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190:, and sought to institute governmental regulations which were favorable to large corporations. Jenks toured the world for the War Department from 1901–1902, where he examined how dependent colonial governments operated financially. He made many other trips around the world as a member of the Commission on International Exchange, where he researched colonial policy and the gold standard in countries all over the world. Based on these experiences, Jenks wrote a chapter in Senator
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315:. Jenks was instrumental to the work, as he did much of the hiring for the Commission and led many of the research projects that the Commission undertook. He applied his experiences abroad in different colonies across the world, as he increasingly thought it was the duty of the federal government to place restrictions on immigration into the US. For his first research project for the Commission, Jenks traveled to
281:, which sought to end the disproportionate discrimination in the immigration of citizens of Asian countries, and proposed a new model for immigration restrictions. In reality, their proposed plan still instituted quotas for different immigrants based on race, it would just be less exclusionary for members of Asian countries. Throughout his years involved in
492:, Jenks and Folkmar stated that their principal task was to discover "whether there may not be certain races that are inferior to other races... to show whether some may be better fitted for American citizenship than others." The dictionary, along with other Commission reports, was cited frequently in subsequent immigration debates.
153:, and represented the US in financial matters within several Asian countries. Jenks soon became an advisor to Mexico, Nicaragua, and Germany as well, quickly advancing through the ranks of the federal government. Jenks was appointed a member of the US Commission on International Exchange, and was appointed to the
442:, they came to the conclusion that immigrants were reducing the standard of civilization for all Americans, which was to negatively affect their morality. They also conducted studies on the difference in occupation of immigrants from different countries, and concluded that they had negative impact on
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In the
Progressive Era, Jeremiah Jenks was one of the pioneers who set the precedent for the inclusion of professors and academic experts in government. In 1899, Jenks was appointed as an "expert in Asia" for the US Treasury, and began traveling to various dependent countries around the world. Jenks'
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reformers were anti-imperialist, Jenks was an outspoken proponent of US colonialism and expansion. He saw
American colonial intervention as a way to offset inefficiencies produced by the native populations, and a way to bring them to the moral standards of America. Jenks' experiences abroad also gave
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which would restrict different immigrants based on their desirability. Although the
Commission's proposed bill was vetoed by President Taft in 1911, the research of the Commission was instrumental in the passage of many immigration restrictions in the years to come, including the Johnson–Reed Act of
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The reformist ideology of the
American Economic Association affected his work as a member of the National Civic Federation (NCF). The National Civic Federation was a business-dominated organization that aligned with the ideologies of reformist minded economists like Jenks, as it sought to implement
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The
Commission concluded with a 41-volume report in 1911 which outlined the current status of immigration, laying out the differences in occupation, crime, and many other things between races of immigrants. This study ultimately labeled some races of immigrants as more desirable than others, and
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law was required. Jenks and Lauck's perspective on racial prejudice was relevant in the policy suggestions of the book, which suggested different quotas for different races of immigrants, as some were easier to be trained and assimilated into
American society. This book was one of the first to
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by
Congress to limit immigration, and sought to conduct academic research to influence policy on the restriction of immigration. The Commission was also formed out of a growing negative sentiment towards immigrants, as a majority of the population growth in the US in this period was result of
323:. It was on this journey that Jenks realized he could enjoy complete autonomy in his research, as he received no interference from the federal government. He then led many studies on the urban congestion, living conditions, and occupations of immigrants from different races.
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Jenks and Lauck argued that immigration adversely affects economic outcomes for native-born
Americans. A 2019 study by several economic historians found that the immigration restrictions that Jenks advocated for did not improve economic outcomes for native-born Americans.
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Jenks was interested in the political aspects of economic problems and he served frequently on various government commissions and made many reports on currency, labor, and immigration issues. Jenks was part of the new school of economic theory during the
334:. These studies led by Jenks and the Commission were noted to not conform to research methods as they did not hold any public hearings, nor cross-examine any witnesses. The Commission also did not utilize any data already available to them, such as
202:, where he served as president from 1906–1907. One of the association's goals was the "development of legislative policy", which was radical for its time as many of the old school economists of the time still strongly believed in the idea of strict
406:, were the addition to the Scout Oath of the sentence "to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake and morally straight" and of three additional points to the Scout Law – "A Scout is brave", "A Scout is clean", and "A Scout is reverent".
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of 1910, which focused on the restriction of white slavery and sex trafficking into the United States. Jenks was instrumental in the writing and the passage of the
Dillingham Immigration Bill of 1911, which was ultimately vetoed by President
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reports, studies by state bureaus of labor, or other agencies, in order to come up with their own unique conclusions. Instead, it relied heavily on the works of Lodge and Jenks to create their own tables, explanations, and conclusions.
222:. Additionally, the NCF gave Jenks his first exposure to immigration issues, as in 1905 he attended a conference that focused on whether immigrant labor from China should be more restricted. He also served as an economic adviser at the
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is something to be heartily condemned, we must still recognize this feeling as an important political fact." Jenks comes to the conclusion that racial prejudice is not a personal issue, but a political one. The book concludes that
186:, which stemmed through his dissertation adviser at the University of Halle, Joseph Conrad, who was an outspoken critic of British classical economics. Progressive Era economists focused on making economics compatible with
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advocate immigration restriction by federal government legislation. It is also important because it was the first to coin the term "the immigration problem", a phrase which is still used in the US government today.
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notes the racial aspects of this legislation, as she says the language of eugenics dominated the political discourse on immigration during this period. The
Commission divided the immigrants they studied by
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and the ideology of the National Origins Act of 1924. All of this work by the Commission set the precedent of restricting immigration into the United States as a necessary duty of the federal government.
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with the goals of fixing a standard of civilization for the US, securing all the facts about immigration, measuring immigrants' influence on the standard of civilization, and suggesting measures for the
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One of Jenks' most influential publications was written with the help of his hire for the Dillingham Commission, William Jett Lauck. It was a research study conducted on different races of immigrants in
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Jenks' most influential and lasting work for the federal government came from his membership in the Dillingham Commission from 1907–1911. The Commission was progressive minded, and was headed by Senator
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in 1878. He then went on to study law while teaching at Mount Morris College in Illinois, and was admitted to the Michigan bar in 1881. He later studied in Germany, earning his doctorate from the
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Jenks and his key staff assistant, anthropologist Daniel Folkmar, collaborated on an extensive racial dictionary that became an important feature of the Commission's report to Congress.
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experience in politics stemmed from his involvement in various economic and immigration research organizations. As a member of the NCF, Jenks helped to draft a bill to amend the
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under Johannes Conrad in 1885. Jenks held professorships at both Cornell University (1891–1912) as a member of the President White School of History and Political Science and
161:, an organization of big business owners and labor organizers, also hired him and his work there became inspirational for his studies on labor. Jenks was recognized with the
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In the section entitled "Are Other Races Inferior?", Jenks questions the idea of inferior races of immigrants. He states, "... whether or not we ourselves believe that
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Jenks was also concerned with the effect of immigrants on American morality and hired many women to investigate this effect, particularly in the field of
110:. He was among the first social science academics within government and one of the first to propose that the federal government has the power to restrict
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throughout his career. He served as a member of the Dillingham Immigration Commission from 1907 to 1914 in which he led research projects on the state of
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grounds, and set the precedent for many restrictionist policies which were soon to be passed by the federal government, such as the
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In 1912, Baden-Powell adopted "A Scout is clean in thought, word and deed" as a tenth law to his own original nine.
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to implement to correct these problems. Jenks and Lauck conduct research studies on criminal immigrants,
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Graebner, William (1977). "Federalism in the Progressive Era: A Structural Interpretation of Reform".
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in 1908. Although the bill was ultimately unsuccessful, Jenks sat on the four-man committee headed by
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He began his career in service for the federal government as a tax commissioner in
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Pula, James (1980). "American Immigration Policy and the Dillingham Commission".
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The Immigration Problem: A Study of American Immigration Conditions and Needs
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The Immigration Problem: A Study of American Immigration Conditions and Needs
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The Immigration Problem: A Study of American Immigration Conditions and Needs
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in 1926. Today, he is remembered for his association with Nobel laureate
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immigration, and immigrants were increasingly coming from countries in
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Dictionary of Races or Peoples: Reports of the Immigration Commission
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Ly, Son-Thierry (2010). "The Antiracist Origin of the Quota System".
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The Immigration Problem: A Study of Immigration Conditions and Needs
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A committee under Jenks with other prominent educators drew up the
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of 1924. In 1916, Jenks was also included on a committee led by
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Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America
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in 1919. Jenks’ experiences abroad influenced his views on US
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across the globe, particularly when it came to immigration.
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and race, thus showing how they fed into the language of
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appointed him in 1899 to be an "expert in Asia" for the
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uniform state legislation on multiple issues including
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American economist, educator, and professor (1856–1929)
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235:him the idea that the US had the right to exercise
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102:He authored several influential works, including
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639:Benton-Cohen, Katherine (2018).
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1624:2001–present
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1268:Paul Douglas
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1685:Robert Hall
1578:Amartya Sen
1423:James Tobin
1220:Jacob Viner
712:(1): 5–31.
287:immigration
228:colonialism
216:child labor
206:economics.
151:US Treasury
112:immigration
63:Nationality
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1751:David Card
876:Wikisource
536:References
427:US society
388:Scout Oath
232:Republican
1457:1976–2000
1296:1951–1975
1135:1926–1950
998:1901–1925
951:1886–1900
488:In their
392:Scout Law
355:ethnicity
317:San Diego
177:Economics
118:Biography
85:economist
761:(1959).
718:20148034
691:40972243
404:Scouting
394:for the
359:eugenics
350:Mae Ngai
262:Mann Act
243:Politics
220:taxation
194:'s book
188:morality
122:Born in
66:American
892:at the
594:1901828
464:welfare
309:Eastern
1771:(2024)
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271:racial
218:, and
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687:JSTOR
590:JSTOR
561:–149.
413:Works
330:, or
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390:and
311:and
106:and
54:1929
51:Died
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