1967:, denounced the policy as "racist" as it only offered Japanese-blooded foreigners who possessed the special "person of Japanese ancestry" visa the option to receive money in return for repatriation to their home countries. Some commentators also accused it of being exploitative since most nikkei had been offered incentives to immigrate to Japan in 1990, were regularly reported to work 60+ hours per week, and were finally asked to return home when the Japanese became unemployed in large numbers. At the same time, return migration to Japan, along with repatriation to their home countries, has also created complex relationships with both their homeland and hostland, a condition which has been called a "'squared diaspora' in which the juxtaposition of homeland and hostland itself becomes questionable, instable and fluctuating." This has also taken on new forms of
1003:
991:
1019:
975:
642:
1692:). Immigration of Japanese workers in Brazil was actually subsidized by São Paulo up until 1921, with around 40,000 Japanese emigrating to Brazil between the years of 1908 and 1925, and 150,000 pouring in during the following 16 years. The most immigrants to come in one year peaked in 1933 at 24,000, but restrictions due to ever growing anti-Japanese sentiment caused it to die down and then eventually halt at the start of World War II. Japanese immigration into Brazil actually saw continued traffic after it resumed in 1951. Around 60,000 entered the country during 1951 and 1981, with a sharp decline happening in the 1960s due to a resurgence of Japan's domestic economy.
1102:
1035:
1138:
1067:
1118:
52:
749:
1051:
1614:
1086:
1567:
683:
740:
731:
494:- Japanese emigrants and their descendants who have created communities throughout the world. The term Nikkei has multiple and diverse meanings depending on situations, places, and environments. Nikkei also include people of mixed racial descent who identify themselves as Nikkei. Native Japanese also use the term Nikkei for the emigrants and their descendants who return to Japan. Many of these Nikkei live in close communities and retain identities separate from the native Japanese.
1749:
1701:
1223:
5425:
1309:
4736:
1736:. As a result of Peru's gastronomic revolution and global gastrodiplomacy campaign, Nikkei is now recognized among international culinary networks as a cuisine that is uniquely a fusion of Japanese and Peruvian influences. This change has created revenues for Japanese-Peruvian communities in Lima and enabled Nikkei chefs to open up restaurants in other metropolitan cities around the world.
539:, from the Sumitomo Foundation-funded Boljoon Archaeological Project conducted by the University of San Carlos with the National Museum of the Philippines, discovered ancient Japanese pottery that is believed to have been in existence since the early 1700s. The ancient Japanese pottery that was discovered there has proven that there was trading activity between
693:
Before 1885, fewer and fewer
Japanese people emigrated from Japan, in part because the Meiji government was reluctant to allow emigration, both because it lacked the political power to adequately protect Japanese emigrants and because it believed that the presence of Japanese as unskilled laborers in
1367:
to work on coffee farms. Immigration into Mexico died down in the following years, but was eventually spurred again in 1903 due to the acceptance of mutually recognized contracts on immigration by both countries. Immigrants coming in the first four years of these contracts worked primarily on sugar
702:
in 1868. A portion of this group stayed on after the expiration of the initial labor contract, forming the nucleus of the Nikkei community in Hawai'i. In 1885, the Meiji government began to turn to officially sponsored emigration programs to alleviate pressure from overpopulation and the effects of
478:
refers to permanent settlers, excluding transient
Japanese abroad, although the term may not strictly relate to citizenship status. The Japanese government defines Nikkei people as foreign citizens with the ability to provide proof of Japanese lineage within three generations. On the other hand, in
1395:
children of
Japanese heritage from attending regular public schools. President Roosevelt intervened to rescind the resolution, but only on the understanding that steps would be taken to put a stop to further Japanese immigration. In 1907, in the face of Japanese government protests, the so-called "
1956:
300,000 ($ 3,300) for unemployed
Japanese descendants from South America to return to their country of origin with the stated goal of alleviating the country's worsening labor shortage. Another ¥200,000 ($ 2,200) is offered for each additional family member to leave. Emigrants who took this offer
707:
in rural areas. For the next decade, the government was closely involved in the selection and pre-departure instruction of emigrants. The
Japanese government was keen on keeping Japanese emigrants well-mannered while abroad in order to show the West that Japan was a dignified society, worthy of
1394:
of 1882, Japanese immigrants were sought by industrialists to replace
Chinese immigrants. In the early years of the 20th century, anxiety about the rapid growth of cheap Japanese labor in California came to a head when in 1906, when the School Board of San Francisco passed a resolution barring
3306:
Today, many non-Quiapense informants in their forties and older associate the Quinta Market with this dessert. Why did this market become important in the invention of this dessert? Aside from its being a
Japanese legacy in the area of all the city markets, the Quinta was closest to the
402:. Descendants of emigrants from the Meiji period still maintain recognizable communities in those countries, forming separate ethnic groups from Japanese people in Japan. The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of
1275:
The
Japanese diaspora has been unique in the absence of new emigration flows in the second half of the 20th century. However, research reports that during the post-war many Japanese migrated individually to join existing communities abroad.
799:, were recorded in statistics as only numbering 30 in 1903, then 5,533 by 1920, then 12,469 by 1930, then later increased to 20,000 by 1941. The number of Japanese laborers working in plantations rose so high that in the early 20th century,
479:
the United States and some other places where Nikkei people have developed their own communities and identities, first-generation
Japanese immigrants with Japanese citizenship tend to be included if they are involved in the local community.
4195:
1843:, the Japanese population was detained and later expelled at the cessation of hostilities. The Japanese population in Australia was later replenished in the 1950s by the arrival of 500 Japanese war brides, who had married
4160:
tab "統計の目的等": (excerpts) 3. Scope of this survey: Japanese nationals who are or will be residing overseas for a long term (over 3 months). Emigrants or descendants (Nikkeijin) who do not have
Japanese citizenship are not
2988:
1712:
colony migrated between 1929 and 1935 in three waves. Their community is unique in terms of their resistance against the internal conflict occurring in Colombia during the decade of the 1950s, a period known as
671:
which forbade Japanese from leaving the country and from returning if they were already abroad. This policy would not be lifted for over two hundred years. Travel restrictions were eased once Japan
1399:" between the governments of Japan and the United States ended immigration of Japanese workers (i.e., men), but permitted the immigration of spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the US. The
4184:
429:
reported the five countries with the highest number of Japanese expatriates as the United States (418,842), China (102,066), Australia (94,942), Thailand (78,431) and Canada (74,362).
2901:
1170:. The Allied powers repatriated over 6 million Japanese nationals from colonies and battlefields throughout Asia. Only a few remained overseas, often involuntarily, as in the case of
1342:. Protests over the extreme hardships and broken government promises faced by the initial group of migrants set the stage for the end of state-supported labor emigration in Japan.
1728:
form another notable ethnic Japanese community with an estimated 6,000 Issei and 100,000 Japanese descendants (Nisei, Sansei, Yonsei), and including a former Peruvian president,
1937:), Japan's Ministry of Labor began to grant visas to ethnic Japanese from South America to come to Japan and work in factories. The vast majority—estimated at 300,000—were from
712:, 移民会社), not sponsored by the government, began to dominate the process of recruiting emigrants, but government-sanctioned ideology continued to influence emigration patterns.
596:
community. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. In the 15th century AD,
4498:
1002:
1835:
in pearling. Several streets of Broome have Japanese names, and the town has one of the largest Japanese cemeteries outside Japan. Other immigrants were involved in the
3018:
2996:
1595:
and districts like Balvanera and Monserrat has many Japanese restaurants, shops and izakayas. Buenos Aires also has the largest Japanese garden outside Japan, called
378:
According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, about 4 million Nikkei live in their adopted countries. The largest of these foreign communities are in
990:
1786:
some whose heritage date back to the times when both countries shared the territories of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands; some Japanese communists settled in the
4262:"The Czech Republic Pays for Immigrants to Go Home Unemployed Guest Workers and Their Kids Receive Cash and a One-Way Ticket as the Country Fights Joblessness,"
1018:
974:
5391:
1779:
In recent years, many young Japanese have been migrating from Japan to Britain to engage in cultural production and to become successful artists in London.
1732:. Japanese food known as Nikkei cuisine is a rich part of Peruvian-Japanese culture, which includes the use of seaweed broth and sushi-inspired versions of
5757:
1847:
soldiers stationed in occupied Japan. In recent years, Japanese migration to Australia, largely consisting of younger age females, has been on the rise.
3216:
450:, is often used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants. These groups were historically differentiated by the terms
3364:
3343:
2654:
1034:
4072:Владение языками (кроме русского) населением отдельных национальностей по республикам, автономной области и автономным округам Российской Федерации
581:
and settled in the Philippines, among other destinations. Many of them also intermarried with the local Filipina women (including those of pure or
659:
From the 15th through the early 17th century, Japanese seafarers traveled to China and Southeast Asia countries, in some cases establishing early
4218:
2793:
1101:
5537:
361:
5479:
1331:
1175:
2909:
1066:
4309:
5695:
3556:
1288:
began migrating to the U.S. and Canada in significant numbers following the political, cultural and social changes stemming from the 1868
1186:
spouses repatriating to North Korea, while another 27,000 prisoners-of-war are estimated to have been sent there by the Soviet Union; see
5818:
5413:
4671:– A photo album from the UBC Library Digital Collections depicting the life of Japanese Canadians in British Columbia during World War II
2194:
846:
was Mintal. There is even a popular restaurant called "The Japanese Tunnel", which includes a tunnel made by the Japanese in time of the
926:. Unlike emigrants to the Americas, Japanese going to the colonies occupied a higher rather than lower social niche upon their arrival.
780:
2326:
5134:
4708:
2923:
2675:
3105:. Jonathan Dresner, "Instructions to Emigrant Laborers, 1885–1894: 'Return in Triumph' or 'Wander on the Verge of Starvation,'" In
3047:
368:
during the period of Japanese colonial expansion (1875–1945); however, most of these emigrants repatriated to Japan after the 1945
698:. A notable exception to this trend was a group of 153 contract laborers who immigrated—without official passports—to Hawai'i and
5881:
5876:
5591:
3519:
3431:
2184:
1117:
5527:
5353:
4245:
4145:
2566:
5421:
4219:"Recent Trends in Japanese Migration to Australia and the Characteristics of Recent Japanese Immigrants Settling in Australia"
4574:
4512:
4491:
4477:
4463:
4442:
4054:
4029:
3875:
3748:
3467:
3299:
3025:
2946:
2714:
2373:
1167:
4070:
486:, based upon a collaborative project that involved more than 100 scholars from 10 countries, has defined Nikkei as follows:
5861:
5338:
1085:
1050:
1626:
5295:
4634:
4630:
4141:
2738:
2635:
2448:
2132:
426:
17:
5740:
1806:
1407:, there was very little further Japanese immigration. But afterward, the Japanese American community increased heavily.
5747:
5348:
4584:
Sueyoshi, Ana (2017). "Intergenerational circular migration and differences in identity building of Nikkei Peruvians".
4372:
Sueyoshi, Ana (2017). "Intergenerational circular migration and differences in identity building of Nikkei Peruvians".
1240:
5515:
3739:
Azuma, Eiichiro (2002). "Historical Overview of Japanese Emigration, 1868–2000". In Kikumura-Yano, Akemi (ed.).
5800:
5762:
5559:
5343:
4674:
4624:
2956:
2620:
2170:
2131:
Note: The above data shows the number of Japanese nationals living overseas as of October 13, 2020, according to the
1949:
1262:
942:
483:
3465:
Prasenjit Duara: The New Imperialism and the Post-Colonial Developmental State: Manchukuo in comparative perspective
1322:
In Canada, small multi-generational communities of Japanese immigrants developed and adapted to life outside Japan.
1844:
1396:
3235:
635:
547:
Island Philippines going back to the 16th century. In the 16th century the Japanese settlement was established in
5844:
5813:
5640:
5505:
5484:
5449:
5406:
2189:
1419:
1198:
1151:
3696:
Horst, Oscar H.; Asagiri, Katsuhiro (July 2000). "The Odyssey of Japanese Colonists in the Dominican Republic".
5776:
5717:
5685:
5660:
5653:
5648:
5618:
4105:
2876:
2533:
1900:
1709:
1244:
1187:
641:
254:
224:
194:
174:
154:
5996:
4668:
348:) residing in a country outside Japan. Emigration from Japan was recorded as early as the 15th century to the
5980:
5549:
4701:
3541:
3220:
1832:
1596:
779:
colonial government statistics showed 614 Japanese in the Dutch East Indies (166 men, 448 women). During the
508:
5823:
5781:
5680:
5675:
5630:
4504:
3374:
2165:
1957:
were not allowed to return to Japan with the same privileged visa with which they had entered the country.
1674:
in search of better living conditions. Many of them ended up as laborers on coffee farms (for testimony of
1194:
556:
214:
3340:
2651:
704:
5728:
5670:
1656:
also have a large Japanese community. The first Japanese immigrants (791 people, mostly farmers) came to
372:
104:
3913:
3101:
Known as the Gannen-mono (元年者), or "first year people" because they left Japan in the first year of the
1760:
6038:
5931:
5735:
5700:
5399:
5328:
3077:
2156:
1467:
1439:
915:
470:
234:
184:
4222:
5941:
5752:
5723:
5690:
5623:
5466:
5318:
4960:
4658:
2179:
2160:
1896:
1869:
had a population of more than 30,000 people, including 25,000 Japanese. There are Japanese people in
1828:
1783:
1171:
911:
204:
3131:
A study on the ideal policy for improving the legal and social status of Japanese in the Philippines
2274:
1971:
as first and second generation nikkei travel back and forth between Japan and their home countries.
5771:
5665:
5635:
5613:
5444:
5263:
4694:
3452:
2299:
1878:
1810:
1791:
1507:
817:
278:
244:
124:
883:". Over the years, more native ingredients were added, resulting in the development of the modern
5973:
5871:
4136:[Annual report of statistics on Japanese nationals overseas 2022 (as of 1 October 2021)]
1831:, where until the Second World War they were the largest ethnic group, who were attracted to the
1682:
1404:
1400:
1233:
5159:
4646:, A non-profit organization representing Japanese Citizens living in Peru and their descendants.
4470:
Japanese Bankers in the City of London: Language, Culture and Identity in the Japanese Diaspora.
4317:
3129:
2973:
2551:
632:
6004:
5258:
4878:
3564:
2174:
2112:
672:
5991:
2702:
2610:
1137:
6011:
5967:
5808:
5273:
5226:
4938:
3617:
3260:
2511:
2357:
1799:
1391:
625:
419:
3191:
51:
5839:
5581:
5566:
5532:
5376:
5198:
5139:
5112:
5057:
5006:
4996:
4948:
4827:
4807:
4407:
4283:
3705:
2334:
2199:
2052:
1822:
748:
281:
is shown, since the number of naturalized Japanese people and their descendants is unknown.
134:
3741:
Encyclopedia of Japanese Descendants in the Americas: An Illustrated History of the Nikkei
3504:
When Empire Comes Home : Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan by Lori Watt
2485:
403:
8:
5576:
5510:
5500:
5278:
5072:
4852:
4842:
3891:
2931:
2679:
1633:
1618:
1608:
1586:
953:
829:
164:
74:
4554:
Encyclopedia of Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present.
4221:. Faculty of Arts, Education, and Social Sciences, James Cook University. Archived from
3709:
3323:
3055:
887:. Some authors specifically attribute it to the 1920s or 1930s Japanese migrants in the
5851:
5586:
5571:
5522:
5032:
5001:
4847:
4837:
4797:
4756:
4601:
4557:
4389:
3952:
3848:
3721:
3678:
3590:
3535:
3413:
2639:
2463:
2204:
1968:
1862:
1725:
1653:
1431:
1415:
1385:
1369:
1335:
1317:
1297:
1293:
871:
Japanese migrants into the islands. The earliest versions were composed only of cooked
664:
645:
369:
114:
94:
84:
4686:
3935:
Takenaka, Ayumi (2017). "Immigrant integration through food: Nikkei cuisine in Peru".
3765:
3439:
2252:
1613:
1566:
503:
Japanese emigration to the rest of Asia was noted as early as the 15th century to the
5554:
5544:
5371:
5323:
5219:
5129:
5107:
5062:
5042:
5022:
4943:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4792:
4605:
4570:
4516:
4508:
4487:
4473:
4459:
4438:
4393:
4050:
4025:
4002:
3956:
3871:
3840:
3744:
3295:
2952:
2841:
2787:
2710:
2616:
2389:
2369:
1351:
1289:
1072:
900:
808:
776:
629:
560:
548:
329:
317:
308:
296:
269:
144:
6017:
4261:
4242:
4131:
1649:
1591:
Argentina is home to about 80,000 people of Japanese descent. Most of them lives in
906:
There was also a significant level of emigration to the overseas territories of the
407:
5285:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5164:
5144:
5097:
5047:
5027:
4923:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4857:
4777:
4593:
4539:
4381:
4352:
3992:
3944:
3832:
3800:
3713:
3668:
3405:
2820:
2437:
2094:
1729:
1475:
1368:
plantations, coal mines, and railroads. Japanese immigrants (particularly from the
1360:
1183:
961:
695:
682:
621:
589:
585:
582:
4597:
4544:
4528:"Squared diaspora: Representations of the Japanese diaspora across time and space"
4527:
4385:
4357:
4340:
3948:
3805:
3788:
3673:
3652:
3464:
2989:"The rarely, if ever, told story of Japanese sold as slaves by Portuguese traders"
2825:
2809:"Squared diaspora: Representations of the Japanese diaspora across time and space"
2808:
1974:
1850:
There is also a small but growing Japanese community in New Zealand, primarily in
949:(the Japanese had a plan to bring in 5 million Japanese settlers into Manchukuo).
5474:
5290:
5251:
5214:
5153:
5122:
5117:
5052:
4967:
4933:
4918:
4873:
4832:
4822:
4787:
4751:
4662:
4564:
4484:
Cultural Migrants from Japan: Youth, Media, and Migration in New York and London.
4249:
4081:
4076:
3503:
3471:
3369:
3347:
2658:
2275:"American Community Survey: Asian Alone or in Any Combination by Selected Groups"
1963:
1813:(not ethnics). Many of them are expatriates who stay there only for a few years.
1373:
1339:
1285:
960:) when the Soviet offensive began in early August 1945. Most were of Japanese or
907:
365:
334:
27:
Japanese emigrants and descendants residing in foreign countries outside of Japan
4022:
Cultural Migrants from Japan: Youth, Media, and Migration in New York and London
2771:
2300:"Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories"
5246:
5193:
5102:
5037:
4955:
4761:
4722:
2016:
1795:
892:
568:
536:
3823:
Tigner, James L. (1981). "Japanese Immigration into Latin America: A Survey".
3107:
Japanese Diasporas: Unsung Pasts, Conflicting Presents, and Uncertain Futures,
2862:
2745:
2591:
739:
6032:
5333:
5300:
5268:
5092:
5067:
4928:
4903:
4006:
3985:""Nikkei Food" for Whom? Gastro-Politics and Culinary Representation in Peru"
3844:
3483:
3360:
2366:
Japanese diasporas: Unsung pasts, conflicting presents, and uncertain futures
2046:
1998:
1958:
1688:
1641:
1499:
1487:
1009:
965:
888:
512:
383:
4190:
3984:
3396:
Grajdanzev, A. J. (22 August 2017). "Formosa (Taiwan) Under Japanese Rule".
2703:"The Japanese Community Abroad: The Case of Prewar Davao in the Philippines"
4718:
4638:
4075:(in Russian). Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Archived from
3522:. Mosnews.com. 1 April 2005. Archived from the original on 13 November 2006
2070:
1953:
1840:
1787:
1714:
1592:
1551:
1543:
1503:
1491:
934:
868:
847:
730:
4520:
2106:
1645:
1622:
1197:
largely made up of expatriate businessmen. Additionally, there are 19,612
4683:, Hoover Institution Library & Archives Japanese Diaspora Initiative.
3102:
1980:
1662:
1572:
1495:
784:
762:
649:
617:
504:
411:
387:
353:
349:
2709:. Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University Publications. p. 157.
2227:
1748:
1700:
838:
shrine, and a diplomatic mission from Japan. The place that used to be "
4639:
Future Policy Regarding Cooperation with Overseas Communities of Nikkei
4047:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
3725:
3417:
1855:
1836:
1479:
1447:
1423:
1247: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
843:
800:
796:
788:
766:
758:
609:
572:
475:
337:
4216:
3997:
3852:
3682:
3520:"Russia Acknowledges Sending Japanese Prisoners of War to North Korea"
1182:. During the 1950s and 1960s, an estimated 6,000 Japanese accompanied
415:
5986:
4677:, a TV drama based on historical events aired by NHK in October 2005.
4455:
4341:"Living under more than one sun: The Nikkei Diaspora in the Americas"
3789:"Living under more than one sun: The Nikkei Diaspora in the Americas"
2592:"Philippines History, Culture, Civilization and Technology, Filipino"
2442:[Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas]
2040:
2028:
2022:
2004:
1555:
1531:
1124:
946:
919:
876:
861:. Halo-halo is believed to be an indigenized version of the Japanese
854:
660:
598:
564:
532:
528:
4620:
3763:
3717:
3409:
1222:
5962:
3836:
3633:
2863:
Philippines History, Culture, Civilization and Technology, Filipino
2124:
2118:
2034:
1992:
1890:
1851:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1511:
1451:
1092:
957:
923:
872:
863:
858:
679:
began issuing travel documents for overseas travel and emigration.
552:
357:
356:(1868–1912), when Japanese emigrated to the Philippines and to the
4680:
1403:
banned the immigration of all but a token few Japanese, until the
792:
769:(1939), where reportedly more than half of the students were mixed
410:. There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in the
3019:"Europeans had Japanese slaves, in case you didn't know ..."
2769:
2100:
2088:
2064:
1986:
1733:
1640:(numbering about 2 million, compared to about 1.5 million in the
1515:
1483:
1443:
1364:
1202:
1179:
1159:
1142:
1108:
1076:
981:
968:, 17,000 Japanese were expelled, most from the southern islands.
524:
345:
3914:"The Colombian Nikkei and the Narration of Selves - Part 1 of 4"
1308:
879:
in crushed ice with sugar and milk, a dessert known locally as "
5921:
5149:
4627:
and affiliated with academic, community programs, and scholars.
2152:
2082:
2010:
1975:
Major cities with significant populations of Japanese nationals
1938:
1866:
1671:
1657:
1523:
1455:
1435:
1427:
1411:
1356:
1166:
During and after World War II, most of these overseas Japanese
1155:
1057:
1041:
1025:
930:
896:
835:
676:
668:
653:
604:
577:
520:
516:
464:
395:
379:
4735:
4655:
1865:
was 129,104, of which 77,257 were Japanese. By December 1941,
1648:
contains the largest concentration of Japanese outside Japan.
686:
View of passengers arriving in Vancouver aboard the steamship
5911:
5901:
5424:
4649:
2148:
2144:
2076:
2058:
1945:
and smaller populations from other South American countries.
1870:
1802:
showed 835 people claiming Japanese ethnicity (nationality).
1637:
1471:
1459:
938:
613:
540:
458:
452:
391:
341:
4499:
The Japanese in Latin America: The Asian American Experience
4170:
2021 CE; cell C43:D43 "31 デュッセルドルフ 7,144"="Dusseldorf 7,144"
4167:
2018 CE; cell L39:M39 "27 デュッセルドルフ 8,451"="Dusseldorf 8,451"
4044:
1861:
In the census of December 1939, the total population of the
4063:
2974:"Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary)"
2552:"Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary)"
1942:
1874:
1667:
1547:
1519:
1463:
1206:
699:
544:
399:
3219:. Philippines: Pacific Citizen. April 2007. Archived from
1376:) arrived in small numbers during the early 20th century.
277:
Note: For this country, only the number of residents with
4643:
3308:
1827:
Early Japanese immigrants were particularly prominent in
694:
foreign countries would hamper its ability to revise the
4496:
Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. (2004),
4106:"Little Tokyo in Düsseldorf - Japanische Kultur erleben"
2514:. Association for Promotion of International Cooperation
791:, most of whom first started out as laborers working in
4716:
2678:. International Nikkei Research Project. Archived from
2574:
Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series
1416:
third of the state's population are of Japanese descent
4310:"Japan to Immigrants: Thanks, But You Can Go Home Now"
4284:"Golden parachutes' mark failure of race-based policy"
1576:
bringing the first Japanese immigrants to Brazil, 1908
1466:), but other significant communities are found in the
822:
1899:
facing a shortage of workers willing to do so-called
1312:
View of Ujo Nakano's farm house at Port Hammond, B.C.
3554:
2865:. Asiapacificuniverse.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
1790:, including Mutsuo Hakamada, the brother of former
575:fled from the religious persecution imposed by the
418:. Nevertheless, most emigrant Japanese are largely
4563:Shiraishi, Saya; Shiraishi, Takashi, eds. (1993).
4562:
4450:Maidment, Richard A. and Colin Mackerras. (1998).
4307:
4177:
3825:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
3634:"The Colombian Nikkei and the Narration of Selves"
3557:"The Forgotten Victims of the North Korean Crisis"
3147:
2874:
2676:"Brief Historical Overview of Japanese Emigration"
1704:Immigrants from Japan in Palmira, Cauca (Colombia)
1636:are the largest ethnic Japanese community outside
834:'Little Japan') with a Japanese school, a
708:respect. By the mid-1890s, immigration companies (
4133:海外在留邦人数調査統計 集計結果 令和4年（2022年）版（令和3年10月1日現在）（Excel）
4124:
3285:
1334:between 1956 and 1961, in a program initiated by
903:, which was the source of the city's ice supply.
352:, but did not become a mass phenomenon until the
6030:
3659:Steveston Monogatari: Sekai no Naka no Nipponjin
3236:"Japanese origins of the Philippine 'halo-halo'"
3141:
3109:ed. Nobuko Adachi (London: Routledge, 2006), 53.
567:). A larger wave came in the 17th century, when
527:when the Philippines was under the influence of
4665:, A network of nikkei leaders around the world.
4486:MD: Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield,
4217:Deborah McNamara and James E. Coughlan (1992).
4045:Mitrokhin, Vasili; Christopher, Andrew (2005).
3365:"The Dawn of Modern Korea (360): Settling Down"
2705:. In Saya Shiraishi; Takashi Shiraishi (eds.).
2673:
2230:. The Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad
1363:in 1897, when the first thirty five arrived in
910:during the Japanese colonial period, including
4437:, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 238,
2744:. Journal of Global Buddhism 6. Archived from
2608:
1928:
1918:
1908:
443:
5407:
4702:
4435:Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives
3764:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2012).
3164:. Davao: Nippi Shimbunsha. pp. appendix.
2736:
2694:
2222:
2220:
1390:In the United States, particularly after the
1332:Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic
663:. This activity ended in the 1640s, when the
628:. In the latter half of the 16th century the
4525:
4338:
4332:
3786:
3695:
3631:
3625:
2806:
1941:, but there is also a large population from
1884:
474:(fourth-generation Nikkei). In this context
2839:
2792:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2545:
2543:
2512:"The Voice of the Ambassador to Micronesia"
2432:
2430:
2349:
2195:List of Shinto shrines in the United States
1961:, columnist for English-language newspaper
1798:is a notable Russian political figure. The
5414:
5400:
4709:
4695:
3514:
3512:
3395:
3217:"A Little Tokyo Rooted in the Philippines"
2972:Manansala, Paul Kekai (5 September 2006).
2877:"Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town"
2770:Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1) (2007).
2550:Manansala, Paul Kekai (5 September 2006).
2534:"Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town"
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2217:
1681:travelers that continued to Argentina see
899:, due to its proximity to the now defunct
807:(in Philippine and American media) or (in
360:. There was significant emigration to the
50:
4543:
4356:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4049:. Tennessee, United States: Basic Books.
4038:
3996:
3865:
3804:
3672:
3190:Villalon, Augusto F. (13 February 2017).
2971:
2824:
2549:
2228:"Who are "Nikkei & Japanese Abroad"?"
1794:chairman Satomi Hakamada, whose daughter
1263:Learn how and when to remove this message
1176:prisoners of war captured by the Red Army
4669:Japanese Canadians Photograph Collection
4583:
4452:Culture and Society in the Asia-Pacific.
4371:
4365:
4210:
4185:"Wie kam so viel Japan nach Düsseldorf?"
3982:
3934:
3928:
3619:Culture and Society in the Asia-Pacific,
3324:"Japanese Periodicals in Colonial Korea"
3294:. Manila: Quiapo Printing. p. 321.
3279:
3189:
3174:
3159:
2644:
2540:
2486:"Japan-Argentina Relations (Basic Data)"
1699:
1612:
1565:
1307:
1136:
929:In 1938 about 309,000 Japanese lived in
867:class of desserts, originating from pre-
681:
640:
437:The term Nikkei, from the Japanese word
4566:The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia
3595:, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, May 2009
3509:
3290:Menu". In Zialcita, Fernando N. (ed.).
2986:
2707:The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia
2612:The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia
2407:
2247:
2245:
2185:Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada
1809:, Germany of nearly 8,400 (as of 2018)
996:Japanese and Korean children, 1908–1922
535:Empire. In 2009, Japanese and Filipino
14:
6031:
4433:Dias, Maria Suzette Fernandes (2007),
4281:
4270:
4024:. MD, United States: Lexington Books.
4019:
4013:
3822:
3787:Manzenreiter, Wolfram (17 July 2017).
3555:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (13 March 2007).
3359:
3353:
3233:
2807:Manzenreiter, Wolfram (27 July 2017).
2466:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
2324:
2255:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
937:, there were over 850,000 Japanese in
5395:
4690:
4198:from the original on 22 November 2021
4148:from the original on 23 February 2023
3818:
3816:
3738:
3650:
3453:Killing of Chinese in Japan concerned
3127:
2944:
2730:
2700:
2667:
2629:
2509:
2253:"Japan-Brazil Relations (Basic Data)"
1625:, Brazil, traditionally lived in the
328:
307:
291:and its individual members, known as
4652:, Information of the nikkei in Peru.
4631:Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4432:
4308:Coco Masters/Tokyo (20 April 2009).
4301:
4144:. 4 August 2022. tab "都市別邦人数上位５０位".
3870:. New Delhi: Atlantic. p. 136.
3667:. New Series, Vol. 65 (1): 152–156.
3585:
3579:
3563:. Nautilus Institute. Archived from
3234:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (30 August 2012).
3040:
2567:"Chinese Pottery in the Philippines"
2564:
2558:
2490:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
2449:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
2394:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
2355:
2242:
2133:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
1743:
1410:The majority of Japanese settled in
1245:adding citations to reliable sources
1216:
1040:Japanese elementary school class on
427:Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
414:, Peru and in the American state of
69:Regions with significant populations
4142:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
3743:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 32–48.
3137:. Tokyo Foundation Research Report.
2844:. Japanese American National Museum
2763:
2390:"Japan-Peru Relations (Basic Data)"
1839:industry in Queensland. During the
675:with Western nations. In 1867, the
24:
3813:
3179:. Furukawa Takushoku. p. 366.
2875:Candeze R. Mongaya (30 May 2011).
2833:
2609:さや・白石; Shiraishi, Takashi (1993).
1952:, the Japanese government offered
648:monument and historical marker at
25:
6050:
4625:Japanese American National Museum
4614:
2951:. A&C Black. pp. 52–53.
2945:Leupp, Gary P. (1 January 2003).
2325:Agnote, Dario (11 October 2006).
2171:Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii
1199:Japanese expatriates in Indonesia
484:Japanese American National Museum
5423:
4734:
3766:"Japan-Mexico foreign relations"
2987:HOFFMAN, MICHAEL (26 May 2013).
2327:"A glimmer of hope for castoffs"
1807:Japanese community in Düsseldorf
1782:There are also small numbers of
1747:
1561:
1379:
1279:
1221:
1116:
1100:
1084:
1065:
1049:
1033:
1017:
1001:
989:
973:
747:
738:
729:
498:
4681:Hoji Shinbun Digital Collection
4623:, A site co-ordinated with the
4425:
4400:
4282:Arudou, Debito (7 April 2009).
4254:
4243:A Go: Another Battle for Sapian
4236:
4098:
3983:Takenaka, Ayumi (6 June 2019).
3976:
3963:
3906:
3884:
3859:
3780:
3757:
3732:
3689:
3651:Ikawa, Fumiko (February 1963).
3644:
3606:
3548:
3497:
3476:
3458:
3446:
3432:"Monograph Paper 3. Section 13"
3424:
3389:
3341:Japanese Immigration Statistics
3334:
3316:
3261:"Halo-Halo Graham Float Recipe"
3253:
3227:
3209:
3183:
3168:
3153:
3121:
3112:
3095:
3070:
3011:
2980:
2965:
2938:
2916:
2894:
2868:
2856:
2800:
2602:
2584:
2526:
2510:Horie, Ryoichi (20 July 2018).
2503:
2478:
2190:South America Hongwanji Mission
1599:, located in Palermo district.
1570:List of passengers of the ship
1232:needs additional citations for
592:descent), thus forming the new
5809:Federated States of Micronesia
4526:Manzenreiter, Wolfram (2017).
4339:Manzenreiter, Wolfram (2017).
3148:Shiraishi & Shiraishi 1993
2456:
2452:(in Japanese). 1 October 2022.
2382:
2318:
2292:
2267:
1201:based mostly in the cities of
1188:Japanese people in North Korea
720:
559:was first recorded to stay in
468:(third-generation Nikkei) and
432:
13:
1:
5981:The Japanese in Latin America
4598:10.1080/18692729.2017.1351047
4545:10.1080/18692729.2017.1351021
4386:10.1080/18692729.2017.1351047
4358:10.1080/18692729.2017.1351045
3949:10.1080/18692729.2017.1351022
3806:10.1080/18692729.2017.1351045
3674:10.1525/aa.1963.65.1.02a00240
3286:Crisol, Christine (2006). "A
3128:Kawai, Hiroyuki (June 2005).
3024:. 10 May 2007. Archived from
2948:Interracial Intimacy in Japan
2826:10.1080/18692729.2017.1351021
2210:
1132:
964:descent. When Japan lost the
952:Over 400,000 people lived on
787:, the Japanese population of
571:traded in Southeast Asia and
448:, lit. "of Japanese lineage")
4505:University of Illinois Press
4110:www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de
3655:Umi o Watatta Nippon no Mura
3484:"The Kurile Islands Dispute"
2664:(Lima, Peru). 12 March 2008.
2358:"The Intermarried issei and
2166:Buddhist Churches of America
1580:
1330:There was a small amount of
1325:
1195:Japanese people in Hong Kong
602:tea-jars were bought by the
490:We are talking about Nikkei
462:(second-generation Nikkei),
7:
4194:(in German). 17 June 2020.
3969:"Salmon with Chenin Blanc"
2652:"Desafíos que nos acercan,"
2636:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2364:. In Adachi, Nobuko (ed.).
2279:United States Census Bureau
2138:
1695:
1212:
1024:Japanese office workers in
941:and more than 2 million in
823:
765:(1936), Japanese school in
673:opened diplomatic relations
456:(first-generation Nikkei),
10:
6055:
3866:Chaurasia, Radhey (2003).
3506:, Harvard University Press
3175:Furukawa, Yoshizō (1956).
1888:
1820:
1816:
1666:from the Japanese port of
1606:
1584:
1440:Southwestern United States
1383:
1349:
1315:
945:, most of them farmers in
555:and in early 17th century
373:ended World War II in Asia
5955:
5894:
5832:
5799:
5792:
5709:
5624:Japanese orphans in China
5606:
5493:
5465:
5458:
5437:
5364:
5311:
5207:
5186:
5177:
5135:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriacs
5085:
5015:
4989:
4982:
4866:
4815:
4806:
4770:
4744:
4729:
3540:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3240:Philippine Daily Inquirer
3196:Philippine Daily Inquirer
3192:"'Little Tokyo' in Davao"
3048:"JANM/INRP - Harumi Befu"
2565:Cole, Fay-Cooper (1912).
2368:. Routledge. p. 97.
2362:nisei in the Philippines"
2180:Gedatsu Church of America
1929:
1919:
1909:
1885:Return migration to Japan
1829:Broome, Western Australia
1784:Japanese people in Russia
1739:
1621:community of the city of
1602:
1345:
1303:
1012:class in Korea, 1908–1922
857:is derived from Japanese
812:
444:
321:
300:
275:
268:
263:
253:
243:
233:
223:
213:
203:
193:
183:
173:
163:
153:
143:
133:
123:
113:
103:
93:
83:
73:
68:
63:
58:
49:
40:
5432:and Japanese expatriates
4248:23 December 2008 at the
4132:
4071:
3973:(March 31, 2020), p. 100
3591:
3586:
3470:23 December 2008 at the
2674:Azuma, Eiichiro (2005).
2464:"Japan-Mexico Relations"
2438:
2019:, United Kingdom: 34,125
1879:Northern Mariana Islands
1792:Japanese Communist Party
1450:, and adjacent parts of
1193:There is a community of
5974:The Japanese and Europe
3892:"Tokyo in Buenos Aires"
3665:American Anthropologist
3346:15 October 2008 at the
3292:Quiapo: Heart of Manila
3162:Dabao hōjin kaitakushi
3160:Kamohara, Kōji (1938).
3078:"外務省: 外交史料 Q&A その他"
2596:asiapacificuniverse.com
2103:, United States: 11,355
2091:, United States: 12,147
2055:, United States: 16,008
2049:, United States: 19,997
2037:, United States: 21,329
2001:, United States: 40,496
1983:, United States: 68,595
1897:Japan's growing economy
1720:
1405:Immigration Act of 1965
1401:Immigration Act of 1924
1146:Parade (Mikoshi Kids),
715:
6005:Looking Like the Enemy
4468:Sakai, Junko. (2000).
4020:Fujita, Yuiko (2009).
3265:Pinoy Recipe at Iba Pa
2737:Shoji, Rafael (2005).
2640:Japan-Mexico relations
2175:Hawaii Shingon Mission
1705:
1630:
1577:
1313:
1178:and forced to work in
1163:
980:Japanese Christian in
803:soon became dubbed as
690:
656:
624:which was used in the
496:
64:About 4,000,000 (2022)
6012:New Worlds, New Lives
5968:Foreign-born Japanese
4569:. SEAP Publications.
4558:online free to borrow
4482:Fujita, Yuiko (2009)
2701:Furia, Reiko (1993).
2657:15 April 2009 at the
2615:. SEAP Publications.
2127:, New Zealand: 10,598
2061:, South Korea: 14,920
1703:
1616:
1569:
1397:Gentlemen's Agreement
1392:Chinese Exclusion Act
1311:
1154:cultural festival in
1140:
1107:Japanese shoppers in
781:American colonial era
685:
669:maritime restrictions
644:
633:purchased and sold on
626:Japanese tea ceremony
620:by merchants such as
488:
264:Related ethnic groups
5696:United Arab Emirates
5592:By state and/or city
4656:Nikkei Youth Network
4265:Wall Street Journal.
3989:Anthropology of Food
3661:" by Kazuko Tsurumi"
3567:on 27 September 2007
3350:, DiscoverNikkei.org
3223:on 22 February 2008.
2912:on 21 December 2014.
2200:Saipan Katori Shrine
1950:recession as of 2009
1823:Japanese Australians
1418:and the rest in the
1241:improve this article
1168:repatriated to Japan
853:In the Philippines,
509:Japanese settlements
330:[ɲikkeꜜːʑiɴ]
279:Japanese nationality
5296:Hispanic and Latino
4661:18 May 2013 at the
4472:London: Routledge.
3894:. 22 September 2016
3710:2000GeoRv..90..335H
3698:Geographical Review
3657:by Masao Gamo and "
3561:Policy Forum Online
3442:on 13 October 1999.
2902:"Village Ayutthaya"
2774:. Random House, Inc
2682:on 19 February 2007
2356:Ohno, Shun (2006).
2121:, Australia: 10,803
2115:, Australia: 10,901
2043:, Australia: 20,175
2013:, Australia: 34,679
1948:In response to the
1895:In the 1980s, with
1805:There is a sizable
1800:2002 Russian census
1634:Japanese Brazilians
1609:Japanese Brazilians
1587:Japanese Argentines
1361:Japanese immigrants
1123:Japanese family in
1091:Japanese parade in
1056:Japanese school on
705:Matsukata deflation
37:
18:Japanese immigrants
5480:Dominican Republic
4586:Contemporary Japan
4552:Niiya, Brian, ed.
4532:Contemporary Japan
4503:Urbana, Illinois:
4374:Contemporary Japan
4345:Contemporary Japan
4164:tab "都市別邦人数上位５０位"
4086:on 4 November 2006
3991:(in French) (14).
3937:Contemporary Japan
3793:Contemporary Japan
3632:A. Diaz Collazos.
3612:Maidment, Richard
3058:on 17 January 2013
2906:thailandsworld.com
2813:Contemporary Japan
2205:Dom Justo Takayama
2073:, Malaysia: 13,502
1989:, Thailand: 57,486
1969:circular migration
1863:South Seas Mandate
1811:Japanese nationals
1759:. You can help by
1726:Japanese Peruvians
1710:Japanese Colombian
1706:
1683:es:Café El Japonés
1654:Mato Grosso do Sul
1631:
1578:
1386:Japanese Americans
1370:Okinawa Prefecture
1336:Dominican Republic
1318:Japanese Canadians
1314:
1298:Japanese Canadians
1294:Japanese Americans
1164:
1152:Japanese community
691:
665:Tokugawa shogunate
657:
573:Japanese Catholics
511:included those in
422:outside of Japan.
370:surrender of Japan
35:
6039:Japanese diaspora
6026:
6025:
5936:fourth generation
5916:second generation
5890:
5889:
5758:Sakhalin Japanese
5602:
5601:
5430:Japanese diaspora
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5173:
5172:
5081:
5080:
4978:
4977:
4961:Sri Lankan Tamils
4576:978-0-87727-402-5
4513:978-0-252-07144-7
4492:978-0-7391-2891-6
4478:978-0-415-19601-7
4464:978-0-415-17278-3
4444:978-1-84718-111-4
4225:on 1 October 2006
4056:978-0-465-00311-2
4031:978-0-7391-2891-6
3998:10.4000/aof.10065
3877:978-81-269-0228-6
3750:978-0-7591-0149-4
3363:(23 March 2006).
3301:978-971-93673-0-7
2842:"What is Nikkei?"
2840:Discover Nikkei.
2716:978-0-87727-402-5
2375:978-1-135-98723-7
2306:. 26 October 2022
2304:Statistics Canada
2097:, Vietnam: 11,927
1777:
1776:
1352:Japanese Mexicans
1290:Meiji Restoration
1273:
1272:
1265:
1073:Japanese Buddhist
901:Insular Ice Plant
833:
821:
777:Dutch East Indies
630:Portuguese Empire
561:Dutch East Indies
557:Japanese settlers
289:Japanese diaspora
285:
284:
270:Ryukyuan diaspora
36:Japanese diaspora
16:(Redirected from
6046:
5956:Related articles
5946:fifth generation
5926:third generation
5877:Papua New Guinea
5819:Marshall Islands
5797:
5796:
5766:
5528:British Columbia
5463:
5462:
5428:
5427:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5354:Southeast Asians
5184:
5183:
4987:
4986:
4813:
4812:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4609:
4580:
4549:
4547:
4447:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4320:on 21 April 2009
4316:. Archived from
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4279:
4268:
4260:Perry, Joellen.
4258:
4252:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4181:
4175:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4139:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3868:History of Japan
3863:
3857:
3856:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3623:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3480:
3474:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3438:. Archived from
3428:
3422:
3421:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3373:. Archived from
3357:
3351:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3177:Dabao kaitakuki
3172:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3054:. Archived from
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2995:. Archived from
2984:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2930:. Archived from
2920:
2914:
2913:
2908:. Archived from
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2671:
2665:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2434:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2333:. Archived from
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2109:, Brazil: 11,295
2095:Ho Chi Minh City
2085:, Taiwan: 12,581
2079:, France: 13,152
2067:, Canada: 14,160
2025:, Canada: 27,962
1932:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1841:Second World War
1772:
1769:
1751:
1744:
1730:Alberto Fujimori
1680:
1414:, where today a
1268:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1225:
1217:
1172:orphans in China
1120:
1104:
1088:
1069:
1053:
1037:
1021:
1005:
993:
977:
933:. By the end of
828:
826:
816:
814:
757:Little Tokyo in
751:
742:
733:
696:unequal treaties
622:Luzon Sukezaemon
594:Japanese-Mestizo
519:, the coasts of
449:
447:
446:
425:As of 2022, the
333:), comprise the
332:
327:
323:
311:
309:[ɲikkeː]
306:
302:
89:1,550,875 (2020)
79:2,000,000 (2022)
59:Total population
54:
38:
34:
21:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6022:
5951:
5886:
5882:Solomon Islands
5828:
5788:
5760:
5705:
5598:
5489:
5454:
5433:
5422:
5420:
5390:
5381:
5360:
5307:
5203:
5179:
5169:
5077:
5011:
4974:
4862:
4802:
4766:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4723:Asian diasporas
4715:
4663:Wayback Machine
4621:Discover Nikkei
4617:
4612:
4577:
4445:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4370:
4366:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4288:The Japan Times
4280:
4271:
4259:
4255:
4250:Wayback Machine
4241:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4151:
4149:
4140:(in Japanese).
4137:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4082:Microsoft Excel
4079:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4018:
4014:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3864:
3860:
3821:
3814:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3737:
3733:
3718:10.2307/3250857
3694:
3690:
3649:
3645:
3630:
3626:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3553:
3549:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3472:Wayback Machine
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3410:10.2307/2752241
3398:Pacific Affairs
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3377:on 19 June 2006
3370:The Korea Times
3358:
3354:
3348:Wayback Machine
3339:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3302:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3228:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3188:
3184:
3173:
3169:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3118:Dresner, 52-68.
3117:
3113:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3028:on 13 June 2010
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2993:The Japan Times
2985:
2981:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2805:
2801:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2751:on 3 March 2016
2748:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2659:Wayback Machine
2649:
2645:
2638:(MOFA), Japan:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2331:The Japan Times
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2141:
1995:, China: 41,756
1977:
1964:The Japan Times
1893:
1887:
1825:
1819:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1757:needs expansion
1742:
1723:
1698:
1678:
1660:in 1908 on the
1611:
1605:
1589:
1583:
1564:
1388:
1382:
1354:
1348:
1340:Rafael Trujillo
1328:
1320:
1306:
1282:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1238:
1226:
1215:
1184:Zainichi Korean
1135:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1006:
997:
994:
985:
978:
908:Empire of Japan
795:plantations in
773:
772:
771:
770:
754:
753:
752:
744:
743:
735:
734:
723:
718:
636:Japanese slaves
501:
441:
435:
366:Empire of Japan
325:
304:
276:
45:
43:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6052:
6042:
6041:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6018:Nihonjin gakkō
6015:
6008:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5992:Hoshū jugyō kō
5989:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5777:United Kingdom
5774:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5516:São Paulo City
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5419:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5339:Central Asians
5334:United Kingdom
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5274:Indo-Caribbean
5271:
5266:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4739:
4727:
4726:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4628:
4616:
4615:External links
4613:
4611:
4610:
4592:(2): 230–245.
4581:
4575:
4560:
4550:
4538:(2): 106–116.
4523:
4494:
4480:
4466:
4448:
4443:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4408:"(海外在留邦人数調査統計"
4399:
4380:(2): 230–245.
4364:
4351:(2): 193–213.
4331:
4300:
4269:
4267:28 April 2009.
4253:
4235:
4209:
4189:Government of
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4123:
4097:
4062:
4055:
4037:
4030:
4012:
3975:
3971:Wine Spectator
3962:
3943:(2): 117–131.
3927:
3905:
3883:
3876:
3858:
3837:10.2307/165454
3831:(4): 457–482.
3812:
3799:(2): 193–213.
3779:
3756:
3749:
3731:
3704:(3): 335–358.
3688:
3643:
3624:
3605:
3587:インドネシア共和国基礎データ
3578:
3547:
3508:
3496:
3475:
3457:
3445:
3423:
3404:(3): 311–324.
3388:
3361:Lankov, Andrei
3352:
3333:
3315:
3300:
3278:
3267:. 24 July 2019
3252:
3226:
3208:
3182:
3167:
3152:
3140:
3120:
3111:
3094:
3069:
3039:
3010:
2979:
2964:
2957:
2937:
2934:on 7 May 2010.
2915:
2893:
2867:
2855:
2832:
2819:(2): 106–116.
2799:
2762:
2729:
2715:
2693:
2666:
2643:
2628:
2621:
2601:
2583:
2557:
2539:
2536:. 30 May 2011.
2525:
2502:
2477:
2455:
2406:
2381:
2374:
2348:
2337:on 7 June 2011
2317:
2291:
2266:
2241:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2140:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2017:Greater London
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1889:Main article:
1886:
1883:
1821:Main article:
1818:
1815:
1796:Irina Hakamada
1775:
1774:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1722:
1719:
1697:
1694:
1629:neighbourhood.
1604:
1601:
1597:Jardín Japonés
1582:
1579:
1563:
1560:
1381:
1378:
1347:
1344:
1327:
1324:
1305:
1302:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1000:
998:
995:
988:
986:
979:
972:
824:Ko Nippon Koku
813:小日本國「こにっぽんこく」
756:
755:
746:
745:
737:
736:
728:
727:
726:
725:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
646:Justo Takayama
569:red seal ships
537:archaeologists
500:
497:
434:
431:
283:
282:
273:
272:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
247:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
217:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
187:
181:
180:
177:
175:United Kingdom
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
147:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
129:102,066 (2022)
127:
121:
120:
119:103,182 (2021)
117:
111:
110:
107:
101:
100:
99:129,425 (2021)
97:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
41:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6051:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6019:
6016:
6014:
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5878:
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5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:New Caledonia
5860:
5856:United States
5855:
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5609:
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5593:
5590:
5589:
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5587:United States
5585:
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5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
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5291:United States
5289:
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5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5260:
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5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5227:Latin America
5225:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
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5185:
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5176:
5166:
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5148:
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5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
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5109:
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5018:
5014:
5008:
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5000:
4998:
4995:
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4992:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4969:
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4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4939:South Indians
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Bengali Hindu
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
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4779:
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4758:
4755:
4753:
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4747:
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4724:
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4707:
4705:
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4698:
4693:
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4689:
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4679:
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4461:
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4453:
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4403:
4395:
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4379:
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4359:
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4342:
4335:
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4311:
4304:
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4257:
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4244:
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4224:
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4213:
4197:
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4192:
4186:
4180:
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4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4052:
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4041:
4033:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3916:. 8 June 2012
3915:
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3887:
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3873:
3869:
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3846:
3842:
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3819:
3817:
3807:
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3798:
3794:
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3783:
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3735:
3727:
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3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3594:
3582:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3537:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3455:, China Daily
3454:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
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3329:
3325:
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3310:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3115:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3014:
2999:on 5 May 2019
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2958:9780826460745
2954:
2950:
2949:
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2933:
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2925:
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2911:
2907:
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2897:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2864:
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2843:
2836:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2773:
2766:
2747:
2740:
2739:"Book Review"
2733:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2622:9780877274025
2618:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2513:
2506:
2491:
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2465:
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2301:
2295:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:San Francisco
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:New York City
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1959:Arudou Debito
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:opportunities
1830:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1755:This section
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:Shindo Renmei
1684:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:United States
1639:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1562:South America
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:New Hampshire
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Massachusetts
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1380:United States
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:North America
1277:
1267:
1264:
1256:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1230:This section
1228:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1010:Sunday school
1004:
999:
992:
987:
983:
976:
971:
970:
969:
967:
966:Kuril Islands
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:Quinta Market
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
831:
825:
819:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:In 1898, the
768:
764:
760:
750:
741:
732:
713:
711:
706:
701:
697:
689:
684:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
637:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Lingayen Gulf
510:
506:
499:Early history
495:
493:
487:
485:
480:
477:
473:
472:
467:
466:
461:
460:
455:
454:
440:
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:United States
381:
376:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
331:
319:
315:
310:
298:
294:
290:
280:
274:
271:
267:
262:
259:20,000 (2018)
258:
256:
252:
249:20,345 (2022)
248:
246:
242:
239:21,819 (2022)
238:
236:
232:
229:24,545 (2022)
228:
226:
222:
219:32,743 (2022)
218:
216:
212:
209:36,104 (2022)
208:
206:
202:
199:41,717 (2022)
198:
196:
192:
189:42,266 (2022)
188:
186:
182:
179:65,022 (2022)
178:
176:
172:
169:76,440 (2020)
168:
166:
162:
159:78,431 (2022)
158:
156:
152:
149:86,143 (2022)
148:
146:
142:
139:94,942 (2022)
138:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
86:
85:United States
82:
78:
76:
72:
67:
62:
57:
53:
48:
39:
30:
19:
6010:
6003:
5979:
5972:
5450:South Africa
5429:
5349:South Asians
5199:South Africa
5007:Singaporeans
4828:Bangladeshis
4782:
4589:
4585:
4565:
4553:
4535:
4531:
4497:
4483:
4469:
4451:
4434:
4426:Bibliography
4411:. Retrieved
4402:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4318:the original
4313:
4303:
4291:. Retrieved
4287:
4264:
4256:
4238:
4227:. Retrieved
4223:the original
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4188:
4179:
4150:. Retrieved
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4109:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4077:the original
4065:
4046:
4040:
4021:
4015:
3988:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3908:
3896:. Retrieved
3886:
3867:
3861:
3828:
3824:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3759:
3740:
3734:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3638:academia.edu
3637:
3627:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3597:, retrieved
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3565:the original
3560:
3550:
3524:. Retrieved
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3478:
3460:
3448:
3440:the original
3435:
3426:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3375:the original
3368:
3355:
3336:
3328:columbia.edu
3327:
3318:
3305:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3264:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:
3229:
3221:the original
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3195:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3161:
3155:
3143:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3062:12 September
3060:. Retrieved
3056:the original
3051:
3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:the original
3021:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2992:
2982:
2967:
2947:
2940:
2932:the original
2927:
2918:
2910:the original
2905:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2881:inquirer.net
2880:
2870:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2835:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2776:. Retrieved
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2706:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:the original
2669:
2661:
2650:Palm, Hugo.
2646:
2631:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2586:
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2573:
2560:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2505:
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2468:. Retrieved
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2393:
2384:
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2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2330:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2303:
2294:
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2278:
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2257:. Retrieved
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2130:
2071:Kuala Lumpur
1962:
1947:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1902:
1894:
1860:
1849:
1826:
1804:
1788:Soviet Union
1781:
1778:
1765:
1761:adding to it
1756:
1724:
1715:La Violencia
1707:
1686:
1675:
1670:, moving to
1661:
1632:
1593:Buenos Aires
1590:
1571:
1552:South Dakota
1544:North Dakota
1504:Pennsylvania
1492:Rhode Island
1409:
1389:
1372:, including
1355:
1329:
1321:
1284:People from
1283:
1274:
1259:
1253:October 2022
1250:
1239:Please help
1234:verification
1231:
1192:
1165:
1147:
1141:
951:
935:World War II
928:
905:
884:
880:
862:
852:
840:Little Tokyo
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424:
377:
354:Meiji period
313:
292:
288:
286:
32:Ethnic group
29:
5895:Generations
5872:New Zealand
5761: [
5748:Netherlands
5671:Philippines
5654:South Korea
5649:North Korea
5560:Mexico City
5377:New Zealand
5344:East Asians
5140:Azerbaijani
5113:Palestinian
5058:Minangkabau
4997:Indonesians
4949:In the Gulf
4853:Sri Lankans
4112:(in German)
3526:23 February
3381:18 December
3150:, p. 8
3022:Japan Probe
2928:Page Nation
2848:7 September
2662:El Comercio
2439:海外在留邦人数調査統計
1981:Los Angeles
1676:Kasato Maru
1663:Kasato Maru
1573:Kasato Maru
1496:Connecticut
785:Philippines
763:Philippines
721:Before 1945
710:imin-kaisha
650:Plaza Dilao
618:Philippines
523:and in the
505:Philippines
433:Terminology
420:assimilated
412:Philippines
388:Philippines
362:territories
350:Philippines
346:descendants
344:(and their
195:South Korea
105:Philippines
5906:immigrants
5801:Micronesia
5741:Düsseldorf
5073:Vietnamese
5002:Malaysians
4848:Pakistanis
4838:Maldivians
4757:Mongolians
4650:NikkeiCity
4324:4 December
4293:4 December
4229:2006-12-21
4202:23 October
4191:Düsseldorf
4152:22 October
4116:21 October
4090:1 December
3772:28 October
3653:"Reviews:
3599:19 October
3201:7 February
3087:16 January
3082:Mofa.go.jp
2886:15 January
2778:2 February
2755:2 February
2686:2 February
2211:References
2113:Gold Coast
1856:Wellington
1837:sugar cane
1607:See also:
1585:See also:
1558:) states.
1480:New Jersey
1448:New Mexico
1432:Washington
1424:California
1420:West Coast
1384:See also:
1350:See also:
1316:See also:
1148:Ennichisai
1133:After 1945
1075:temple on
956:(Southern
877:mung beans
801:Davao City
767:Davao City
759:Davao City
661:Japantowns
476:emigration
255:Micronesia
5987:Japantown
5845:Melbourne
5840:Australia
5833:Elsewhere
5716:Belgium (
5681:Sri Lanka
5676:Singapore
5641:Indonesia
5631:Hong Kong
5582:Venezuela
5501:Argentina
5494:Elsewhere
5467:Caribbean
5372:Australia
5259:Caribbean
5232:Argentina
5180:residence
5063:Moluccans
5033:Filipinos
5016:Ethnicity
4983:Southeast
4944:Malayalis
4884:Gujaratis
4867:Ethnicity
4798:Taiwanese
4793:Ryukyuans
4730:By origin
4717:Overseas
4606:158944843
4521:253466232
4456:Routledge
4394:158944843
4007:1609-9168
3957:134330815
3920:22 August
3898:5 January
3845:0022-1937
3536:cite news
3489:22 August
3288:Halo-Halo
3103:Meiji Era
2107:São Paulo
2041:Melbourne
2029:Hong Kong
2023:Vancouver
2005:Singapore
1768:June 2008
1687:see also
1646:São Paulo
1627:Liberdade
1623:São Paulo
1581:Argentina
1556:Wisconsin
1532:Minnesota
1468:Northeast
1374:Okinawans
1359:received
1326:Caribbean
1125:Manchukuo
1008:Japanese
984:, c. 1656
947:Manchukuo
920:Manchuria
885:halo-halo
873:red beans
855:Halo-halo
818:romanized
616:from the
599:shimamono
565:Indonesia
549:Ayutthaya
533:Majapahit
529:Srivijaya
404:São Paulo
338:emigrants
314:Nikkeijin
215:Singapore
165:Argentina
135:Australia
44:Nikkeijin
6033:Category
5963:Dekasegi
5814:Kiribati
5718:Brussels
5686:Thailand
5661:Malaysia
5619:Shanghai
5567:Paraguay
5550:Colombia
5533:Montreal
5459:Americas
5286:Suriname
5242:Colombia
5220:Israelis
5208:Americas
5130:Armenian
5108:Lebanese
5048:Laotians
5043:Javanese
5023:Acehnese
4924:Saraikis
4914:Punjabis
4909:Pashtuns
4894:Kashmiri
4858:Tibetans
4783:Japanese
4659:Archived
4556:(2001).
4454:London:
4246:Archived
4196:Archived
4161:counted.
4146:Archived
3616:(1998).
3571:15 March
3468:Archived
3344:Archived
3245:23 April
3052:janm.org
2788:cite web
2772:"nikkei"
2655:Archived
2341:9 August
2139:See also
2125:Auckland
2119:Brisbane
2053:San Jose
2035:Honolulu
2031:, 24,205
2007:: 36,797
1993:Shanghai
1891:Dekasegi
1852:Auckland
1696:Colombia
1619:Japanese
1540:Nebraska
1536:Missouri
1528:Michigan
1512:Illinois
1476:New York
1452:Colorado
1213:Americas
1093:Toyohara
958:Sakhalin
954:Karafuto
924:Karafuto
881:mongo-ya
864:kakigori
859:Kakigori
809:Japanese
805:Davaokuo
667:imposed
553:Thailand
507:; early
358:Americas
335:Japanese
318:Japanese
312:) or as
297:Japanese
225:Malaysia
155:Thailand
5793:Oceania
5736:Germany
5701:Vietnam
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5538:Toronto
5506:Bolivia
5485:Jamaica
5365:Oceania
5324:Germany
5279:Marabou
5264:Chinese
5194:Nigeria
5165:Turkish
5150:Israeli
5145:Iranian
5098:Emirati
5028:Burmese
4990:Country
4968:Telugus
4934:Sindhis
4899:Mirpuri
4843:Nepalis
4833:Indians
4823:Afghans
4816:Country
4788:Koreans
4778:Chinese
4745:Central
4732:in Asia
3726:3250857
3706:Bibcode
3592:各国・地域情勢
3436:usc.edu
3418:2752241
3271:24 July
3032:2 March
3003:2 March
2360:mestizo
2101:Seattle
2089:Chicago
2065:Toronto
1987:Bangkok
1925:kitanai
1817:Oceania
1734:ceviche
1516:Indiana
1508:Midwest
1484:Vermont
1444:Arizona
1365:Chiapas
1338:leader
1292:. (see
1203:Jakarta
1180:Siberia
1160:Jakarta
1143:Mikoshi
1127:, 1940s
1109:Taihoku
1077:Etorofu
1028:, 1930s
982:Jakarta
832:
820::
783:in the
688:Kumeric
605:shōguns
590:Spanish
586:Chinese
578:shōguns
525:Visayas
416:Hawaiʻi
364:of the
235:Vietnam
185:Germany
109:120,000
5932:Yonsei
5922:Sansei
5866:France
5852:Hawaii
5782:London
5753:Russia
5724:France
5710:Europe
5691:Turkey
5645:Korea
5555:Mexico
5523:Canada
5511:Brazil
5438:Africa
5329:Sweden
5319:France
5312:Europe
5269:Dougla
5247:Mexico
5237:Brazil
5215:Canada
5187:Africa
5123:Yemeni
5118:Syrian
5053:Malays
4956:Tamils
4874:Baloch
4762:Uzbeks
4752:Kazakh
4719:Asians
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2284:22 May
2259:22 May
2234:22 May
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2157:Yonsei
2153:Sansei
2083:Taipei
2011:Sydney
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1867:Saipan
1740:Europe
1679:'s
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1603:Brazil
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1462:, and
1456:Nevada
1438:) and
1436:Alaska
1428:Oregon
1412:Hawaii
1357:Mexico
1346:Mexico
1304:Canada
1162:(2013)
1156:Blok M
1111:, 1939
1095:, 1937
1079:, 1933
1060:, 1932
1058:Tinian
1044:, 1932
1042:Saipan
1026:Manila
962:Korean
931:Taiwan
916:Taiwan
897:Manila
893:Quiapo
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677:bakufu
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521:Ilocos
517:Manila
492:people
471:yonsei
465:sansei
439:nikkei
408:Paraná
396:Canada
386:, the
382:, the
380:Brazil
293:Nikkei
245:Taiwan
205:France
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5942:Gosei
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5772:Spain
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5729:Paris
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5636:India
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5160:Kurds
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4904:Mizos
4808:South
4675:ハルとナツ
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4413:4 May
4390:S2CID
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3849:JSTOR
3722:JSTOR
3679:JSTOR
3414:JSTOR
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2749:(PDF)
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563:(now
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342:Japan
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5301:Jews
5252:Peru
5154:Jews
5086:West
4919:Roma
4889:Odia
4771:East
4721:and
4635:MOFA
4571:ISBN
4517:OCLC
4509:ISBN
4488:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4460:ISBN
4439:ISBN
4415:2021
4326:2009
4314:Time
4295:2009
4204:2022
4154:2022
4118:2022
4092:2006
4051:ISBN
4026:ISBN
4003:ISSN
3922:2017
3900:2024
3872:ISBN
3841:ISSN
3774:2014
3745:ISBN
3601:2009
3573:2007
3542:link
3528:2007
3491:2017
3383:2006
3296:ISBN
3273:2019
3247:2019
3203:2021
3089:2018
3064:2011
3034:2014
3005:2014
2953:ISBN
2888:2022
2850:2023
2794:link
2780:2007
2757:2007
2724:2016
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2688:2007
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1927:and
1905:jobs
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