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89:. However, an angel intervenes to stop the sacrifice, and Iphis only needs to dedicate her life to the Lord. This is an unusual interpretation of the Bible story, although one which has been current since the Middle Ages. The more common interpretation is that Jephthah chooses to sacrifice his daughter, but a short reprieve is arranged, after which Iphis dutifully returns and is killed.
1083:
82:, Handel was increasingly troubled by his gradual loss of sight, and this proved to be his last oratorio. In the autograph score, at the end of the chorus "How dark, O Lord, are thy decrees" he wrote "Reached here on 13 February 1751, unable to go on owing to weakening of the sight of my left eye."
502:
is notable for its emotional intensity, directness and restraint. Iphis is characterised in her music as the epitome of faith, duty and resignation and her mother as an outraged matron. The numerous accompanied recitatives in the work capture the anguish of the characters. Jephtha's torment is
263:
The
Israelites have been under the rule of the neighbouring Ammonites for eighteen years and have adopted many of their ways and worship of their gods. They face the loss of their country and their religious identity unless they rebel, as Zebul tells them (Accompanied
937:
455:). As Jephtha lifts the sacrificial knife however, heavenly music is heard and an angel appears, declaring that human sacrifice is not pleasing to God. Iphis must be dedicated to God's service and stay a virgin through life, but she will live (Air:
324:). The Israelites have sent an embassy to the king of the Ammonites offering peace terms, but it has been rejected. Therefore, Jephtha orders the Israelites to prepare for war and they express their confidence that God will aid them (Chorus:
384:) but Jephtha is horrified that his daughter is the first living thing he has seen on his return and orders her to leave him. His vow requires him to sacrifice his only child, but he would prefer to die himself (Air:
308:) Jephtha, alone, vows to the Almighty that if he is allowed to win victory over Israel's enemies, he will sacrifice to God the first living thing he sees upon his return after the battle (Accompanied recitative:
352:
Hamor brings Iphis the welcome news that her father has utterly vanquished the
Ammonites in battle. The Israelites celebrate their resounding victory, which they ascribe to angelic assistance (Chorus:
288:). Jephtha, trusting in his own virtue, agrees to lead the Israelites in battle against their enemies on condition that if he is victorious he will be their leader in peacetime afterwards (Air:
85:
The story revolves around
Jephtha's rash promise to the Almighty that if he is victorious, he will sacrifice the first creature he meets on his return. He is met by his beloved daughter
388:). He explains to his wife, brother and Hamor that having made this rash vow he must now kill his daughter. His wife vehemently rejects this horrific prospect (Accompanied recitative:
2344:
253:
429:
92:
Staged performance of material based on biblical subjects was forbidden in Great
Britain at the time the work was premiered. Handel's final masterpiece was presented at
272:). Zebul advises them to recall his half-brother Jephtha from exile so he can lead them to freedom and to repent of their worship of the Ammonites' idols (Air:
1719:
320:). She explains to her daughter that she has had dreams of danger to Iphis, but Iphis attempts to dismiss her mother's nightmares as meaningless (Air:
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searingly depicted in the music. His aria "Waft her angels, through the skies" became familiar out of the context of the whole piece.
1522:
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304:). He agrees to this and the pair look forward to a happy future together after their country has achieved its freedom (Duet:
2397:
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463:). The rest of Jephtha's family come in and Zebul proclaims that Iphis' faith and courage will forever be remembered (Air:
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292:). His wife Storgé supports his mission to win freedom for their country but will miss him sorely while he is away (Air:
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Today the work is recognised as one of Handel's most sublime masterpieces and is sometimes fully staged as an opera.
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360:). Iphis prepares to go out to congratulate her father with other young girls, greeting him with song and dance (Air:
316:). Jephtha's wife Storgé is unaware of her husband's rash vow but she is experiencing presentiments of tragedy (Air:
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471:) and Hamor is also glad Iphis will be safe though he mourns the fact that she can never be his wife (Air:
400:). All three implore Jephtha not to carry out his cruel vow but he insists that he has no choice (Quartet:
1994:
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In intense distress, Jephtha prepares to take his beloved daughter's life (Accompanied recitative:
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Music and
Theatre in Handel's World: The Family Papers of James Harris, 1732â1780
753:
467:). Storgé is relieved and happy that her daughter will not be put to death (Air:
96:
on 26 February 1752, with the composer conducting, and with a cast that included
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404:). Iphis returns, having heard of her father's vow (Accompanied recitative:
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408:) and accepts that she must now be killed by the hand of her father (Air:
396:) and Hamor pleads to be allowed to die in his sweetheart's place (Air:
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364:). Zebul is jubilant that Jephtha has won liberty for his people (Air:
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276:). The Israelites vow to stop their sacrifices to the Ammonite gods
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Chorus of
Israelites, chorus of priests, chorus of virgins
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368:) but Jephtha insists that the glory is the Lord's (Air:
37:
412:). Jephtha is deeply anguished (Accompanied recitative:
443:) and prays that she may be received into heaven (Air:
2355:
493:
1720:
Agrippina condotta a morire or Dunque sarĂ pur vero
312:) The Israelites implore divine assistance (Chorus:
842:"Starkly powerful Jephtha at Dutch National Opera"
284:and thenceforth to worship Jehovah only (Chorus:
2379:
859:
372:). The Israelites offer thanks to God (Chorus:
310:What mean these doubtful fancies of the brain?
125:(1807), by James Gundee & M. Jones, London
990:
100:as Jephtha and two divas of the opera stage,
280:(a god associated with child sacrifice) and
459:). The priests praise God's mercy (Chorus:
1004:
997:
983:
923:International Music Score Library Project
767:
765:
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2403:Moloch in literature and popular culture
722:
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348:was first performed, on 26 February 1752
335:
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20:
447:). Iphis is resigned to her fate (Air:
435:, soprano, creator of the role of Iphis
2380:
1523:L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato
816:"Handel Jephtha, Welsh National Opera"
758:
506:
449:Farewell, ye limpid springs and floods
1459:Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno
978:
839:
713:
136:Roles, voice types, and premiere cast
2330:
326:When His loud voice in thunder spoke
129:
2388:Oratorios by George Frideric Handel
2197:Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437)
1463:Il trionfo del Tempo e della VeritĂ
726:
486:). All express their joy (Quintet:
445:Waft her, angels, through the skies
274:Pour forth no more unheeded pray'rs
13:
1688:Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne
959:Page from Handel's autograph score
813:
494:Music and musical characterisation
290:Virtue my soul shall still embrace
16:Oratorio by Georg Friedrich HĂ€ndel
14:
2414:
1853:Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline
910:
804:, Oxford University Press, p. 354
771:
418:How dark, O Lord, are Thy decrees
306:These labours past, how happy we!
259:, who created the role of Jephtha
2365:
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2329:
2319:
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1874:Wedding anthem for Princess Anne
1081:
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370:His mighty arm, with sudden blow
366:Freedom now once more possessing
631:Akademie Fur Alte Musik Berlin
461:Theme sublime of endless praise
358:Up the dreadful steep ascending
318:Scenes of horror, scenes of woe
314:O God, behold our sore distress
298:Dull delay, in piercing anguish
286:No more to Ammon's god and king
2295:Handel & Hendrix in London
881:
833:
807:
794:
710:, Kessinger Publishing, p. 322
700:
488:Joys triumphant crown thy days
453:Doubtful fear and rev'rent awe
374:In glory high, in might serene
322:The smiling dawn of happy days
302:Take the heart you fondly gave
294:In gentle murmurs will I mourn
148:Premiere cast,26 February 1752
1:
1968:Music for the Royal Fireworks
1467:The Triumph of Time and Truth
867:"G. F. Handel's Compositions"
476:Tis Heav'n's all-ruling pow'r
465:Laud her, all ye virgin train
398:On me let blind mistaken zeal
378:Welcome as the cheerful light
2398:Oratorios based on the Bible
1899:Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate
1783:Tra le fiamme (Il consiglio)
1038:Handel's lost Hamburg operas
457:Happy, Iphis shalt thou live
386:Open thy marble jaws, O tomb
362:Tune the soft melodious lute
7:
942:public domain audiobook at
469:Sweet as sight to the blind
242:
10:
2419:
971:(archived 27 October 2009)
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2262:
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2213:Handel Reference Database
2205:
2191:The Harmonious Blacksmith
2161:
2130:
1976:
1955:
1929:
1890:
1881:Foundling Hospital Anthem
1830:
1799:
1769:O lucenti, o sereni occhi
1711:
1702:Ode For St. Cecilia's Day
1672:
1450:
1418:
1379:
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928:Full-text libretto online
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484:Freely I to Heav'n resign
480:All that is in Hamor mine
441:Hide thou thy hated beams
235:
212:Hamor, in love with Iphis
48:with an English language
2228:Hallische HĂ€ndel-Ausgabe
2218:HĂ€ndel-Werke-Verzeichnis
2206:Catalogs and collections
965:(archived 11 March 2007)
693:
586:English Baroque Soloists
423:
414:Deeper, and deeper still
331:
247:
56:, based on the story of
1727:Allor ch'io dissi addio
1681:Aci, Galatea e Polifemo
1586:Joseph and his Brethren
955:(archived 7 April 2007)
402:Oh, spare your daughter
394:Let other creatures die
380:and Chorus of Virgins:
2153:Concerti grossi, Op. 6
2148:Concerti grossi, Op. 3
2143:Organ concertos, Op. 7
2138:Organ concertos, Op. 4
1913:Queen Caroline Te Deum
1656:The Choice of Hercules
1006:George Frideric Handel
869:. The Handel Institute
436:
349:
260:
126:
46:George Frideric Handel
28:
26:George Frideric Handel
1741:Clori, Tirsi e Fileno
538:Chorus and Orchestra
431:
406:Such news flies swift
342:Covent Garden Theatre
340:An 1808 engraving of
339:
255:
121:
94:Covent Garden Theatre
24:
2275:Letters and writings
1748:Dalla guerra amorosa
1409:Va tacito e nascosto
1402:Svegliatevi nel core
1022:List of compositions
752:7 April 2007 at the
561:Anne Sofie von Otter
231:Unknown boy soprano
67:Jephthes, sive Votum
2270:British citizenship
2223:HĂ€ndel-Gesellschaft
1947:Oboe Concerto No. 2
1942:Oboe Concerto No. 1
1937:Oboe Concerto No. 3
1607:Occasional Oratorio
1388:Lascia ch'io pianga
706:R. A. Streatfield,
576:John Eliot Gardiner
518:
507:Selected recordings
354:Cherub and seraphim
169:Iphis, his Daughter
138:
1800:Latin church music
1790:Un'alma innamorata
1755:Del bell'idolo mio
1734:Aure soavi e lieti
840:Camilleri, Jenny.
800:D. Burrows et al,
729:"Handel's Jephtha"
673:Harry Christophers
635:Brilliant Classics
511:
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350:
261:
199:Zebul, his Brother
134:
127:
123:Jephtha's Rash Vow
72:Jeptha, or the Vow
29:
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2285:Handel at Cannons
1956:Orchestral suites
1906:Dettingen Te Deum
1839:As Pants the Hart
1695:Alexander's Feast
1342:Alessandro Severo
1279:Parnasso in festa
969:Jephtha, excerpts
733:Bostoncecilia.org
727:Teeters, Donald.
691:
690:
614:Catherine Denley,
605:John Mark Ainsley
548:June 13-16, 1988,
390:First perish thou
240:
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130:Dramatis personae
78:. Whilst writing
64:(Chapter 11) and
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2263:Related articles
1920:Chandos Jubilate
1846:Zadok the Priest
1673:Odes and masques
1614:Judas Maccabaeus
1419:Incidental music
1272:Arianna in Creta
1223:Lotario (Handel)
1118:Acis and Galatea
1111:Amadigi di Gaula
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1860:Sing Unto God
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1807:Dixit Dominus
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772:Smith, Ruth.
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660:Susan Bickley
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553:Nigel Robson,
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498:The music of
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51:
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19:
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2300:Georg HĂ€ndel
2290:Handel House
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
1918:
1911:
1904:
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1822:Salve Regina
1817:Nisi Dominus
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1395:Ombra mai fu
1368:
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896:. Retrieved
892:
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871:. Retrieved
861:
849:. Retrieved
845:
835:
823:. Retrieved
819:
809:
801:
796:
784:. Retrieved
780:
741:. Retrieved
737:the original
732:
707:
702:
682:The Sixteen
655:Sophie Bevan
646:January 2014
625:Marcus Creed
556:Lynne Dawson
513:
499:
497:
487:
483:
479:
472:
468:
464:
460:
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448:
444:
440:
438:
433:Giulia Frasi
417:
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382:Welcome thou
381:
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216:countertenor
207:Robert Wass
178:Giulia Frasi
122:
114:
105:
102:Giulia Frasi
91:
84:
79:
74:) (1554) by
71:
65:
52:by the Rev.
32:
31:
30:
18:
2001:Fitzwilliam
1963:Water Music
1557:Der Messias
820:Opera Today
781:Chandos,net
678:The Sixteen
665:Robin Blaze
617:Axel Kohler
516:discography
106:prima donna
104:, Handel's
2382:Categories
1600:Belshazzar
1188:Alessandro
1139:Floridante
546:Göttingen,
536:Conductor,
410:Happy they
266:recitative
257:John Beard
163:John Beard
145:Voice type
98:John Beard
44:(1751) by
40:70) is an
2244:Göttingen
2237:Festivals
2170:Germanico
1891:Canticles
1536:Structure
1451:Oratorios
1335:Faramondo
1293:Ariodante
1230:Partenope
1174:Rodelinda
1167:Tamerlano
1125:Radamisto
1071:Agrippina
898:3 January
873:3 January
851:3 January
825:3 January
786:3 January
743:3 January
601:June 1992
392:and air:
220:Mr.Brent
2324:Category
1712:Cantatas
1649:Theodora
1593:Hercules
1551:Part III
1370:Deidamia
1328:Berenice
1321:Giustino
1307:Atalanta
1181:Scipione
1043:Florindo
944:LibriVox
750:Archived
344:, where
243:Synopsis
50:libretto
42:oratorio
2335:Commons
1988:sonatas
1986:XV solo
1831:Anthems
1663:Jephtha
1642:Solomon
1635:Susanna
1546:Part II
1530:Messiah
1502:Athalia
1495:Deborah
1441:Alceste
1314:Arminio
1265:Orlando
1251:Sosarme
1216:Tolomeo
1078:Rinaldo
1064:Rodrigo
961:in the
939:Jephtha
918:Jephtha
644:London,
599:Berlin,
591:Philips
529:StorgĂš,
514:Jephtha
500:Jephtha
346:Jephtha
282:Chemosh
228:soprano
173:soprano
154:Jephtha
80:Jephtha
58:Jephtha
33:Jephtha
2358:Portal
2254:London
2184:Gideon
1812:Gloria
1621:Joshua
1579:Semele
1572:Samson
1541:Part I
1488:Esther
1363:Imeneo
1300:Alcina
1286:Oreste
1258:Catone
1195:Admeto
1153:Flavio
1146:Ottone
1057:Almira
1049:Daphne
1031:Operas
708:Handel
541:Label
533:Zebul
531:Hamor,
527:Iphis,
278:Moloch
62:Judges
2345:Audio
2249:Halle
2177:Nabal
2162:Other
1978:Flute
1434:Comus
1349:Serse
1209:Siroe
1104:Silla
1097:Teseo
777:(PDF)
694:Notes
685:Coro,
522:Date
474:'
424:Act 3
332:Act 2
248:Act 1
225:Angel
158:tenor
87:Iphis
2280:Will
2131:Opus
2067:367b
2062:367a
2047:364b
2042:364a
2037:363b
2032:363a
2012:359b
2007:359a
1984:and
1982:solo
1509:Saul
1244:Ezio
1237:Poro
900:2018
875:2018
853:2018
827:2018
788:2018
745:2018
550:live
203:bass
142:Role
2122:379
2117:378
2112:376
2107:375
2102:374
2097:373
2092:372
2087:371
2082:370
2077:369
2072:368
2057:366
2052:365
2027:362
2022:361
2017:360
1995:358
951:by
490:).
420:).
328:).
60:in
38:HWV
2384::
1980:,
1046:,
891:.
844:.
818:.
779:.
760:^
731:.
715:^
268::
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2003:"
1999:"
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1404:"
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1397:"
1393:"
1390:"
1386:"
1052:)
1040:(
998:e
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984:v
902:.
877:.
855:.
829:.
790:.
747:.
680:,
675:,
667:,
662:,
657:,
652:,
637:,
627:,
619:,
612:,
607:,
583:,
578:,
568:,
563:,
558:,
70:(
36:(
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