423:) age, about 155 million years old. Asturian jet is a perhydrous coal that suffered an anomalous coalification process and presents great material stability over long periods of time. At the end of the Middle Ages, the trade of religious objects and amulets made of jet reached great development in Santiago de Compostela, with sales to pilgrims traveling the Camino de Santiago. However, the deposits were in Asturias, where simple objects such as beads and rosary beads were also made. Santiago de Compostela was the main sales point and the location of the workshops that produced artistic objects. Jet has also been extracted in the area of Utrillas, Gargallo, and Montalbán in the province of Teruel, although it is of lower quality than that from Asturias.
500:
615:
715:
770:
668:
40:
339:
1472:"While there is no source of jet anywhere near southwestern Turkey, it can be found in western Anatolia near Erzurum, where there are about six hundred family-run mines in the mountains. They call it oltu-tasi and it is the material from which Muslim prayer-beads are made. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1054-1056). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
287:. Jet is found in two forms, hard and soft. Hard jet is the result of carbon compression and salt water; soft jet may be the result of carbon compression and fresh water. Despite the name they both occupy the same area of the Mohs scale with the difference being that soft jet is more likely to crack when exposed to changes in temperature.
773:
772:
778:
776:
771:
777:
786:
In Whitby the
Victorian tradition continued up until the aftermath of World War II. Jet jewellery (both vintage and new) was then to remain out of fashion until the late '70s. In the '80s there was a fashion for jet beads and antique jet jewellery started to rise in value. New jewellers took up the
760:
making little use of black jewellery. As the numbers fell the remaining manufactures tended to stick with existing styles rather than attempting to adapt to new fashions resulting in demand falling further. Making tourist trinkets kept a few jewellers in work, but by the end of World War II only
775:
755:
Jet use was at its highest in the early 1870s and from there it declined. From above 1000 workers in the trade Whitby was down to 300 by 1884. While jet substitutes may have had an impact this appears to have been in a large part due to changes in fashion with
295:
Jet is around 75% carbon and 12% oxygen with sulfur and hydrogen making up most of the balance. Other elements are found at trace level and the exact ratios varying with the source; for example, Spanish jet contains more sulfur than Whitby jet. Jet has a
641:
suggests that "the kindling of jet drives off snakes and relieves suffocation of the uterus. Its fumes detect attempts to simulate a disabling illness or a state of virginity." It has been referenced by other ancient writers including
1601:
658:
Vikings made some use of jet including rings and miniature sculptures of animals with snakes being a prominent theme. The source of the jet has not been confirmed although Whitby is the most likely possibility.
774:
443:
were using regionally mined jet for jewellery and the ornamentation of weapons when early
Spanish explorers reached the area in the 1500s. Today these jet deposits are known as Acoma jet, for the
2223:
560:
Early archaeologists (particularly
Victorian) often failed to distinguish between jet and other jet-like materials In particular in southern Britain the material described as jet was often
859:
combined with visual inspection (including under high magnification) and X-ray imaging is generally effective although it can be difficult to differentiate jet from lignite.
803:
was also used as a jet substitute and initially looks very similar to jet, but it fades over time. In some cases jet offcuts were mixed with glue and molded into jewelry.
611:-produced items were exported to that area. One item that has been found around the Rhine but not in Britain are jet bracelets that feature grooves with gold inserts.
321:
Jet is very easily cut using carving tools, but small pieces tend to break off, making it difficult to create fine details. It therefore takes an experienced
565:
561:
2215:
967:
Pye, K. (1985). "Electron microscope analysis of zoned dolomite rhombs in the Jet Rock
Formation (Lower Toarcian) of the Whitby area, U.K.",
576:
Whitby jet was a popular material for jewellery in Roman
Britain from the 3rd century onward. There is no evidence for Roman jet working in
796:
600:. Jet rings tended to follow the styles of existing metal rings although there were exceptions. Jet pendants were carved cameo style with
407:
but this declined with the start of the 19th. An 1871 plan to import raw French jet into Whitby was unsuccessful due to its poor quality.
813:) is superficially similar to fine jet, and has been used to imitate it. This imitation is not always easy to distinguish from real jet.
734:
2256:
633:
material, frequently used in amulets and pendants because of its supposed protective qualities and ability to deflect the gaze of the
1330:
2370:
2296:
2107:
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1949:
1924:
1807:
1783:
1758:
1733:
1708:
1687:
1584:
1340:
1227:
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1002:
940:
2643:
607:
Stylistic similarities with jet items found in the
Rhineland, and lack of any evidence for local manufacture, suggest that
1356:
Suárez-Ruiz, Isabel; Iglesias, M. J.; Jiménez
Bautista, Amalia; DomĂnguez Cuesta, MarĂa JosĂ©; Laggoun-DĂ©farge, F. (2006).
2397:
596:. It was used in rings, hair pins, beads, bracelets, bangles, necklaces, and pendants, many of which can be seen in the
1841:
2346:
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2196:
2168:
2143:
2018:
1899:
1874:
1663:
1556:
1531:
1313:
1248:
1057:
1027:
795:
Glass was used as a jet substitute during the peak of jet's popularity. When it was used in this way it was known as
733:. It originally became fashionable in the 1850s after the queen wore a necklace of it as part of mourning dress for
1654:
Sheridan, Alison; Davis, Mary (1998). "The Welsh 'jet set' in prehistory: a case of keeping up with the
Joneses?".
588:) where considerable evidence for jet production has been found. The collection of jet at this time was based on
1486:
1463:
Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret
History (Kindle Location 1035). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
856:
541:
where it was used for necklace beads. Jet necklaces following the plate and spacer design may have been based on
1105:
730:
630:
373:
311:
of jet is approximately 1.66. The touch of a red-hot needle should cause jet to emit an odour similar to coal.
297:
283:
Jet is a product of decomposition of wood from millions of years ago, commonly the wood of trees of the family
120:
1387:
Calvo
Rebollar, Miguel (2023). "La reina Victoria y mĂster Goodyear. Apogeo y ocaso del azabache de Teruel".
17:
718:
554:
400:
399:. Raw jet was also imported from Spain. In the 18th century there was a jet working industry based around
1126:"The wider context of the Lower Jurassic Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in Yorkshire coastal outcrops, UK"
1917:
Household Goods and Good Households in Late Medieval London Consumption and Domesticity After the Plague
3393:
499:
2854:
1626:
351:
1402:
3403:
2690:
2512:
1819:
1124:
Thibault, N.; Ruhl, M.; Ullmann, C.V.; Korte, C.; Kemp, D.B.; Gröcke, D.R.; Hesselbo, S.P. (2018).
706:
and 360 jet buttons. The gown was too heavy to wear and she ordered it to be remade with less jet.
464:
404:
3321:
2414:
2390:
845:
534:
2695:
3398:
862:
Real jet, when placed in a flame, burns like coal and gives off a coal-like smell and produces
742:
2288:
2282:
2074:
2068:
1421:
924:
916:
3221:
1519:
675:
Medieval jet use appears to have been largely limited to religious items such as crosses and
527:
110:
100:
2248:
679:
beads. During the period there was a belief that water drunk from jet bowls could help with
3058:
2715:
1140:
833:
691:
643:
8:
3053:
1996:, 'Female dress', Erin Griffey, Early Modern Court Culture (Routledge, 2022), pp. 398-99.
837:
749:
504:
268:
264:
171:
133:
1144:
350:, in England, is the "Jet Rock" unit of the Mulgrave Shale Member, which is part of the
2462:
2442:
2383:
1823:
1631:
1282:
1265:
1156:
538:
368:
90:
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2139:
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2078:
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2014:
1945:
1920:
1895:
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1803:
1779:
1754:
1729:
1704:
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1635:
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1552:
1527:
1369:
1357:
1336:
1309:
1244:
1223:
1196:
1099:
1053:
1023:
998:
936:
1160:
2819:
2648:
2602:
2522:
1621:
1613:
1404:
From The Rio To The Sierra: An Environmental History Of The Middle Rio Grande Basin
1355:
1277:
1148:
972:
928:
684:
623:
597:
546:
308:
304:
161:
143:
63:
2914:
2849:
2660:
2633:
1358:"El azabache de Asturias: caracterĂsticas fĂsico-quĂmicas, propiedades y gĂ©nesis"
1152:
904:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 344.
699:
638:
452:
380:
363:
315:
1088:"Whitby jet and its relation to Upper Lias sedimentation in the Yorkshire basin"
3267:
3199:
3128:
2772:
2710:
1837:
875:
738:
451:
of New Mexico and this geology is closely related to jet deposits mined in the
448:
359:
2487:
1617:
1440:
1190:
1177:- plate 26 and page 339 of Brenchley, P. J. and Rawson P. F. (editors) (2006)
976:
354:. This jet deposit was formed approximately 181 million years ago, during the
272:
3388:
3382:
3342:
3272:
3231:
2899:
2653:
2638:
2587:
2053:
1373:
932:
703:
550:
512:
284:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3309:
3262:
3092:
3038:
2824:
2705:
2665:
2557:
2011:
A Collector's Guide to Costume Jewelry Key Styles and how to recognize them
1977:
714:
589:
444:
420:
252:
184:
2365:
564:. and some artifacts use more than one jet-like material. For example the
3315:
3304:
3194:
3033:
2983:
2978:
2894:
2736:
2612:
2562:
2437:
2432:
1993:
1125:
817:
757:
695:
667:
542:
460:
181:
1087:
761:
three remained, and the industry died out completely with their deaths.
3138:
3083:
2958:
2871:
2829:
2731:
2680:
2617:
2592:
2467:
1111:
880:
836:. When rubbed against unglazed porcelain, true jet will leave a brown
806:
680:
484:
440:
396:
392:
234:
2839:
1482:
698:
bought 1000 "black jet bugle drops" to embroider headdresses in 1587.
3284:
3277:
3148:
3143:
3123:
3048:
2973:
2967:
2948:
2844:
2785:
2700:
2597:
2532:
2507:
2497:
2427:
2406:
1602:"The Social Role of Non-metal 'Valuables' in Late Bronze Age Britain"
593:
508:
436:
218:
39:
702:
ordered a gown of "double burret" silk in June 1597 loaded with jet
275:", meaning as dark a black as possible, derives from this material.
3352:
3326:
3252:
3179:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3063:
3003:
2993:
2953:
2935:
2924:
2919:
2834:
2790:
2675:
2670:
2607:
2547:
2537:
2502:
2477:
2452:
2447:
1191:
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M., eds. (2012).
900:
Neuendorf, K. K. E. Jr.; Mehl, J. P.; Jackson, J. A., eds. (2005).
634:
608:
581:
468:
416:
355:
322:
300:
237:. It is derived from wood that has changed under extreme pressure.
226:
3347:
3257:
3169:
3078:
3043:
3028:
3013:
2998:
2988:
2861:
2795:
2746:
2685:
2542:
2517:
2482:
849:
841:
800:
488:
480:
230:
214:
971:, volume 122, issue 3, pp. 279–286, Cambridge University Press,
832:, which is cool to the touch, jet is not cool, due to its lower
3247:
3153:
3113:
3088:
3023:
3008:
2904:
2889:
2884:
2800:
2751:
2741:
2457:
2422:
1919:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 141.
722:
676:
619:
601:
577:
523:
522:
The earliest known worked jet object is a 10,000 BC model of a
516:
432:
347:
261:
245:
1776:
The Jewellery of Roman Britain Celtic and classical Traditions
1726:
The Jewellery of Roman Britain Celtic and classical Traditions
1701:
The Jewellery of Roman Britain Celtic and classical Traditions
748:
In some jewellery designs of the period jet was combined with
419:, the biggest deposit in northern Spain, is of Late Jurassic (
3226:
3216:
3206:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3133:
2963:
2943:
2879:
2811:
2552:
2527:
2472:
829:
816:
Some museums have produced reproductions of jet artefacts in
647:
338:
257:
2375:
923:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer. pp.
694:, owned jet buttons and clothes embroidered with jet beads.
568:
combines two or three jet pieces with other dark material.
3098:
3073:
3068:
3018:
2780:
863:
810:
690:
Jet became a valued costume accessory in the 16th century.
585:
456:
222:
549:
jet went out of fashion until the early 3rd century AD in
1332:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art
729:
Jet as a gemstone became fashionable during the reign of
391:
Jet was mined from a number of areas of France including
1123:
526:
larva, from Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, Germany, found among the
1266:"Kimmeridge Jet-A Potential New Source for British Jet"
1085:
503:
Three views of a prehistoric pendant in lignite/jet;
260:. Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain
1835:
1184:
914:
899:
244:
derives from the French word for the same material,
1117:
958:(2nd edition) 1989, Oxford, Oxford University Press
1429:. UTAH GEOLOGICAL AND MINERAL SURVEY. p. 90.
1263:
915:Holmes, Ralph J.; Crowningshield, Robert (1983).
737:. Later the Queen wore Whitby jet as part of her
366:from species similar to the extant Chilean pine (
3380:
2008:
1826:). London: Taylor and Francis. 1855. Chapter 36
866:. No other black "gemstone" behaves like this.
256:), ultimately referring to the ancient town of
2276:
2274:
1386:
479:Jet is also commercialized in Poland and near
2391:
2009:Tolkien, Tracy; Wilkinson, Henrietta (1997).
1968:, vol. 7 (London: Dolman, 1844), pp. 230-238.
1942:Medieval Life Archaeology and the Life Course
1653:
1518:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1181:, 2nd edition, London, The Geological Society
507:(17,000–10,000 BC), from the Marsoulas cave,
44:Sample of unworked jet, about 15 mm long
2182:
2180:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2060:
2004:
2002:
1860:
1858:
1748:
1574:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
992:
557:marked the end of jet's ancient popularity.
2271:
2243:
2241:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1599:
1264:Watts, S; Pollard, A.M; Wolff, G.A (1997).
893:
537:It continued in use in Britain through the
2398:
2384:
2330:
2305:
2210:
2208:
2091:
1570:
1568:
1290:
1133:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1043:
1041:
1039:
735:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
687:may have been designed to allow for this.
447:. Enormous coal deposits characterize the
38:
2177:
2152:
2116:
2038:. London: John Murray. pp. 276–277.
2033:
1999:
1939:
1933:
1883:
1855:
1818:Pliny the Elder. Natural History (trans.
1672:
1627:1983/bfc58ed6-3871-4e03-aa74-a27c6b815d94
1625:
1540:
1501:
1281:
1232:
1214:
1212:
988:
986:
984:
855:When non destructive testing is required
2280:
2238:
2097:
2066:
1838:"DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI CAPITULA VII–XXIV"
1767:
1717:
1642:
1335:. Oxford University Press. p. 307.
768:
713:
666:
613:
498:
337:
267:which are of brassy colour and metallic
2205:
2027:
1742:
1692:
1565:
1526:. The Yorkshire Museum. pp. 8–11.
1423:Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
1036:
1011:
533:Jet has been used in Britain since the
14:
3381:
2336:
2311:
2186:
2158:
2133:
1914:
1908:
1889:
1864:
1546:
1489:from the original on 29 September 2016
1475:
1303:
1238:
1209:
1047:
1017:
981:
229:. Unlike many gemstones, jet is not a
2379:
2371:Roman Objects in the Yorkshire Museum
2284:Jewelry from Antiquity to the Present
2259:from the original on 15 February 2016
2226:from the original on 16 February 2016
2070:Jewelry from Antiquity to the Present
1773:
1723:
1698:
1593:
1441:"Jet from El Paso Co., Colorado, USA"
1257:
823:
580:itself, rather it was transferred to
2102:. Adams & Dart. pp. 21–22.
1753:. Shire publications. pp. 8–9.
1749:Muller, Helen; Muller, Katy (2009).
1600:BrĂĽck, Joanna; Davies, Alex (2018).
1579:. Shire publications. pp. 7–8.
1575:Muller, Helen; Muller, Katy (2009).
1328:
993:Muller, Helen; Muller, Katy (2009).
325:to execute more elaborate carvings.
2100:Cut-Steel and Berlin Iron Jewellery
1982:Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd
24:
1308:. Butterworths. pp. 112–113.
1283:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1997.tb00793.x
1094:; PhD thesis, University of Leeds.
790:
629:The Roman period saw its use as a
474:
372:). The deposit extends throughout
25:
3415:
2359:
2216:"Jet necklace and black silk tie"
1524:Roman Jet in the Yorkshire Museum
997:. Shire publications. p. 5.
2138:. Butterworths. pp. 59–63.
1894:. Butterworths. pp. 27–28.
1869:. Butterworths. pp. 25–26.
1606:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
1179:The Geology of England and Wales
782:an example of modern jet carving
709:
483:in Turkey, where it is known as
426:
342:A large piece of jet from Whitby
318:like that of amber when rubbed.
303:ranging between 2.5 and 4 and a
1987:
1971:
1958:
1844:from the original on 2013-02-06
1829:
1812:
1792:
1778:. Routledge. pp. 120–121.
1728:. Routledge. pp. 106–107.
1656:Prehistoric Ritual and Religion
1483:"Venus figures from Petersfels"
1466:
1457:
1433:
1414:
1395:
1380:
1349:
1322:
1167:
857:X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
764:
671:The Museum of London's jet bowl
2255:. Victoria and Albert Museum.
2073:. Thames and Hudson. pp.
1944:. Boydell Press. p. 141.
1086:Hemingway, John Edwin (1933).
1079:
1074:Handbook of Gem Identification
1066:
961:
949:
921:The Encyclopedia of Mineralogy
908:
374:North York Moors National Park
13:
1:
2405:
2341:. Butterworths. p. 132.
2316:. Butterworths. p. 129.
2287:. Thames and Hudson. p.
2013:. Firefly Books. p. 52.
1836:Caius Julius Solinus (2013).
1703:. Routledge. pp. 69–70.
1076:1989 GIA press, 12 ed. pg 192
886:
787:production of jet jewellery.
653:
290:
27:Mineraloid and minor gemstone
2222:. Pitt Rivers Museum. 2011.
2191:. Butterworths. p. 64.
2163:. Butterworths. p. 60.
1915:French, Katherine L (2021).
1658:. Sutton. pp. 148–162.
1551:. Butterworths. p. 20.
1243:. Butterworths. p. 10.
1220:A History of Ancient Britain
1175:Jurassic: the returning seas
1153:10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.10.007
741:while mourning the death of
604:head being a popular theme.
571:
72:Variable, but rich in carbon
7:
1940:Gilchrist, Roberta (2012).
1329:Ward, Gerald W. R. (2008).
1193:The Geologic Timescale 2012
1052:. Butterworths. p. 2.
1022:. Butterworths. p. 4.
869:
662:
379:Jet has also been found in
328:
10:
3420:
2036:The Secret Lives of Colour
2034:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
1802:, London, BT Batsford Ltd
1104:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1072:Richard T. Liddicoat, Jr.
494:
333:
3335:
3297:
3240:
3162:
2933:
2870:
2809:
2771:
2764:
2724:
2626:
2580:
2573:
2413:
1800:Religion in Roman Britain
1774:Johns, Catherine (1996).
1724:Johns, Catherine (1996).
1699:Johns, Catherine (1996).
1618:10.1017/S095977431800029X
1195:. Elsevier. p. 765.
1092:White Rose eTheses Online
977:10.1017/S0016756800031496
956:Oxford English Dictionary
683:. A jet bowl held in the
401:Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers
386:
362:epoch. Whitby Jet is the
352:Whitby Mudstone Formation
278:
201:
193:
180:
170:
160:
152:
142:
132:
119:
109:
99:
89:
85:Black, occasionally brown
81:
76:
62:
54:
49:
37:
32:
2281:Phillips, Clare (1996).
2067:Phillips, Clare (1996).
933:10.1007/0-387-30720-6_51
919:. In Fyfe, Keith (ed.).
410:
2900:Nickel silver (alpacca)
2098:Clifford, Anne (1971).
1966:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1173:Cope, J. C. W. (2006).
246:
2337:Muller, Helen (1987).
2312:Muller, Helen (1987).
2187:Muller, Helen (1987).
2159:Muller, Helen (1987).
2134:Muller, Helen (1987).
1984:(Maney, 1988), p. 205.
1890:Muller, Helen (1987).
1865:Muller, Helen (1987).
1547:Muller, Helen (1987).
1520:Allason-Jones, Lindsay
1304:Muller, Helen (1987).
1239:Muller, Helen (1987).
1048:Muller, Helen (1987).
1018:Muller, Helen (1987).
783:
726:
672:
626:
618:Jet cameo depicting a
519:
381:Kimmeridge shale seams
343:
251:
3241:Other natural objects
1222:, Phoenix Paperback,
781:
717:
670:
617:
528:Venuses of Petersfels
502:
405:La Bastide-sur-l'Hers
341:
307:of 1.30 to 1.34. The
2716:Wire wrapped jewelry
2696:Repoussé and chasing
1964:Alexandre Labanoff,
1389:Naturaleza Aragonesa
1362:Trabajos de GeologĂa
834:thermal conductivity
692:Mary, Queen of Scots
555:end of Roman Britain
487:and is used to make
3258:Ebonite (vulcanite)
2366:Gemstone Guide: Jet
2253:V&A Collections
1678:Ottaway, P., 2004,
1145:2018PrGA..129..372T
969:Geological Magazine
902:Glossary of Geology
799:or Vauxhall glass.
566:Pen y Bonc necklace
505:Magdalenian culture
2603:Jewellery designer
1218:Oliver, N., 2012,
852:will do the same.
824:Authenticating jet
784:
727:
719:Mourning jewellery
673:
627:
520:
369:Araucaria araucana
344:
314:Jet may induce an
233:, but is rather a
153:Optical properties
3394:Organic gemstones
3376:
3375:
3293:
3292:
3163:Organic gemstones
2760:
2759:
2298:978-0-500-20287-6
2109:978-0-239-00069-9
2084:978-0-500-20287-6
2045:978-1-4736-3081-9
1951:978-1-84383-722-0
1926:978-0-8122-5305-4
1808:978-0-312-67059-7
1798:Henig, M., 1984,
1785:978-0-415-51612-9
1760:978-0-7478-0731-5
1735:978-0-415-51612-9
1710:978-0-415-51612-9
1688:978-0-7524-2916-8
1682:, Tempus: Stroud
1586:978-0-7478-0731-5
1342:978-0-19-531391-8
1228:978-0-7538-2886-1
1202:978-0-44-459390-0
1004:978-0-7478-0731-5
942:978-0-87933-184-9
779:
415:The jet found in
346:The jet found at
271:. The adjective "
240:The English noun
208:
207:
194:Common impurities
16:(Redirected from
3411:
2820:Britannia silver
2769:
2768:
2578:
2577:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2353:
2352:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2131:
2114:
2113:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1833:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1690:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1516:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1236:
1230:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1188:
1182:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1009:
1008:
990:
979:
965:
959:
953:
947:
946:
912:
906:
905:
897:
780:
685:Museum of London
624:Yorkshire Museum
598:Yorkshire Museum
562:Kimmeridge Shale
535:Neolithic period
431:Native American
309:refractive index
305:specific gravity
249:
162:Refractive index
144:Specific gravity
125:
69:
68:(repeating unit)
42:
30:
29:
21:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3404:Shades of black
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3331:
3289:
3278:Spondylus shell
3236:
3158:
2929:
2915:Stainless steel
2866:
2850:Sterling silver
2810:Precious metal
2805:
2773:Precious metals
2756:
2720:
2622:
2569:
2409:
2404:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2279:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2132:
2117:
2110:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2065:
2061:
2046:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1830:
1817:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1652:
1643:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1517:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1302:
1291:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1237:
1233:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1189:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1016:
1012:
1005:
991:
982:
966:
962:
954:
950:
943:
913:
909:
898:
894:
889:
872:
826:
793:
791:Jet substitutes
769:
767:
712:
700:Anne of Denmark
665:
656:
639:Pliny the Elder
574:
497:
477:
475:Other locations
453:Henry Mountains
429:
413:
389:
364:fossilized wood
336:
331:
316:electric charge
293:
281:
250:(modern French
123:
67:
66:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:Related topics
3336:
3333:
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3324:
3319:
3313:
3307:
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3294:
3291:
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3288:
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3255:
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3101:
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3001:
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2814:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
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2783:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2711:Wire sculpture
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2575:
2571:
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2567:
2566:
2565:
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2520:
2515:
2510:
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2500:
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2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2360:External links
2358:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2329:
2322:
2304:
2297:
2270:
2237:
2204:
2197:
2176:
2169:
2151:
2144:
2115:
2108:
2090:
2083:
2059:
2044:
2026:
2019:
1998:
1986:
1970:
1957:
1950:
1932:
1925:
1907:
1900:
1882:
1875:
1854:
1828:
1811:
1791:
1784:
1766:
1759:
1741:
1734:
1716:
1709:
1691:
1671:
1664:
1641:
1612:(4): 665–688.
1592:
1585:
1564:
1557:
1539:
1532:
1500:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1445:www.mindat.org
1432:
1413:
1410:. p. 103.
1394:
1379:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1314:
1289:
1276:(1): 125–143.
1256:
1249:
1231:
1208:
1201:
1183:
1166:
1139:(3): 372–391.
1116:
1078:
1065:
1058:
1035:
1028:
1010:
1003:
980:
960:
948:
941:
907:
891:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
878:
876:Petrified wood
871:
868:
825:
822:
792:
789:
766:
763:
739:mourning dress
731:Queen Victoria
725:, 19th century
711:
708:
664:
661:
655:
652:
573:
570:
496:
493:
476:
473:
465:El Paso County
449:San Juan Basin
428:
425:
412:
409:
388:
385:
360:Early Jurassic
335:
332:
330:
327:
292:
289:
280:
277:
206:
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126:
117:
116:
113:
107:
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103:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
77:Identification
74:
73:
70:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3416:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Sedimentology
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Body piercing
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3232:Tortoiseshell
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Bench jeweler
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
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2546:
2544:
2541:
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2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
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2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
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2441:
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2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2350:
2348:0-408-03110-7
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2323:0-408-03110-7
2319:
2315:
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2277:
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2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
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2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2198:0-408-03110-7
2194:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2170:0-408-03110-7
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2145:0-408-03110-7
2141:
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2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
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2105:
2101:
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2041:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2020:1-55209-156-2
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1961:
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1936:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1901:0-408-03110-7
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1059:0-408-03110-7
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1029:0-408-03110-7
1025:
1021:
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964:
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867:
865:
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851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:Unlike black
821:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
802:
798:
788:
762:
759:
753:
751:
746:
744:
743:Prince Albert
740:
736:
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724:
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710:Victorian use
707:
705:
704:passementerie
701:
697:
693:
688:
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678:
669:
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551:Roman Britain
548:
545:. During the
544:
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531:
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518:
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513:Haute-Garonne
510:
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427:United States
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285:Araucariaceae
276:
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217:, the lowest
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213:is a type of
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65:
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57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Jet (lignite)
3368:Wearable art
3363:Phaleristics
3358:Metalworking
3263:Gutta-percha
3211:
3039:Lapis lazuli
2825:Colored gold
2706:Stonesetting
2338:
2332:
2313:
2307:
2283:
2261:. Retrieved
2252:
2228:. Retrieved
2219:
2188:
2160:
2154:
2135:
2099:
2093:
2069:
2062:
2035:
2029:
2010:
1989:
1981:
1978:Janet Arnold
1973:
1965:
1960:
1941:
1935:
1916:
1910:
1891:
1885:
1866:
1846:. Retrieved
1831:
1824:Riley, H. T.
1814:
1799:
1794:
1775:
1769:
1750:
1744:
1725:
1719:
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1694:
1679:
1674:
1655:
1609:
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1576:
1548:
1542:
1523:
1491:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1422:
1416:
1403:
1397:
1391:(40): 12–17.
1388:
1382:
1365:
1361:
1351:
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1324:
1305:
1273:
1270:Archaeometry
1269:
1259:
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1234:
1219:
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1186:
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1169:
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1119:
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968:
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920:
910:
901:
895:
861:
854:
827:
815:
805:
794:
785:
765:20th century
754:
747:
728:
689:
674:
657:
628:
606:
592:rather than
590:beachcombing
575:
559:
532:
521:
489:prayer beads
478:
445:Acoma Pueblo
430:
421:Kimmeridgian
414:
390:
378:
367:
345:
320:
313:
294:
282:
241:
239:
210:
209:
197:Iron, sulfur
185:fluorescence
176:None; opaque
3305:Art jewelry
3129:Tiger's eye
3034:Labradorite
2984:Chrysocolla
2979:Chrysoberyl
2895:Mokume-gane
2872:Base metals
2644:centrifugal
2613:Silversmith
2488:Ferronnière
2438:Belt buckle
2433:Belly chain
1994:Jemma Field
1820:Bostock, J.
840:, although
818:epoxy resin
758:Art Nouveau
696:Elizabeth I
543:Gold lunula
461:Front Range
383:in Dorset.
358:age of the
225:, and is a
182:Ultraviolet
166:1.640–1.680
3383:Categories
3139:Tourmaline
3084:Prasiolite
2959:Aventurine
2830:Crown gold
2732:Draw plate
2681:Metal clay
2618:Watchmaker
2608:Lapidarist
2593:Clockmaker
2468:Collar pin
2463:Chatelaine
2263:9 February
2230:9 February
1848:2013-10-31
1751:Whitby Jet
1680:Roman York
1577:Whitby Jet
1450:2019-01-25
1112:Upper Lias
995:Whitby Jet
917:"Gemology"
887:References
881:Oltu stone
807:Anthracite
797:French jet
654:Viking use
539:Bronze Age
485:oltu stone
441:New Mexico
439:tribes of
397:Roquevaire
393:Montjardin
323:lapidarist
291:Properties
265:inclusions
235:mineraloid
202:References
172:Dispersion
121:Mohs scale
105:Conchoidal
58:Mineraloid
3285:Toadstone
3222:Operculum
3149:Variscite
3144:Turquoise
3124:Tanzanite
3059:Moonstone
3054:Marcasite
3049:Malachite
2974:Carnelian
2949:Amazonite
2936:gemstones
2910:Pinchbeck
2855:Argentium
2845:Shibuichi
2786:Palladium
2765:Materials
2701:Soldering
2691:Polishing
2666:Engraving
2661:Enameling
2627:Processes
2598:Goldsmith
2533:Tie chain
2508:Neck ring
2498:Lapel pin
2407:Jewellery
2220:Body arts
2054:936144129
1636:165436341
1374:1988-5172
846:vulcanite
750:cut steel
594:quarrying
572:Roman use
509:Marsoulas
273:jet-black
156:Isotropic
3353:Gemology
3327:Fineness
3318:(purity)
3253:Bog-wood
3200:Precious
3180:Ammolite
3119:Sunstone
3109:Sodalite
3104:Sapphire
3064:Obsidian
3004:Fluorite
2994:Diopside
2954:Amethyst
2934:Mineral
2925:Tungsten
2920:Titanium
2835:Electrum
2791:Platinum
2676:Kazaziye
2671:Filigree
2649:lost-wax
2548:Toe ring
2538:Tie clip
2513:Pectoral
2503:Necklace
2478:Cufflink
2453:Bracelet
2448:Bolo tie
2428:Barrette
2257:Archived
2224:Archived
1842:Archived
1522:(1996).
1493:9 August
1487:Archived
1161:55984383
1100:cite web
870:See also
663:Medieval
635:evil eye
609:Eboracum
584:(modern
582:Eboracum
547:Iron Age
469:Colorado
459:and the
417:Asturias
356:Toarcian
329:Location
301:hardness
227:gemstone
124:hardness
111:Tenacity
101:Fracture
91:Cleavage
55:Category
3348:Fashion
3322:Finding
3170:Abalone
3079:Peridot
3044:Larimar
3029:Kyanite
3014:Howlite
2999:Emerald
2989:Diamond
2862:Tumbaga
2840:ShakudĹŤ
2796:Rhodium
2747:Mandrel
2686:Plating
2639:Casting
2634:Carving
2543:Tie pin
2518:Pendant
2493:Genital
2483:Earring
2249:"Tiara"
2075:148–150
1141:Bibcode
925:168–187
850:lignite
842:bog oak
801:Ebonite
644:Solinus
631:magical
622:in the
495:History
481:Erzurum
334:England
231:mineral
215:lignite
148:1.3–1.4
128:2.5–4.0
115:Brittle
64:Formula
50:General
3312:(mass)
3248:Bezoar
3154:Zircon
3114:Spinel
3089:Quartz
3024:Jasper
3009:Garnet
2905:Pewter
2890:Copper
2885:Bronze
2812:alloys
2801:Silver
2752:Pliers
2742:Hammer
2654:vacuum
2581:People
2574:Making
2558:pocket
2458:Brooch
2423:Anklet
2345:
2320:
2295:
2195:
2167:
2142:
2106:
2081:
2052:
2042:
2017:
1948:
1923:
1898:
1873:
1806:
1782:
1757:
1732:
1707:
1686:
1662:
1634:
1583:
1555:
1530:
1372:
1339:
1312:
1247:
1226:
1199:
1159:
1056:
1026:
1001:
939:
848:, and
838:streak
809:(hard
723:brooch
721:: jet
681:labour
677:Rosary
620:Medusa
602:Medusa
578:Whitby
553:. The
524:botfly
517:France
437:Pueblo
433:Navajo
387:France
348:Whitby
279:Origin
269:lustre
262:pyrite
134:Streak
3316:Carat
3310:Carat
3298:Terms
3273:Shell
3227:Pearl
3217:Nacre
3207:Ivory
3195:Black
3190:Coral
3185:Copal
3175:Amber
3134:Topaz
3093:smoky
2964:Beryl
2944:Agate
2880:Brass
2725:Tools
2563:strap
2553:Watch
2528:Tiara
2473:Crown
2443:Bindi
2415:Forms
1632:S2CID
1427:(PDF)
1408:(PDF)
1157:S2CID
1129:(PDF)
1110:(See
830:glass
648:Galen
411:Spain
258:Gagae
247:jaiet
138:Brown
82:Color
3389:Coal
3268:Hair
3099:Ruby
3074:Opal
3069:Onyx
3019:Jade
2781:Gold
2737:File
2523:Ring
2343:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2265:2016
2232:2016
2193:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2050:OCLC
2040:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1495:2016
1370:ISSN
1337:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1106:link
1054:ISBN
1024:ISBN
999:ISBN
937:ISBN
864:soot
811:coal
646:and
586:York
457:Utah
435:and
403:and
395:and
298:Mohs
253:jais
223:coal
219:rank
189:None
95:None
3212:Jet
2968:red
2339:Jet
2314:Jet
2289:150
2189:Jet
2161:Jet
2136:Jet
1892:Jet
1867:Jet
1622:hdl
1614:doi
1549:Jet
1306:Jet
1278:doi
1241:Jet
1149:doi
1137:129
1050:Jet
1020:Jet
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463:of
455:of
242:jet
221:of
211:Jet
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