. The drought of 1455 was followed by summer rains in 1456 in northern China. The state treasury was depleted due to providing aid to the population and dealing with tax arrears.
678:
On 4 August, Emperor Yingzong led his army into battle. Despite a month-long campaign, they achieved no results. However, on their return journey, the imperial army was unexpectedly attacked by the Mongols on 1 September at the
1670:, also conferred by the Prince of Fu, but not recorded in most history books. "Dai" (代) means "proxy", in reference to the Jingtai Emperor being a regent emperor only, as his brother had been taken prisoner by the Mongols.
1012:
The Jingtai Emperor was demoted to the Prince of Cheng and never fully recovered from his illness. He died on 14 March 1457. There is speculation that he may have been murdered. He was given the posthumous name Li
621:, who ruled the Ming dynasty from 1425 to 1435. When the Xuande Emperor died in 1435, his eldest son, Emperor Yingzong, became the new ruler of the Ming dynasty and created Zhu Qiyu as the Prince of Cheng.
842:
In 1451, once the immediate danger had passed, Yu Qian initiated military reform. He handpicked 100,000 soldiers from the remaining troops in the Beijing area and divided them into five training divisions
690:, the mother of Emperor Yingzong, Zhu Qiyu assumed control of the government on 4 September. However, the empress dowager made it clear that his authority was temporary and on 6 September, she named
659:
On 3 August, Zhu Qiyu was appointed as the provisional administrator of Beijing. He was accompanied by aides who represented the most influential power groups. Prince Consort Commander Jiao Jing (
644:
In the summer of 1449, there was growing unrest along the northern border of the Ming dynasty. In late July, reports reached Beijing that the Mongols, under the leadership of their de facto ruler
2618:
752:
opponent of Wang Zhen, but after 1449, he began to cooperate with Yu Qian. From 1451 to 1453, he was assisted in his duties by co-minister He Wenyuan, who was later replaced by
942:, the non-Han Chinese population (including Miao and Yao tribes) grew unchecked until Wang Ao forcefully suppressed them in 1452–1453. In 1450–52, the Miao and Yao rebelled in
37:
983:
the grand secretaries and other officials, he created his current successor as the Prince of Yi and his son Zhu Jianji as the new crown prince. On the same day,
709:, 'Emperor Emeritus'), a title that was higher in rank but only honorary. Only one official objected to the new emperor's accession and was punished with death.
667:, the head of the Directorate of Ceremonial and the highest-ranking eunuch in the absence of Wang Zhen, led the palace eunuchs. Minister of Personnel, Wang Zhi (
2125:
Twitchett, Denis C; Grimm, Tilemann (1988). "The Cheng-t'ung, Ching-t'ai, and T'ien-shun reigns, 1436—1464". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis C (eds.).
652:
as part of a massive invasion. Emperor Yingzong made the decision to personally lead the campaign against the Mongols, with the support of his trusted advisor
2108:
The Care-taker Emperor : Aspects of the Imperial Institution in Fifteenth-century China as Reflected in the Political History of the Reign of Chu Chʾi-yü
683:. The Mongols were able to defeat and scatter the imperial army. Numerous high-ranking commanders were killed, and Emperor Yingzong himself was captured.
2182:
Faure, David (2006). "The Yao Wars in the Mid-Ming and their Impact on Yao Ethnicity". In Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S (eds.).
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Zhu Jianji died in 1453 and his mother in 1456. As the emperor had no other son, a new crown prince was not chosen. Some officials, including Zhang Lun (
664:
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reign. Eunuchs still held a considerable amount of influence. Instead, after 1449, both eunuchs and officials collaborated to revitalize the country.
2582:
2614:
910:. Despite attempts to fix the issue and repairs carried out from 1449 to 1452, they were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1453, Xu Youzhen (
771:
The ministers of the Jingtai Emperor typically held their positions for extended periods of time. The ministers of Revenue, Jin Lian (
2353:
552:
of his reign, means "exalted view". He was overthrown in a palace coup led by Yingzong in February 1457, and died a month later.
2652:
979:
forced to resign, but the Jingtai Emperor was hesitant to address these issues and allowed them to remain in their positions.
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2598:
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Yingzong seized control of the government in February 1457 through a palace coup. The Jingtai Emperor died a month later.
2558:
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After the severe floods and changes in its course in 1448, the government took urgent action to regulate the
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787:), all served throughout his reign. The leadership of the Censorate (in the years 1445–1454, Chen Yi (
1645:
restored his imperial title in 1476 and changed his posthumous name to Emperor Gongren Kangding Jing.
1218:
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2403:
2321:
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874:
After Emperor Yingzong regained power in 1457, Yu Qian was executed and his reforms were reversed.
541:
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2610:
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2602:
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2144:
Hucker, Charles O (1988). "Ming government". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis C (eds.).
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586:'s dam system, resulting in economic prosperity and a bolstering of the country's strength.
2642:
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906:. However, these changes in the river's flow caused problems with the water supply for the
886:
experienced a famine, and from 1452 to 1454, the provinces in northern China and the lower
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903:
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The plot was orchestrated by Shi Heng, Cao Jixiang, Xu Youzhen, and Zhang Yue (
618:
568:
400:
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578:, worked to restore the country's infrastructure. This included repairing the
574:
During his reign, the Jingtai Emperor, with the support of prominent minister
2631:
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2489:
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2444:
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1641:– "the Rebellious", "the Violent") when he died in 1457; however, his nephew
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Some of the Jingtai Emperor's key supporters were the eunuchs Jin Ying and
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Yu Qian fell ill in 1454–1455, causing him to lose much of his influence.
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The Cambridge History of China 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368 — 1644, Part II
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was removed from her position and replaced by the mother of the heir,
895:
resulting in the spread of illegal mints through unofficial networks.
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761:
617:
Zhu Qiyu was born on 11 September 1428. He was the second son of the
931:
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697:
On 15 September, high-ranking civil and military officials, led by
625:
2165:
Fountain of Fortune: money and monetary policy in China, 1000–1700
559:, personally led the army to battle against the Mongolian army of
2186:. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press.
2000:
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756:. Yu Qian supported Wang Ao's rise, and he successfully defended
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He was one of two Ming emperors who was not buried in either the
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973:
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2039:
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624:
As the Prince of Cheng, Zhu Qiyu was said to have lived in
1786:
1724:
735:
36:
743:, the most important minister of the Jingtai's government
555:
In 1449, Emperor Yingzong, upon the suggestion of eunuch
2167:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
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504:(21 September 1428 – 14 March 1457), also known by his
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41:Posthumous illustration of the Jingtai Emperor,
2087:Goodrich, L. Carington; Fang, Chaoying (1976).
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1104:; 28 March 1445 – 21 March 1453), first son
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2340:
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962:) decoration, which is now referred to as
807:)), as well as army commanders (Shi Heng (
283:): 14 January 1450 – 14 February 1457
2162:
2148:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2129:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1982:
974:Succession problems, deposition and death
544:, who had been captured by the Mongols. "
734:
656:and a number of generals and officials.
2091:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2089:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644
970:; meaning 'blue Jingtai') in Chinese.
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60:22 September 1449 – 24 February 1457
1714:"Jingtai | emperor of Ming dynasty"
1573:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
1098:Zhu Jianji, Crown Prince Huaixian (
135:Xuande 3, 13th day of the 8th month
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1074:) in 1469, and had issue (one son)
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237:Zhu Jianji, Crown Prince Huaixian
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113:8 March 1435 – 22 September 1449
90:(Tianshun Emperor, second reign)
80:(Zhengtong Emperor, first reign)
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2583:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
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725:
2648:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
2363:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
2070:Twitchett & Grimm (1988)
2034:Twitchett & Grimm (1988)
2007:Twitchett & Grimm (1988)
1995:Twitchett & Grimm (1988)
1971:Twitchett & Grimm (1988)
1954:Twitchett & Grimm (1988)
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1867:Twitchett & Grimm (1988)
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121:24 February – 14 March 1457
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1935:Goodrich & Fang (1976)
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218:(died 1456)
565:Battle of Tumu Fortress
510:Emperor Daizong of Ming
271:Era name and dates
2273:Merged into the Crown
775:); of Rites, Hu Ying (
744:
411:Empress Dowager Xiaoyi
2106:Heer, Ph. de (1986).
1608:Empress Xiaogongzhang
1304:Empress Chengxiaozhao
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738:
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2217:at Wikimedia Commons
1089:, of the Hang clan (
1050:, of the Wang clan (
1048:Empress Xiaoyuanjing
522:Emperor Jing of Ming
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188:Empress Xiaoyuanjing
2302:(Zhengtong Emperor)
2009:, pp. 335–336.
1937:, pp. 295–296.
1068:Married Wang Xian (
1042:Consorts and Issue:
791:), then Yang Shan (
760:, as well as later
688:Empress Dowager Sun
536:), was the seventh
2325:(Tianshun Emperor)
1219:Empress Renxiaowen
904:Shandong Peninsula
745:
715:Defense of Beijing
603:Xiaoling Mausoleum
563:. However, in the
320:) (changed by the
296:Prince Li of Cheng
2625:
2624:
2330:
2329:
2319:Succeeded by
2238:21 September 1428
2213:Media related to
2110:. Leiden: Brill.
1563:
1562:
934:had subsided. In
926:the uprisings in
799:), Xiao Weizhen (
528:), personal name
498:
497:
490:
489:
454:Standard Mandarin
416:
415:
368:
367:
362:Hongguang Emperor
342:Hongguang Emperor
309:Gongren Kangding
171:Jingtai Mausoleum
133:21 September 1428
68:22 September 1449
2660:
2501:Prince of Lu (魯)
2490:Prince of Lu (潞)
2470:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2312:Emperor of China
2296:Preceded by
2285:Title abolished
2264:Prince of Cheng
2252:Chinese nobility
2246:
2239:
2225:Jingtai Emperor
2221:
2220:
2212:
2197:
2178:
2159:
2140:
2121:
2102:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1983:Von Glahn (1996)
1980:
1974:
1968:
1957:
1951:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1870:
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1710:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1652:
1646:
1643:Chenghua Emperor
1631:
1622:
1612:275th volume of
1597:274th volume of
1589:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1114:
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1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:Princess Gu'an (
1055:
1054:
1032:
1024:
1019:Chenghua Emperor
1016:
1008:
1001:
997:
969:
913:
870:
862:
846:
829:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
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790:
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778:
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708:
674:
670:
662:
542:Emperor Yingzong
535:
527:
515:
486:
485:
484:
469:
468:
445:
444:
439:
438:
418:
417:
359:
340:) (added by the
339:
335:符天建道恭仁康定隆文布武顯德崇孝
322:Chenghua Emperor
319:
303:
282:
265:
254:
253:
219:
203:
201:
160:
152:
140:
96:Emperor Emeritus
88:Emperor Yingzong
77:Emperor Yingzong
39:
30:
29:
28:
19:
18:
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2268:
2266:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2215:Jingtai Emperor
2205:
2200:
2194:
2175:
2156:
2137:
2118:
2099:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2059:
2051:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
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1668:Jianwen Emperor
1653:
1649:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1569:
1564:
1140:
1080:Second daughter
1039:
976:
880:
840:
838:Military reform
803:), and Li Shi (
733:
728:
642:
630:Wenshang County
615:
518:posthumous name
502:Jingtai Emperor
421:Jingtai Emperor
325:
305:
289:Posthumous name
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244:Second daughter
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221:
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105:Prince of Cheng
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45:
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22:Jingtai Emperor
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12:
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5:
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2328:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2291:Regnal titles
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2275:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2227:
2224:
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2204:
2203:External links
2201:
2199:
2198:
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2173:
2160:
2154:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2103:
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2072:, p. 338.
2057:
2055:, p. 297.
2038:
2036:, p. 331.
2026:
2024:, p. 173.
2011:
1999:
1997:, p. 335.
1987:
1975:
1973:, p. 337.
1958:
1956:, p. 336.
1939:
1927:
1915:
1913:, p. 103.
1903:
1901:, p. 334.
1886:
1884:, p. 333.
1871:
1869:, p. 332.
1854:
1852:, p. 296.
1827:
1825:, p. 291.
1815:
1813:, p. 327.
1800:
1798:, p. 295.
1785:
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1723:
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1703:
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1698:
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1690:
1689:
1672:
1658:, but in 1644
1647:
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1614:Yingzong Shilu
1599:Yingzong Shilu
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1245:Xuande Emperor
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1199:
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1196:
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1187:Hongxi Emperor
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
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1170:
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1165:
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1161:Yongle Emperor
1158:
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1139:
1136:
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1134:
1125:
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1105:
1087:Empress Suxiao
1084:
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1038:
1035:
975:
972:
879:
876:
839:
836:
732:
729:
727:
724:
703:Taishang Huang
641:
638:
619:Xuande Emperor
614:
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569:Forbidden City
496:
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448:Transcriptions
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2477:Southern Ming
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2245:14 March 1457
2244:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2193:0-520-23015-9
2189:
2185:
2180:
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2174:0-520-20408-5
2170:
2166:
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2098:0-231-03801-1
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2047:
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2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1985:, p. 84.
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1925:, p. 68.
1924:
1923:Hucker (1988)
1919:
1912:
1911:Hucker (1988)
1907:
1900:
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1782:
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1770:
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1664:Southern Ming
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1056:; 1427–1507)
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888:Yangtze River
885:
875:
872:
866:
858:
852:
850:
835:
831:
825:
820:
795:), Wang Wen (
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
749:
742:
737:
723:
719:
716:
710:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
681:Tumu Fortress
676:
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635:
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628:(present-day
627:
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531:
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516:) and by his
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2571:N. Dynasties
2567:S. Dynasties
2408:
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2272:
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2258:
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2230:House of Zhu
2228:
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2022:Faure (2006)
2002:
1990:
1978:
1930:
1918:
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1818:
1776:
1764:
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1650:
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1602:
1598:
1587:
1115:; 1438–1457)
1079:
1041:
1040:
1011:
1004:
993:
985:Empress Wang
981:
977:
963:
956:
924:
900:Yellow River
897:
893:
881:
873:
864:
856:
853:
848:
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832:
821:
770:
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739:Portrait of
720:
711:
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692:Zhu Jianshen
685:
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658:
643:
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588:
584:Yellow River
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509:
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461:Hanyu Pinyin
336:
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316:
310:
306:
300:
295:
243:
151:(1457-03-14)
110:First tenure
65:Enthronement
43:Qing dynasty
2643:1457 deaths
2638:1428 births
2563:16 Kingdoms
2080:Works cited
1781:Heer (1986)
1769:Heer (1986)
1757:Heer (1986)
1660:Zhu Yousong
1306:(1379–1442)
1247:(1399–1435)
1221:(1362–1407)
1189:(1378–1425)
1163:(1360–1424)
1095:; d. 1456)
964:Jingtai-lan
908:Grand Canal
580:Grand Canal
561:Esen Taishi
506:temple name
350:Temple name
73:Predecessor
2632:Categories
2555:3 Kingdoms
2525:(doubtful)
2316:1449–1457
2155:0521243335
2136:0521243327
2117:9004078983
1718:Britannica
1695:References
1618:Ming Shilu
1603:Ming Shilu
1415:Wu Yanming
1118:Li Xi'er (
726:Government
595:Ming tombs
467:Jǐngtài Dì
262:Zhu Qiyu (
2485:Hongguang
2460:Chongzhen
2267:1435–1449
2259:New title
1700:Citations
1521:Lady Shen
1335:Lady Tong
1101:懷獻皇太子 朱見濟
989:Lady Hang
960:cloisonné
936:Guangdong
882:In 1450,
762:Guangdong
654:Wang Zhen
640:Ascension
557:Wang Zhen
356:Daizong (
173:, Beijing
159:天順元年二月十九日
139:宣德三年八月十三日
85:Successor
2519:(regent)
2503:(regent)
2492:(regent)
2450:Taichang
2440:Longqing
2420:Chenghua
2414:Yingzong
2404:Yingzong
1567:See also
1280:Zhang Qi
1138:Ancestry
1053:孝淵景皇后 汪氏
932:Zhejiang
884:Shandong
849:tuanying
758:Liaodong
665:Jin Ying
626:Shandong
582:and the
550:era name
530:Zhu Qiyu
179:Consorts
2435:Jiajing
2430:Zhengde
2425:Hongzhi
2409:Jingtai
2384:Jianwen
1720:. 2008.
1679:Lu Yi (
1092:肅孝皇后 杭氏
1023:恭仁康定景皇帝
952:Sichuan
948:Huguang
944:Guizhou
940:Guangxi
920:Nanjing
916:Beijing
878:Economy
824:Xing An
766:Guangxi
754:Wang Ao
741:Yu Qian
699:Yu Qian
607:Nanjing
601:or the
599:Beijing
576:Yu Qian
548:", the
546:Jingtai
520:as the
508:as the
431:Chinese
386:Dynasty
327:Emperor
307:Emperor
277:Jingtai
220:
216:
204:
196:
192:
2595:W. Xia
2523:Dingwu
2517:Dongwu
2512:Yongli
2507:Shaowu
2496:Longwu
2455:Tianqi
2399:Xuande
2394:Hongxi
2389:Yongle
2379:Hongwu
2241:
2190:
2171:
2152:
2133:
2114:
2095:
1112:皇貴妃 唐氏
1037:Family
928:Fujian
650:Datong
634:Jining
407:Mother
397:Father
166:Burial
2539:Shang
2445:Wanli
2269:1457
2243:Died:
2236:Born:
1579:Notes
374:House
257:Names
230:Issue
214:
198:(
194:
57:Reign
2611:Qing
2607:Ming
2603:Yuan
2591:Song
2587:Liao
2579:Tang
2543:Zhou
2371:Ming
2188:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2093:ISBN
1130:妃 孫氏
1062:固安郡主
946:and
938:and
930:and
857:bing
764:and
646:Esen
500:The
391:Ming
331:Jing
315:恭仁康定
311:Jing
146:Died
130:Born
2619:PRC
2615:ROC
2599:Jīn
2575:Sui
2559:Jìn
2551:Han
2547:Qin
2535:Xia
1616:in
1601:in
1121:李惜儿
1033:).
968:景泰藍
918:to
912:徐有貞
871:).
865:jun
817:劉永誠
813:曹吉祥
801:蕭維禎
781:俞士悅
707:太上皇
605:in
597:in
534:朱祁鈺
526:明景帝
514:明代宗
475:IPA
437:景泰帝
379:Zhu
337:景皇帝
317:景皇帝
301:郕戾王
264:朱祁鈺
27:景泰帝
2634::
2617:/
2613:→
2609:→
2605:→
2601:→
2597:/
2593:/
2589:/
2585:→
2581:→
2577:→
2573:→
2569:/
2565:→
2561:/
2557:→
2553:→
2549:→
2545:→
2541:→
2537:→
2060:^
2041:^
2014:^
1961:^
1942:^
1889:^
1874:^
1857:^
1830:^
1803:^
1788:^
1747:^
1726:^
1716:.
1687:).
1685:蔣安
1681:陸釴
1626:^
1621:).
1071:王憲
1031:代宗
1007:張軏
1000:鍾同
996:章綸
847:,
845:團營
828:陳循
809:石亨
805:李實
797:王文
793:楊善
789:陳鎰
785:石璞
777:胡濙
773:金濂
673:高穀
669:王直
661:焦敬
632:,
609:.
571:.
358:代宗
281:景泰
200:m.
2469:明
2355:e
2348:t
2341:v
2196:.
2177:.
2158:.
2139:.
2120:.
2101:.
1639:戾
1133:)
1124:)
1015:戾
1013:(
966:(
958:(
869:軍
867:(
861:兵
859:(
843:(
705:(
532:(
524:(
512:(
364:)
344:)
333:(
324:)
313:(
298:(
279:(
266:)
161:)
157:(
141:)
137:(
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