474:(iv. 10), the Mishnah proceeds: "As there is 'wronging' in buying and selling, so there is 'wronging' in words; a man may not ask, 'What is this article worth?' when he has no intention of buying; to one who is a repentant sinner it may not be said, 'Remember thy former conduct'; to him who is the son of proselytes one may not exclaim, 'Remember the conduct of thy forefathers'; for it is said, 'Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him'" (Ex. xxii. 21). In a baraita (B. M. 58b) which follows this section the subject is further developed. "When a proselyte comes to study the Law one should not say, 'He that ate the meat of fallen or torn beasts, of unclean and creeping things, now comes to study the Law that was spoken by the mouth of Omnipotence!' When trouble or sickness comes upon a man, or when he has to bury his children, none should say to him, as Job's friends said to Job, 'Where is thy fear of God, thy trust, thy hope, and the innocence of thy ways?'" The baraita forbids also practical jokes. "If ass-drivers come to one for fodder, one may not send them to N. N. to buy it, knowing that N. N. never sold hay or grain in his life."
445:, monetary deception. The prohibition is on the sale of an article at so much more, or to the purchase of an article at so much less, than its market value that fraud or the taking of an undue advantage is presumed. A discrepancy of one-sixth enables the wronged party to secure the cancelation of the sale or purchase; that is, an article worth six money-units in the market may not be sold for seven or bought for five (B. M. 49b). It seems that overcharge by the merchant selling to the consumer was the most frequent instance in which the application of the rule was called for; the claim had to be made as soon as the buyer had had an opportunity to show his purchase to a merchant or to one of his friends. It is said that R. Ṭarfon taught at
636:, which argued that Jews are obligated to pay their workers on time, strive to pay their workers a living wage, and "to treat their workers with dignity and respect." The responsum prohibited "publicly yelling at, mocking, or otherwise embarrassing workers; forbidding employees from speaking their native languages at work; banning all bathroom breaks; changing work hours or adding shifts without advance notice; or making improper sexual comments or advances toward workers." Enforcing laws regarding the proper treatment of workers in the food industry has been central to the efforts of Conservative Judaism's
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labor markets. This discussion focused on a passage of Talmud—the primary source of almost all Jewish law—that deals with many aspects of unjust enrichment and ill-gotten gains. In the process, participants learned about the tradition's views on pricing, interest, wages, and the ethics of the marketplace more generally. The seminar also afforded the opportunity to focus on the patterns of reasoning that produce some startling conclusions. This led, in turn, to a broader conversation regarding the religious framework for regulating human behavior and its effectiveness (or lack of same).
478:
Samuel b. Naḥman says, because in one case there is opportunity for restoration, in the other there is not. The Talmud then dwells upon the unpardonable sin of "blanching the face of one's neighbor in public," and closes with the admonition that under all circumstances a man should beware of "wronging" his wife, because her tears are ever ready to accuse him before the throne of God.
713:
665:, regarding an employee's obligation to report wrongdoing on the part of his or her employer. He concluded that "In any case of wrongdoing, there is an obligation to rebuke the person doing wrong if it can be assumed there is a reasonable chance the rebuke will be listened to, and the rebuke can be administered without substantial personal cost to the reporter."
294:, money. The teaching here is that while a few are able to ascend spiritually in the way they earn and spend their money others, instead, descend here. Indeed, therefore, "nowhere in the whole field of human activity are the lusts and needs that need separation and religious guidance greater than in this field of human activity". The "Shelah",
593:"A real estate agent should not dupe a young couple into buying a home with structural faults simply in order to make a fast buck. A stockbroker should not sell his client a bad investment just to collect the commission. A salesman should not convince his customer to buy an expensive item he really has no use for."
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purchasing a ticket for a ball game, can you move to an unoccupied, higher-priced seat? If you ever have the money are you morally obliged to repay discharged debt? Questions regarding topics in social ethics such as living wages, insider trading, CEO compensation, and collective bargaining are also addressed.
477:
On the authority of R. Simeon ben Yoḥai, it was said that wronging by words is worse than wronging in trade, for the
Scripture as to the former, but not as to the latter, commands, "Thou shalt fear thy God": R. Eleazar says, because one injures the man himself, the other affects only his property; R.
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The Rohr Jewish
Learning Institute (JLI) will present the new course Money Matters: Jewish Business Ethics. Rabbi Ruvi New of Chabad of East Boca....Spanning a wide range of intriguing subjects, Money Matters discusses the personal ethics of bankruptcy and freeloading asking questions such as: After
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The recent failures in the financial industry have drastically changed the way we think about business," said Rabbi Yossi
Shemtov, JLI instructor and rabbi at Toledo's Chabad House-Lubavitch. "At JLI, we deeply believe that business should be a force for good and that's why we're presenting students
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We are all familiar with this kind of ruse. A wholesaler takes an inferior brand of shirt and puts on Pierre Cardin labels. You buy a box of perfect-looking tomatoes or strawberries, only to discover upon opening the box at home that they were packaged with the bad spots facing down. And we all know
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that we affix to the doorpost is connected to the things that we bring in and take out of our houses. We gather into our homes the wealth that G-d has bestowed upon us. All should therefore be in truth and in faith as befits a house on which the Law of G-d is inscribed on the door posts. This is the
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In the case of changing money it was suggested that a lack in weight of even one in twelve should be sufficient ground for complaint, but the prevailing opinion fixed here also the ratio of one in six. Within a great city the time for complaint extends until the money in question can be shown to a
202:
Talmudic teachings define as fraud - every mode of taking advantage of a man's ignorance, whether Jew or
Gentile; as theft - gains obtained by betting or gambling, or by raising the price of food through speculation; as usury - advantages derived from loans of money or of other items; as a sin
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It is important not to steal company time. Rabbis had often noted the importance of working hard, such as the
Biblical Jacob, who worked very hard for many years, despite being deceived by Jacob's father-in-law. Therefore, employees should avoid spending too much time on-line (e.g., Facebook) or
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The legal dimension of the Jewish religious tradition emerged as an all-encompassing system of law that did not conceive of anything outside its purview. Thus, the tradition is replete with reflections on, and regulations governing, business practices of all kinds, from the credit markets to the
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We would call it false packaging or false labeling. The Talmud gives a number of specific examples: One should not sift the beans at the top of the bushel because he is "deceiving the eye" by making the customer think that the entire bushel has been sifted. It is forbidden to paint animals or
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Either seller or purchaser, whether merchant or one in private life, may make the complaint, notwithstanding the opinion to the contrary of R. Judah ben Ilai. The purchaser imposed upon may ask either for rescission of the transaction or for the return of the excess paid by him.
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Leviticus 25:17 teaches: "Do not deceive one another, but fear your God, for I the Lord am your God." Since
Leviticus 25:14 was understood as referring to monetary deception, the Talmud concludes that Leviticus 25:17 refers to verbal deception, "ona'at devarim."
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in
Eastern Europe, put a great deal of emphasis on business ethics, and taught that just as one checks carefully to make sure their food is kosher, so too should one check to see if his money is earned in a kosher fashion. The
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secret of conducting one's business in faithfulness. In other words, what one brings into the house, that is what one earns, should be in faithfulness. What we take out, what we spend our money on should also be in faith."
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Resnicoff, Steven H. "Ends and means in Jewish law" JLA v.15, 2004, p.151, states that geneivat da'at is more "blameworthy... because the injury to the person is more personal and direct; it is not merely a financial
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that the discrepancy must amount to one-third to justify an action, whereupon the merchants rejoiced; but when he extended the time for rescission to the whole day they demanded the restoration of the old rule.
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question asked is: "were you honest in business?" Similarly, the punishment to be received for dishonest business practice is held to be more severe than for other categories of sin.
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Chabad 's Jewish
Learning Institute (JLI) will be partnering with the Jewish Community Center to present a new accredited six-session course, Money Matters: Jewish Business Ethics
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money-changer; in villages, where no money-changer is to be found, until the eve of the
Sabbath, when the party deceived is apt to tender the coin in payment for his purchases.
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The Rohr Jewish
Learning Institute (JLI) will present a new course, "Money Matters: Jewish Business Ethics," led by Rabbi Shmuli Bendet of Chabad Lubavitch of Staten Island,
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provoking God's punishment - every breach of promise in commerce; as a culpable transgression - every act of carelessness which exposes men or things to danger or damage.
423:(19:35-36): "You shall not falsify measures of length, weight, or capacity. You shall have an honest balance, an honest weight, an honest ephah, and an honest hin."
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431:
Leviticus 25:14 teaches: "When you sell anything to your neighbor or buy anything from your neighbor, you shall not deceive one another." The Talmud (
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prepared a list of articles, books and other items, by over 60 authors, entitled "Readings on Traditional Jewish texts on Labor and Worker Rights".
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how used cars are touched up and polished for the sole purpose of overcharging the customer. Such behavior is clearly forbidden by Jewish law.
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1392:. San Francisco, California: San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc. Jewish News Weekly of Northern California. January 19, 2012.
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Local chapters of the Jewish Learning Institute will present a six-part course, "Money Matters: Jewish Business Ethics," later this month.
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Chabad offers course on biz ethics The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute will present a new course, "Money Matters: Jewish Business Ethics,"
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585:." Jewish tradition sees this as a figuratively expressed prohibition against misleading people. When it comes to business ethics, Rabbi
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The general gravity with which business ethics are treated in Jewish thought is illustrated by the widely quoted Talmudic tradition (
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257:, it is learned that meditation and prayer, while spiritually transformative, do not match the power of doing business ethically (
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discusses a general approach to work, and the requirement that one's profession be "clean", i.e. without prospect for dishonesty.
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Money Matters has been developed by the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute and will be taught in 300 locations throughout the world
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There are numerous published responsa dealing with specific contemporary issues; a few of many examples are discussed below.
337:(commandments) concerning commercial and business conduct – a few examples are discussed in the following sub-sections.
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13, Tosefta BK 7, Hilchot De'ot 2:6. On the exception for honoring a person, such as a guest, see Hullin 94b and Tur HM 228.
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411:; for a more holistic Halachic discussion, with detailed references, see the works by Marburger and Wagschal in references.
214:, considered a foundational Mussar text, devotes much discussion to honesty in business, and the role this plays as regards
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The Business Bible: 10 New Commandments for Bringing Spirituality & ethical values into the workplace,
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As a stake is driven firmly into a fissure between stones, so sin is wedged in between selling and buying.
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as well as the resources listed at; for discussion relating to specific contemporary issues see and
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1290:. The Naperville Sun (Chicago Tribune). The Sun - Naperville (IL). January 27, 2012. Archived from
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1375:. Staten Island, New York: SILive.com., Advance Digital. Staten Island Advance. January 20, 2012.
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Rabbi Michael Feinberg's article "Wage Theft Study Guide: A Jewish Perspective" is also online.
403:. Also see Michael S. Perry's "Labor Rights in the Jewish Tradition". And for an overview of ""
392:). Further, specific questions here, numbering in the thousands, have been discussed in various
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utensils in order to improve their appearance or cover up their defects (Bava Metzia 60a-b).
439:, Mekhira, Chapter 12) expand on this verse to create a series of specific laws prohibiting
180:- requires that one earns one's living through productive labor, while also warning against
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that examines ethical issues that arise in a business environment. It is noted that in the
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Some examples in Chassidic thought follow; for further resources here see and. Based on a
1435:. BOCA RATON, Florida. Boca News Now, A Division Of MetroDesk Media LLC. January 9, 2012.
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1373:"Little Star students shine on big stage at Eltingville Jewish preschool performance"
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86:B is an often cited example, where this obligation is examined in the context of
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1227:. BUSINESS ACROSS RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS, Harvard Divinity School. January 31, 2008.
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literature also discuss business ethics at great length. Examples follow by genre.
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Lewis N. Dembitz and the Executive Committee of the Editorial Board (1901–1906).
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1122:"Wage Theft Study Guide: A Jewish Perspective | Interfaith Worker Justice"
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one of JLI's (Jewish Learning Institute) most exciting courses, Money Matters.
1358:. Jewish St Louis. Original Article at Jewishinstlouis.org. January 23, 2012.
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30a) states: "He who wishes to achieve saintliness should study the order of
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because it directly harms the person, not merely their money. In rabbinic
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716: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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teach courses on Jewish Business Ethics for students and professionals.
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has pointed to the following examples of what this principle prohibits:
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http://www.jewishlaborcommittee.org/LaborRightsInTheJewishTradition.pdf
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503:. The prohibition on geneivat da'at is attributed to the Talmudic sage
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1244:"Business Practices and the Jewish Tradition (Jud 20.5/Business 50.6)"
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relating to these commandments are developed and expanded upon in the
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1309:"Chabad plans courses on Judaism's relevance today, business ethics"
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86:, verses 26:29-27:3 offer a "remarkably sceptical" view of business:
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discussions relating to honesty in business include the following.
581:(Leviticus 19:14) prohibits "placing a stumbling block before the
235:’s first published work concerned honesty in weights and measures.
39:(fitness) of one's money, many more, in fact, than concerning the
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Free Enterprise and Jewish Law: Aspects of Jewish Business Ethics
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with timeless Talmudic insights into real-world ethical dilemmas.
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authored a responsum in 2007, approved by Conservative Judaism's
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Business Halachah: A Practical Halachic Guide To Modern Business
516:(94a): "It is forbidden to mislead people, even a non-Jew." One
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In addition to these, and numerous other Talmudic passages, the
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1390:"Jewish Learning Institute presents course on business ethics"
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of food. The subject thus receives an extensive treatment in
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For a general survey, see "The Challenge of Wealth," by Dr.
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Avot D’rabi Natan, ed. Schechter, version B, Chap. 31, p. 68
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Money: A Practical Halachic Guide for Business and the Home
1433:"Chabad of East Boca Raton To Offer Business Ethics Course"
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Judaism in the Workplace: Professional Ethics & Halakha
276:, in discussing the angels descending and ascending on the
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With All Your Possessions: Jewish Ethics and Economic Life
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Jewish Ethics in a Post-Madoff World: A Case for Optimism
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http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/docs/Whistleblowing.pdf
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You Shall Strengthen Them: A Rabbinic Letter on the Poor
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Dispatches from the Workplace: Rabbis for Worker Justice
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44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach
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Mentioned, for example, in the popular Halachik work
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Jewish ethics § Areas of applied Jewish ethics
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teaches that "character is tested through business."
1356:"Wisdom of the Ages for Today's Economic Dilemmas"
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462:Prohibition of verbal deception (ona'at devarim)
427:Prohibition of monetary deception (ona'at mamon)
358:). The detailed laws are then delineated in the
1270:"Jewish business ethics to be topic for course"
1082:Some Basic Principles of Jewish Business Ethics
1525:, Moses L. Pava, Ktav Publishing House, 1997.
408:
1498:, Ari Marburger, Mesorah Publications, 2008.
1485:, Aaron Levine, Ktav Publishing House, 1999.
1472:, Aaron Levine, Ktav Publishing House, 1980.
1460:with Lee Paskind, The Rabbinical Assembly, NY
1272:. Toledo, Ohio: The Blade. January 29, 2012.
996:
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547:has explained the principle's application to
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415:Requirement of accurate weights and measures
1581:, S. Wagschal, Philipp Feldheim Inc, 1990.
1512:, Asher Meir, Ktav Publishing House, 2005.
1288:"Economic crisis from a Jewish perspective"
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482:Geneivat da’at ("stealing a person’s mind")
991:
700:Torah im Derech Eretz#Earning a livelihood
567:Putting a stumbling block before the blind
839:, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001),
1410:. Boulder, Colorado. Boulder Jewish News
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1052:6:225-231. On the ranking of theft, see
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1483:Case Studies in Jewish Business Ethics
1466:Wayne Dosick, Jewish Lights Publishing
1189:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
754:The Challenge of Wealth - Introduction
62:
1523:Business Ethics: A Jewish Perspective
911:Money Matters: Jewish Business Ethics
909:The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute:
663:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
634:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
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1594:, S. Wagschal, Judaica Press, 2010.
1568:, Meir Tamari, Jason Aronson, 1986.
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888:Chofetz Chaim, Sfat Tamim, chapter 5
649:other diversions when at their job.
1225:"Jewish Law and Marketplace Ethics"
290:, ladder, is equivalent to that of
278:ladder seen in the dream of Ya'akov
13:
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1555:, Meir Tamari, Free Press, 1987.
1408:"Capitalism, Socialism….Judaism?"
1030:"ONA'AH - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
652:
1566:Al Chet: Sins in the marketplace
736:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
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1579:Torah Guide for the Businessman
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226:(19th century), founder of the
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823:: New Revised Standard Version
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683:Rohr Jewish Learning Institute
435:49b and 50b) and later codes (
1:
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532:, the law is associated with
1605:Pava, M. (24 October 2011).
1542:, Jason Aronson Inc., 1995.
923:The Kabbalah of Making Money
695:Divine providence in Judaism
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218:in general; see for example
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841:The Oxford Bible Commentary
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73:judgement in the next world
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255:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
598:Contemporary applications
368:, particularly books 11.
360:major codes of Jewish law
121:profanation of God's Name
1101:"Jewish Labor Committee"
644:Not wasting time at work
47:, both from an ethical (
1536:The Challenge of Wealth
733:The Jewish Encyclopedia
673:Institutions including
405:The Challenge of Wealth
352:(particularly in Order
224:Yisrael Lipkin Salanter
170:- which underpins much
1315:. St. Louis, Missouri.
1313:St. Louis Jewish Light
730:; et al. (eds.).
612:Jewish Labor Committee
595:
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17:Jewish business ethics
1242:Friedman, Hershey H.
1128:on September 11, 2015
1050:Encyclopedia Talmudit
1000:Yeshivat Darche Noam
937:"Challenge of Wealth"
774:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch
628:in 2008, approved by
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559:
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524:is the worst type of
216:character development
186:#Earning a livelihood
167:Torah im Derech Eretz
88:
27:, there are over 100
19:is a form of applied
1171:on November 27, 2010
810:Hilchos Genevah 7:12
630:Conservative Judaism
606:Treatment of workers
396:over the centuries.
71:31a ) that in one's
1510:The Jewish Ethicist
1294:on March 29, 2015.
1250:on 3 September 2014
577:A statement in the
331:There are over 100
153:Avot de-Rabbi Natan
63:Ethical perspective
45:Rabbinic literature
1634:Jewish ethical law
1087:2004-08-12 at the
1007:2013-03-20 at the
897:chabad.org :
759:2014-02-24 at the
675:Harvard University
505:Samuel of Nehardea
1616:978-0-230-33957-6
1406:Brackman, Benjy.
497:misrepresentation
421:Book of Leviticus
419:According to the
280:, notes that the
211:Mesillat Yesharim
59:) point of view.
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