107:
183:
39:
500:
hypocrisy, oppression of fellow
Muslims, and tolerance of beliefs and practices in conflict with Islam. Originally, dan Fodio's preaching received the support of the leadership of Gobir; however, as his influence increased and as he began to advocate for self-defense arming by his followers, his favor with the leadership decreased. King
605:). During the late 18th-century, the local ruler of Deya, Muhammad Lafia, "because of his recalcitrant ways" was deposed by the Mai of Bornu, Ahmad. He was replaced with his younger brother, Muhammad Saurima, who the Mai hoped would be more cooperative. The local Fulani leadership, including two learned men, al-Bukhari and
480:
social disruption, economic hardship, and enslavement of war captives. Fulani communities felt especially victimized by Hausa rulers' taxation and land control. Two prominent Hausa kingdoms that were central in the Jihad were Gobir, where Usman dan Fodio's parents settled in his childhood and where he lived until 1804, and
589:
and, around 1800, persuaded the Sarkin
Hadejia (ruler of Hadejia) to appoint him as the leader of the local Fulani. He had considerable animosity towards the Galadima, who was responsible for his father's death. Lerlima, Bi Abdur's maternal cousin, was married to the Galadima's daughter and served in
557:
and Kanem-Bornu. By the turn of the 19th-century, there were numerous Fulani groups living in Bornu. Before the jihad, most of these groups lived in relative peace with their Bornu neighbours. It was even customary for the Mais to go to war with other tribes to protect the Fulani from raids. However,
711:
into a city in 1809, during the Fulani war. Dan Fodio ruled from Sokoto as the religious leader of the Fulani jihad states from that point until 1815, when he retired from administrative duties. The
Caliphate appointed various Emirs to govern the various states of the empire. These men were often
479:
pastoralists, leading to resource competition with more settled Hausa communities despite their shared religion. Several Hausa kingdoms previously tributary to Kanem-Bornu became independent and fought with each other. Rulers enforced harsh systems of conscription and taxation, while war caused
499:
through the Hausa kingdoms in the 1770s and became quite popular in the 1790s. Much of his preaching focused on the obligations of Muslim rulers to promote Islam and to rule ethically and generously in a manner that allowed their subjects to live as good
Muslims while criticizing corruption,
691:
With the capture of Gobir, the jihadists saw that they were part of a wider regional struggle. They continued with battles against several Hausa kingdoms, and the Sokoto
Caliphate expanded over the next two years. The last major expansion of the jihadists was the toppling of the
779:
has continued to the present. Since the
British conquest of the Caliphate in 1903, and later Nigerian independence under a constitutional government in 1960, the Caliphate's political authority has diminished. But the position still has considerable spiritual authority.
508:. A crisis developed later in 1803 when Yunfa attacked and captured many of the followers of a group associated with dan Fodio. Yunfa then marched the prisoners through Degel, enraging many of dan Fodio's followers, who attacked the army and freed the prisoners.
504:, placed a series of restrictions on preaching by dan Fodio's followers and by Usman himself. In 1801, Sarkin Gobir Yunfa, a former pupil of dan Fodio, replaced Nafata as king and increased the restrictions on dan Fodio, exiling him from Gobir to the village of
521:. So many people went with dan Fodio throughout the state that on February 21, 1804, Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio and threatened punishment to anyone joining him. Followers of dan Fodio declared him to be the
459:
of northern
Nigeria. The forces of Usman dan Fodio slowly took over more and more of the Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and executing Yunfa. The war resulted in the creation of the
463:, initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa.
405:
410:
629:, a major action between Yunfa and dan Fodio's forces. Both the Gobirawa and Dan Fodio armies were ethnically mixed. The Gobirawa had some Tuaregs and Fulanis from the
400:
1109:
569:, Dunama, administered a large district in western Bornu, which contained numerous Fulani groups and encompassed portions of what later became the emirates of
649:. Although outnumbered, dan Fodio's troops were able to prevent Yunfa from advancing on Gunu and thus convince larger numbers of people to join his forces.
677:
566:
1134:
834:
366:
646:
638:
606:
673:
550:
511:
Yunfa gave dan Fodio the option of exile before destroying Degel, but Usman refused to abandon his followers, instead leading a large-scale
621:. Although Yunfa was victorious and dan Fodio lost men, the battle did not diminish his force. He retaliated by capturing the village of
43:
The Sokoto
Sultanate (Sokoto Empire) in the reign of sultan Ahmadu Rufai, established after the Jihad led by Shaikh Usman bin Fodiyo.
597:
To the south of the empire, a similar situation existed. The jihad was primarily led by Fulani groups centered at Deya (today in
1062:
1035:
1008:
981:
954:
927:
359:
998:
971:
1114:
1124:
1119:
712:
veterans of the Fulani wars. Bello succeeded Usman dan Fodio as ruler of Sokoto and in 1817 adopted the title of
352:
877:
Chafe, Kabiru
Sulaiman (1994). "Challenges to the Hegemony of the Sokoto Caliphate: A Preliminary Examination".
1025:
917:
236:
857:
944:
285:
1129:
1104:
713:
585:. Three figures led the jihad in this area: Bi Abdur, Lerlima, and Ibrahim Zaki. Bi Abdur lived near
1099:
676:
where he was soon killed in battle. In 1808, the jihadists assaulted Gobir, killing Yunfa in the
609:, was displeased with Lafia's deposition as he had maintained friendly relations with the Fulani.
626:
553:(r. 1242–1262). A steady flow of Fulani pastoralists and Islamic scholars continued to settle in
390:
538:
472:
230:
1052:
660:
whose ruler, Magajin Halidu, committed suicide following the defeat. They then captured the
8:
681:
634:
522:
220:
121:
949:(Nigerian ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Premium Times Books (published 2020). p. 27.
849:
794:
665:
302:
142:
1058:
1031:
1004:
977:
950:
923:
741:
661:
618:
590:
his administration, possibly as a tax collector. Ibrahim Zaki was a widely travelled
395:
290:
147:
776:
769:
749:
745:
717:
460:
319:
306:
276:
112:
86:
765:
757:
693:
574:
570:
559:
501:
492:
437:
241:
210:
733:
704:
554:
542:
475:
was losing power by the mid-18th century. There was large-scale immigration by
456:
215:
130:
656:, captured the Hausa kingdom of Kebbi. In 1807, the jihadists had taken over
1093:
685:
513:
167:
157:
832:
761:
716:, an office that still exists, albeit stripped of most of its power by the
344:
251:
789:
729:
534:
476:
187:
30:
853:
919:
The Shehus of Kukawa : a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu
737:
602:
192:
594:(Islamic teacher) and was familiar with the teachings of Shehu Usman.
562:
developed a general hostility towards the Fulani in the 18th-century.
707:, the son of Usman dan Fodio, transformed the semi-permanent camp of
642:
630:
622:
525:"Commander of the Faithful" and renounced their allegiance to Gobir.
256:
246:
1027:
Muslim and
Christian Women in Dialogue: The Case of Northern Nigeria
897:
433:
225:
69:
38:
558:
perhaps due to the political ambitions of some of the Fulani, the
657:
586:
578:
481:
429:
296:
152:
65:
753:
708:
669:
541:
dates back to the arrival of a group of Fulani envoys from the
162:
598:
582:
505:
496:
452:
445:
441:
272:
137:
617:
Several minor skirmishes preceded the forces meeting at the
518:
440:, a prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from
833:
Hamza Muhammad Maishanu; Isa Muhammad Maishanu (1999).
680:, and destroying large parts of the city. Furthermore,
899:
The rise and fall of Fulani rule in Adamawa 1809-1901
835:"The Jihad and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate"
637:
Tuaregs. The Tuaregs of the Muslim army consisted of
495:, born in 1754, joined a growing number of traveling
16:
Military conflict in Nigeria and Cameroon (1804–1808)
728:
The success of the jihad inspired a number of later
451:
Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic army to lead a
922:. Internet Archive. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
699:
633:clan while the Muslims had Hausa, Fulani and a few
1082:. Manchester, UK: International African Institute.
1091:
1110:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
973:West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century
428:was a religio-military conflict in present-day
360:
970:Forde, Daryll; Kaberry, P. M. (2018-10-10).
969:
374:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
367:
353:
1135:Military history of the Sokoto Caliphate
1080:Pastoralists of the West African Savanna
1023:
902:(phd thesis). SOAS University of London.
1050:
915:
872:
870:
807:
1092:
1078:Boyd, Jean (1986). Mahdi Adamu (ed.).
895:
652:In 1805, the forces of dan Fodio, the
996:
876:
645:muslims and possibly the sons of the
549:(ruler) of Kanem during the reign of
533:The earliest recorded mention of the
348:
1077:
1071:
942:
911:
909:
867:
13:
14:
1146:
906:
528:
487:
700:Founding of the Sokoto Caliphate
181:
105:
37:
896:Njeuma, Martin Zachary (1969).
1044:
1017:
990:
963:
936:
889:
565:In the late 18th-century, the
448:, one of his former students.
335:Other Hausa kings and generals
1:
1000:Government In Kano, 1350-1950
800:
466:
7:
1051:Collins, Robert O. (1990).
1024:McGarvey, Kathleen (2009).
997:Smith, M. G. (2021-12-13).
783:
718:British colonial government
10:
1151:
612:
723:
386:
201:
98:
47:
36:
28:
23:
668:) was forced to flee to
625:, which resulted in the
455:against Gobir and other
426:Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
378:Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
55:February 21, 1804 – 1808
24:Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
1115:Wars involving Cameroon
1054:Western African History
916:Brenner, Louis (1973).
627:Battle of Tabkin Kwatto
1125:19th century in Africa
1120:Wars involving Nigeria
672:, then the village of
436:. The war began when
202:Commanders and leaders
943:Last, Murray (1967).
732:jihadists, including
318:'Abdu dan Tsoho
262:Other Fulani generals
85:Establishment of the
946:The Sokoto Caliphate
720:of Nigeria in 1903.
545:at the court of the
517:of the community to
391:Tabkin Kwatto (1804)
143:Sultanate of Katsina
863:on January 2, 2018.
684:also took over the
682:Abdullahi dan Fodio
221:Abdullahi dan Fodio
795:History of Nigeria
678:battle of Alkalawa
666:Muhammad Alwali II
473:Kanem–Bornu Empire
303:Muhammad Alwali II
286:Muhammad al-Kanemi
273:Sarkin Gobir Yunfa
138:Sultanate of Gobir
1064:978-1-55876-015-8
1057:. M. Wiener Pub.
1037:978-3-03911-417-7
1010:978-0-429-72118-2
983:978-0-429-95851-9
956:978-0-9995584-7-8
929:978-0-19-821681-0
742:Toucouleur Empire
662:Sultanate of Kano
619:Battle of Tsuntua
567:Galadima of Bornu
419:
418:
343:
342:
291:Dunama IX Lefiami
148:Sultanate of Kano
94:
93:
1142:
1130:1800s in Nigeria
1105:Sokoto Caliphate
1084:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1015:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
967:
961:
960:
940:
934:
933:
913:
904:
903:
893:
887:
886:
874:
865:
864:
862:
856:. Archived from
839:
830:
777:Sokoto Caliphate
770:Babatu (warlord)
750:Wassoulou Empire
746:Omar Saidou Tall
523:Amir al-Mu'minin
497:Islamic scholars
461:Sokoto Caliphate
381:
379:
369:
362:
355:
346:
345:
324:
311:
295:Magajin Halidu (
281:
237:Muhammad Bukhari
186:
185:
184:
122:Sultanate of Aïr
113:Sokoto Caliphate
110:
109:
108:
87:Sokoto Caliphate
81:Sokoto victory
49:
48:
41:
21:
20:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1100:1800s conflicts
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1011:
995:
991:
984:
968:
964:
957:
941:
937:
930:
914:
907:
894:
890:
875:
868:
860:
842:Islamic Studies
837:
831:
808:
803:
786:
766:Zabarma Emirate
758:Adamawa Emirate
726:
702:
694:Sayfawa dynasty
688:the same year.
615:
560:Sayfawa princes
543:Emperor of Mali
531:
502:Nafata of Gobir
493:Usman dan Fodio
490:
469:
438:Usman dan Fodio
422:
421:
420:
415:
411:Alkalawa (1808)
382:
377:
375:
373:
339:
320:
307:
277:
266:
211:Usman dan Fodio
197:
182:
180:
177:
134:
133:
120:
116:
106:
104:
72:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1063:
1043:
1036:
1030:. Peter Lang.
1016:
1009:
989:
982:
962:
955:
935:
928:
905:
888:
866:
848:(1): 119–131.
805:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
792:
785:
782:
734:Massina Empire
725:
722:
705:Muhammed Bello
701:
698:
614:
611:
530:
529:In Kanem-Bornu
527:
489:
488:Lead up to war
486:
468:
465:
457:Hausa Kingdoms
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
406:Katsina (1807)
403:
398:
396:Tsuntua (1804)
393:
387:
384:
383:
372:
371:
364:
357:
349:
341:
340:
338:
337:
332:
329:
328:Muhammad Makau
326:
316:
313:
300:
293:
288:
283:
269:
267:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
223:
218:
216:Muhammad Bello
213:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
196:
195:
190:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
131:Hausa Kingdoms
129:
128:
127:
126:
124:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:
78:
74:
73:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1006:
1003:. Routledge.
1002:
1001:
993:
985:
979:
976:. Routledge.
975:
974:
966:
958:
952:
948:
947:
939:
931:
925:
921:
920:
912:
910:
901:
900:
892:
884:
880:
873:
871:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
806:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
781:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
721:
719:
715:
710:
706:
697:
695:
689:
687:
686:Kebbi Emirate
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
647:Emir of Adagh
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:
509:
507:
503:
498:
494:
485:
483:
478:
474:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Gwandu (1805)
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
385:
380:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
350:
347:
336:
333:
331:Muhammad Hodi
330:
327:
325:
323:
317:
314:
312:
310:
304:
301:
298:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
280:
274:
271:
270:
268:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:Umaru Dallaji
240:
238:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
194:
191:
189:
179:
178:
174:
173:And others...
171:
169:
168:Kebbi Emirate
166:
164:
161:
159:
158:Daura Emirate
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
125:
123:
119:
115:
114:
103:
102:
97:
88:
84:
83:
82:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
1079:
1073:
1053:
1046:
1026:
1019:
999:
992:
972:
965:
945:
938:
918:
898:
891:
882:
878:
858:the original
845:
841:
774:
762:Modibo Adama
730:West African
727:
703:
690:
664:whose king (
653:
651:
635:Iwellemmedan
616:
607:Goni Mukhtar
596:
591:
564:
546:
532:
512:
510:
491:
471:The ancient
470:
450:
425:
423:
376:
334:
321:
308:
278:
261:
252:Modibo Adama
231:Abd al-Salam
172:
117:
111:
99:Belligerents
80:
64:Present day
29:Part of the
790:Fula jihads
674:Burum-Burum
551:Kashim Biri
539:Kanem-Bornu
188:Kanem-Bornu
31:Fula jihads
1094:Categories
801:References
738:Seku Amadu
603:Yobe State
467:Background
193:Oyo Empire
885:: 99–109.
696:in 1846.
654:jihadists
631:Sullubawa
623:Matankari
555:Hausaland
257:Buba Yero
247:Sulaimanu
879:Paideuma
854:20837029
784:See also
768:founder
760:founder
752:founder
744:founder
736:founder
444:by King
434:Cameroon
226:Ali Jedo
118:Support:
70:Cameroon
60:Location
658:Katsina
613:Battles
587:Hadejia
579:Jamaare
575:Katagum
571:Hadejia
482:Zamfara
430:Nigeria
322:†
315:Musa II
309:†
297:Suicide
279:†
233:(Hausa)
66:Nigeria
1061:
1034:
1007:
980:
953:
926:
852:
754:Samori
724:Legacy
714:sultan
709:Sokoto
670:Zazzau
592:mallam
581:, and
535:Fulani
477:Fulani
305:
275:
163:Zazzau
77:Result
861:(PDF)
850:JSTOR
838:(PDF)
643:Adagh
639:Agali
599:Gujba
583:Misau
514:hijra
506:Degel
453:jihad
446:Yunfa
442:Gobir
153:Biram
1059:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1005:ISBN
978:ISBN
951:ISBN
924:ISBN
775:The
764:and
641:and
519:Gudu
432:and
424:The
68:and
52:Date
547:Mai
537:in
484:.
1096::
908:^
883:40
881:.
869:^
846:38
844:.
840:.
809:^
772:.
756:,
748:,
740:,
601:,
577:,
573:,
1067:.
1040:.
1013:.
986:.
959:.
932:.
368:e
361:t
354:v
299:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
