52:
4072:
that in the ancient times there was a god who mated with a cow in that cave. The people's hair is yellow, eyes are green, and beards are red. The
Qirghiz are distinguished from the Uighurs and other Tiele tribes in Chinese histories. The Xin Tangshu, which provides detailed information on the Qirghiz and the Tiele tribes, does not include the former among the latter (Xin Tangshu 217b.6139–6145). In addition, while the Xin Tangshu states that 'their language and script were identical to those of the Uighurs (其文字言語，與回鶻正同)' (Xin Tangshu 217b.6148), it also notes the peculiar physical phenotype of the Qirghiz. The Xin Tangshu relates: 'The people are all tall and big and have red hair, white faces, and green eyes (人皆長大，赤髮、皙面、綠瞳)' (Xin Tangshu, 217b.6147).25 According to the Xin Tangshu, their neighbouring tribe named Boma (駁馬) or Bila (弊剌) resembled the Qirghiz, although their language was different (Xin Tangshu 217b.6146). This may imply that the Qirghiz were originally a non-Turkic people26 who became Turkicized during the Kök Türk period at least partly through inter-tribal marriages.
2249:
1137:
2277:
2269:
173:
2261:
2741:
2377:, meaning 'red'. The description of the Kyrgyz as "large, with red hair, white faces, and green or blue eyes" in Tang Chinese sources and also Tibetan and Islamic sources have tempted a number of researchers to assume that the Kyrgyz may have originally been non-Turkic or at least an ethnically mixed people with a large non-Turkic element. Many scholars supported this idea after identifying what they believed to be non-Turkic words (particularly
2532:
2285:
2500:. They were also skilled iron workers, jewelry makers, potters, and weavers. Their homes were traditional nomadic tents and, in the agricultural areas, wood and bark huts. Their farming settlements were protected by log palisades. The resources of their forested homeland (mainly fur) allowed the Yenisei Kyrgyz to become prosperous merchants as well. They maintained trading ties with
2437:
linguistic borrowing. Yenisei Kyrgyz inscriptions in the eighth century and later are written completely in the Turkic language and Tang
Chinese sources clearly state that the Kyrgyz wrote and spoke a language identical to the Uyghurs. Drompp states that there is no reason to assume the Kyrgyz were non-Turkic in origin, although such a possibility cannot be discounted.
4071:
According to the You yang za zu, written by Duan
Chengshi in the ninth century ad, the Qirghiz regarded themselves as progenies of a god and a cow: 24 The Jiankun (堅昆) tribe, , is not of wolf descent. Their ancestors were born in a cave located to the north of the Quman Mountain. They themselves say
2436:
American
Turkologist Michael Drompp notes that the connection between language and race is highly inconclusive and the physical appearance of the Kyrgyz is no more credible an indicator of non-Turkic origin than a few possibly non-Turkic words in their lexicon, whose presence can be explained through
2427:
unfortunately misunderstood it and changed it to, "Whenever it rains, their custom is always to get iron," which is rather nonsensical. Ligeti unfortunately used only the Xin
Tangshu passage without referring to the Tongdian. His restoration of qaša or qaš seems quite acceptable but I doubt that word
2409:
As far as I can see the only basis for the assumption that the
Kirghiz were not originally Turkic in language is the fact that they are described as blonds, hardly an acceptable argument in the light of present day ideas about the independence of language and race. As Ligeti himself admitted, other
2130:
inflicted a devastating defeat on the Uyghur Qaghan's forces. But rather than replace the
Uyghurs as the lords of Mongolia, the Yenisei Kyrgyz continued to live in their traditional homeland and exist as they had for centuries. The defeat and collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate triggered a massive
2315:
general whom the Kyrgyz claimed to have married a Kyrgyz woman and was sent to aid in their governance after he surrendered to the
Xiongnu. It is possible that this was an invented tradition used to claim a blood relationship with the Tang imperial house who claimed descent from Li Ling's
2673:
plurals in -t suggest that he thinks that the name of the
Kirghiz, like that of the Turks, first became known to the Chinese through Mongol speaking intermediaries. There is still less plausibility in the suggestion that the Kirghiz, who first became known as a people conquered by that
2418:
says: "Whenever the sky rains iron, they gather it and use it. They call it jiasha (LMC kiaa-şaa). They make knives and swords with it that are very sharp." The Tang Huiyao is the same except that it leaves out the foreign word jiasha. "Raining iron" must surely refer to
2460:), who did not share the same language, implying that the Kyrgyz may have originally been a non-Turkic people. Lee & Kuang consider the Kyrgyz to have been physically distinct from the "Kök Türks" because no similar description of their appearance exists while
3524:. Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. Vol. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245.
3972:
The remaining Turkic clans (Yenisei Kyrgyz) were called the Tatars of
Minusinsk by the Russians, and soon this became their autonym (tadarlar). In Soviet times, their official name (exonym) changed. They became Khakas after their Chinese name "xiaqiasi," or
2445:
by Duan Chengshi in the 9th century AD as people with yellow hair, green eyes, and red beards. According to Duan, the Kyrgyz were not of wolf descent, unlike the Turks, and were born in a cave north of Quman Mountain as the offspring of a god and a cow. The
2440:
According to Lee & Kuang, who cite Chinese historical descriptions as well as genetic data, the turcophone "Qirghiz" may have been of non-Turkic origin, and were later Turkified through inter-tribal marriage. The Kyrgyz were described in the
2678:
and then re-emerged associated with other Turkic peoples in the 6th century, should have had Mongol style suffixes attached to all the various forms of their name that were transcribed into Chinese up to the 9th century.
2596:
final -z appear only from the end of 8th century onward. Before that time we have a series of Chinese transcriptions referring to the same people and stretching back to the 2nd century BCE, which end either in -n or -t:
51:
2162:, putting an end to their independent state. During the time of the Mongol Empire, the territory of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in northern Mongolia was turned into an agricultural colony called Kem-Kemchik.
2101:
3407:
Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 204-205 of 197-239
2414:
sources shows clearly that at that time they were Turkic speaking and there is no earlier evidence at all about their language. Even the word qaša or qaš may, I think, be Turkic. The
2307:
Ge Jiayun, states that the Kyrgyz, known to the Chinese as the Jiankun, all had red hair and green eyes. The ones with dark eyes and black hair were believed to be descended from
2484:
The Yenisei Kyrgyz had a mixed economy based on traditional nomadic animal breeding (mostly horses and cattle) and agriculture. According to Chinese records, they grew Himalayan
2094:
694:
2726:), and possibly also the Hujie or Wujie, were all, at that period, north and west of the Xiongnu in general area where we find the Kirghiz at the beginning of Tang.
2087:
2248:
2452:(11th century) did not consider the Kyrgyz to be the same as the Tiele tribes but states that they had the same language and script as the Uyghurs. The
867:
3925:
Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples",
3378:"後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli nations. It was when the
2456:
states that the Kyrgyz were "all tall and big and have red hair, white faces, and green eyes." They looked similar to the neighboring "Boma tribe" (
784:
674:
2328:
meant "yellow head and red face" and this was what the Uyghurs called them; Pulleyblank (1990) proposes that "yellow head and red face" was a
1136:
3221:
2512:
of the Middle east, and many local tribes. Kyrgyz horses were also renowned for their large size and speed. The tenth-century Persian text
2381:) among the Kyrgyz preserved in Chinese records. Ligeti cited the opinions of various scholars who had proposed to see them as assimilated
471:
2217:) and a group of Yenisei Kyrgyz were also deported along with the Öelet. The Kyrgyz who moved to northeastern China became known as the
2118:. However, the Yenisei Kyrgyz spent much of their time in a state of rebellion. In 840 they succeeded in sacking the Uyghur capital,
3586:
3026:
2981:
722:
3861:
The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001
3548:
The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001
3450:
The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001
2661:
Neither -n nor -t provides a good equivalent for -z. The most serious attempt to explain these forms seems still to be that of
4130:
4109:
4041:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
3792:
3715:
3688:
3661:
3529:
2690:
in Turkic which is implied by the Chinese forms of the name Kirghiz should not give any comfort to those who want to explain
777:
1115:
also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kyrgyz khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family.
324:
4140:
3869:
3835:
3556:
3458:
1119:
had said to them that "Your nation and Ours are of the same ancestral clan (Zong). You are not like other foreigners."
1006:
665:
618:
4023:
3742:
3267:"Xipoliya Yanke Suo Jian Xiajiesi Monijiao" ("Siberian Rock Arts and Xiajiesi's Manicheism") 1998 Gansu Mingzu Yanjiu
3214:
2669:-t stands for Turkic -z, which would be quite unusual and would need supporting evidence, but then his references to
2579:
704:
3584:
Michael R. Drompp (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon tradition: Kirghiz adherence to the Yenisei region after A. D. 840".
2561:
2158:
came to power in the early 13th century, the Yenisei Kyrgyz submitted peacefully to him and were absorbed into his
3241:
4135:
3155:
2553:
1778:
2518:
described the Kirgiz as people who "venerate the Fire and burn the dead", and that they were nomads who hunted.
2468:
believed the red hair and white skin of the Kyrgyz was explained by mixing with the "Saqlabs" (Slavs) while the
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3168:
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684:
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152:
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and driving the Uyghurs out of Mongolia entirely. On February 13, 843 at "Kill the Foreigners" Mountain, the
1847:
1840:
3207:
3178:
3151:
3121:
187:
3429:
Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan (2014). "Ethnonyms and Toponyms" of the Old Turkic Inscriptions in Chinese sources".
4145:
206:
3864:. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
3551:. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
3453:. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
1065:
fell in the eighth century CE, the Yenisei Kyrgyz had established their own thriving state based on the
3188:
172:
1116:
3131:
3096:
2954:
2542:
2042:
1688:
1667:
1089:
872:
843:
363:
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conquered the Kyrgyz –then known to Chinese as Gekun (鬲昆), along with the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射),
4040:
2958:
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17:
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226:
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from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. The heart of their homeland was the forested
4097:
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3705:
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2760:
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1572:
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The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research
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1346:
827:
3898:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.
3487:. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126.
8:
3076:
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423:
3734:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
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1943:
1814:
647:
600:
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453:
127:
2256:, at the time when the Yenisei Kyrgyz were taking over the region. 5th-6th century CE.
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3831:
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2304:
2114:
In 758, the Uyghurs killed the Kyrgyz Khan and the Kyrgyz came under the rule of the
1802:
1568:
1499:
1078:
580:
393:
383:
196:
4052:
3595:
3242:"Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux" ("Documents on the Western Tujue")
2991:
2936:
2881:
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2367:
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1328:
1311:
938:
922:
851:
847:
819:
731:
490:
403:
333:
276:
60:
people regard themselves as the descendants of the Yenisei Kyrgyz who remained in
3291:
3278:
3086:
2891:
2253:
2194:
2007:
1979:
1677:
1490:
1481:
1463:
1400:
1373:
1364:
1030:
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839:
570:
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353:
216:
131:
3731:
Stephen A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon, eds. (February 11, 2011).
3730:
3781:
Giovanni Stary; Alessandra Pozzi; Juha Antero Janhunen; Michael Weiers (2006).
3534:. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
2841:
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1445:
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4057:
2428:
simply meant "iron". It seems rather to refer specifically to "meteorite" or "
4124:
4066:
3959:
3375:
3066:
3046:
3036:
2946:
2926:
2429:
2229:
2225:
2159:
2136:
2123:
2067:
2056:
1906:
1649:
1248:
1074:
1070:
1014:
1002:
854:, expanding the state from the Yenisei territories into Central Asia and the
823:
530:
480:
433:
256:
119:
115:
65:
3309:
ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
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2127:
2030:
1742:
1709:
1638:
1203:
1109:
1018:
590:
510:
373:
306:
266:
135:
3944:"The Formation of Modern Turkic 'Ethnic' Groups in Central and Inner Asia"
2393:, while he himself, following Castrén and Schott, favoured an assimilated
2221:, but they have now mostly merged with the Mongol and Chinese population.
1021:, whose mythological ancestors were a he-wolf and a daughter of a Xiongnu
3379:
2740:
2723:
2707:
2461:
2424:
2386:
2312:
2299:
2175:
2163:
1681:
1167:
1112:
1097:
1054:
1038:
994:
950:
881:. Their endonym was variously transcribed in Chinese historical texts as
855:
500:
443:
246:
103:
3967:
3943:
846:
existed from 538 to 1219 CE; in 840, it took over the leadership of the
3895:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
3680:
China Inside Out: Contemporary Chinese Nationalism and Transnationalism
3627:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
3484:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
2390:
2183:
2119:
2018:
1967:
1894:
1754:
970:
834:(known in ancient times as the Lao or Kogmen mountains), in modern-day
286:
83:
3607:
2464:'s ancestry was called into question for his "Hu" Sogdian appearance.
1766:
3516:
3416:
Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".
3367:
3354:
Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".
2971:
2420:
2214:
2210:
1882:
1730:
1554:
1530:
1302:
1212:
69:
3989:
3323:, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 98-99 of 98-108
2531:
3784:
Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary
3599:
2711:
2703:
2643:
2473:
2415:
2317:
2198:
1955:
1624:
1526:
1239:
1176:
1101:
998:
99:
95:
3814:, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 105 of 98-108
1544:
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2719:
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2171:
1931:
1718:
1293:
1257:
1221:
1194:
1185:
1158:
1105:
1093:
1066:
988:
236:
139:
61:
2362:
surmises that "red face and yellow head" meaning was possibly a
2294:
Culturally and linguistically, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were Turkic.
2670:
2634:
2609:
2493:
2489:
2457:
2397:
origin on the basis of an etymology for a supposed Kyrgyz word
2366:
provided by an interpreter who explained the ethnonym based on
2132:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1085:
1022:
991:
123:
57:
842:
were also included in their territory at different times. The
2603:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2179:
2140:
1870:
1558:
1540:
1230:
1025:), and that Kyrgyz's point of origin was a cave north of the
637:
4095:
3990:"The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest"
2722:
emerged), the Jiankun (later Kirghiz), the Xinli (later Sir/
2284:
4077:
3292:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors
2351:
2187:
835:
3676:
2485:
4102:
Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources
813:
1029:
mountains (曲漫山), which was identified with either the
4016:
Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China
3891:
3623:
3480:
4013:
3683:. Central European University Press. pp. 275–.
3670:
3630:. Brill's Inner Asian library. Vol. 13. Brill.
2224:
The descendants of the Yenisei Kyrgyz today are the
1108:
and defected in the first century BCE and since the
3810:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in
3319:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in
2201:. In 1761, after the Dzungars were defeated by the
2193:Some of the Yenisei Kyrgyz were relocated into the
1017:, whose mythological ancestress was a she-wolf; or
3830:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 108.
3806:
3804:
68:in the 13th century, and now form the Republic of
3583:
2710:period that can be identified as Turkic were the
2616:Jiankun (EMC khέn kwən), 1st century BCE onward.
1140:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
1041:mentioned that Kyrgyz army was stationed next to
1009:that the mythological ancestors of Kyrgyz tribe (
4122:
4039:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (October 18, 2017).
1077:and established trading ties with China and the
3801:
3770:Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 113.
3313:
3774:
3653:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
3619:
3617:
3579:
3577:
3575:
4098:"Chapter 4, Discourse on the Qïrghïz Country"
3857:
3703:
3544:
3446:
3215:
2423:. The editor who copied the passage into the
2178:officials (along with colonists) to serve as
2095:
1013:堅昆部落) were "a god and a cow" (神與牸牛), (unlike
778:
3787:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 112–.
3614:
3572:
3249:"Nestorianism among ancient Kirghiz tribes"
2592:The trisyllabic forms with Chinese -sz for
2560:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2472:states that the Kyrgyz intermixed with the
3710:. Finno-Ugrian Society. pp. 111–112.
3656:. Elsevier. April 6, 2010. pp. 610–.
3222:
3208:
2706:. The peoples mentioned in sources of the
2102:
2088:
785:
771:
50:
4089:
4056:
3983:
3981:
3348:
3326:
2601:Gekun (EMC kέrjk kwən), 2nd century BCE.
2580:Learn how and when to remove this message
2243:
2209:-speaking Dzungars, were deported to the
1092:claimed descent from the Chinese general
1045:青山 "Blue Mountains", calqued from Turkic
4104:. Indiana University Press. p. 30.
4083:
4038:
3587:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3514:
3508:
3335:"The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgarî"
2405:for "iron". However Pulleyblank argued:
2320:. The name Jiankun was later changed to
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2247:
2131:migration of Uyghurs from Mongolia into
2641:Jiegu (EMC kέt kwət), 6th–8th century.
2410:evidence about the Kirghiz language in
866:The Yenisei Kyrgyz correlated with the
14:
4123:
3987:
3978:
3332:
3281:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p.203
2521:
2252:Funerary mask, towards the end of the
4096:Scott Cameron Levi, Ron Sela (2010).
3677:Pál Nyíri; Joana Breidenbach (2005).
1081:in Central Asia and the Middle East.
877:and may perhaps be correlated to the
3938:
3827:Interpreters in Early Imperial China
3823:
3817:
2558:adding citations to reliable sources
2525:
2354:scientists reconstructed the exonym
2324:; according to a translation clerk,
806:
3156:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
822:people who dwelled along the upper
24:
3234:
2632:Hegu (EMC γət kwət), 6th century.
2623:Qigu (EMC kέt kwət), 6th century.
2272:Yenisei Kyrgyz tableware and altar
1135:
1007:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
27:Former state and ethnic population
25:
4157:
2280:Yenisei Kyrgyz agricultural tools
976:'gray' (horse color) plus suffix
2739:
2665:in 1920. Pelliot suggested that
2530:
171:
4032:
4007:
3948:The Hungarian Historical Review
3932:
3919:
3885:
3851:
3763:
3751:
3724:
3697:
3644:
3538:
3474:
3440:
3431:Studia et Documenta Turcologica
3423:
3410:
3401:
969:and suggests a derivation from
826:in the southern portion of the
3892:Michael Robert Drompp (2005).
3624:Michael Robert Drompp (2005).
3481:Michael Robert Drompp (2005).
3389:
3372:Records of the Grand Historian
3361:
3297:
3284:
3271:
3260:
1104:. Li Ling was captured by the
947:Records of the Grand Historian
838:, just north of Mongolia. The
685:Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast
13:
1:
4014:Pulleyblank, Edwin G (2002).
3254:
2213:basin in northeastern China (
1126:History of the Turkic peoples
913:(黠戛斯), but first appeared as
64:despite the dispersal by the
4131:History of the Kyrgyz people
3707:Manchuria: An Ethnic History
3515:Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).
3418:The Medieval History Journal
3356:The Medieval History Journal
2479:
1069:model. They had adopted the
814:
7:
3858:Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).
3737:. de Gruyter. p. 831.
3545:Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).
3447:Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).
3279:Siberia: A Cultural History
1932:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
1779:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
10:
4162:
3758:Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003
1539:Chief gods and goddesses:
861:
4141:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
4058:10.1163/22105018-12340089
3333:Golden, Peter B. (2017).
3303:Theobald, Ulrich (2012).
3294:, I.B.Tauris, 2012, p.171
2305:Protector General of Anxi
2205:, some Öelet, a tribe of
2143:, where they founded the
1960:11th century–13th century
1117:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
1096:, grandson of the famous
957:reconstructs underlying *
942:
926:
114:
109:
94:
89:
82:
77:
49:
40:
3988:Drompp, Michael (2002).
3382:had just stabilized the
2959:Second Turkic Khaganates
2264:Yenisei Kyrgyz artefacts
2043:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
1689:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1668:Western Turkic Khaganate
1614:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1090:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
844:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
832:Tannu-Ola mountain range
364:Western Turkic Khaganate
3812:Central Asiatic Journal
3321:Central Asiatic Journal
1697:Second Turkic Khaganate
4136:Turkic peoples of Asia
4018:. Ashgate Publishing.
3704:Juha Janhunen (1996).
3305:"Xiajiasi 黠戛斯, Qirqiz"
2832:Munkhkhairkhan culture
2434:
2291:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2244:Ethnicity and language
1859:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
1660:First Turkic Khaganate
1141:
1001:(丁零), and Xinli (薪犁).
723:Independent Kyrgyzstan
227:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3929:19. p. 216 of 197-239
3824:Lung, Rachel (2011).
3179:Democratic Revolution
2407:
2303:(961 CE), citing the
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2251:
1968:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
1600:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
1139:
752:3rd Kyrgyz Revolution
742:2nd Kyrgyz Revolution
732:1st Kyrgyz Revolution
110:Related ethnic groups
4084:Lee & Kuang 2017
3437:. p. 299 of 287–316.
3240:Chavannes, Edouard.
2554:improve this section
2360:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
2149:Gansu Uyghur Kingdom
828:Minusinsk Depression
472:Early modern history
3247:Mambetaliev Askar.
3152:People's Revolution
3122:National Revolution
3077:Oirat Confederation
2862:Deer stones culture
2733:History of Mongolia
2522:Etymology and names
2289:Elegest inscription
1848:Eastern Kara-Khanid
1841:Western Kara-Khanid
1827:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1061:). By the time the
818:), were an ancient
807:𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣
424:Kara-Khanid Khanate
37:
4146:History of Siberia
4086:, p. 204-205.
3940:Kara, Dávid Somfai
3290:Christoph Baumer,
3142:Chinese occupation
2872:Slab-grave culture
2852:Ulaanzuukh culture
2822:Chemurchek culture
2812:Afanasievo culture
2292:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2166:, who founded the
1944:Khwarazmian Empire
1815:Karluk Yabgu State
1553:Epics and heroes:
1142:
1113:imperial Li family
648:Turkestan Autonomy
601:Emirate of Bukhara
551:Khanate of Bukhara
454:Khwarazmian Empire
35:
4111:978-0-253-35385-6
3794:978-3-447-05378-5
3717:978-951-9403-84-7
3690:978-963-7326-14-1
3663:978-0-08-087775-4
3531:978-973-27-1962-6
3232:
3231:
3197:
3196:
3169:People's Republic
3105:
3104:
3010:
3009:
2982:Tang protectorate
2900:
2899:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2510:Abbasid Caliphate
2112:
2111:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2019:Qarlughid Kingdom
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1883:Pecheneg Khanates
1876:
1864:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1803:Oghuz Yabgu State
1796:
1784:
1772:
1767:Türgesh Khaganate
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1701:
1693:
1672:
1664:
1630:
1605:
1580:
1579:
1507:
1506:
1319:
1318:
1130:
1079:Abbasid Caliphate
812:
795:
794:
760:
759:
713:
712:
656:
655:
619:Russian Vassalage
609:
608:
581:Khanate of Kokand
462:
461:
394:Abbasid Caliphate
384:Umayyad Caliphate
344:Göktürk Khaganate
315:
314:
207:Macedonian Empire
197:Achaemenid Empire
145:
144:
16:(Redirected from
4153:
4116:
4115:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4060:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3936:
3930:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3821:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3778:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3581:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3444:
3438:
3427:
3421:
3420:, 21(2): 297-304
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3330:
3324:
3317:
3311:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3118:
3117:
3031:9th–12th century
3023:
3022:
2992:Uyghur Khaganate
2937:Rouran Khaganate
2913:
2912:
2882:Chandman culture
2808:
2807:
2743:
2729:
2728:
2718:, from whom the
2650:Old Book of Tang
2585:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2534:
2526:
2449:New Book of Tang
2145:Kingdom of Qocho
2116:Uyghur Khaganate
2104:
2097:
2090:
2071:
2046:
2034:
2022:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1921:Sultanate of Rum
1910:
1898:
1895:Ghaznavid Empire
1886:
1874:
1862:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1791:Uyghur Khaganate
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1719:Khazar Khaganate
1699:
1691:
1670:
1662:
1628:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1590:Pre-14th century
1567:Major concepts:
1522:
1521:
1517:Turkic Mythology
1334:
1333:
1329:Turkic Languages
1312:Crimean Karaites
1249:Cherniye Klobuki
1155:
1154:
1129:pre–14th century
1128:
1122:
1121:
1037:; additionally,
987:Around 202 BCE,
953:, respectively.
944:
928:
876:
848:Turkic Khaganate
817:
811:romanized:
810:
808:
787:
780:
773:
728:
727:
671:
670:
624:
623:
491:Chagatai Khanate
477:
476:
404:Uyghur Khaganate
334:Kyrgyz Khaganate
330:
329:
325:Medieval history
277:Rouran Khaganate
193:
192:
175:
165:
147:
146:
54:
38:
34:
21:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3986:
3979:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3622:
3615:
3582:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3314:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3277:A. J. Haywood,
3276:
3272:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3237:
3235:Further reading
3228:
3199:
3198:
3189:Modern Mongolia
3162:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3087:Dzungar Khanate
3027:Mongol khanates
3020:
3019:Medieval period
3012:
3011:
2965:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2892:Pazyryk culture
2805:
2586:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2551:
2535:
2524:
2482:
2379:Palaeo-Siberian
2254:Tashtyk culture
2246:
2195:Dzungar Khanate
2108:
2079:
2078:
2008:Tughlaq dynasty
1980:Delhi Sultanate
1678:Tokhara Yabghus
1639:Tiele (Gaoche)
1604:202 BCE–13th CE
1592:
1582:
1581:
1525:Belief system:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1464:Karachay-Balkar
1331:
1321:
1320:
1152:
879:Tashtyk culture
870:
864:
840:Sayan Mountains
820:Turkic-speaking
791:
762:
761:
725:
715:
714:
668:
658:
657:
621:
611:
610:
571:Dzungar Khanate
561:Yarkent Khanate
474:
464:
463:
354:Sasanian Empire
327:
317:
316:
217:Seleucid Empire
190:
163:
156:
132:Siberian Tatars
73:
45:
43:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4159:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4088:
4076:
4051:(2): 197–239.
4031:
4024:
4006:
3977:
3931:
3918:
3904:
3884:
3871:978-3447055376
3870:
3850:
3837:978-9027224446
3836:
3816:
3800:
3793:
3773:
3762:
3750:
3743:
3723:
3716:
3696:
3689:
3669:
3662:
3643:
3636:
3613:
3600:10.2307/605932
3594:(3): 390–403.
3571:
3558:978-3447055376
3557:
3537:
3530:
3507:
3493:
3473:
3460:978-3447055376
3459:
3439:
3422:
3409:
3400:
3388:
3384:Central Region
3360:
3347:
3325:
3312:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:Bogd Khaganate
3128:
3127:
3124:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2911:
2909:Ancient period
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:Sagsai culture
2838:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2698:cognates with
2682:The change of
2667:Middle Chinese
2659:
2658:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2588:
2587:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2515:Hudud al-'alam
2481:
2478:
2443:You yang za zu
2364:folk etymology
2330:folk etymology
2245:
2242:
2122:in Mongolia's
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2001:Khalji dynasty
1997:
1994:Mamluk dynasty
1987:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1956:Kerait Khanate
1951:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1150:Turkic peoples
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1063:Gokturk Empire
868:Čaatas culture
863:
860:
799:Yenisei Kyrgyz
793:
792:
790:
789:
782:
775:
767:
764:
763:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
734:
726:
721:
720:
717:
716:
711:
710:
707:
701:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
681:
680:
677:
675:Turkestan ASSR
669:
664:
663:
660:
659:
654:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
628:Russian Empire
622:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
606:
603:
597:
596:
593:
587:
586:
583:
577:
576:
573:
567:
566:
563:
557:
556:
553:
547:
546:
543:
541:Kazakh Khanate
537:
536:
533:
527:
526:
523:
521:Timurid Empire
517:
516:
513:
507:
506:
503:
497:
496:
493:
487:
486:
483:
475:
470:
469:
466:
465:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
430:
429:
426:
420:
419:
416:
414:Tibetan Empire
410:
409:
406:
400:
399:
396:
390:
389:
386:
380:
379:
376:
370:
369:
366:
360:
359:
356:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
336:
328:
323:
322:
319:
318:
313:
312:
309:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
289:
283:
282:
279:
273:
272:
269:
263:
262:
259:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
176:
168:
167:
158:
157:
150:
143:
142:
112:
111:
107:
106:
92:
91:
87:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
55:
47:
46:
41:
36:Yenisei Kyrgyz
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4158:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4027:
4025:0-86078-859-8
4021:
4017:
4010:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3954:(1): 98–110.
3953:
3949:
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3941:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3873:
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3829:
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3820:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3796:
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3759:
3754:
3746:
3744:9783110819724
3740:
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3709:
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3692:
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3490:
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3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3395:Youzang Zazu
3392:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3358:, 21(2): 302.
3357:
3351:
3343:
3342:Türkologiya 4
3336:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3246:
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3220:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
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3202:
3192:
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3187:
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3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3114:Modern period
3111:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:Northern Yuan
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:Mongol Empire
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:Khamag Mongol
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:Xianbei state
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
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2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
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2803:
2798:
2797:
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2789:
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2779:
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2772:
2769:
2767:
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2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
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2742:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2672:
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2664:
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2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2637:
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2631:
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2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2573:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2539:This section
2537:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2430:meteoric iron
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:grandfather,
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2238:Altai peoples
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:Mongol Empire
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2124:Orkhon Valley
2121:
2117:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2068:Ottoman State
2065:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:Bahri dynasty
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1907:Seljuk Empire
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:Sabiri People
1707:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
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1556:
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1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1501:
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1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
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1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1447:
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1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
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1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
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1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
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1357:
1354:
1353:
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1344:
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1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
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1279:
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1234:
1232:
1229:
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1225:
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1214:
1211:
1210:
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1198:
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1180:
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1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Orkhon script
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Jiānkūn bùluò
1008:
1004:
1003:Duan Chengshi
1000:
996:
993:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
924:
920:
916:
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904:
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888:
884:
880:
874:
869:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Yenisei River
821:
816:
804:
800:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
769:
768:
766:
765:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
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739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
724:
719:
718:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
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688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
676:
673:
672:
667:
662:
661:
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645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
614:
604:
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592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:
531:Uzbek Khanate
529:
528:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
502:
499:
498:
494:
492:
489:
488:
484:
482:
481:Mongol Empire
479:
478:
473:
468:
467:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
435:
434:Seljuk Empire
432:
431:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
415:
412:
411:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
395:
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387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
365:
362:
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321:
320:
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298:
295:
294:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
257:Kushan Empire
255:
254:
251:101 BC–185 AD
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
224:
220:
218:
215:
214:
210:
208:
205:
204:
200:
198:
195:
194:
189:
188:Early history
184:
183:
179:
178:
174:
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
154:
149:
148:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
39:
30:
19:
4101:
4091:
4079:
4070:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4015:
4009:
3999:December 13,
3997:. Retrieved
3993:
3971:
3951:
3947:
3934:
3926:
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3894:
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3860:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3826:
3819:
3811:
3783:
3776:
3765:
3753:
3733:
3726:
3706:
3699:
3679:
3672:
3652:
3646:
3626:
3591:
3585:
3562:. Retrieved
3547:
3540:
3517:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3483:
3476:
3464:. Retrieved
3449:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3403:
3391:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3341:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3286:
3273:
3262:
3193:1990–present
3097:Qing dynasty
3057:Yuan dynasty
3002:Liao dynasty
2921:209 BC–93 AD
2856:1450–1150 BC
2846:1500–1000 BC
2836:1800–1600 BC
2826:2750–1900 BC
2816:3300–2500 BC
2699:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2663:Paul Pelliot
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2591:
2576:
2567:
2552:Please help
2540:
2513:
2483:
2469:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2374:
2370:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2223:
2203:Qing dynasty
2192:
2170:, also sent
2168:Yuan dynasty
2156:Genghis Khan
2153:
2128:Tang Chinese
2113:
2066:
2055:
2041:
2031:Golden Horde
2029:
2017:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1919:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1846:
1839:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1743:Kangar Union
1741:
1729:
1717:
1708:
1675:
1648:
1637:
1623:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1083:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1026:
1010:
986:
981:
978:-q(X)ŕ/ğ(X)ŕ
977:
973:
966:
962:
958:
955:Peter Golden
934:
930:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
865:
815:Qyrqyz bodun
798:
796:
511:Golden Horde
307:Hephthalites
267:Former Liang
32:Ethnic group
29:
3911:February 8,
3877:February 8,
3843:February 8,
3564:February 8,
3500:February 8,
3466:February 8,
2876:1100–300 BC
2866:1400–700 BC
2802:Prehistoric
2655:Tang Huiyao
2462:Ashina Simo
2425:Xin Tangshu
2313:Han dynasty
2300:Tang Huiyao
2234:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2219:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2164:Kublai Khan
1682:Turk Shahis
1629:71 BC–?? AD
1347:Azerbaijani
1168:Oghuz Turks
1098:Han dynasty
1084:The Kyrgyz
1039:Xin Tangshu
982:k(X)z/g(X)z
951:Book of Han
871: [
856:Tarim Basin
695:Kyrgyz ASSR
666:Soviet rule
501:Moghulistan
444:Qara Khitai
297:Later Liang
162:History of
128:Fuyu Kyrgyz
104:Manichaeism
4125:Categories
4045:Inner Asia
3927:Inner Asia
3905:9004141294
3637:9004141294
3494:9004141294
3255:References
2896:600–300 BC
2886:700–300 BC
2702:as Turkic
2653:194b, and
2421:meteorites
2120:Ordu-Baliq
1755:Turk Shahi
1437:Karakalpak
1053:) and the
1049:(> Ch.
971:Old Turkic
909:(居勿), and
803:Old Turkic
705:Kyrgyz SSR
591:Qing China
374:Tang China
287:Former Qin
231:250–152 BC
221:312–189 BC
211:329–312 BC
201:542–330 BC
164:Kyrgyzstan
84:Old Turkic
42:𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰕
4067:2210-5018
3960:2063-8647
3760:, p. 110.
3368:Sima Qian
3173:1924–1992
3163:1921–1924
3146:1919–1921
3136:1911–1919
3101:1691–1911
3091:1634–1757
3081:1399–1634
3071:1368–1635
3061:1271–1368
3051:1206–1368
3041:1130–1206
2972:Xueyantuo
2781:Geography
2704:loanwords
2692:Mongolian
2541:does not
2480:Lifestyle
2332:based on
2215:Manchuria
2190:regions.
2072:1299–1922
2047:1250–1517
2035:1242–1502
2023:1224–1266
1984:1206–1526
1972:1136–1225
1948:1077–1231
1936:1067–1239
1911:1037–1194
1731:Xueyantuo
1573:Grey wolf
1555:Ergenekon
1531:Shamanism
1303:Krymchaks
1213:Kutrigurs
1055:river Kem
1035:Tannu-Ola
1005:wrote in
935:Chien-kun
850:from the
709:1936–1991
699:1926–1936
689:1924–1926
679:1918–1924
652:1917–1918
642:1916–1917
632:1876–1917
605:1841–1876
595:1757–1841
585:1709–1876
575:1680–1758
565:1514–1705
555:1501–1709
545:1465–1757
535:1437–1471
525:1370–1505
515:1368–1446
505:1347–1514
495:1266–1347
485:1218–1266
458:1212–1221
448:1141–1212
438:1089–1141
247:Han China
241:204–53 BC
78:Languages
70:Khakassia
3994:Academia
3968:26571579
3942:(2018).
3376:Vol. 110
3006:907–1125
2947:Göktürks
2791:Religion
2786:Language
2776:Politics
2766:Nobility
2751:Timeline
2712:Dingling
2696:Tungusic
2644:Tongdian
2570:May 2024
2474:Dingling
2470:New Book
2454:New Book
2416:Tongdian
2383:Germanic
2348:Xiajiasi
2326:Xiajiasi
2322:Xiajiasi
2318:Li Guang
2199:Dzungars
1899:963–1186
1887:860–1091
1875:856–1335
1863:848–1036
1831:840–1212
1807:750–1055
1783:743–1035
1723:618–1048
1650:Göktürks
1625:Dingling
1527:Tengrism
1500:Krymchak
1240:Kipchaks
1177:Saragurs
1102:Li Guang
1100:general
1075:Göktürks
1057:(> 劍
1043:Qīngshān
1015:Göktürks
999:Dingling
911:Xiajiasi
428:840–1089
338:539–1207
180:Timeline
153:a series
151:Part of
136:Altaians
116:Göktürks
100:Buddhism
96:Tengrism
90:Religion
3973:Kyrgyz.
2996:744–840
2986:647–682
2976:628–646
2966:682–744
2964:555–630
2955:Eastern
2941:330–555
2917:Xiongnu
2771:Culture
2720:Uyghurs
2714:(later
2676:Xiongnu
2626:Zhoushu
2562:removed
2547:sources
2466:Gardizi
2395:Samoyed
2356:Khakass
2343:"red".
2309:Li Ling
2197:by the
2182:in the
1819:756–940
1795:744–840
1771:699–766
1759:665-850
1747:659–750
1735:628–646
1700:682–744
1692:581–650
1671:581–657
1663:552–581
1428:Qasgqai
1419:Chuvash
1410:Bashkir
1383:Turkmen
1338:Turkish
1294:Dolgans
1258:Uyghurs
1222:Karluks
1195:Bulgars
1186:Utigurs
1159:Onogurs
1106:Xiongnu
1094:Li Ling
1088:of the
1086:khagans
1073:of the
1067:Gokturk
1033:or the
989:Xiongnu
939:Chinese
931:Jiankun
923:Chinese
897:(紇戛斯),
895:Hejiasi
893:(紇扢斯),
862:History
852:Uyghurs
418:794–842
408:791–840
398:750–875
388:706–750
378:657–751
368:603–657
358:559–628
348:557–603
311:440–560
301:386–403
291:383–386
281:330–555
271:301–376
237:Xiongnu
66:Mongols
62:Siberia
56:Modern
18:Jiankun
4108:
4065:
4022:
3966:
3958:
3902:
3868:
3834:
3791:
3741:
3714:
3687:
3660:
3634:
3608:605932
3606:
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3491:
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3397:vol. 4
3244:(1904)
2957:, and
2931:93–234
2804:period
2761:Rulers
2756:States
2671:Mongol
2635:Suishu
2618:Hanshu
2610:Hanshu
2594:Turkic
2508:, the
2496:, and
2494:millet
2490:barley
2458:Basmyl
2375:qizqil
2368:Turkic
2352:Soviet
2337:qizqil
2334:Turkic
2236:, and
2230:Khakas
2226:Kyrgyz
2184:Kyrgyz
2180:judges
2172:Mongol
2133:Turfan
1491:Karaim
1482:Gagauz
1401:Kyrgyz
1374:Uyghur
1365:Kazakh
1285:Yakuts
1276:Kumyks
1267:Tatars
1047:Kögmän
1023:chanyu
1019:Gaoche
992:chanyu
967:Qïrqïŕ
965:< *
963:Qïrqïz
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959:Qïrğïz
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919:Ko-kun
905:(契骨),
901:(護骨),
891:Hegusi
889:(紇骨),
885:(結骨),
261:30–375
155:on the
140:Kazakh
124:Khakas
120:Kyrgyz
58:Khakas
44:Qyrqyz
3964:JSTOR
3604:JSTOR
3522:(PDF)
3386:, . "
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3338:(PDF)
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2647:200,
2607:110,
2604:Shiji
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2207:Oirat
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1871:Qocho
1569:Sheka
1559:Asena
1545:Ülgen
1541:Kayra
1473:Tuvan
1455:Kumyk
1446:Sakha
1392:Tatar
1356:Uzbek
1231:Kimek
1204:Sabir
1051:Quman
1031:Sayan
1027:Quman
995:Modun
945:) in
929:) or
915:Gekun
883:Jiegu
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638:Urkun
4106:ISBN
4063:ISSN
4020:ISBN
4001:2016
3956:ISSN
3913:2012
3900:ISBN
3879:2012
3866:ISBN
3845:2012
3832:ISBN
3789:ISBN
3739:ISBN
3712:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3658:ISBN
3632:ISBN
3566:2012
3553:ISBN
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3502:2012
3489:ISBN
3468:2012
3455:ISBN
3307:for
3183:1990
3161:1921
3126:1911
2694:and
2657:100.
2613:94a.
2545:any
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903:Qigu
899:Hugu
887:Hegu
836:Tuva
797:The
756:2020
746:2010
736:2005
4053:doi
3596:doi
3592:119
3380:Han
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2708:Han
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2620:70.
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