164:
1799:
by the person who he is speaking to as well as other people. Continuing with the example given by Sprott, if the Jemez man wished to insist that the Anglo was not an outsider to the Jemez then he might use the inclusive "ʔų́ų́sh". Also if this man was being taught how to be Jemez, then in that case "ʔų́ų́sh" would carry the additional meaning of an exhortation to meet the expectations held. In this case it shows how the choice in pronoun can be used to show unity, and the opposite can also be true. The example given is: “Say I’m on a baseball team and we have a game. One of our good players doesn’t show up for the game, but we play without him and we win anyway. Later I run into him and he asks me about the game, “Did we (“ʔų́ų́sh”) win?” I say to him, “Yeah, we (“nį́į́sh”) won,” and that cuts him out and puts him down.”
1832:
as in the other two determiner categories there is a distinction between when used as an independent pronoun or a determiner. For “doo” and “dosh” the independent pronoun form is “doʔo” and “doʔsh”, but for “ʔoo” this is not the case as it is an exception among all the determiners that is not used a pronoun. Besides it not being used as a pronoun, “ʔoo” also has the special characteristic of only being used with animate objects, mainly human, as Sprott says “it can sometimes be applied to non-human animates, but with a great deal of hesitation and some reluctance”. Another restriction that is pointed out by a speaker mentioned as one of Sprott's Jemez teachers is that they feel that the pronoun would not be used when mentioning the person for the first time, only after you have already mentioned them could you use it.
1795:
using the exclusive, it shows that they are an outsider. An example illustrating this given by Robert Sprott in his doctoral dissertation is if there are two men speak Jemez fluently, one a Jemez man and the other a person who is Anglo, but also speaks Jemez. In this case if the man was talking about a broad subject, like the problems humanity faces, the group would be every human being, so in this case the inclusive "ʔų́ų́sh" would be used since they both belong to the same group. Continuing with this example, if one changes the topic to the problems faced by members pertaining to Native
Americans or even more specific, members of just the Jemez nation, then the Jemez man would use "nį́į́sh", because they would no longer be members of the same group.
1816:
noun. Determiners that are used when in plain noun form are: “nų́ų́”, “nų́ų́dæ”, “nų́ų́tʔæ” and “hhnų́”. The determiners applied to nouns in the inverse forms are: “nų́ų́dæsh” and “nų́ų́tʔæsh”. Breaking the determiners into another division is possible based on usage, determiners nų́ų́dæ” and “nų́ų́dæsh” tend to be used when the determiner is followed by a noun. When it is not, instead playing the rule of an independent pronoun, in that case being the noun phrase, then “nų́ų́ʔtæ” “nų́ų́ʔtæsh” are a possibility, along with “nų́ų́dæ” and “nų́ų́dæsh”. It is important to make note that there is differences between speakers.
1828:
special relation between noun and speaker because its usage is limited to only nouns in the basic form. When it is the case that the noun is in its inverse form than “nǽ̨ǽ̨” is replaced with “nų́ų́dæsh”. The determiner “nǽ̨ǽ̨” can, like other determiners, also be used as an independent pronoun, though there is a slight change; instead of “nǽ̨ǽ̨” it becomes “nǽ̨ʔǽ̨”, something like this also having been observed to happen in the first determiner category.
1160:
verb is a full sentence. The prefix in Jemez can agree with up to three nominals. The detailed explanation for how this prefix agreement system works was to complicated for me to understand. What I did take from it is that basically it all boils down to the class of the noun, whether it is singular, dual, or plural and to what kind of sentence it is, whether it is transitive, or intransitive. Another additional factor is if there is possession. These factors will then decide what prefix will be used.
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179:
1820:
noun has to take this inverse suffix. That is the only requirement for it to be acceptable; it is possible to have two inverse suffixes, one on the determiner and one on the noun. The only scenario not acceptable being that where the noun did not have this inverse suffix but the determiner did. “nų́ų́dæsh véélesh” – These men “nų́ų́dæ véélesh”- These men “nų́ų́dæsh vééle”- These men- Not acceptable
1172:. To be transitive a verb must have both an active and passive form, which means that it can take the transitive prefix or the intransitive prefix, depending on if it is being used in an active sentence or a passive. Verbs that are classified as intransitive do not have passive forms and occur with only an intransitive prefix.
1831:
The third category of determiners shows a relation between speaker and noun where it is not about distance but instead line of sight, these determiners being used when the noun is out of sight regardless of distance. The three determiners belonging to this category are “doo”, “dosh” and “ʔoo”. Again
1823:
This is not applicable to Class II or Class III nouns. For these two classes the pattern is different, the insistence of the noun having to take an inverse suffix is gone and instead we see that as long as either the determiner or the noun takes an inverse it is fine, but if both take the –sh inverse
1819:
When a determiner combines with a noun there are different rules depending on the class of the noun, these rules explain under what situations what will or can take the inverse suffix, whether it will be the determiner, noun, or both. For Class I nouns, there is an overall tendency or “rule” that the
1219:. While the first two are fairly straightforward, the latter appears in different forms, such as noun+verb or noun+noun. The compounds consisting of noun and verb can be either noun+verb or verb+noun. A more complex compounding pattern occurs in some words such as outdoor oven, +enclosure] or +noun].
1159:
The only case in which the rule of a verb having to have a prefix and verb stem does not apply is in the case of negative imperatives where the verbal stem is not present. The prefix in Jemez is more than just an agreement system. The prefix functions the same as an independent pronoun and with it, a
1827:
The second type of determiner category we to only have one determiner, “nǽ̨ǽ̨”. This determiner is used to show that the noun is in sight of the speaker but “not really accessible to him.” (sprott) This determiner though used to show this meaning is not used every time that this is the
1676:
signal the function of adjectives in
European languages, whereas there is also a smaller group of words termed “noun adjectives". This smaller group of words are syntactically nouns in that they take number suffixes but function semantically as adjectives. These noun adjectives can, like other nouns
1798:
While it does show the relationship of the speaker to the person being spoken to the, it is not simply used to express an already defined relationships, but can also be used to express changes in this relationship, depending on how the speaker is perceiving or wants the relationship to be perceived
1815:
The first class of determiner is one that is only used with nouns that are in sight and easily accessible to the speaker, this accessibility seems to be directly related to effort that must be put in to reach the noun and distance to the speaker. The determiner used is dependent on the form of the
1175:
Following this division into transitive and intransitive there is a further division in these classes based on stativity. This divides them into active and stative verbs. Active verbs are found to have multiple different inflections, for example, perfective and imperfective, different from stative
1794:
The inclusive and exclusive are used to show the relationship between the two speakers, in relation to the topic at hand. The inclusive would put the speaker and his interlocutor, or person being spoken to in the same group, or something that is sometimes known as "in-group". And so conversely if
1846:
noticed a language shift and established a 10-person team of speakers, elders, and educators to study language use and develop strategies for language revival. Through interviews, the tribe determined the fluency rate was 80% among tribal members. The Jemez
Language Program developed an early
1207:
Noun stems are made up of a single root, a root and a suffix, or more than one root. In general, a noun stem will contain from one to three syllables; out of these disyllabic are most common. The majority of noun roots can occur freely, though there are some noun roots that are bound.
1807:
Determiners in Jemez can function as personal pronouns, demonstratives or noun modifiers. The behave similarly to nouns in that they can take on the inverse number marker. Further more when acting as independent pronouns they take the same class as what they are referring to.
1697:(1st, and 2nd) and two numbers (singular, and dual/plural), and two clusivity categories for first person dual-plural, namely inclusive ("You and me/us") and exclusive ("Us but not you"). There are no separate words for third person pronouns, although demonstratives (
1051:
Jemez high tones typically have a slight rise at the end. Voiced consonants tend to lower the onset of pitch in high tones. If there are several high tones in a row, the pitch also tends to rise throughout. Falling tones fall from the level of high to mid pitch.
1677:
in Jemez, take the inverse marker, and they can also compound with other nouns, another typical characteristic for Jemez nouns. Examples of words in this noun adjective category are the words meaning big, small, blind, and old.
1024:
only have high or falling tone; other syllables have mid or low tones (though some syllables that follow a high tone also have high tone). Typically tri-syllablic words have tone patterns such as HHL, HML, HLM, HLL, and FLM.
1811:
Determiners in the Jemez language are broken down into three groups. The divisions among these groups are distinguished by the meaning they show in relation to space of the speaker with the noun accompanying the determiner.
1689:, meaning that independent pronouns are often absent in clauses. However, there is usually no ambiguity in meaning since the arguments of the verb are encoded by the pronominal prefixes attached to it. Independent
1242:
has what might be called its "inherent" number, and is unmarked for these. When a noun appears in an "inverse" (atypical) number, it is inflected to mark this. Therefore, Jemez nouns take the ending
1349:
Class-I nouns are inherently singular, class-II nouns are inherently plural, and class-III nouns are only marked if they occur in twos. Class-IV nouns refer to mass nouns and never occur with
2119:
2021:
2157:
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219:. It has no common written form, as tribal rules do not allow the language to be transcribed; linguists describing the language have used the
163:
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verbs, which have only one. The four categories are: transitive active, transitive stative, intransitive active, and intransitive stative.
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childhood immersion program and Jemez language curriculum for kindergarten through 8th grade. They also hosted Jemez
Education Retreats.
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Consonants that are in parentheses occur only in limited occasion determined by phonological rules. and occur only in loan words.
1999:
1063:, the second element loses its word-initial prominence: high tone becomes mid or low tone and vowel length distinction is lost.
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Jemez allows for the following syllable structures: V, VV, CV, CVV, CVC, CVVC. Of these, CV and CVV are the most common.
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can also be realized as back vowel sounds . This gives a total of twenty-two distinctive vowel sounds. Note that
2129:
1952:
Yumitani, Yukihiro. A phonology and morphology of Jemez Towa. Diss. University of Kansas, 1998. Ann Arbor: 1998.
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Robert Sprout observed that speakers may omit /-sh/ from first person dual-plural, making it is possible to use
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Prefix complex – incorporated adverb – incorporated noun – verb stem – tense marker – subordinating particle.
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There are four types of verbs in Jemez. These are categorized by two different factors, transitivity and
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is only contrastive in the first syllable of a word and other syllables' vowels are measurably shorter
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239:, New Mexico, but as 90% of the tribal Jemez members do speak it, it is not considered to be extremely
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220:
8:
2256:
2251:
561:
438:
240:
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2185:
1694:
1227:
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519:
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128:
2190:
2015:
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645:
640:
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until the 19th century, when the remaining members of that community moved to Jemez.
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2334:
2060:
1223:
396:
268:
208:
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The following example is one where all possible components in a verb are present.
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2205:
1929:
1843:
761:
293:
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1238:) is coded when it occurs in a non-prototypical quantity. In this scheme, every
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2345:
2074:
The
Unfolding of Language: An Evolutionary Tour of Mankind's Greatest Invention
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851:
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1169:
1045:
1005:
244:
236:
212:
57:
2135:
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The following chart shows the vowel qualities that are phonemic in Jemez:
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997:
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suffix and illustrates how it indexes noun class membership in Jemez.
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121:
105:
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for dual or plural. The inclusive first person plural is forms are
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in the second syllable, while the first syllable carries low tone.
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1021:
1690:
232:
2080:
Hale, Kenneth (1955–1956). "Notes on Jemez
Grammar". Manuscript.
186:
1936:, 12, 26–34. (Boulder, CO: University of Colorado at Boulder).
1032:
do break these rules however, such as the
Spanish loans for
2043:
Bell, Alan; Heins, R. (1993). "Phonetics of Jemez vowels".
2108:
1353:.* The table below gives examples the distribution of the
1989:(doctoral dissertation), US: University of Chicago.
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1881:Note: you need to click the white pin on the map.
1865:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2410:
2045:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2020:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1258:Occurrence of number suffix based on noun class
1211:There are three main methods by which nouns are
1149:ų-nópenǫʔǫ níí hhéda u-wóó-kæ̨nʔu-haasæ-hųųl-ʔe.
2097:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81, 443.
2076:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 43.
1152:1sD-know 1S NEG 1S-really-dog-bite(PASS)-FUT-NZ
1044:. These words have a high tone and contrastive
1955:
1131:
1111:
2319:
2151:
2002:. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014
1824:suffix, it is reported as being “too much”.
1246:to denote an inverse number; there are four
1020:: High, Falling, Mid, and Low. Word-initial
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168:Towa language distribution in the State of
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2312:
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2144:
1948:
1946:
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1250:which inflect for number using the suffix
1215:from verbs: tone change, suffixation, and
1184:Jemez nouns use an elaborate number-based
1155:I know that I will not be bitten by a dog.
177:
162:
2071:
2042:
1668:behave differently from English or other
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1096:ųnópenǫʔǫ níí hhéda uwóókæ̨nuhaasæhųųlʔe.
185:Jemez is classified as Vulnerable by the
190:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1971:Sprott, Robert (1992). "Jemez Syntax".
1939:
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2124:Encyclopedia of North American Indians
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2088:(MA thesis). University of New Mexico.
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2095:The Languages of Native North America
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1705:those”) can fulfil that function.
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231:Its speakers are mainly farmers and
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2424:Indigenous languages of New Mexico
996:can occur as short nasal and long
14:
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1973:ProQuest Dissertations and Theses
1837:
1672:languages. In the Jemez language
1084:In Jemez the makeup of verbs is:
235:. The language is only spoken in
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1934:Colorado Research in Linguistics
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226:
1992:
1979:
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1:
2084:Martin, Constance C. (1964).
2000:"Jemez Towa Language Program"
1892:"History of the Jemez Pueblo"
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221:Americanist phonetic notation
2196:Keresan Pueblo Sign Language
250:
7:
1842:In 2006, the leadership of
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1334:mass (non-countable) nouns
1128:u-wóó-kæ̨nʔu-haasæ-hųųl-ʔe.
223:with slight modifications.
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2029:Accessed March 25, 2014.
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2167:Languages of New Mexico
2115:Jemez Pueblos resources
2072:Deutscher, Guy (2005).
1985:Sprott, Robert (1992),
1928:March 27, 2014, at the
1897:Accessed April 7, 2014.
1790:Exclusive vs. inclusive
1011:
1000:. Central vowel sounds
2273:American Sign Language
1923:Jemez tones and stress
1317:other inanimate nouns
1300:some inanimate nouns
1222:The languages of the
209:Kiowa-Tanoan language
2201:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1921:Bell, Alan. (1993).
1192:suffixes. Adnominal
2257:New Mexican Spanish
2252:New Mexican English
2126:, Paul V. Kroskrity
2093:Mithun, M. (1999).
2057:1993ASAJ...93.2297B
1709:
1695:grammatical persons
1693:in Jemez index two
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1228:grammatical numbers
2111:, official website
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1226:family have three
1067:Syllable structure
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1134:-really-dog-bite(
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69:3,000 (2007)
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1281:
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1232:inverse number
1194:demonstratives
1181:
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55:
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36:Native to
33:
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26:
25:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
2436:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
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2386:
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2373:Southern Tiwa
2371:
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2222:
2221:Southern Tiwa
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
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1188:and take on
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1061:incorporation
1058:
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1019:
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52:
49:
46:
42:
39:United States
38:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2395:
2365:
2351:Jemez (Towa)
2350:
2290:
2180:
2132:– Ethnologue
2123:
2094:
2085:
2073:
2048:
2044:
2037:Bibliography
2026:
2004:. Retrieved
1994:
1987:Jemez syntax
1986:
1981:
1972:
1933:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1859:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1742:ʔɨ̨́ɨ̨́(sh)
1731:
1718:Dual-Plural
1703:nį́į́t’æsh “
1702:
1698:
1684:
1663:
1645:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1588:“'shirt(s)”
1583:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1565:“flower(s)”
1560:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1518:
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1502:
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1416:
1411:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1266:description
1254:as follows:
1251:
1248:noun classes
1243:
1235:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1190:inflectional
1183:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1046:vowel length
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1015:
1006:vowel length
998:nasal vowels
991:
837:
284:Alveopalatal
259:
245:Pecos Pueblo
237:Jemez Pueblo
230:
227:Demographics
213:Jemez Pueblo
204:
200:
199:
149:Linguasphere
120:
89:
58:Jemez Pueblo
29:
18:
2051:(4): 2297.
2006:October 22,
1803:Determiners
1768:nį́į́t’æsh
1701:“that” and
1685:Jemez is a
1487:“cedar(s)”
1432:“eagle(s)”
1217:compounding
798:glottalized
704:glottalized
357:glottalized
309:palatalized
274:Labiodental
2413:Categories
2174:Indigenous
1851:References
1739:nį́į́(sh)
1726:Exclusive
1723:Inclusive
1666:adjectives
1660:Adjectives
1513:“weed(s)”
1458:“star(s)”
1406:“girl(s)”
1204:of nouns.
1164:Verb types
1100:ų-nópenǫʔǫ
1075:Morphology
1030:loan words
314:labialized
256:Consonants
241:endangered
217:New Mexico
215:people in
170:New Mexico
48:New Mexico
2398:indicate
2186:Jicarilla
1784:ʔɨ̨́ɨ̨́sh
1755:ʔɨ̨́mįsh
1715:Singular
1611:“pillow”
1607:tį̂į̂nįtà
1599:tį̂į̂nįtà
1594:tį̂į̂nįtà
1539:“cup(s)”
1368:Singular
1269:singular
1170:stativity
1022:syllables
674:voiceless
601:voiceless
562:Fricative
479:aspirated
439:voiceless
251:Phonology
233:craftsmen
122:Glottolog
106:ISO 639-3
54:Ethnicity
2292:Category
2245:European
2016:cite web
1926:Archived
1752:ʔɨ̨́wą́
1691:pronouns
1681:Pronouns
1670:European
1640:"water"
1627:“sugar”
1377:English
1196:cue the
1103:1sD-know
1057:compound
992:All but
520:ejective
279:Alveolar
155:64-CBA-a
129:jeme1245
2396:Italics
2361:Picuris
2211:Picuris
2191:Keresan
2053:Bibcode
1874:May 24,
1780:ʔɨ̨́ɨ̨́
1765:dôôtæ̨
1653:“rice”
1620:ʔǫ̂ǫ̂ʔe
1584:dééhede
1576:dééhede
1571:dééhede
1509:hwúúyʔa
1501:hwúúyʔa
1493:hwúúyʔa
1451:wǫ̂ǫ̂hǫ
1443:wǫ̂ǫ̂hǫ
1438:wǫ̂ǫ̂hǫ
1374:Plural
1275:plural
1213:derived
852:central
767:central
641:Lateral
299:Glottal
289:Palatal
207:) is a
2206:Navajo
1975:: n/a.
1748:Second
1736:nį́į́
1699:dôôtæ̨
1664:Jemez
1365:Class
1263:class
1224:Tanoan
1198:number
1042:orange
1040:, and
1034:coffee
834:Vowels
646:voiced
567:voiced
538:/t͡ʃʼ/
496:/t͡ʃʰ/
397:voiced
326:voiced
305:plain
269:Labial
203:(also
187:UNESCO
85:Tanoan
44:Region
2346:Kiowa
2266:Other
2181:Jemez
2130:Jemez
1776:nį́į́
1761:Third
1732:First
1535:tââsa
1527:tââsa
1519:tââsa
1371:Dual
1272:dual
1202:class
1180:Nouns
1118:hhéda
1080:Verbs
1038:horse
1028:Some
1018:tones
1002:/ɨɨ̃/
985:ɑːɑ̃ː
968:æːæ̃ː
910:ɨːɨ̃ː
878:long
875:short
872:long
869:short
866:long
863:short
847:front
762:Glide
551:/kʲʼ/
509:/kʰʲ/
415:/d͡ʒ/
321:Nasal
294:Velar
201:Jemez
142:Jemez
90:Jemez
24:Jemez
2385:Tewa
2378:Taos
2367:Piro
2356:Tiwa
2236:Zuni
2231:Tewa
2226:Taos
2022:link
2008:2022
1876:2018
1782:and
1633:p’æ̂
1544:III
1323:yes
1314:III
1306:yes
1303:yes
1292:yes
1289:yes
1234:(or
1200:and
1136:PASS
1055:For
1012:Tone
948:oːõː
897:iːĩː
884:high
857:back
823:/ʔw/
812:/ʔj/
734:Flap
714:/ʔl/
546:/kʼ/
532:/tʼ/
525:/pʼ/
504:/kʰ/
489:/tʰ/
467:/kʷ/
458:/tʲ/
428:/ɡʲ/
392:Stop
372:/ʔn/
363:/ʔm/
205:Towa
30:Towa
2061:doi
1646:aró
1616:IV
1483:hhú
1475:hhú
1467:hhú
1463:II
1425:séé
1417:séé
1412:séé
1399:tyó
1391:tyó
1386:tyó
1355:-sh
1351:-sh
1343:no
1340:no
1337:no
1331:IV
1326:no
1320:no
1309:no
1297:II
1286:no
1252:-sh
1244:-sh
1140:FUT
1122:NEG
1108:níí
994:/e/
955:low
921:mid
789:/w/
780:/j/
743:/ɾ/
684:/ɬ/
655:/l/
634:/h/
621:/ʃ/
616:/s/
611:/f/
606:/ɸ/
594:/ɦ/
579:/z/
574:/v/
472:/ʔ/
451:/t/
444:/p/
423:/ɡ/
409:/d/
402:/b/
338:/n/
331:/m/
137:ELP
113:tow
2415::
2122:–
2059:.
2049:93
2047:.
2018:}}
2014:{{
1957:^
1941:^
1932:.
1902:^
1867:.
1650:-
1637:-
1624:-
1601:sh
1578:sh
1561:pá
1555:sh
1553:pá
1548:pá
1529:sh
1521:sh
1503:sh
1495:sh
1477:sh
1469:sh
1453:sh
1445:sh
1427:sh
1419:sh
1401:sh
1393:sh
1382:I
1280:I
1144:NZ
1138:)-
1132:1S
1112:1S
1036:,
980:ɑ̃
963:æ̃
931:eː
905:ɨ̃
825:)
814:)
716:)
686:)
540:)
498:)
491:)
417:)
374:)
365:)
2327:e
2320:t
2313:v
2159:e
2152:t
2145:v
2067:.
2063::
2055::
2024:)
2010:.
1878:.
1142:-
977:ɑ
960:æ
943:õ
940:o
926:e
902:ɨ
892:ĩ
889:i
821:(
810:(
712:(
682:(
536:(
494:(
487:(
413:(
370:(
361:(
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