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1753:, by force. Liberians had voted for Taylor in the hope that he would end the bloodshed. The bloodshed did slow considerably, but it did not end. Violent events flared up regularly after the putative end of the war. Taylor, furthermore, was accused of backing guerrillas in neighboring countries and funneling diamond money into arms purchases for the rebel armies he supported, and into luxuries for himself. The implicit unrest manifested during the late 1990s is emblematic in the sharp national economic decline and the prevalent sale of diamonds and timber in exchange for small arms.
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1608:, Benin. Following this, on September 22, 1993, the United Nations (U.N.) Security Council established the UN Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL), to support ECOMOG in implementing this peace agreement. UNOMIL was deployed in early 1994 with 368 military observers and associated civilian personnel to monitor implementation of the Cotonou Peace Agreement, prior to elections originally planned for February/March 1994.
1483:, leader of the LPP. Bishop Ronald Diggs of the Liberian Council of Churches became vice president. However, Taylor's NPFL refused to attend the conference. Within days, hostilities resumed. ECOMOG was reinforced in order to protect the interim government. Sawyer was able to establish his authority over most of Monrovia, but the rest of Liberia was in the hands of various factions of the NPFL or of local gangs.
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the Free Port are still unclear. Doe had been under pressure to accept exile outside of
Liberia. After Doe arrived, a large rebel force led by Prince Johnson's INPFL also arrived and attacked Doe's party. Doe was captured and taken to the INPFL's Caldwell base. He was brutally tortured before being killed and dismembered. His torture and execution was videotaped by his captors.
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A series of peacemaking conferences in regional capitals followed. There were meetings in Bamako in
November 1990, Lomé in January 1991, and Yamoussoukro in June–October 1991. But the first seven peace conferences, including the Yamoussoukro I-IV processes failed. In November 1990, ECOWAS invited the
1421:
leadership. The mission later included troops from non-ECOWAS countries, including Uganda and
Tanzania. ECOMOG's objectives were to impose a cease-fire; help Liberians establish an interim government until elections could be held; stop the killing of innocent civilians; and ensure the safe evacuation
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described
Monrovia by July as "a virtual ghost town of starving people and rotting corpses" as the rebel advance on the city caused widespread panic and anarchy, leading to Liberian soldiers looting shops and killing civilians at random, all while hunger and disease quickly took hold. Johnson swiftly
1801:
The civil war claimed the lives of one out of every 17 people in the country, uprooted most of the rest, and destroyed a once-viable economic infrastructure. The strife also spread to
Liberia's neighbors. It helped slow democratization in West Africa at the beginning of the 1990s and destabilized a
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On 9 September 1990, Doe visited the newly established ECOMOG headquarters in the Free Port of Maher. According to
Stephen Ellis, his motive was to complain that the ECOMOG commander had not paid a courtesy call to him as the Head of State; however, the exact circumstances that led to Doe's visit to
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The NPFL initially encountered plenty of support within Nimba County, which had endured the majority of Samuel Doe's wrath after the 1985 attempted coup. Thousands of Gio and Mano joined when Taylor and his force of 100 rebels reentered
Liberia in 1989, on Christmas Eve. Doe responded by sending two
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Factional leaders agreed in
September 1994 to the Akosombo Agreement, a supplement to the Cotonou agreement, named after the Benin city where it was signed. The security situation in Liberia remained poor. In October 1994, in the face of ECOMOG funding shortfalls and a lack of will by the Liberian
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Johnson's INPFL and Taylor's NPFL continued to struggle for control of
Monrovia in the months that followed. With military discipline absent and bloodshed throughout the capital region, members of ECOWAS created the Economic Community Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to restore order. The force comprised
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The Gio and Mano ethnic groups were persecuted because they were suspected of treason and were seen as inferiors to the
President's own tribe, the Krahn. The mistreatment of the Gio and Mano increased tensions in Liberia, which had already been rising due to Doe's preferential treatment of his own
1734:
won an overwhelming victory against 12 candidates. Assisted by widespread intimidation, Taylor took 75 per cent of the presidential poll (no other candidate won more than 10 per cent) while the NPP won a similar proportion of seats in both parliamentary chambers. 2 August 1997, Ruth Perry handed
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Charles Taylor was sentenced to a trial in 2003, after being accused of rape and acts of sexual violence, promoting child soldiers, and an illegal ownership of weapons. He denied these accusations but was eventually testified against by his victims. He was then sentenced to 50 years in prison.
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Renewed armed hostilities broke out in May 1994 and continued, becoming especially intense in July and August. ECOMOG, and later UNOMIL, members were captured and held hostage by some factions. By mid-1994, the humanitarian situation had become disastrous, with 1.8 million Liberians in need of
1352:, Doe's chief lieutenant, fled into exile himself. Doe requested Taylor's extradition for embezzling $ 900,000 of Liberian government funds. Taylor was thus arrested in the United States and after sixteen months broke out of a Massachusetts jail in circumstances that are still unclear.
1826:
for his trial. By the conclusion of the final war, more than 250,000 people had been killed and nearly 1 million displaced. Half that number remain to be repatriated in 2005, at the election of Liberia's first democratic President since the initial 1980
1788:
for 2020; the obvious "cinching" between ages 23 and 31 corresponds to the generation born during the years of the civil war. The excess female population among those aged 46 or under is also due to young men and boys killed in the civil
1586:
as their president, with the broad support of Johnson. Taylor launched an assault on Monrovia on October 15, 1992, named 'Operation Octopus' which may have been led by Burkina Faso soldiers. The resulting siege lasted two months.
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combatants to honor agreements to end the war, the UN Security Council reduced to about 90 the number of UNOMIL observers. It extended UNOMIL's mandate and subsequently extended it several times until September 1997.
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was carried out by approximately 30 ethnic Krahn government soldiers, killing 600 civilians in St. Peter's Lutheran Church, Monrovia, on 29 July 1990, the worst single atrocity of the First Liberian Civil War.
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The Liberian civil war was one of Africa's bloodiest. From 1989 to 1996, it claimed the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and further displaced a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries.
1304:
on 24 December 1989. The Liberian Army retaliated against the whole population of the region, attacking unarmed civilians, mainly of the Mandingo tribe, and burning villages. Many left as refugees for
1247:
Any hope that Doe would improve the way Liberia was run was put aside as he quickly clamped down on opposition, fueled by his paranoia of a counter-coup attempt against him. As promised, Doe held
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Hoffman, Danny. "The City as Barracks: Freetown, Monrovia, and the Organization of Violence in Postcolonial African Cities." Cultural Anthropology. Volume 22 #3 August 2007. pp. 400–428.
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ECOMOG also sought to prevent the conflict from spreading into neighboring states, which share a complex history of state, economic, and ethno-linguistic social relations with Liberia. The
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After Taylor's victory, Liberia was sufficiently peaceful that refugees began to return. But other leaders were forced to leave the country, and some ULIMO forces reformed as the
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1272:. The coup attempt failed and Quiwonkpa was killed and allegedly eaten. His body was publicly exhibited on the grounds of the Executive Mansion in Monrovia soon after his death.
400:
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1384:, still under the control of Bowen's troops, but they lost the town to a NPFL assault on 28 May. By June 1990, Taylor's forces were laying siege to Monrovia. In July 1990,
1268:, the former Commanding General of the Armed Forces of Liberia whom Doe had demoted and forced to flee the country, attempted to overthrow Doe's regime from neighbouring
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split from Taylor and formed the Independent National Patriotic Front (INPFL). The INPFL and NPFL continued their siege on Monrovia, which the AFL defended. In their
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humanitarian assistance. Conditions continued to deteriorate, but humanitarian agencies were unable to reach many in need due to hostilities and general insecurity.
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1838:, who initially was a strong supporter of Charles Taylor, was inaugurated in January 2006 and the National Transitional Government of Liberia terminated its power.
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In December 1994, the factions and other parties signed the Accra Agreement, a supplement to the Akosombo Agreement. Disagreements ensued and fighting continued.
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1525:(RUF) rebels, ULIMO forces entered western Liberia in September 1991. The group scored significant gains in areas held by another rebel group – Taylor's
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and with the three factional heads Taylor, Kromah and Boley, took control of the country preparatory to elections that were originally scheduled for 1996.
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director'. He fled to the United States in 1983 amid what Stephan Ellis describes as the 'increasingly menacing atmosphere in Monrovia' shortly before
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1429:(ECOWAS) attempted to persuade Doe to resign and go into exile, but despite his weak position – besieged in his mansion – he refused.
1479:, Gambia to form a government of national unity. The negotiated settlement established the Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU), led by
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1466:. ECOMOG succeeded in bringing Taylor and Johnson to agree to its intervention, but Taylor's forces engaged it in the port area of Monrovia.
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AFL battalions, including the 1st Infantry Battalion, to Nimba in December 1989-January 1990, apparently under then-Colonel Hezekiah Bowen.
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and won the presidency by just enough of a margin to avoid a runoff. However, international monitors condemned this election as fraudulent.
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Peace was still far off as both Taylor and Johnson claimed power. ECOMOG declared an Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU) with
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1433:, an ECOWAS intervention force, arrived at the Freeport of Monrovia on August 24, 1990, landing from Nigerian and Ghanaian vessels.
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The AFL acted in a very brutal and scorched-earth fashion, which quickly alienated the local people. The rebel assault soon pitted
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to overthrow Doe in December 1989 and gained control over most of the country within a year. Doe was captured and executed by the
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Charles Hartung, 'Peacekeeping in Liberia: ECOMOG and the Struggle for Order,' Liberian Studies Journal, Volume XXX, No.2, 2005
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From its outset, ULIMO was beset with internal divisions and the group effectively broke into two separate militias in 1994:
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took power in a popular rebellion in 1980 against the Liberian Government, becoming the first Liberian President of non
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were finally held in July 1997. In a climate hardly conducive to free movement and security of persons, Taylor and his
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and enjoyed support from Liberian ethnic groups who were denied power since the founding of the country in 1847.
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and the Mano. Thousands of civilians were massacred on both sides. Hundreds of thousands fled their homes. The
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1631:. At a conference sponsored by ECOWAS, the United Nations and the United States, the European Union, and the
1344:. During Doe's regime Taylor had served in the Liberian Government's General Services Agency, acting 'as its
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took control of parts of Monrovia prompting evacuation of foreign nationals and diplomats by the US Navy
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In 1997, the Liberian people elected Charles Taylor as the President after he entered the capital city,
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The First Liberian Civil War killed around 200,000 people and eventually led to the involvement of the
1164:. Peace negotiations and foreign involvement led to a ceasefire in 1995 but fighting continued until a
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Omeje, Kenneth. "War to peace transition: conflict intervention and peacebuilding in Liberia." (2009).
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1996:
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1987:, recounts her family's flight from Monrovia when she was a five year old at the onset of the war.
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which resulted in the removal of 485 Americans and over 2,400 citizens hailing from 68 countries.
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The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of African Civil War
1646: – made theatrical entrances into Monrovia. A ruling council of six members under civilian
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120205053206/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/liberia/index.php
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Heavy fighting broke out again in April 1996. This led to the evacuation of most international
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agreed to deploy a joint military intervention force, the Economic Community Monitoring Group (
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2454:"Wayétu Moore Escapes a Civil War in Liberia. In America, She Encounters a New Kind of Danger"
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In August 1995, the main factions signed an agreement largely brokered by Ghanaian President
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on Monrovia and exiled Charles Taylor to Nigeria until he was arrested in 2006 and taken to
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1152:, in September 1990. The NPFL and INPFL fought each other for control of the capital city,
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8:
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1296:(mostly ethnic Gios and Manos who felt persecuted by Doe) who later became known as the
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2008:
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At the beginning of September 1995, Liberia's three principal warlords – Taylor,
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Liberia during this civil war is one of the numerous locations worldwide depicted in
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Civil War and State Formation: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Liberia
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1980:
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with the aim of destabilizing the government and gaining control of the local
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Accord Magazine Online issue with articles, chronology and text of agreements
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By late December, ECOMOG had pushed the NPFL back beyond Monrovia's suburbs.
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After fighting alongside the Sierra Leonean army against the Sierra Leonean
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2485:, Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag & University of Chicago Press, 2013
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and the destruction of much of Monrovia. The U.S. Armed Forces enacted
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Freedom in the World: Political Rights & Civil Liberties 1990-1991
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between the main factions occurred in August 1996. Taylor was elected
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as chairwoman of the ruling council, who served until 2 August 1997.
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1950:
Accra Agreements/Akosombo clarification agreement (21 December 1994)
166:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
31:
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United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy-Johnson faction
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United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy-Kromah faction
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sympathetic to the Doe regime against those victimized by it, the
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National Patriotic Front of Liberia-Central Revolutionary Council
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in July of that year. 3 September 1996, Sankawulo is followed by
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2076:"15 years later, we remember the long hunt for Charles Taylor"
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The group was alleged to have committed serious violations of
2101:"Fraud charged in Liberia's first one-man, one-vote election"
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1548:
1451:
459:
405:
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2491:
Huband, Mark. "The Liberian Civil War". Frank Cass (1998).
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region that already was one of the world's most unsteady.
1495:(ULIMO) was formed in June 1991 by supporters of the late
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242:(7 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days)
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and CĂ´te d'Ivoire, but opposition to Doe was inflamed.
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broke out when anti-Taylor forces invaded Liberia from
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descent. Doe established a military regime called the
3483:
1276:
Mistreatment of the Gio and Mano ethnic groups (1985)
2216:"Liberian church massacre survivors seek US justice"
1210:
with then-Secretary of Defense of the United States
2205:
Mark Huband, The Liberian Civil War, p.115, 118-119
1976:published in 1998, just after the end of this war.
1895:
United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy
1529:(NPFL), notably around the diamond mining areas of
1493:
United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy
1316:force soon after crossing the border, based on the
1162:
United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy
225:militiamen in 1990 after taking control of much of
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2134:
1437:Capture and killing of Samuel Doe (September 1990)
1411:Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
1285:Charles Taylor builds insurgent forces (1985-1989)
1128:led to calls for withdrawal of the support of the
2289:. University Press of America. pp. 244–245.
1938:Yamoussoukro IV Peace Agreement (30 October 1991)
1758:Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy
4588:
2178:, Hurst & Company, London, 2001, p.57, 67-68
1688:In August 1996, these battles were ended by the
1340:organized and trained indigenous northerners in
1255:Coup attempt by Thomas Quiwonkpa (November 1985)
1176:and entered office in August of the same year.
2540:Website includes photos from Liberian Civil War
2141:. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications.
1881:Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia
1322:Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia
1148:(INPFL), a splinter faction of the NPFL led by
1146:Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia
2330:
2244:"Liberia Troops Accused Of Massacre in Church"
1814:began in 1999 and ended in October 2003, when
1653:
1604:In 1993, ECOWAS brokered a peace agreement in
1469:
1116:which lasted between 1989 and 1997. President
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3108:
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1929:Bamako Ceasefire Agreement (28 November 1990)
970:
2370:. London, UK: Hurst & Company. pp.
1979:The 2020 memoir by Liberian-American author
1947:Akosombo Peace Agreement (12 September 1994)
1805:
1577:
1380:By May 1990 the AFL had been forced back to
1972:in Spanish), a novel by the Chilean author
1735:power to elected president Charles Taylor.
1187:. The peace lasted for two years until the
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963:
949:Total killed: ~200,000 including civilians
2403:Herbert Howe, Ambiguous Order, 2005, 143.
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1851:Armed groups that participated in the war
1635:, Charles Taylor agreed to a cease-fire.
1514:. It was led by Raleigh Seekie, a deputy
1427:Economic Community of West African States
1312:, an NPFL fighter, split to form his own
1181:Economic Community of West African States
530:(September 22, 1993 – September 12, 1997)
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3625:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
2126:
2029:"First Liberian Civil War (1989-1996) •"
1779:
1657:
1202:
4167:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
3842:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
2451:
2236:
2208:
2043:"Opinion | Now, Cut Off Aid to Liberia"
1922:Peace agreements signed included the:
1506:(AFL) fighters who had taken refuge in
1405:ECOWAS intervention force (August 1990)
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583:
4589:
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1953:Abuja Peace Agreement (19 August 1995)
1944:Cotonou Peace Agreement (25 July 1993)
1932:Banjul IV Agreement (21 December 1990)
1926:Banjul III Agreement (14 October 1990)
1475:principal Liberian players to meet in
4356:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
4277:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
3457:
3096:
2555:
2361:
1574:, both before and after its breakup.
1356:Ethnic conflict and siege of Monrovia
1333:Charles Taylor's force attacks (1989)
1223:Samuel Doe takes power in coup (1980)
958:
2581:
2355:
1941:Geneva Agreement 1992 (7 April 1992)
127:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
4446:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
4397:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
3913:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
2137:The World Today Series: Africa 2012
1917:
1875:National Patriotic Front of Liberia
1622:
1527:National Patriotic Front of Liberia
1298:National Patriotic Front of Liberia
1134:National Patriotic Front of Liberia
13:
4161:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
3697:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
2504:Liberia: The Violence of Democracy
2475:
2394:See Ellis, Mask of Anarchy, 98-99.
14:
4633:
4391:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4095:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
2608:Americo-Liberian rule (1847–1980)
2521:
2331:Armon, Jeremy; Andy Carl (1996).
2187:HRW, Flight from Terror, May 1990
1985:The Dragons, The Giant, The Women
1935:Lomé Agreement (13 February 1991)
1711:
1261:1985 Liberian coup d'Ă©tat attempt
4221:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
3124:
2536:- Peace process during Civil War
1957:
915:
903:
892:
881:
861:
849:
837:
825:
808:
793:
770:
755:
737:
723:
704:
690:
676:
651:
640:
630:
609:
598:
585:
566:
552:
541:
520:
500:
484:
468:
452:
436:
412:
394:
380:
364:
349:
333:
317:
304:
240:24 December 1989 – 2 August 1997
216:
132:
30:
4238:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
2445:
2439:"Uppsala Conflict Data Program"
2431:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2324:
2321:, by Stephen Ellis, 2001, p.1-9
2312:
2303:
2273:
2264:
2199:
1760:(LURD). LURD began fighting in
1722:Simultaneous elections for the
1692:Accord in Nigeria, agreeing to
41:needs additional citations for
4607:Civil wars of the 20th century
2452:Talusan, Grace (2 June 2020).
2190:
2181:
2168:
2155:
2093:
2068:
2035:
2021:
1798:were used throughout the war.
1718:1997 Liberian general election
1679:non-governmental organizations
1409:In August 1990, the 16-member
1174:1997 Liberian general election
1:
4539:2014 Lesotho political crisis
4496:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
3660:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
2014:
1633:Organization of African Unity
1198:
4533:SADC intervention in Lesotho
4136:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
4090:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
3847:ECOWAS military intervention
3567:2011–2014 factional violence
2648:Second Civil War (1999–2003)
2414:"Operation Assured Response"
2161:"How Quiwonkpa Was Killed".
2133:Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008).
1738:
16:1989–1997 war in West Africa
7:
4597:Military history of Liberia
4210:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
4066:Insurgency in Northern Chad
2633:First Civil War (1989–1997)
1990:
1654:Fighting in Monrovia (1996)
1470:Peacemaking attempts (1990)
1327:
1242:People's Redemption Council
661:(Commander-in-chief of the
162:the claims made and adding
10:
4638:
4501:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
4322:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
4177:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
4043:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
3854:Western Togoland Rebellion
2623:Samuel Doe era (1980–1989)
2528:The Liberian peace process
2510:University of Pennsylvania
1742:
1715:
1683:Operation Assured Response
1597:
1523:Revolutionary United Front
1258:
1226:
65:"First Liberian Civil War"
18:
4553:
4510:
4482:
4473:
4412:
4383:
4338:Second Sudanese Civil War
4330:
4292:
4246:
4202:
4123:
4114:
4082:
4053:
4022:
3982:
3899:
3876:
3867:
3816:
3790:
3764:
3743:
3706:
3652:
3643:
3611:
3582:
3544:
3504:
3495:
3138:
3054:
2997:
2924:
2915:
2860:
2851:
2741:
2732:
2675:
2666:
2658:2020 coronavirus pandemic
2653:2014 Ebola virus epidemic
2593:
2280:McColm, R. Bruce (1991).
2105:Christian Science Monitor
1997:Second Liberian Civil War
1812:Second Liberian Civil War
1806:Second Liberian Civil War
1775:
1770:Second Liberian Civil War
1593:
1578:Attack on Monrovia (1992)
1229:1980 Liberian coup d'Ă©tat
1189:Second Liberian Civil War
1140:invaded Liberia from the
1132:, by the late 1980s. The
992:
948:
943:
930:
620:
296:
232:
215:
203:
198:
152:” is currently unsourced.
4441:2008 invasion of Anjouan
4038:Civil War (2012–present)
4007:Pool Department conflict
2746:Administrative divisions
2603:Colonization (1821–1847)
2362:Ellis, Stephen (2007) .
1845:
1732:National Patriotic Party
1486:
1374:Monrovia Church massacre
1102:First Liberian Civil War
199:First Liberian Civil War
4436:Hanish Islands conflict
3973:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
3824:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
3666:Herder–farmer conflicts
3590:Western Sahara conflict
1970:Los Detectives Salvajes
1857:Armed Forces of Liberia
1818:intervened to stop the
1768:fields, leading to the
1551:faction led by General
1518:in the Doe government.
1504:Armed Forces of Liberia
1446:some 4,000 troops from
1417:), and placed it under
1158:Armed Forces of Liberia
4259:Somali–Kenyan conflict
4155:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
4149:Second Afar insurgency
3756:Sierra Leone Civil War
2418:www.globalsecurity.org
2337:Conciliation Resources
1790:
1674:
1648:Wilton G. S. Sankawulo
1563:-based faction led by
1422:of foreign nationals.
1219:
621:Commanders and leaders
210:Sierra Leone Civil War
4612:Coup-based civil wars
4602:Civil wars in Liberia
4518:Bophuthatswana crisis
4182:Oromia–Somali clashes
4101:Boko Haram insurgency
4061:Civil War (2005–2010)
3678:Boko Haram insurgency
3601:Clashes, 2020–present
2771:Government ministries
2643:1998 Monrovia clashes
2545:21 March 2012 at the
2333:"Liberia: Chronology"
1965:The Savage Detectives
1863:Liberia Peace Council
1836:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
1783:
1745:1998 Monrovia clashes
1661:
1386:Prince Yormie Johnson
1300:(NPFL). They invaded
1206:
1029:Killing of Samuel Doe
944:Casualties and losses
208:and spillover of the
4490:Mozambican Civil War
4450:Burundian conflicts
4430:Djiboutian Civil War
4143:Insurgency in Ogaden
3771:Liberian Civil Wars
3684:Niger Delta conflict
2690:Environmental issues
2049:. 16 December 1988.
1665:fighters search for
1390:Freedom in the World
1212:Caspar W. Weinberger
1170:President of Liberia
747:(ULIMO-K since 1994)
733:(ULIMO-J since 1994)
700:(ULIMO-J since 1994)
686:(ULIMO-K since 1994)
284:President of Liberia
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
4529:Lesothan conflicts
4454:1993–2005 Civil War
4172:Afar–Somali clashes
3960:2022–2024 offensive
3955:2012–2013 rebellion
3797:Ivorian Civil Wars
3630:Tunisian revolution
3572:2014–2020 civil war
3552:2008 Kufra conflict
3489:conflicts in Africa
2319:The Mask of Anarchy
2309:Adebajo, 2002, p.75
2176:The Mask of Anarchy
2107:. 25 October 1985.
1516:Minister of Finance
1024:ECOWAS intervention
986:Liberian Civil Wars
311:Liberian government
206:Liberian Civil Wars
4576:Colour revolutions
4374:Sudanese civil war
4226:2009–present phase
3967:Batwa–Luba clashes
3836:Casamance conflict
3713:Tuareg rebellions
3673:Religious violence
3619:Algerian Civil War
3535:Terrorism in Egypt
2458:The New York Times
2249:The New York Times
2224:. 12 February 2018
2047:The New York Times
2009:History of Liberia
1869:Lofa Defense Force
1791:
1786:population pyramid
1675:
1565:Alhaji G.V. Kromah
1220:
800:Francois Massaquoi
730:General Butt Naked
274:government in 1990
143:possibly contains
21:Liberian Civil War
4584:
4583:
4549:
4548:
4469:
4468:
4420:Rwandan Civil War
4368:Blue Nile clashes
4350:Nomadic conflicts
4306:Nomadic conflicts
4110:
4109:
3949:March 23 Movement
3884:Angolan Civil War
3863:
3862:
3639:
3638:
3451:
3450:
3090:
3089:
3050:
3049:
2959:Gender inequality
2911:
2910:
2847:
2846:
2829:Political parties
2766:Foreign relations
2728:
2727:
2638:1994 coup attempt
2628:1985 coup attempt
2148:978-1-61048-881-5
2080:The Africa Report
1834:Former president
1728:national assembly
1553:Roosevelt Johnson
1392:report for 1990,
1249:elections in 1985
1183:(ECOWAS) and the
1104:was the first of
1095:
1094:
1051:1994 coup attempt
953:
952:
697:Roosevelt Johnson
292:
291:
270:Overthrow of the
192:
191:
184:
145:original research
126:
125:
118:
100:
4629:
4622:1990s in Liberia
4524:Caprivi conflict
4480:
4479:
4459:2015–2018 unrest
4265:Likoni massacres
4254:Ethnic conflicts
4216:Somali Civil War
4121:
4120:
3919:Second Congo War
3874:
3873:
3650:
3649:
3529:Post-coup unrest
3523:Sinai insurgency
3502:
3501:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3070:
3063:
2922:
2921:
2883:
2858:
2857:
2739:
2738:
2673:
2672:
2618:1980 coup d'Ă©tat
2613:1871 coup d'Ă©tat
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2369:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2339:. Archived from
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2025:
1918:Peace agreements
1623:Ceasefire (1995)
1350:Thomas Quiwonkpa
1266:Thomas Quiwonkpa
1238:Americo-Liberian
1156:and against the
987:
979:
972:
965:
956:
955:
920:
919:
908:
907:
896:
886:
885:
876:
866:
865:
854:
853:
842:
841:
830:
829:
813:
812:
804:Foreign support:
798:
797:
785:
775:
774:
760:
759:
748:
742:
741:
734:
728:
727:
719:
709:
708:
701:
695:
694:
687:
681:
680:
666:
656:
655:
647:
644:
635:
634:
613:
604:
602:
601:
595:
591:
589:
588:
577:
571:
570:
563:
557:
556:
546:
545:
531:
525:
524:
516:
506:
504:
503:
496:
490:
488:
487:
480:
474:
472:
471:
464:
458:
456:
455:
448:
442:
440:
439:
423:
417:
416:
409:
404:(later becoming
399:
398:
391:
385:
384:
375:
369:
368:
360:
354:
353:
344:
338:
337:
322:
321:
309:
308:
234:
233:
220:
196:
195:
187:
180:
176:
173:
167:
164:inline citations
136:
135:
128:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4617:1989 in Liberia
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4545:
4506:
4475:Southern Africa
4465:
4408:
4379:
4326:
4311:Ethnic violence
4288:
4283:Baragoi clashes
4242:
4198:
4106:
4078:
4068:(2016–present)
4049:
4024:
4023:Central African
4018:
3984:
3978:
3907:First Congo War
3895:
3859:
3812:
3786:
3760:
3751:Ndogboyosoi War
3739:
3702:
3686:(2003–present)
3662:(1998–present)
3635:
3607:
3592:(1970–present)
3578:
3540:
3518:2011 revolution
3512:Egyptian Crisis
3491:
3482:
3452:
3447:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3091:
3086:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3046:
2993:
2974:Public holidays
2907:
2881:
2843:
2724:
2662:
2589:
2580:
2547:Wayback Machine
2524:
2501:Moran, Mary H.
2481:Gerdes, Felix:
2478:
2476:Further reading
2473:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2343:on 8 March 2007
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2174:Stephen Ellis,
2173:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2031:. 25 July 2016.
2027:
2026:
2022:
2017:
1993:
1960:
1920:
1853:
1848:
1831:of Samuel Doe.
1808:
1778:
1747:
1741:
1720:
1714:
1656:
1625:
1602:
1596:
1580:
1489:
1481:Dr. Amos Sawyer
1472:
1439:
1407:
1358:
1335:
1330:
1287:
1278:
1263:
1257:
1231:
1225:
1214:outside of the
1201:
1195:in April 1999.
1166:peace agreement
1124:and widespread
1122:totalitarianism
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
988:
985:
983:
926:
922:Blaise Campaore
914:
910:Muammar Gaddafi
902:
880:
872:
860:
856:Benjamin Yeaten
848:
836:
824:
818:
807:
806:
802:
792:
791:
787:
781:
769:
768:
764:
754:
753:
749:
746:
736:
735:
732:
722:
721:
715:
703:
702:
699:
689:
688:
685:
675:
674:
669:
660:
650:
645:
629:
608:
599:
597:
596:
586:
584:
582:
578:
575:
565:
564:
561:
551:
550:
540:
539:
529:
519:
510:
501:
499:
494:
485:
483:
478:
469:
467:
462:
453:
451:
446:
437:
435:
428:
424:
421:
411:
410:
403:
393:
392:
389:
379:
373:
363:
358:
348:
342:
332:
330:
316:
303:
254:
241:
221:
188:
177:
171:
168:
153:
137:
133:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4635:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4554:Related topics
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4503:(2017–present)
4498:
4493:
4486:
4484:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4403:Kasese clashes
4400:
4399:(1996–present)
4394:
4393:(1987–present)
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4376:(2023–present)
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4352:(2009–present)
4347:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4261:(1963–present)
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4212:(1998–present)
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4131:Oromo conflict
4127:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4103:(2009–present)
4098:
4097:(1987–present)
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4072:2021 offensive
4063:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3946:
3945:(2009–present)
3943:Ituri conflict
3940:
3937:Dongo conflict
3934:
3933:(2004–present)
3928:
3925:Ituri conflict
3922:
3916:
3915:(1996–present)
3910:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:(1975–present)
3887:
3880:
3878:
3871:
3869:Central Africa
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:(2020–present)
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3838:(1982–present)
3833:
3830:Guinea clashes
3827:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:(2012–present)
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:(2021–present)
3694:
3693:
3692:
3681:
3680:(2009–present)
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3596:War, 1975–1991
3586:
3584:
3583:Western Sahara
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:2011 civil war
3554:
3548:
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2252:. 31 July 1990
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1172:following the
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1136:(NPFL) led by
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2497:0-7146-4340-8
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2296:0-932088-65-1
2292:
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2270:Hubard, p.115
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1644:Alhaji Kromah
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1103:
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1070:2nd Civil War
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777:Albert Karpeh
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740:
731:
726:
720:
718:
712:
707:
698:
693:
684:
683:Alhaji Kromah
679:
673:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
638:
633:
628:
627:
625:
624:
619:
616:
612:
607:
594:
581:
580:Supported by:
574:
569:
560:
555:
549:
544:
537:
533:
528:
523:
514:
509:
498:
493:
482:
477:
466:
461:
450:
445:
434:
433:
432:
431:
427:
426:Supported by:
420:
415:
407:
402:
397:
388:
383:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
346:
345:
341:
336:
326:
320:
315:
314:
313:
312:
307:
301:
300:
295:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
269:
268:
267:
265:
261:
258:
257:
253:
249:
246:
245:
239:
236:
235:
231:
228:
224:
219:
214:
211:
207:
202:
197:
186:
183:
175:
172:February 2024
165:
161:
157:
151:
147:
146:
141:This article
139:
130:
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4422: /
3985:of the Congo
3774:
3744:Sierra Leone
3497:North Africa
3012:Coat of arms
2944:Demographics
2870:Central bank
2776:Human rights
2751:Constitution
2632:
2508:
2502:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2365:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:the original
2336:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2136:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2023:
2002:
2001:
1984:
1981:Wayétu Moore
1978:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1921:
1914:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1809:
1800:
1792:
1755:
1748:
1721:
1700:by 1997 and
1687:
1676:
1640:George Boley
1637:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1589:
1581:
1572:human rights
1569:
1547:, an ethnic
1542:
1520:
1512:Sierra Leone
1490:
1473:
1456:Sierra Leone
1444:
1440:
1424:
1408:
1379:
1366:ethnic Krahn
1363:
1359:
1345:
1336:
1302:Nimba County
1288:
1279:
1270:Sierra Leone
1264:
1246:
1232:
1178:
1160:and pro-Doe
1110:West African
1101:
1099:
1087:4th Monrovia
1063:1998 clashes
1056:3rd Monrovia
1041:2nd Monrovia
1014:1st Monrovia
996:
898:Foday Sankoh
873:
803:
788:
782:
765:
762:George Boley
750:
716:
671:
670:
606:Burkina Faso
579:
536:Armed Forces
508:Sierra Leone
425:
378:
331:
325:Armed Forces
302:
297:Belligerents
262:
204:Part of the
178:
169:
149:
148:. The term “
142:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
4571:Arab Winter
4566:Arab Spring
4535:(1998–1999)
4526:(1994–1999)
4492:(1977–1992)
4432:(1991–1994)
4426:(1990–1994)
4370:(2022–2023)
4358:(2011–2020)
4346:(2003–2020)
4340:(1983–2005)
4318:(2013–2020)
4293:South Sudan
4279:(2012–2013)
4273:(2007–2008)
4163:(2000–2018)
4157:(1998–2000)
4151:(1995–2018)
4145:(1994–2018)
4116:East Africa
4034:(2004–2007)
4015:(2016–2017)
4009:(2002–2003)
3991:Civil wars
3975:(2016–2019)
3969:(2013–2018)
3927:(1999–2007)
3921:(1998–2003)
3909:(1996–1997)
3890:Cabinda War
3886:(1975–2002)
3826:(1998–1999)
3645:West Africa
3632:(2010–2011)
3621:(1991–2002)
3531:(2013–2014)
3514:(2011–2014)
2865:Agriculture
2347:26 February
2256:14 December
2228:14 December
1829:coup d'Ă©tat
1820:rebel siege
1762:Lofa County
1694:disarmament
1584:Amos Sawyer
1502:and former
1342:Ivory Coast
1142:Ivory Coast
1108:within the
888:Tom Woewiyu
815:Sani Abacha
646:(President)
576:(1994–1996)
562:(1989–1992)
495:(from 1990)
479:(from 1990)
463:(from 1990)
447:(from 1990)
422:(1993–1996)
390:(1993–1996)
374:(1994–1996)
359:(1994–1996)
343:(1991–1994)
4591:Categories
4483:Mozambique
4187:Tigray War
2934:Corruption
2882:(currency)
2819:Parliament
2163:Daily Star
2118:17 October
2015:References
1889:(NPFL-CRC)
1743:See also:
1724:presidency
1706:Ruth Perry
1320:and named
1259:See also:
1234:Samuel Doe
1227:See also:
1208:Samuel Doe
1199:Background
1126:corruption
1118:Samuel Doe
1112:nation of
637:Samuel Doe
492:The Gambia
156:improve it
76:newspapers
4316:Civil War
4000:1997–1999
3995:1993–1994
3951:conflict
3806:2010–2011
3801:2002–2007
3780:1999–2003
3775:1989–1996
3722:2007–2009
3717:1990–1995
3130:Years in
2984:Squatting
2969:Languages
2949:Education
2903:Transport
2834:President
2788:Judiciary
2756:Elections
2710:Mountains
2668:Geography
2423:16 August
2113:0882-7729
2055:0362-4331
1909:(ULIMO-K)
1903:(ULIMO-J)
1824:The Hague
1784:Liberian
1739:Aftermath
1702:elections
1497:President
1399:in August
1324:(INPFL).
1318:Gio tribe
1314:guerrilla
868:Sam Dokie
534:Anti-Doe
323:Loyalist
160:verifying
106:July 2011
4424:genocide
4124:Ethiopia
4032:Bush War
4025:Republic
4013:Pool War
3983:Republic
3900:DR Congo
3734:Mali War
3486:Cold War
3077:Category
3037:Polygamy
2979:Religion
2929:Abortion
2807:Military
2734:Politics
2720:Wildlife
2587:articles
2543:Archived
2221:BBC News
2003:General:
1991:See also
1897:(ULIMO)
1751:Monrovia
1671:Monrovia
1561:Mandingo
1538:counties
1419:Nigerian
1346:de facto
1328:Overview
1218:in 1982.
1216:Pentagon
1154:Monrovia
931:Strength
573:NPFL-CRC
538:elements
327:elements
266:victory
247:Location
227:Monrovia
150:invasion
4203:Somalia
3765:Liberia
3653:Nigeria
3132:Liberia
3061:Outline
3017:Cuisine
2999:Culture
2917:Society
2898:Tourism
2880:Dollar
2853:Economy
2761:Cabinet
2705:Islands
2700:Forests
2685:Borders
2595:History
2583:Liberia
1883:(INPFL)
1877:(NPFL)
1766:diamond
1606:Cotonou
1557:ULIMO-K
1545:ULIMO-J
1448:Nigeria
1382:Gbarnga
1281:group.
1114:Liberia
939:350,000
936:450,000
874:†
783:†
717:†
444:Nigeria
371:ULIMO-J
356:ULIMO-K
286:in 1997
281:elected
252:Liberia
154:Please
90:scholar
4520:(1994)
4511:Others
4413:Others
4405:(2016)
4384:Uganda
4364:(2012)
4302:(2012)
4285:(2012)
4267:(1997)
4231:AMISOM
4083:Others
3939:(2009)
3877:Angola
3832:(2013)
3817:Others
3612:Others
3082:Portal
3007:Cinema
2964:Health
2893:Mining
2888:Energy
2824:Police
2715:Rivers
2680:Cities
2585:
2514:, 2008
2495:
2463:30 May
2378:
2293:
2145:
2111:
2085:4 July
2060:4 July
2053:
1816:ECOWAS
1776:Impact
1600:UNOMIL
1594:UNOMIL
1555:; and
1508:Guinea
1477:Banjul
1464:Guinea
1460:Gambia
1458:, the
1431:ECOMOG
1415:ECOMOG
1306:Guinea
1193:Guinea
1046:Harbel
1019:Church
870:
779:
713:
672:ULIMO:
639:
603:
590:
527:UNOMIL
511:(1990–
505:
489:
476:Guinea
473:
457:
441:
430:ECOMOG
259:Result
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
4331:Sudan
4247:Kenya
3545:Libya
3505:Egypt
3484:Post–
3218:1970s
3213:1960s
3208:1950s
3203:1940s
3198:1930s
3193:1920s
3188:1910s
3183:1900s
3178:1890s
3173:1880s
3168:1870s
3163:1860s
3158:1850s
3153:1840s
3068:Index
3042:Sport
3032:Music
3027:Media
2989:Women
2939:Crime
2512:Press
2374:–16.
2287:(PDF)
1871:(LDF)
1865:(LPC)
1859:(AFL)
1846:Lists
1690:Abuja
1667:ULIMO
1549:Krahn
1487:ULIMO
1452:Ghana
1082:Maher
1009:Butuo
766:LUDF:
593:Libya
559:INPFL
460:Ghana
406:ULIMO
340:ULIMO
223:INPFL
97:JSTOR
83:books
4054:Chad
3727:2012
3707:Mali
3443:2024
3438:2023
3433:2022
3428:2021
3423:2020
3418:2019
3413:2018
3408:2017
3403:2016
3398:2015
3393:2014
3388:2013
3383:2012
3378:2011
3373:2010
3368:2009
3363:2008
3358:2007
3353:2006
3348:2005
3343:2004
3338:2003
3333:2002
3328:2001
3323:2000
3318:1999
3313:1998
3308:1997
3303:1996
3298:1995
3293:1994
3288:1993
3283:1992
3278:1991
3273:1990
3268:1989
3263:1988
3258:1987
3253:1986
3248:1985
3243:1984
3238:1983
3233:1982
3228:1981
3223:1980
3148:1849
3143:1847
3022:Flag
2781:LGBT
2493:ISBN
2465:2021
2425:2023
2376:ISBN
2349:2007
2291:ISBN
2258:2018
2230:2018
2143:ISBN
2120:2017
2109:ISSN
2087:2024
2062:2024
2051:ISSN
1810:The
1789:war.
1726:and
1696:and
1663:NPFL
1642:and
1559:, a
1535:Bomi
1533:and
1531:Lofa
1510:and
1491:The
1462:and
1100:The
789:FDL:
751:LPC:
548:NPFL
513:1991
401:LUDF
264:NPFL
237:Date
69:news
1370:Gio
663:AFL
615:RUF
419:LDF
387:LPC
272:Doe
158:by
52:by
4593::
2507:-
2456:.
2416:.
2335:.
2246:.
2218:.
2103:.
2078:.
2045:.
1983:,
1772:.
1567:.
1540:.
1454:,
1450:,
1401:.
3477:e
3470:t
3463:v
3116:e
3109:t
3102:v
2696:)
2692:(
2575:e
2568:t
2561:v
2467:.
2441:.
2427:.
2384:.
2372:1
2351:.
2299:.
2260:.
2232:.
2151:.
2122:.
2089:.
2064:.
1968:(
1673:.
978:e
971:t
964:v
665:)
515:)
408:)
185:)
179:(
174:)
170:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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