817:. This organization was popular across political parties and civic groups. On the day of the election, more than 60,000 candidate agents monitored close to all polling sites, and were responsible for directly reporting results to their respective party leaders. The parallel vote-tabulation system allowed polling sites to compare their results to the official ones released by the Electoral commission. The Inter-Party Advisory Committee (IPAC) was established to discuss election preparations with all parties and the Electoral Commission, as well as establish procedures to investigate and resolve complaints. Presidential and parliamentary elections were held on the same day and see-through boxes were used in order to further ensure the legitimacy of the elections. Despite some fears of electoral violence, the election was peaceful and had a 78% turnout rate, and was successful with only minor problems such as an inadequate supply of ink and parliamentary ballots.
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Defence of the
Revolution (CDRs), Commando Units, 31 December Women's Organization, the 4 June movement, Peoples Militias, and Mobisquads, and operated on a system of popular control through intimidation. Rawlings held a monopoly over national media, and was able to censor print and electronic media through a PNDC newspaper licensing decree, PNDC Law 221. Moreover, Rawlings imposed a 20,000 Cedis (about $ 400) cap on campaign contributions, which made national publicity of opposition parties virtually impossible. Rawlings himself began campaigning before the official unbanning of political parties and had access to state resources and was able to effectively meet all monetary demands required of a successful campaign. Rawlings travelled across the country, initiating public-works projects and giving public employees a 60% pay rise prior to election day.
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695:. The PNDC established Workers' Defence Committees (WDCs) and People's Defence Committees (PDCs) to mobilize the population to support radical changes to the economy. Price controls on the sale of food were beneficial to urban workers, but placed undue burden on 70% of the rural population whose income largely depended on the prices of agricultural products. Rawlings' economic policies led to an economic crisis in 1983, forcing him to undertake structural adjustment and submit himself to election to retain power. Elections were held in January 1992, leading Ghana back to multiparty democracy.
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executive president, the establishment of a national assembly, and the creation of the post of prime minister. The PNDC used NCD recommendations to establish a committee for the drafting of a new constitution based on past
Ghanaian Constitutions, that lifted the ban on political parties in May 1992 after it was approved by referendum.
605:, which had previously suffered few instances of political violence. Rawlings later implemented a much wider "house-cleaning exercise" involving the killings and abduction of over 300 Ghanaians. Elections were held on time shortly after the coup. On Monday, 24 September 1979, power was peacefully handed over by Rawlings to President
613:, Frederick Sarkodie, and Kwadjo Agyei Agyepong), military officers Major Sam Acquah and Major Dasana Nantogmah also occurred during the second military rule of Rawlings. However, unlike the 1979 executions, these persons were abducted and killed in secret and it is unclear who was behind their murders, though
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Given the various issues with the 1992 elections, the 1996 elections were a great improvement in terms of electoral oversight. Voter registration was re-compiled, with close to 9.2 million voters registering at nearly 19,000 polling stations, which the opposition had largely approved after party
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in 1982 due to the poor state of the economy after 18 months of attempting to govern it through administrative controls and mass mobilization. The policies implemented caused a dramatic currency devaluation, the removal of price controls, and social-service subsidies which favored farmers over urban
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and the People's
Convention Party (PCP). The Great Alliance based their platform on ousting Rawlings, and attacked the incumbent government for its poor fiscal policies. However, they were unable to articulate a clear positive message of their own, or plans to change the current economic policy.
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Rawlings is seen as a transformative leader in the history of Ghana, and is credited with leading the country through economic recovery and returning national pride to the country, along with turning Ghana into a multi-party democracy. Rawlings has been described as one of Ghana's greatest leaders,
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The ability of opposition parties to compete was limited by the vast advantages
Rawlings possessed. Rawlings' victory was aided by the various party structures that were integrated into society during his rule, called the "organs of the revolution". These structures included the Committees for the
609:, whose People's National Party (PNP) had the support of Nkrumah's followers. Two years later, on 31 December 1981 Rawlings ousted President Hilla Limann in a coup d'état, claiming that civilian rule was weak and the country's economy was deteriorating. The killings of the Supreme Court justices (
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and imprisoned, although his statements on the social injustices that motivated his actions won him civilian sympathy. While awaiting execution, Rawlings was sprung from custody on Monday, 4 June 1979 by a group of soldiers. Claiming that the government was corrupt beyond redemption and that new
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Opposition parties boycotted subsequent Ghana parliamentary and presidential elections, and the unicameral
National Assembly, of which NDC officials won 189 of 200 seats and essentially established a one-party parliament that lacked legitimacy and only had limited legislative powers. After the
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On Friday, 3 November 1992, election results compiled by the INEC from 200 constituencies showed that
Rawlings' NDC had won 60% of the votes, and had obtained the majority needed to prevent a second round of voting. More specifically, the NDC won 62% in the Brong-Ahafo region, 93% in the Volta
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Rawlings established the
National Commission on Democracy (NCD) shortly after the 1982 coup, and employed it to survey civilian opinion and make recommendations that would facilitate the process of democratic transition. In March 1991, the NCD released a report recommending the election of an
594:(AFRC), primarily composed of junior officers. He and the AFRC ruled for 112 days and arranged the execution by firing squad of eight military officers, including Generals Kotei, Joy Amedume, Roger Felli, and Utuka, as well as the three former Ghanaian heads of state; Acheampong, Akuffo, and
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in 1979. Prior to that, he led an unsuccessful coup attempt against the ruling military government on
Tuesday, 15 May 1979, just five weeks before scheduled democratic elections were due to take place. After handing power over to a civilian government, he overthrew the democratically elected
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Rawlings was part of the Free Africa
Movement, an underground movement of military officers who wanted to unify Africa through a series of coups. On Tuesday, 15 May 1979, five weeks prior to civilian elections, Rawlings and six other soldiers staged a coup against the government of General
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claimed to be representative of the people, it lacked experience in the creation and implementation of clear economic policies. Rawlings, like many of his predecessors, attributed current economic and social problems to the "trade malpractices and other anti-social activities" of a few
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businesspeople. In
December 1982, the PNDC announced its four-year economic program of establishing a state monopoly on export-import trade with the goal of eliminating corruption surrounding import licences and shift trade away from dependency on Western markets. Unrealistic
551:(SMC). As promotion brought him into contact with the privileged classes and their social values, his view of the injustices in society hardened. He was thus regarded with some unease by the SMC. After the 1979 coup, he involved himself with the student community of the
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573:'s government, which had come to power through a coup in January 1972. Acheampong was accused not only of corruption, but also of maintaining Ghana's dependency on pre-colonial powers, in a situation which led to economic decline and impoverishment.
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workers, and privatization of some state-owned enterprises, and restraints on government spending. Funding was provided by bilateral donors, reaching US$ 800 million in 1987 and 1988, and US$ 900 million in 1989.
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Believing the Limann regime to be unable to resolve Ghana's neocolonial economic dependency, Rawlings led a second coup against Limann and indicted the entire political class on 31 December 1981. In place of Limann's
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leadership was required for Ghana's development, he led the group in a coup to oust the Akuffo Government and Supreme Military Council. Shortly afterwards, Rawlings established and became the Chairman of a 15-member
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agents had reviewed the lists. The emphasis on transparency led Ghanaian non-governmental organizations to create the Network of Domestic Election Observers (NEDEO), which trained nearly 4,100 local
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were imposed on the market and enforced through coercive acts, especially against businesspeople. This resolve to employ state control over the economy is best demonstrated by the destruction of the
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to rename the institution after Jerry John Rawlings since Rawlings used his US$ 50,000 Hunger Project prize as seed money to establish the university. This suggestion was accepted by his family.
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people of his maternal ancestry. On 27 January 2021, a state funeral, attended by national and international political leaders, paramount chiefs, diplomats and other dignitaries, was held at the
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396:(22 June 1947 – 12 November 2020) was a Ghanaian military officer, aviator and politician who led the country for a brief period in 1979, and then from 1981 to 2001. He led a
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964:. A schedule for the signing of a book of condolence was opened in his memory. His funeral, originally planned for 23 December 2020, was postponed at the request of his family.
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The 1992 constitution limits a president to two terms, even if they are nonconsecutive. Rawlings did not attempt to amend the document to allow him to run for a third term in
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in regions where Rawlings was likely to lose and rural areas with scant populations, as well as a bloated voters' register and a partisan electoral commission. However, the
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reported that Rawlings had won by 57%, with Kufuor obtaining 40% of the vote. Results by district were similar to those in 1992, with the opposition winning the
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A foundation called the JJ Rawlings Foundation was named after him led by his children, Madam Yaa Asantewaa Agyeman-Rawlings and Madam Amina Agyeman-Rawlings.
841:, and faring well in every other region. The NDC took 134 seats in the Assembly compared to the opposition's 66, and the NPP took 60 seats in the parliament.
761:, approved of the election as "free and fair", as there were very few issues at polling stations and no major incidences of voter coercion. In contrast, the
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The following are physical books relevant to Jerry Rawlings, which may not be available online, but are added in case of looking for more information.
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cash prize as seed money to sponsor the establishment of the state-owned university (founded in May 1992), the first of its kind in the three Northern
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in Accra, a week after having been admitted for a "short term illness" in Ghana. According to some reports, his death was caused by complications from
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Rawlings took office on Thursday, 7 January 1993, the same day that the new constitution came into effect, and the government became known as the
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shortly afterwards; on his application, the military switched his surname John and his middle name Rawlings. In March 1968, he was posted to
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and the publication of independent newspapers. Opposition parties operated outside of parliament and held rallies and press conferences.
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region, and majority votes in Upper West, Upper East, Western, Northern, Central, and Greater Accra regions. His opponents Professor
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765:(IFES) issued a report supporting claims that erroneous entries in voter registration could have affected election results. The
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In September 2019, he paid a tribute on behalf of the president and people of Ghana, when he led a delegation to the funeral of
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This award recognised Rawlings's contribution to the establishment of the university. In 1993, he used his US$ 50,000
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declared a seven-day period of mourning in his honor and flags flown at half-mast. His family members appealed to the
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2677:"Jerry Rawlings: Buhari, Akufo-Addo, world leaders, celebrities react to death of former Ghana leader Jerry Rawlings"
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did acknowledge minor electoral issues but did not see these problems as indicative of systematic electoral fraud.
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Abdulai, David (1992). "Rawlings "Wins" Ghana's Presidential Elections: Establishing a New Constitutional Order".
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on 24 January 2021, followed by a vigil at the Air Force Officers' Mess in Accra later that evening. His body was
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Between 1992 and 1996, Rawlings eased control over the judiciary and civil society, allowing a more independent
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948:. His death came nearly two months after that of his mother, Victoria Agbotui, on 24 September 2020. President
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in England. Rawlings continued his heavy support for NDC. In July 2019, he went on a three-day working trip to
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431:(NDC), and became the first president of the Fourth Republic. Rawlings brokered a ceasefire in 1995 during the
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857:, his main rival and opponent in 1996. It was the first time in Ghanaian history that a sitting government
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As Ghana was heavily dependent on international aid, local leaders had minimal impact on the economy. The
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See also, Shipley, Jesse Weaver. "Alternative Histories of Global Sovereignty: Ghana's Lost Revolution"
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October 2013: the Global Champion for People's Freedom award bestowed the Mkiva Humanitarian Foundation.
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435:. He was re-elected in 1996 for four more years. After two terms in office, the limit according to the
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and some constituencies in Eastern and Greater Accra, and Rawlings winning in his ethnic home, the
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1949:"Couppleger, oud-president van Ghana en vriend van Desi Bouterse, Jerry Rawlings, overleden (73)"
1640:(2004). "Political Parties in Ghana through Four Republics: A Path to Democratic Consolidation".
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404:. He was the longest-serving leader in Ghana's history, presiding over the country for 20 years.
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1607:"Mahama's son, Asiedu Nketia's nephew: Four Ghanaian footballers who are related to politicians"
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and four others were convicted of murdering the Justices and Acquah, and were executed in 1982.
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906:, and took a tour of the country. He was especially interested in the Ghanaian origins of the
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in a runoff in 2000. In 2004, Mills conceded to Kufuor after another election between the two.
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From 24 to 27 January 2021, funeral ceremonies were organised at Accra in Rawlings' memory. A
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3358:"Rawlings Receives Another Award in South Africa And Says The World Is Engulfed in Hypocrisy"
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ground attack supersonic jet aircraft as he was skilled in aerobatics. He earned the rank of
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3112:"Ghana Pays Final Respects to Former President Jerry Rawlings | Voice of America – English"
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December 2021: the book, 'J.J RAWLINGS: MEMORIES AND MEMENTOS' written to honor him by the
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Truth Commission and Courts: The Tension Between Criminal Justice and the Search for Truth
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disputed election, the PNDC was transformed into the National Democratic Congress (NDC).
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1702:"Biography of the Former President of the Republic of Ghana, FLT Lt Jerry John Rawlings"
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Government through a military coup on Thursday, 31 December 1981 as the chairman of the
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3060:"LIVESTREAMED: Ghana Armed Forces holds vigil in honour of Flt Lt Jerry John Rawlings"
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Rawlings hosted state visits from "revolutionaries" from other countries, including
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3490:"About the University for Development Studies – University for Development Studies"
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3554:"UDS-Tamale to be renamed after Rawlings as family accepts Akufo-Addo's proposal"
3241:"See de activities and plan for de final funeral rites of de late Jerry Rawlings"
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3008:"Requiem mass held in honour of late former President Rawlings – MyJoyOnline.com"
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679:. The team won the AFCON trophy for the fourth time, their last win as of 2022.
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Office of Flt. Lt. Jerry John Rawlings/Former President of the Republic of Ghana
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1976:"Flt.-Lt. Jerry Rawlings: Chairman, Provisional National Defence Council, Ghana"
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3087:"Ghana bids farewell to former president Jerry Rawlings | DW | 26 January 2021"
1753:"May 15, 1979: Flt. Lt. Jerry Rawlings arrested after failed military uprising"
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from 25 to 26 January 2021. There were also traditional rites performed by the
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1383:"AU Chairperson receives High Representative for Somalia, Jerry John Rawlings"
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3580:"Akosombo dam spillage: JJ Rawlings Foundation donates to Mepe flood victims"
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Horton, Richard (22 December 2001). "Ghana: defining the African challenge".
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1582:"All my CHILDREN are POLITICIANS – Konadu RAWLINGS makes shocking disclosure"
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2780:"Prez Akufo-Addo declares seven-day national mourning in honour of Rawlings"
2732:"Former Ghanaian President, Jerry Rawlings dies from COVID-19 complications"
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Nugent, Paul (2009). "Nkrumah and Rawlings: Political Lives in Parallel?".
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2564:"Mugabe was a 'formidable warrior' – Rawlings' tribute on behalf of gov't"
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Rawlings established the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) suggested by the
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Opposition parties objected to the election results, citing incidences of
535:, winning the coveted "Speed Bird Trophy" as the best cadet in flying the
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Leadership for Sustainable Development and Democratic Transition in Ghana
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in the capacity of Chairman of the Thomas Sankara Memorial Committee.
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The two major contenders of the 1996 election were Rawlings' NDC, and
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and as the "transcendent African political figure of his generation".
2881:"Anlo traditional area to organise funeral for Rawlings without body"
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887:, attending various events and conferences to promote volunteerism.
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Rawlings was born as Jerry Rawlings John on Sunday, 22 June 1947 in
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until 1992, and then served two terms as the democratically elected
3668:. Vol. 42, No. 2, 2022, pp. 532–537. DOI 10.1215/1089201X09988009.
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2855:"Anlo Traditional Council fumes over Rawlings funeral announcement"
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Slavery, Memory and Religion in Southeastern Ghana, c. 1850–Present
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Kufuor won the presidency after defeating Rawlings' vice-president
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3034:"LIVESTREAMED: Catholic Requiem Mass for late Jerry John Rawlings"
2830:"See the schedule for the signing of Rawlings' Book of Condolence"
2397:"John Atta Mills: Politician who helped secure democracy in Ghana"
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2713:"Ghana's President Pays Courtesy Visit to Jerry Rawlings' Wife"
1676:"Rawlings recounts how the military changed his 'real surname'"
3164:"Ghana's revered leader Rawlings buried with military honours"
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won 31% of the votes, former President Hilla Limann won 6.8%,
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Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
2594:"Government sends delegation to the funeral of Robert Mugabe"
1468:"The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics, 1979-2000"
1311:"The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics, 1979-2000"
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2206:"The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics 1979–2000"
1818:"The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics 1979–2000"
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as a presidential candidate in 2000. Rawlings served as the
2248:. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 September 1994
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3529:"Rawlings' family welcomes decision to name UDS after him"
3266:"Ghana buries former president Jerry Rawlings with honors"
3189:"Rawlings funeral: Ghanaians bid farewell to ex-president"
3138:"Ghana buries former president Jerry Rawlings with honors"
1410:"Ghana buries former president Jerry Rawlings with honors"
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and a military academy at Teshie. Rawlings was married to
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In 1992, Rawlings resigned from the military, founded the
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Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
1286:"Jerry Rawlings: Remembering Ghana's 'man of the people'"
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President Rawlings (right) with United States Ambassador
667:). More famously, Rawlings reversed Limann's boycott of
3504:"Prez Akufo-Addo wants UDS to be renamed after Rawlings"
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Lyons, Terrence (1 April 1997). "A Major Step Forward".
585:. Rawlings was publicly sentenced to death in a General
2983:"Ghana govment announce date for Jerry Rawlings burial"
2647:"Jerry Rawlings, Ghana's unlikely democrat, dies at 73"
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Rawlings delivered lectures at universities, including
3464:"Nana Konadu receives book written to honour Rawlings"
2907:"State funeral for Rawlings scheduled for December 23"
2695:"Jerry Rawlings, Ghana's former president, dies at 73"
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Schabas, William A.; Darcy, Shane (18 February 2005).
1255:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
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J. J. Rawlings and the Democratic Transition in Ghana
2009:"How the Late JJ Rawlings won Ghana last AFCON title"
898:. In November 2010, he attended the inauguration of
3292:"Ghana 1982 To Present The Rule Of Jerry J Rawlings"
2957:"Rawlings to be buried on Jan. 27 – MyJoyOnline.com"
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Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council
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National Democratic Congress presidential candidate
1728:"Former President Jerry John Rawlings dies aged 73"
487:in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. Rawlings attended
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640:(PNDC) military junta as the official government.
160:Chairman of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
2302:"GHANA: parliamentary elections Parliament, 1996"
1442:"Ghana's former leader Jerry Rawlings dies at 73"
1440:Accra, Staff and agencies in (12 November 2020).
4825:National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
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3321:"Acceptance Speech by H. E. Jerry John Rawlings"
3216:"Ghana honours ex-president John Jerry Rawlings"
2510:"Jerry Rawlings: A Threat to Ghana's Democracy?"
510:
483:, and James Ramsey John, a British chemist from
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1528:Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana
876:In November 2000, Rawlings was named the first
451:. He died in 2020 at age 73 and was accorded a
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1071:August 2014: Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa.
763:International Foundation for Electoral Systems
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2436:, by UN Volunteers. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
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601:These executions were dramatic events in the
515:Rawlings finished his secondary education at
4057:President of the Fourth Republic (from 1993)
3972:President of the Second Republic (1969–1972)
3413:"Rawlings honoured with Marcus Garvey Award"
3392:Department of Publishing and Web Development
2624:"Breaking News: Jerry John Rawlings is dead"
2473:Prominent African Leaders Since Independence
2044:"The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982–1991"
1856:
1336:"Flt.-Lt. (Rtd) Jerry John Rawlings Profile"
4025:President of the Third Republic (1979–1981)
3935:President of the First Republic (1960–1966)
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3749:Constitutional rule re-established in Ghana
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2534:"Rawlings on working visit to Burkina Faso"
1134:"Jerry J. Rawlings – Biography & Facts"
890:In October 2010, Rawlings was named as the
543:in April 1978. During his service with the
4850:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana
4124:
4110:
3890:
3876:
3558:Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana
3213:
2885:Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana
2859:Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana
1225:"Jerry J. Rawlings | head of state, Ghana"
1004:, with full military honours, including a
935:
853:. He retired in 2001 and was succeeded by
824:'s Great Alliance, an amalgamation of the
128:31 December 1981 – 7 January 1993
31:
3651:Big men, small boys and politics in Ghana
3319:University for Development Studies News.
1190:"Rawlings hails frontline health workers"
3678:Flight Lieutenant Jeremiah John Rawlings
2805:"Bury Rawlings in Keta – Family demands"
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1579:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1362:"Jerry John Rawlings Profile – MyGHPage"
861:to an elected member of the opposition.
708:
620:
172:4 June 1979 – 24 September 1979
61:7 January 1993 – 7 January 2001
3312:
2729:
2645:Akorlie, Christian (12 November 2020).
2644:
2203:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
1973:
1917:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1815:
1488:
1465:
1354:
1328:
1283:
1249:Venkatachalam, Meera (10 August 2015).
783:
558:
439:, Rawlings endorsed his vice-president
4772:
2604:from the original on 18 September 2019
2574:from the original on 17 September 2019
2469:
2425:"IYV 2001: A chronology" published at
2246:"Ghana: Update on the Fourth Republic"
2072:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1989:(6). African-American Institute: 4–8.
1548:
1525:
4105:
3871:
3630:
3349:
2760:from the original on 12 November 2020
2730:Adebayo, Adeyemi (12 November 2020).
2657:from the original on 12 November 2020
2490:from the original on 12 November 2020
2391:
2312:from the original on 12 November 2020
2282:from the original on 26 November 2018
2226:from the original on 15 February 2019
2160:
2054:from the original on 25 November 2018
1943:
1941:
1838:from the original on 15 February 2019
1811:
1809:
1794:from the original on 29 November 2018
1763:from the original on 25 November 2018
1747:
1745:
1625:
1508:
1489:Shipley, Jesse Weaver (30 May 2019).
1439:
1342:from the original on 14 February 2013
1109:proposed to the Governing Council of
1031:
986:Accra International Conference Centre
940:Rawlings died on 12 November 2020 at
407:Rawlings came to power in Ghana as a
16:Leader of Ghana between 1979 and 2001
4212:Provisional National Defence Council
3438:"A father who can't mourn his child"
2446:"Rawlings named AU envoy to Somalia"
2330:
2117:
1884:
1491:"The passing of Jerry John Rawlings"
1284:Sarpong, Akwasi (13 November 2020).
1219:
1217:
1215:
1085:of Anlo, a development chief in the
638:Provisional National Defence Council
422:Provisional National Defence Council
4810:Ghanaian people of Scottish descent
4795:Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Ghana)
3616:. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.
3356:Peace FM Online (27 October 2013).
3270:KLBK | KAMC | EverythingLubbock.com
2197:
2027:
1757:Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation
976:for Jerry Rawlings was held at the
13:
4202:Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
4131:
3602:
2407:from the original on 2 August 2019
2373:from the original on 2 August 2019
2343:from the original on 2 August 2019
2050:. University of California Press.
1938:
1806:
1742:
1561:from the original on 2 August 2019
1549:Gracia, Zindzy (1 February 2018).
1074:August 2018: Marcus Garvey Awards.
1050:University for Development Studies
871:
742:won 1.7%. Voter turnout was 50%.
592:Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
581:, but failed and were arrested by
14:
4886:
4870:20th-century presidents in Africa
4865:20th-century Ghanaian politicians
4860:21st-century Ghanaian politicians
3671:
3635:. Tema: Digibooks Ghana Limited.
2544:from the original on 18 July 2019
2272:"The Electoral Political Process"
1212:
1041:by the Cuban leader Fidel Castro.
996:before his burial service at the
807:
698:
471:, Ghana, to Victoria Agbotui, an
3925:
2470:Kasuka, Bridgette (April 2013).
1781:
1421:from the original on 8 June 2022
1200:from the original on 5 June 2020
1020:helicopter, the sounding of the
878:International Year of Volunteers
844:
569:Rawlings grew discontented with
356:
3572:
3546:
3521:
3496:
3482:
3456:
3430:
3405:
3380:
3284:
3258:
3233:
3207:
3181:
3156:
3130:
3104:
3078:
3052:
3026:
3000:
2975:
2949:
2924:
2899:
2873:
2847:
2822:
2797:
2772:
2742:
2723:
2705:
2687:
2669:
2638:
2616:
2586:
2556:
2526:
2463:
2439:
2419:
2385:
2355:
2324:
2294:
2264:
2238:
2066:
2001:
1967:
1850:
1775:
1720:
1694:
1668:
1599:
1573:
1542:
1482:
1459:
1433:
1401:
1375:
1170:from the original on 7 May 2019
1094:Pan-African Writers Association
1044:October 2013: Honorary degree (
967:
928:, the late former president of
305:
4820:Leaders who took power by coup
3214:AfricaNews (25 January 2021).
3085:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
1303:
1277:
1242:
1182:
1152:
1:
2932:"Rawlings' funeral postponed"
2626:. Ghana Web. 12 November 2020
2204:Adedeji, John (Summer 2001).
2087:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07221-X
1974:Novicki, Margaret A. (1986).
1816:Adedeji, John (Summer 2001).
1580:MyNewsGH (28 November 2018).
1119:
511:Education and military career
462:
3819:November 1982 – August 1983
1955:(in Dutch). 12 November 2020
859:peacefully transferred power
507:was the nephew of Rawlings.
499:. They had three daughters:
429:National Democratic Congress
279:National Democratic Congress
7:
4875:Ghanaian military personnel
4187:National Liberation Council
4041:Military regime (1981–1993)
3999:Military regime (1972–1979)
3951:Military regime (1966–1969)
3653:. London: Frances Pinter.
3612:Danso-Boafo, Kwaku (2012).
2750:"Rawlings' mother has died"
794:International Monetary Fund
755:Commonwealth Observer Group
677:1982 African Cup of Nations
636:, Rawlings established the
10:
4891:
4182:First Republic (1960–1966)
3815:Chief of the Defence Staff
2337:Ghana Elections – Peace FM
942:Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital
702:
624:
565:4 June revolution in Ghana
562:
4800:Ghana Air Force personnel
4790:Alumni of Achimota School
4729:
4657:
4552:
4543:
4461:
4452:
4359:
4355:
4346:
4284:
4275:
4245:
4152:
4143:
4092:
4056:
4040:
4024:
3998:
3971:
3950:
3934:
3923:
3909:
3856:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3780:
3772:
3762:
3753:
3745:
3735:
3726:
3718:
3708:
3699:
3691:
3686:
2363:"Rawlings Attacks Kufuor"
2213:African Studies Quarterly
1863:. Springer. p. 128.
1825:African Studies Quarterly
1472:African Studies Quarterly
1466:Adedeji, John L. (2001).
1100:
826:New Patriotic Party (NPP)
627:1981 Ghanaian coup d'état
387:
377:
369:
351:
346:
336:
326:
315:
285:
274:
264:
248:
220:
215:
211:
198:
186:
176:
165:
158:
145:
132:
121:
114:
102:
98:(as Chairman of the PNDC)
88:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
4845:People from Volta Region
4805:Ghanaian Roman Catholics
4364:Administrative divisions
4197:Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
3832:Party political offices
1261:10.1017/cbo9781316257852
778:Fourth Republic of Ghana
571:Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
549:Supreme Military Council
433:First Liberian Civil War
321:Zanetor Agyeman-Rawlings
3631:Ahwoi, Kwamena (2020).
2508:Akosah-Sarpong, Kofi,
1784:"Ghana – Rawlings Coup"
1555:Yen.com.gh – Ghana news
1229:Encyclopedia Britannica
1138:Encyclopedia Britannica
936:Death and state funeral
880:2001 Eminent Person by
719:United States Air Force
634:People's National Party
611:Cecilia Koranteng-Addow
519:in 1967. He joined the
495:, whom he met while at
3729:Head of state of Ghana
3702:Head of state of Ghana
3649:Nugent, Paul (1996).
2515:7 January 2015 at the
2432:6 October 2016 at the
1638:Morrison, Minion K. C.
1160:"Ghana : History"
1024:by army buglers and a
722:
3633:Working with Rawlings
2756:. 24 September 2020.
2521:The African Executive
2333:"Ghana Election 1996"
2175:10.1353/jod.1997.0019
1551:"Jj Rawlings' Family"
978:Holy Spirit Cathedral
904:President of Suriname
712:
703:Further information:
625:Further information:
621:1981 coup and reforms
563:Further information:
437:Ghanaian Constitution
370:Years of service
182:Gamesu Pascal Sedzro
4531:Water and sanitation
2476:. New Africa Press.
2278:. 30 November 2012.
2163:Journal of Democracy
2048:publishing.cdlib.org
1642:Comparative Politics
1087:Ghanaian chieftaincy
1046:Doctorate of Letters
984:in the foyer of the
882:UN Secretary-General
831:Electoral Commission
784:Policies and reforms
615:Joachim Amartey Kwei
559:1979 coup and purges
4835:Presidents of Ghana
4815:Left-wing populists
4609:Illegal immigration
4154:Historical timeline
3808:Joseph Nunoo-Mensah
3739:Constitutional Rule
3308:on 23 January 2017.
3012:www.myjoyonline.com
2961:www.myjoyonline.com
2754:www.myjoyonline.com
2719:. 13 November 2020.
2701:. 13 November 2020.
2683:. 12 November 2020.
2568:www.myjoyonline.com
2452:2 June 2011 at the
2081:(9299): 2141–2149.
1708:on 27 December 2012
1495:africasacountry.com
1417:. 27 January 2021.
1083:Togbuiga Nutifafa I
1052:in northern Ghana.
1039:Order of Jose Marti
954:Government of Ghana
855:John Agyekum Kufuor
705:Rawlings government
553:University of Ghana
493:Nana Konadu Agyeman
394:Jerry John Rawlings
292:Nana Konadu Agyeman
225:Jerry Rawlings John
4516:Telecommunications
3756:President of Ghana
3687:Political offices
3680:at ghana-pedia.org
3470:. 23 November 2021
3444:. 16 November 2020
3368:on 29 October 2013
3337:on 29 October 2013
2861:. 30 November 2020
2538:www.graphic.com.gh
2448:, 9 October 2010.
2369:. 1 October 2002.
2015:. 13 November 2020
1730:. 12 November 2020
1315:asq.africa.ufl.edu
1140:. 12 November 2020
1032:Awards and honours
723:
693:Makola No.1 Market
675:to compete in the
402:president of Ghana
341:UDS Honorary Award
75:Kow Nkensen Arkaah
49:President of Ghana
4855:Ghanaian aviators
4830:People from Accra
4767:
4766:
4725:
4724:
4667:Cultural heritage
4604:Human trafficking
4584:Domestic violence
4539:
4538:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4421:Political parties
4384:Foreign relations
4342:
4341:
4271:
4270:
4099:
4098:
4094:*Acting President
3910:Queen (1957–1960)
3866:
3865:
3857:Succeeded by
3822:Succeeded by
3800:Military offices
3790:Succeeded by
3763:Succeeded by
3736:Succeeded by
3709:Succeeded by
3586:. 6 November 2023
3560:. 27 January 2021
3442:Ghanabusinessnews
3272:. 27 January 2021
3195:. 27 January 2021
3144:. 27 January 2021
3118:. 26 January 2021
3066:. 24 January 2021
3040:. 24 January 2021
3014:. 24 January 2021
2963:. 12 January 2021
2887:. 27 January 2021
2483:978-9987-16-026-6
2395:(8 August 2012).
1389:. 31 January 2011
1270:978-1-316-25785-2
998:Military Cemetery
994:Black Star Square
915:Oxford University
541:flight lieutenant
409:flight lieutenant
391:
390:
382:Flight lieutenant
4882:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4550:
4549:
4459:
4458:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4282:
4281:
4150:
4149:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4103:
4102:
3929:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3805:Preceded by
3773:Preceded by
3746:Preceded by
3719:Preceded by
3692:Preceded by
3684:
3683:
3646:
3627:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3364:. Archived from
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3330:. Archived from
3325:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3301:. Archived from
3296:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3064:www.ghanaweb.com
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3038:www.ghanaweb.com
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:The East African
2691:
2685:
2684:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2530:
2524:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2467:
2461:
2443:
2437:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2158:
2115:
2114:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2040:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1953:Dagblad Suriname
1945:
1936:
1935:
1915:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1704:. Archived from
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1634:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1523:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1130:
1061:regions of Ghana
740:Emmanuel Erskine
715:Kenneth L. Brown
603:history of Ghana
517:Achimota College
501:Zanetor Rawlings
497:Achimota College
362:
360:
359:
347:Military service
309:
307:
294:
258:
256:
253:12 November 2020
234:
232:
216:Personal details
201:
189:
179:
170:
148:
135:
126:
105:
91:
68:
59:
37:Rawlings in 2019
35:
21:
20:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4721:
4702:Public holidays
4697:National pledge
4692:National anthem
4653:
4639:Street children
4535:
4471:Cedi (currency)
4440:
4411:Law enforcement
4338:
4324:Protected areas
4267:
4241:
4237:Nana Akufo-Addo
4139:
4130:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4052:
4036:
4020:
3994:
3967:
3946:
3930:
3921:
3905:
3896:
3862:
3860:John Atta Mills
3847:
3827:
3818:
3810:
3795:
3786:
3778:
3776:Nicéphore Soglo
3768:
3759:
3751:
3741:
3732:
3724:
3714:
3705:
3697:
3674:
3643:
3624:
3623:978-996430384-6
3605:
3603:Further reading
3600:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3245:BBC News Pidgin
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3116:www.voanews.com
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2987:BBC News Pidgin
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
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1103:
1077:December 2018:
1037:July 1984: the
1034:
1018:Ghana Air Force
1010:funeral cortège
970:
956:to bury him in
950:Nana Akufo-Addo
938:
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872:Post presidency
866:John Atta Mills
847:
810:
786:
721:crewman in 1995
717:(center) and a
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671:, allowing the
669:Gaddafi's Libya
629:
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545:Ghana Air Force
521:Ghana Air Force
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489:Achimota School
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308: 1977)
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3388:"Hall of Fame"
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1788:globalsecurity
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1682:. 13 July 2020
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1648:(4): 421–442.
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835:Ashanti Region
809:
808:1996 elections
806:
785:
782:
738:won 2.9%, and
700:
699:1992 elections
697:
689:price controls
622:
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529:Western Region
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4162:Early history
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1983:Africa Report
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1613:. 25 May 2022
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922:
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680:
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4394:Human rights
4369:Constitution
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2367:Modern Ghana
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2012:
2003:
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1982:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1952:
1926:(4): 66–71.
1923:
1920:Africa Today
1919:
1874:. Retrieved
1859:
1852:
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1828:
1824:
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1787:
1782:Pike, John.
1777:
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1756:
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1722:
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1706:the original
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1554:
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1527:
1500:13 September
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1494:
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1446:the Guardian
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1314:
1305:
1295:13 September
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1193:
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1137:
1128:
1115:
1104:
1082:
974:requiem mass
971:
968:State burial
962:Volta Region
939:
923:
919:Burkina Faso
912:
889:
875:
863:
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839:Volta Region
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799:
787:
775:
771:
759:Ellis Clarke
748:
744:
728:
724:
681:
642:
630:
607:Hilla Limann
600:
583:the military
575:
568:
514:
505:Junior Agogo
466:
457:
426:
406:
393:
392:
281:(after 1992)
260:Accra, Ghana
255:(2020-11-12)
235:22 June 1947
205:Hilla Limann
200:Succeeded by
167:
151:
147:Succeeded by
139:Hilla Limann
123:
104:Succeeded by
94:
56:
18:
4785:2020 deaths
4780:1947 births
4619:Mob justice
4466:Agriculture
4232:John Mahama
4222:John Kufuor
3793:Sani Abacha
3766:John Kufuor
3695:Fred Akuffo
3590:15 November
3538:30 November
3513:16 November
3474:15 November
3448:22 December
3422:26 November
3397:26 November
2941:22 December
2916:30 November
2839:16 November
2814:14 November
2789:12 November
2764:12 November
2661:12 November
2630:12 November
2286:24 November
2230:25 November
2058:24 November
2019:13 November
2013:Happy Ghana
1959:13 November
1842:25 November
1798:28 November
1767:24 November
1686:8 September
1680:Adom Online
1451:20 November
1393:26 November
1387:MyJoyOnline
1194:MyJoyOnline
1048:) from the
822:John Kufuor
673:Black Stars
579:Fred Akuffo
244:(now Ghana)
193:Fred Akuffo
188:Preceded by
134:Preceded by
109:John Kufuor
90:Preceded by
4840:Ewe people
4774:Categories
4717:Witchcraft
4567:Cybercrime
4426:Parliament
4389:Government
4227:John Mills
4192:Kofi Busia
4177:Gold Coast
4167:Bono state
4006:Acheampong
3787:1994–1996
3760:1993–2001
3733:1981–1993
3564:27 January
3372:27 October
3341:27 October
3276:27 January
3250:25 January
3225:25 January
3220:Africanews
3199:27 January
3173:27 January
3148:27 January
3122:26 January
3096:26 January
3070:24 January
3044:24 January
3018:25 January
2992:24 January
2967:24 January
2891:28 January
2865:28 January
2458:news24.com
2331:Peace FM.
2075:The Lancet
1425:28 January
1367:5 December
1120:References
1105:President
1006:slow march
1002:Burma Camp
885:Kofi Annan
790:World Bank
732:Adu Boahen
661:Sam Nujoma
463:Background
415:following
327:Profession
269:Burma Camp
242:Gold Coast
231:1947-06-22
4677:Festivals
4644:Squatting
4614:Languages
4589:Education
4526:Transport
4431:President
4406:Judiciary
4379:Elections
4314:Mountains
4277:Geography
4258:Political
3838:New title
2252:5 January
2191:154046946
2183:1086-3214
2095:0140-6736
1995:0001-9836
1734:27 August
1712:3 January
1346:3 January
1144:8 January
1079:Enstooled
1022:Last Post
894:envoy to
657:Nicaragua
477:Dzelukope
447:envoy to
424:(PNDC).
373:1968–1992
168:In office
124:In office
57:In office
4759:Category
4634:Religion
4624:Polygamy
4557:Abortion
4416:Military
4348:Politics
4334:Wildlife
4253:Economic
4246:By topic
4137:articles
4064:Rawlings
4048:Rawlings
4016:Rawlings
3468:GhanaWeb
3193:BBC News
2758:Archived
2717:Arise TV
2681:BBC News
2655:Archived
2602:Archived
2572:Archived
2542:Archived
2513:Archived
2488:Archived
2450:Archived
2430:Archived
2411:2 August
2405:Archived
2377:2 August
2371:Archived
2347:2 August
2341:Archived
2310:Archived
2280:Archived
2221:Archived
2111:19547198
2103:11784645
2052:Archived
1876:22 March
1833:Archived
1792:Archived
1761:Archived
1611:GhanaWeb
1586:MyNewsGh
1565:2 August
1559:Archived
1536:41406753
1419:Archived
1340:Archived
1290:BBC News
1234:3 August
1198:Archived
1168:Archived
990:Anlo Ewe
946:COVID-19
930:Zimbabwe
910:people.
792:and the
649:Suriname
525:Takoradi
473:Anlo Ewe
316:Children
4736:Outline
4672:Cuisine
4659:Culture
4545:Society
4521:Tourism
4486:Fishing
4454:Economy
4374:Cabinet
4309:Forests
4299:Climate
4289:Borders
4145:History
3984:Ollennu
3942:Nkrumah
3299:CIA.gov
2651:Reuters
2548:18 July
2427:unv.org
1932:4186868
1662:4150169
1089:system.
1081:as the
1014:flypast
1008:by the
960:in the
896:Somalia
665:Namibia
659:), and
449:Somalia
411:of the
310:
302:
298:
295:
152:Himself
95:Himself
4707:Sports
4599:Health
4501:Mining
4481:Energy
4329:Rivers
4294:Cities
4263:Postal
4135:
4079:Mahama
4069:Kufuor
4032:Limann
4011:Akuffo
3979:Afrifa
3963:Afrifa
3958:Ankrah
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2494:21 May
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2316:25 May
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1204:5 June
1174:22 May
1101:Legacy
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337:Awards
286:Spouse
4743:Index
4687:Music
4682:Media
4649:Women
4562:Crime
4491:Labor
4133:Ghana
4074:Mills
3903:Ghana
3706:1979
3335:(PDF)
3324:(PDF)
3306:(PDF)
3295:(PDF)
3142:KHON2
2276:Devex
2258:UNHCR
2224:(PDF)
2209:(PDF)
2187:S2CID
2107:S2CID
1979:(PDF)
1928:JSTOR
1836:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
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1532:JSTOR
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3853:1996
3849:1992
3655:ISBN
3637:ISBN
3618:ISBN
3592:2023
3566:2021
3540:2020
3515:2020
3476:2023
3450:2020
3424:2020
3399:2020
3374:2013
3343:2013
3278:2021
3252:2021
3227:2021
3201:2021
3175:2021
3150:2021
3124:2021
3098:2021
3072:2021
3046:2021
3020:2021
2994:2021
2969:2021
2943:2020
2918:2020
2893:2021
2867:2021
2841:2020
2816:2020
2791:2020
2766:2020
2663:2020
2632:2020
2610:2019
2580:2019
2550:2019
2496:2020
2478:ISBN
2413:2019
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2349:2019
2318:2020
2288:2018
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2232:2018
2179:ISSN
2099:PMID
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1991:ISSN
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