360:. These first Japanese communities mostly consisted of farm workers and other laborers. Japanese authorities were interested in creating a coffee plantation in Chiapas, for export to Japan. They established the Sociedad Colonizadora Japón-México to recruit Japanese farmers to migrate with government support to obtain land. Others went without government assistance and were called “free emigrants” able to buy land without obligation to the Japanese government. However, economic conditions in Chiapas forced many immigrants to abandon their contracts with the Japanese government and, under the leadership of Terui Ryojiro, instead formed a new organization called the Sociedad Cooperativa Nichiboku Kyodo Gaisha which allowed them to diversify their economic activities. The very first settlement was based on coffee production but failed for various reasons including the fact that not all of the colonists were farmers and many became sick with tropical diseases. Many from this colony dispersed but there remains a small Japanese community in
423:. Most worked in fishing and agriculture followed by non-professional workers, commerce, professionals and technicians. Up until the war, the treatment of Japanese in the country and their descendants had been favorable, very different than the treatment of Chinese in the country, which suffered discrimination and even expulsion in the early 20th century. The Japanese were relatively free from discrimination in Mexico, unlike the United States, Brazil and other countries in the Americas. One reason for this is that the Japanese population was not as prominent as the Chinese one in numbers and the work that they did, which included the construction of factories, bridges and other infrastructure was viewed favorably. The Japanese were not considered to be foreign exploiters, rather partners in Mexico's development because of their technical skills in fields such as medicine and engineering.
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316:. They were of diverse origins, including Japanese, Koreans, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China. Filipinos made up most of their population. The people in this community of diverse Asians in Mexico was called "los indios chinos" by the Spanish. Most of these slaves were male and were obtained from Portuguese slave traders who obtained them from Portuguese colonial possessions and outposts of the
682:, painters Tamiji and Tawaja and Luis Nishizawa. Tanetoshi Kirawawa founded one of the most successful Japanese businesses in Mexico, and is also known for his philanthropic work such as the publication of books and magazines about Japan including Japónica and the creation of institutions such as Liceo Mexicano-Japonés, with teaches both Japanese and Mexican children, as well as the Japan study program of the Colegio de la Frontera Norte.
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Japanese community in Mexico. Most of these were in Baja
California where the economic development was greatest. A number of other Japanese came to the country illegally from the United States, after being rejected by this country, coming to Mexico hoping to enter the U.S. again. These were mostly concentrated in the north of Mexico and those who could not re-enter the United States stayed in Mexico permanently.
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from the same prefecture). However, before the war, there was no nationwide
Japanese immigrant organization similar to those in the United States. The closest organization to this function was the “kyoeikai” which arose in response to the displacement of Japanese during WWII, especially in Mexico City. Later, the leaders of these organizations would form the Asociación México Japonesa, which remains today.
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477:. It is estimated that about 1,100 people moved to Mexico City and Guadalajara alone. The Japanese community worked to buy properties to house the displaced including the former Temixco Hacienda near Cuernavaca which allowed the Japanese there to grow crops and live semi-independently. The fear of Japanese-Mexicans faded during the war, with some allowed to go back home before 1945 and the rest after.
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324:, where owning a Chino slave showed high status. Records of three Japanese slaves dating from the 16th century, named Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel and Ventura who ended up in Mexico showed that they were purchased by Portuguese slave traders in Japan, brought to Manila from where they were shipped to Mexico by their owner Perez. Some of these Asian slaves were also brought to
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involved in this were
Kumamoto, Toyo and Tairiku Shokumin Kaisha which did business in mining and agriculture. The three companies sent a total of 530 people to Mexico between 1904 and 1907. However, many of the immigrants could not do the hard labor of the mines and sugar cane fields, prompting them to abandon their contracts, heading to California or even
1732:"Versión estenográfica de las palabras del presidente Ernesto Zedillo, durante la ceremonia en la que declaró inaugurados los festejos de la celebración del Primer Centenario de la Migración Japonesa a México, hoy en la tarde, en la Asociación México-Japonesa, ubicada en la calle Fujiyama No. 144, colonia Las Aguilas, de esta ciudad. 12 de mayo de 1997"
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number of cases, this proved impossible as people created new lives in the central states and/or they lost farming land and/or water rights to the unscrupulous. Those most able to return to their old life were the fishermen of the
Ensenada area. This treatment of the Japanese is not in most accounts of Mexican history and is not taught in schools.
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Japanese nationals in the country, the overwhelming majority men, although other studies put the number higher, as many as over 6,000. Even with the 6,000 figure, it pales against the number of
Japanese in other countries in the Americas at the time such as the United States (285,000), Brazil (205,000), Canada (22,000) and Peru (18,000) .
1734:[Stenographic versión of the words of President Ernesto Zedillo during the ceremony to open the celebration of the First Century of Japanese Immigration to Mexico, today at the Asociación México-Japonesa, located at Fujiyama Street 144 Colonia Las Aguilas in this city May 12, 1997] (in Spanish). Mexico: Government of Mexico
746:, the city is home to the first colonial settlement of Japanese immigrants who tried to start their own colony. Since its inception, the city is still home to long practiced Japanese customs and people of Japanese descent. Prominent Japanese people have also visited the town including the Japanese prince.
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In the first decade of the 20th century, a large number of
Japanese immigrants came as workers contracted to companies doing business in the country which needed skilled labor. This was first in the mining and sugar cane industries and later in construction and railroads. The main Japanese companies
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Most of the immigration to Mexico occurred from 1900 to the beginning of World War II. Many of the immigrants in the first half of the 20th century were skilled laborers or illegal immigrants. Mexico Japan relations were superficial in the latter 19th to mid 20th century but immigrants to Mexico had
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near the U.S. border. There are still scattered communities of
Japanese descendants from the first half of the 20th century in other areas. In addition to the Asociación México Japonesa, there are some regional Japanese associations such as the Asociación Japonesa del Sur de Veracruz established in
508:
Since
Japanese immigration began, it was a small and dispersed phenomenon, with few to no formal policies or support to Japanese immigrants. Shortly before the war, many Japanese in Mexico began to form associations called “nijonjinkai” (Japanese associations) or “kenjinkai” (associations of people
415:
attracted
Japanese immigrants, legal and illegal. The number of Japanese by 1940 was about 300, most of whom worked in farming and fishing. Japanese fishing enterprises included the capture of lobster and mollusks. A significant portion of Japanese agricultural production was exported to the United
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There has been one notable influx of
Japanese into Mexico since 1978, which is young artists from Japan who have settled mostly in Mexico City. They have come because they have found it easier to develop their careers in Mexico, as the art market in Japan is very small and very hard to break into.
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One consequence of the war was that it caused many Japan-born to remain in Mexico, even if they had plans to one day return to Japan. The main reason for this was that the war completely destroyed the old Japan, and what they knew no longer existed. After the war, there was a strong division among
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Japanese immigration halted by World War II to near zero, and those who were in the country were faced with restrictions and relocation after Mexico broke diplomatic ties with Japan in 1941. Japanese nationals and even those with naturalized Mexican citizenship were forced to move from areas along
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In Chiapas where the earliest Japanese immigration occurred in the prior century, intermarriage was common, breaking down ethnic barriers. This has led to the end of a distinct Japanese population in the state, leaving only family names as a reminder. The official census of 1940s counts only 1,550
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After the end of the war, Japanese immigration to Mexico began again. From 1951 to 1978, this immigration was associated with Japan's economic growth, giving it money to invest abroad. From the 1950s to the present, over three hundred Japanese enterprises have established themselves in Mexico and
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the Japanese-Mexican community as to whether Japan had really lost the war, (with about ten percent refusing to believe Japan could lose). However, the division was enough to keep the Japanese-Mexicans from seeking restitution from the Mexican government or promote the memory of the displacement.
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In 1908, Japan and Mexico informally agreed to end immigration by contract, but “free” immigrants continued to come. From 1914 to 1938, another 291 people immigrated to Mexico from Japan. Legal skilled laborers after 1917 often worked in the health fields, along with those Japanese invited by the
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Mexico was one of a number of countries to take this action, but in the end only about 3,500 people were affected as opposed to 120,000 in the United States. With some exceptions, those forcibly relocated were allowed to return after the war and retake possession of their property. However, in a
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In 1997, descendants of Japanese immigrants celebrated a century of Japanese immigration into Mexico, with an estimated 30,000 people of Japanese nationality or ethnicity living in Mexico. Despite the immigration starting in the latter 19th century, it never reached the numbers it did in other
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Mexico was the first country to recognize Japanese sovereignty after the end of its isolation, signing a treaty with it in 1888 to allow citizens of both countries the ability to travel to the other and establishing consulates. Mexico was the first Latin American country to receive Japanese
2240:(MEXT). Retrieved on February 13, 2015. "c/o Secundaria y Preparatoria Femenil Colinas de San Jaier (コリナス・サン・ハビエール女子校内) Paseo del Prado 1210 Lomas del Valle,45129 Zapopan Jalisco MEXICO" and "サンサルバドル Escuela Japonesa en San Salvador Calle La Reforma #169, Colonia San Benito, San Salvador"
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the Pacific coast such as Baja California, Sinaloa and Chiapas inland, with some forced into exile to Japan. The goal was to keep the Japanese in Mexico away from ports and from Mexico's border with the United States so that they could not be used as a “
2276:. Colegio Japones de Guadalajara A.C. Retrieved on April 2, 2015. "Colegio Japones de Guadalajara, A.C. C/O Escuela Primaria "Antonio Caso", Av. Montevideo No. 3301, Acueducto-Providencia Sec Hidalgo, Guadalajara, Jalisco C.P. 44630 Mexico"
2257:. Retrieved on January 11, 2018. "（連絡先） OFFICINA#61 APARTADO POSTAL 157 GUADALAJARA JALISCO 44630,MEXICO （学校所在地） c/o Escuela Primaria Antonio Caso AV,Montevideo No.3301 Acueducto-Providencia Sector Hidalgo Guadalajara,Jalisco44630 Mexico"
928:. Colegio Japones de Guadalajara is held at Secundaria y Preparatoria Femenil Colinas de San Javier. Formerly it had its classes held at the Escuela Primaria "Antonio Caso" in Guadalajara. Asociacion Regiomontana was previously based in
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There has been little research into this ethnic group in Mexico. The main researcher is María Elena Ota Mishima who has written various works on the topic, including the book Siete Migraciones Japoneses en México 1890–1978.
266:, traveling through New Spain (arriving in Acapulco and departing from Veracruz) and visiting various ports of call in Europe. Although the final destination was not Mexico, this mission is viewed as the beginning of
732:, while there is no specific area with a Japanese diaspora, there are many Japanese and Japanese descent people that live in the city. The city has schools mainly for Japanese Mexicans with the part-time school
343:
The history of modern Japanese migration begins near the end of the 19th century. In 1868, Japanese isolation from the world was broken which prompted large scale social and economic upheaval, with the
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countries such as the United States and Brazil. Japanese immigrant influence is strongest in Baja California, and can be seen in both the last names of many of its residents and the operators of
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and other areas in the interior until the war was over. After the war, immigration began again, mostly due to Japanese companies investing in Mexico and sending over skilled employees.
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2293:. October 29, 2000. Retrieved on January 11, 2017. "ポルト・アレグレ 休 校 中 サルバドール 休 校 中 " and "モンテレー ASOCIACION REGIOMONTANA DE LENGUA JAPONESA BLVD.PARQUE INDUSTRIAL 502,APODACA,N.L.MEXICO"
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held an exhibition called Selva de cristal: artistas japoneses en México to promote the work of artists from Japan and Japanese descent in Mexico. Artists represented included
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Immigration halted during World War II and many Japanese nationals and even some naturalized Mexican citizens of Japanese origin were forced to relocate from communities in
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1652:[Japanese immigration to Ensenada during the first half of the 20th century] (in Spanish). Tijuana: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Archived from
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are Mexicans of Japanese ancestry. Organized Japanese immigration to Mexico occurred in the 1890s with the foundation of a coffee-growing colony in the state of
2398:
752:, while not as prominent as other regions, the Japanese community in Guadalajara is steadily increasing and growing thanks in part to its geographical location.
1474:. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
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greatly increased the Japanese presence. As a result, branches of Japanese banks as well as the first Japanese consulate-general in Mexico have opened in
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Japan is Mexico's third largest trading partner. These companies brought highly skilled workers into the country, usually on two-year renewable visas.
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1327:(in Spanish) (Núm. 1). Encuentro de Mexicanistas 2010 (La esclavitud asiática en el virreinato de la Nueva España, 1565-1673): 2. Archived from
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As a result of Japanese investment in automotive and associated industries, there has been a significant influx of Japanese immigrants to the
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2151:." Liceo Mexicano Japonés. Retrieved on January 21, 2014. "Camino a Santa Teresa No.1500, Col. Jardines del Pedregal C.P. 01900 México D.F."
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348:. These emigrants included those from Okinawa, who fled oppression by the Japanese government after the island was taken over in 1878.
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More people in Mexico visit museums than in Japan and the range of artistic styles is much less restricted in Mexico. In 2011, the
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Before WWII, the highest concentrations of Japanese and Japanese descent were in Baja California, followed by Mexico City and
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La guerra contra los japoneses en México durante la segunda guerra mundial: Kiso Tsuro y Masao Imuro, migrantes vigilados
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Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe
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2181:. Retrieved on May 10, 2014. "Avenida del Lago 161, Jardines del Parque, Aguascalientes, AGS, C.P.20276, Mexico"
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894:. As of 2013 it has 59 primary school students and 13 junior high school students for a total of 72 students.
555:
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445:'s personal medical squadron in the Northern Division. He would later fall in love and marry a Mexican woman.
2377:). Annals, Nagasaki Wesleyan Junior College Research Institute of Regional Area Study 5, 39–48, 1998-03-31.
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332:, where there was a small community of Asians made out of Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, Malays, and others.
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Watanabe, Chizuko. "The Japanese Immigrant Community in Mexico Its History and Present" (Master's Thesis),
1168:. Vol. 4 of Studien zur "Neuen Welt" (illustrated ed.). Königshausen & Neumann. p. 100.
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Note: Religious classification is for Mexicans of Japanese descent and does not include recent immigrants.
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by Selfa A. Chew is based on the oral histories of Japanese Mexicans in the middle of the 20th century.
199:. Although this initiative failed, it was followed by greater immigration from 1900 to the beginning of
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have their children move to Mexico City and live with their relatives so they can attend this school.
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area took place between 1920 and 1940 with only two known Japanese residents before that. Ensenada,
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2733:
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1782:[An Uncomfortable Presence: The Japanese Community of Mexico during the Second World War]
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immigrants in 1897, with the first thirty five arriving to Chiapas under the auspices of Viscount
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States and even led to a Japanese-owned chili pepper dehydration facility for the same purpose.
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3462:
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1690:[Okinawan immigration to the south of Veracruz at the beginning of the 20th century]
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Locations of Japanese international schools, day and supplementary, in Mexico recognized by
396:. During this time period, the number of people of Japanese background went down in Mexico.
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320:, which included parts of India, Bengal, Malacca, Indonesia, Nagasaki in Japan, and Macau.
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2102:"La increíble historia de cómo inmigrantes japoneses fundaron su propia colonia en México"
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Japanese were among the Asian slaves who were shipped from the Spanish Philippines in the
8:
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2414:(日本人メキシコ移住史; "The History of the Japanese Immigrants in Mexico"). 日本人メキシコ移住史編纂委員会, 1971.
2402:
1975:
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1780:"Una Presencia Incómoda: La Colonia Japonesa de México Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial"
781:
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2305:"THROUGH THE FIRE: Japanese Mexicans — Our Little-Known Relatives 'South of the Border'"
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2919:
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1604:[Japanese immigrants in Mexico: the trajectory of the research of Ota Mishima]
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1540:. Andrew Gordon, Alexander Keyssar, Daniel James. Duke University Press. p. 200.
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1954:
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Uprooting Community: Japanese Mexicans, World War II, and the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands
1890:
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1698:(in Spanish). Asociación Latinoamericana de Estudios de Asia y África. Archived from
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favorable treatment, as Mexico needed additional workers for modernization efforts.
364:. However, its establishment marks the first Japanese immigration to Latin America.
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698:, which has seen a 400% increase in Japanese residents since 2013. The opening of
357:
289:. A fight occurred in 1614 in which a Japanese samurai stabbed a Spanish soldier,
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In the years 1613 through 1620, several diplomatic missions occurred on behalf of
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nobleman. Some of Tsunega's delegation would stay and marry the local Mexicans.
86:
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1602:"Migrantes japoneses en México: la trayectoria de investigación de Ota Mishima"
1073:"The Unknown Story of the Samurai Who Traveled to Mexico Hundreds of Years Ago"
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Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions, Volume 1
961:
2382:
1413:"Records show Japanese slaves crossed the Pacific to Mexico in 16th century"
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The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847-1874
925:
469:. Most went to Mexico City and Guadalajara but there were concentrations in
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1688:"Migración okinawense al sur de Veracruz, México, principios del siglo XX"
1650:"La inmigración japonesa a Ensenada durante la primera mitad del siglo XX"
1263:"El alcalde de los chinos en la provincia de Colima durante el siglo xvii"
1234:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 27.
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1856:"Internment of Japanese and Japanese Latin Americans During World War II"
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2349:"ON THE CENTENNIAL OF THE ARRIVAL OF Mexico's First Japanese Immigrants"
1048:"Colonia japonesa en México visita Guadalupe en 54º peregrinación anual"
493:
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and later a documentary photographer of Tijuana. Nonaka was the head of
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2405:). pp 87–119. Mexico DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
1292:"La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673"
695:
672:
547: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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470:
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1318:"Ideas centrales en torno a la esclavitud asiática en la Nueva España"
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1444:"To Mexico in Chains: The Tale of Three 16th Century Japanese Slaves"
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2002:"Japanese Population Grows 400% in Guanajuato - Mexico News Network"
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and the Asociacion Regiomontana de Lengua Japonesa A.C. (モンテレー補習授業校
522:
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1976:"México, espacio libre de creación para artistas japoneses: Hagino"
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Teaching Japanese Language in Mexico by Japanese Mexican Community
2333:
The Japanese Immigrant Community in Mexico Its History and Present
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Japanese nationals were forced to move to interior cities such as
335:
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Instituto de intercambio cultural México-Japonés A.C. (Nichiboku)
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Falck Reyes, Melba Eugenia; Palacios Mora, Héctor (1 May 2014).
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Notable Japanese and Japanese-Mexicans include theater promoter
254:, the samurai who led the Japanese delegation to Mexico in 1613.
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1272:(in Spanish) (Núm. 1). Ciesas Occidente: 95–116. Archived from
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703:
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122:
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2369:) (Department of English, Nagasaki Wesleyan Junior College). "
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
2221:
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium
1507:. Fernando Iwasaki. University of Arizona Press. p. 134.
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4. 在留邦人数 10,143名（2022年10月現在）（外務省 海外在留邦人数調査統計） 5. 日系人数 7万6千名以上
711:
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1978:[Mexico, free creation space for Japanese artists].
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Enomoto Takeaki, founder of the Japanese colony in Chiapas
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1860:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
1788:
Estudio de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México
1380:
The Yomiuri Shimbun/Asia News Network (14 May 2013).
322:
Spain received some of these Chino slaves from Mexico
3126:
951:
513:
Mexicans of Japanese descent and current immigration
312:. These slaves were all called "Chino", which meant
72:
Japanese nationals residing in Mexico (October 2022)
1500:
1132:
2302:
867:. As of 1983 some Nikkei families living in other
2373:" (<一般論文>メキシコの日本語教育事情 : 日系社会の日本語教育事情,
2346:
2027:"In Mexico, auto boom fuels Japanese culture mix"
1855:
1685:
1382:"Japanese slaves taken to Mexico in 16th century"
1194:
685:
3966:
1973:
1227:
1504:The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru
1315:
1161:
293:. This was witnessed and recorded by historian
274:, who was accompanied by more than one hundred
2192:Visita a la Escuela Japonesa de Aguascalientes
1777:
1467:
1352:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
1105:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
725:Other centers of Japanese population include:
3112:
2475:
2119:[The first Japanese in Guadalajara].
2077:"Japanese Bank opens an office in Guanajuato"
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1468:Leslie Bethell (1984). Leslie Bethell (ed.).
2154:
1533:
1349:. In Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
1102:. In Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
1016:[United Mexican States Basic Data].
3955:Originated in what is now the United States
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
356:, with the permission of Mexican president
3119:
3105:
2482:
2468:
2341:California State University at Los Angeles
2162:California State University at Los Angeles
1773:
1771:
1769:
1717:
1137:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p.
1006:
1004:
403:Significant Japanese immigration into the
383:Japanese immigrant workers at the mine of
346:Japanese government encouraging emigration
203:. However, it never reached the levels of
43:
2279:
2132:
1823:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1231:Class and Race Formation in North America
607:Learn how and when to remove this message
2052:"Japoneses hacen de Guanajuato su hogar"
1967:
1668:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1040:
760:
647:
618:
492:
429:
378:
334:
246:
2391:Galindo, Sergio Hernández (May 2008). "
2117:"Los primeros japoneses en Guadalajara"
1946:
1261:Claudia Paulina Machuca Chávez (2009).
1001:
370:
3967:
2394:La guerra interna contra los japoneses
1974:Merry MacMasters (February 13, 2011).
1868:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.451
1746:
1624:
1471:The Cambridge History of Latin America
1410:
1305:(núm. 1). El Colegio de México: 20–21.
799:
3100:
2463:
2226:
1915:
1913:
1849:
1847:
1778:Francis Peddie (July–December 2006).
1696:XIII Congreso Internacional de ALADAA
1599:
1560:
1392:from the original on 18 February 2015
1344:
1097:
278:and merchants; as well as twenty-two
182:
1982:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2
1919:
1853:
1441:
1013:メキシコ合衆国（United Mexican States） 基礎データ
545:adding citations to reliable sources
516:
77:Regions with significant populations
1648:Antonieta Kiyoko Nishikawa Aceves.
1019:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
815:
738:Instituto Cultural Mexicano-Japonés
694:. The largest increase has been in
488:
13:
3980:Mexican people of Japanese descent
2325:
2223:(MEXT). Retrieved on May 10, 2014.
2179:Escuela Japonesa de Aguascalientes
1947:Galindo, Sergio Hernández (2011).
1910:
1844:
876:Escuela Japonesa de Aguascalientes
14:
4006:
2422:
2303:Kao, Mary Uyematsu (2016-12-29).
1201:. Arnold J Meagher. p. 194.
1133:María Herrera-Sobek, ed. (2012).
984:Japanese community of Mexico City
831:
3936:
3128:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico
2491:
1830:. University of Illinois Press.
1290:Déborah Oropeza Keresey (2011).
968:
954:
830:
814:
798:
780:
773:
521:
242:
49:Teenagers of Japanese origin in
2296:
2260:
2243:
2205:
2202:. Retrieved on October 1, 2013.
2184:
2167:
2141:
2121:México y la Cuenca del Pacífico
2108:
2094:
2069:
2044:
2019:
1994:
1940:
1926:. University of Arizona Press.
1817:
1527:
1494:
1461:
1435:
1404:
1373:
1338:
1309:
1283:
1026:from the original on 2022-11-02
900:include the Colegio Japones de
880:Aguasukarientesu Nihonjin Gakkō
532:needs additional citations for
2877:Federated States of Micronesia
2291:Japanese Ministry of Education
1442:Phro, Preston (May 15, 2013).
1254:
1221:
1188:
1155:
1126:
1091:
1065:
686:Centers of Japanese population
454:” by the Japanese government.
437:was a combat medic during the
67:Mexicans of Japanese descent
1:
3049:The Japanese in Latin America
1920:Chew, Selfa A. (2015-10-22).
1854:Chew, Selfa A. (2018-07-30),
1827:The Japanese in Latin America
1824:Masterson, Daniel M. (2004).
1790:. Mexico City: UNAM: 73–101.
1162:Wolfgang Binder, ed. (1993).
994:
935:
661:Museo Universitario del Chopo
627:with two of her works at the
297:, who was the grandson of an
3952:Primarily arrived via Canada
2440:Los que llegaron - Japoneses
2401:). Dimensión Antropológica (
2379:Nagasaki Wesleyan University
1501:Ignacio López-Calvo (2013).
1411:Torres, Ida (May 14, 2013).
756:
7:
3985:Japanese diaspora in Mexico
2416:See profile at Google Books
1612:(in Spanish). Mexico: ITESM
1345:Slack, Edward R Jr (2010).
1098:Slack, Edward R Jr (2010).
1022:(in Japanese). 2021-06-03.
947:
10:
4011:
2456:- Guadalajara organization
2412:Nihon-jin mekishiko ijūshi
1195:Arnold J. Meagher (2008).
906:Guadarahara Hoshū Jugyō Kō
898:Part-time Japanese schools
237:
3931:
3831:
3760:
3674:
3578:
3569:
3505:
3354:
3304:
3186:
3168:
3152:
3145:
3134:
3023:
2962:
2900:
2867:
2860:
2777:
2692:Japanese orphans in China
2674:
2561:
2533:
2526:
2505:
2234:中南米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）
2213:中南米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）
2200:La Jornada Aguascalientes
1228:James W. Russell (2009).
405:Ensenada, Baja California
180:
172:
167:
149:
144:
133:
128:
81:
76:
62:
57:
42:
27:
16:Ethnic minority in Mexico
3975:Asian diaspora in Mexico
3579:More than 100,000 people
3306:From South and East Asia
2500:and Japanese expatriates
2365:Katashima, Yasuo (片島 康夫
2056:Elsoldessalamanca.com.mx
1355:(illustrated ed.).
1316:Déborah Oropeza (2009).
1108:(illustrated ed.).
1012:
884:overseas Japanese school
306:Manila-Acapulco galleons
3990:Ethnic groups in Mexico
3832:Fewer than 1,000 people
3170:From Sub-Saharan Africa
3042:The Japanese and Europe
2347:Zavala, Alfredo Román.
1686:Emma Mendoza Martinez.
1165:Slavery in the Americas
736:, and the adult school
3073:Looking Like the Enemy
2429:Mexico-tagged articles
2134:10.32870/mycp.v3i7.459
1600:Terui, Megumi (2005).
989:Japan–Mexico relations
922:San Pedro Garza García
918:Monterē Hoshū Jugyō Kō
861:Liceo Mexicano Japonés
768:
655:
632:
501:
446:
388:
387:, Sonora in the 1910s.
340:
268:Japan–Mexico relations
255:
3995:Immigration to Mexico
3675:20,000–100,000 people
3080:New Worlds, New Lives
3036:Foreign-born Japanese
2006:Mexiconewsnetwork.com
1953:(in Spanish). Itaca.
1534:Dirk Hoerder (2002).
1347:"Sinifying New Spain"
1100:"Sinifying New Spain"
764:
651:
622:
496:
433:
382:
338:
250:
168:Related ethnic groups
2764:United Arab Emirates
2660:By state and/or city
2331:Watanabe, Chizuko. "
848:class=notpageimage|
671:, Kyuichi Yahai and
667:, Kiyoshi Takahasi,
541:improve this article
371:1900 to World War II
205:Japanese immigration
3761:1,000–20,000 people
2104:. 14 December 2021.
744:Acacoyagua, Chiapas
556:"Japanese Mexicans"
362:Acacoyagua, Chiapas
276:Japanese Christians
270:. They were led by
35:Nikkei Mekishikojin
30:mexicanos japoneses
24:
2548:Dominican Republic
2272:2015-04-02 at the
1423:on 31 January 2016
1079:. 10 February 2020
904:A.C. (グアダラハラ補習授業校
769:
656:
633:
502:
447:
439:Mexican Revolution
389:
341:
291:Sebastián Vizcaíno
272:Hasekura Tsunenaga
256:
252:Hasekura Tsunenaga
175:Japanese diasporas
22:
3962:
3961:
3943:Mexico portal
3927:
3926:
3565:
3564:
3506:From Western Asia
3187:From the Americas
3094:
3093:
3004:fourth generation
2984:second generation
2958:
2957:
2826:Sakhalin Japanese
2670:
2669:
2498:Japanese diaspora
2452:(グアダラハラ日墨文化交流学院)
2031:Uk.news.yahoo.com
1960:978-607-7957-21-8
1933:978-0-8165-3185-1
1877:978-0-19-936643-9
1837:978-0-252-07144-7
1705:on March 16, 2014
1656:on March 21, 2007
1417:Japan Daily Press
1325:Historia Mexicana
1299:Historia Mexicana
1270:Letras Históricas
878:(アグアスカリエンテス日本人学校
874:In addition, the
840:
824:
808:
792:
617:
616:
609:
591:
230:, and Chiapas to
193:Japanese Mexicans
190:
189:
152:Roman Catholicism
23:Japanese Mexicans
4002:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3773:Chichimeca Jonaz
3576:
3575:
3508:and North Africa
3150:
3149:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3024:Related articles
3014:fifth generation
2994:third generation
2945:Papua New Guinea
2887:Marshall Islands
2865:
2864:
2834:
2596:British Columbia
2531:
2530:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2410:
2390:
2364:
2359:
2356:Voices of Mexico
2353:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2264:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1805:on March 4, 2016
1804:
1798:. Archived from
1785:
1775:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1693:
1683:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1645:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1419:. Archived from
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1008:
978:
973:
972:
971:
964:
959:
958:
957:
942:Mudas las Garzas
838:
834:
833:
822:
818:
817:
806:
802:
801:
788:
784:
777:
625:Fumiko Nakashima
623:Japanese artist
612:
605:
601:
598:
592:
590:
549:
525:
517:
489:Post war to 1978
185:
58:Total population
47:
25:
21:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3937:
3935:
3923:
3827:
3756:
3670:
3561:
3507:
3501:
3350:
3300:
3182:
3164:
3141:
3130:
3125:
3095:
3090:
3019:
2954:
2950:Solomon Islands
2896:
2856:
2828:
2773:
2666:
2557:
2522:
2501:
2490:
2488:
2453:
2434:Discover Nikkei
2425:
2408:
2388:
2367:Katashima Yasuo
2362:
2351:
2337:Master's thesis
2328:
2326:Further reading
2323:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2280:
2274:Wayback Machine
2265:
2261:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2210:
2206:
2189:
2185:
2172:
2168:
2164:, 1983. p. 150.
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2081:Mexico Industry
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1918:
1911:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1783:
1776:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1691:
1684:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1646:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1002:
997:
974:
969:
967:
960:
955:
953:
950:
938:
857:
856:
855:
850:
844:
843:
842:
841:
835:
827:
826:
825:
819:
811:
810:
809:
803:
795:
794:
793:
785:
759:
688:
669:Carlos Nakatani
613:
602:
596:
593:
550:
548:
538:
526:
515:
500:Mexican artist.
491:
373:
367:
354:Enomoto Takeaki
318:Estado da India
287:Tokugawa Ieyasu
245:
240:
224:Baja California
181:
155:
135:Mexican Spanish
107:State of Mexico
99:Baja California
68:
53:
38:
32:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4008:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3919:Tohono Oʼodham
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3146:Non-Amerindian
3143:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3086:Nihonjin gakkō
3083:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3060:Hoshū jugyō kō
3057:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2845:United Kingdom
2842:
2837:
2836:
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2587:
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2584:São Paulo City
2576:
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2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
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2507:
2503:
2502:
2487:
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2472:
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2447:
2437:
2424:
2423:External links
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2183:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2123:(in Spanish).
2107:
2093:
2068:
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2018:
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1966:
1959:
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1932:
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1514:978-0816599875
1513:
1493:
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1448:Rocket News 24
1434:
1403:
1372:
1366:978-9004182134
1365:
1359:. p. 13.
1337:
1334:on 2014-04-07.
1308:
1301:(in Spanish).
1282:
1279:on 2014-04-07.
1253:
1241:978-0802096784
1240:
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1208:978-1436309431
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892:Aguascalientes
888:Aguascalientes
869:Mexican states
863:is located in
846:
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837:
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807:Aguascalientes
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772:
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687:
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665:Luis Nishizawa
631:in Mexico City
629:Garros Galería
615:
614:
529:
527:
520:
514:
511:
498:Luis Nishizawa
490:
487:
372:
369:
244:
241:
239:
236:
188:
187:
178:
177:
170:
169:
165:
164:
150:Predominantly
147:
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141:
131:
130:
126:
125:
79:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
55:
54:
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3404:
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3209:
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3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
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3001:
2998:
2993:
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2988:
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2968:
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2961:
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2943:
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2932:
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2930:New Caledonia
2928:
2924:United States
2923:
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2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
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2805:
2802:
2798:
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2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:United States
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2409:(in Japanese)
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:(in Japanese)
2361:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2127:(7): 89–123.
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1892:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
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1632:
1630:
1628:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1594:
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1590:
1588:
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1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
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1549:
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1538:
1530:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1053:
1052:Aciprensa.com
1049:
1043:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1000:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
966:
963:
962:Mexico portal
952:
945:
943:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
854:
849:
791:
783:
776:
767:
763:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
735:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
683:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
630:
626:
621:
611:
608:
600:
589:
586:
582:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
561:
558: –
557:
553:
552:Find sources:
546:
542:
536:
535:
530:This section
528:
524:
519:
518:
510:
506:
499:
495:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
422:
417:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
395:
386:
381:
377:
368:
365:
363:
359:
358:Porfirio Díaz
355:
349:
347:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
249:
243:Early history
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
217:United States
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
184:
179:
176:
171:
166:
163:
159:
153:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
71:
66:
61:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
31:
26:
3692:Chontal Maya
3661:Yucatec Maya
3463:Scandinavian
3328:
3136:
3078:
3071:
3047:
3040:
2622:
2518:South Africa
2454:(in Spanish)
2446:(in Spanish)
2432:
2411:
2393:
2389:(in Spanish)
2366:
2355:
2312:. Retrieved
2298:
2281:
2262:
2245:
2228:
2207:
2199:
2186:
2178:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1969:
1949:
1942:
1922:
1881:, retrieved
1859:
1826:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1787:
1736:. Retrieved
1707:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1695:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1614:. Retrieved
1609:
1551:. Retrieved
1536:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1503:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1470:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1416:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1386:Asiaone News
1385:
1375:
1350:
1340:
1329:the original
1324:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1274:the original
1269:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1230:
1223:
1212:. Retrieved
1197:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1164:
1157:
1134:
1128:
1103:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1034:
1028:. Retrieved
1017:
976:Japan portal
941:
939:
917:
905:
896:
879:
875:
873:
858:
737:
733:
724:
692:Bajío region
689:
677:
657:
653:Ayako Hamada
643:
638:maquiladoras
634:
603:
594:
584:
577:
570:
563:
551:
539:Please help
534:verification
531:
507:
503:
483:
479:
456:
452:fifth column
448:
443:Pancho Villa
435:Kingo Nonaka
425:
418:
402:
398:
390:
374:
366:
350:
342:
303:
257:
221:
201:World War II
192:
191:
183:
87:Bajío Region
69:
64:
34:
29:
19:Ethnic group
3894:Motozintlec
3525:Palestinian
3356:From Europe
3334:Mexico City
3241:Costa Rican
2963:Generations
2940:New Zealand
2829: [
2816:Netherlands
2739:Philippines
2722:South Korea
2717:North Korea
2628:Mexico City
2309:Rafu Shimpo
2287:中南米の補習授業校一覧
2251:中南米の補習授業校一覧
1057:20 February
902:Guadalajara
865:Mexico City
823:Guadalajara
790:Mexico City
766:Eizi Matuda
750:Guadalajara
734:Chuo Gakuen
730:Mexico City
463:Guadalajara
295:Chimalpahin
232:Mexico City
83:Mexico City
3969:Categories
3813:Qʼanjobʼal
3793:Mexicanero
3571:Amerindian
3448:Portuguese
3296:Venezuelan
3286:Salvadoran
3276:Nicaraguan
3261:Guatemalan
3256:Ecuadorian
2974:immigrants
2869:Micronesia
2809:Düsseldorf
2444:Canal Once
2314:2019-06-22
1980:La Jornada
1900:|url=
1883:2024-02-05
1553:2014-02-02
1547:0822384078
1520:2014-02-02
1487:2014-02-02
1481:0521245168
1247:2014-02-02
1214:2014-02-02
1181:2014-02-02
1175:3884797131
1030:2024-06-15
995:References
936:Literature
926:Nuevo León
706:plants in
696:Guanajuato
673:Kiyoto Ota
597:March 2023
567:newspapers
471:Guanajuato
467:Cuernavaca
282:under the
3864:Kaqchikel
3839:Aguacatec
3808:Pima Bajo
3737:Tojolabal
3631:Purépecha
3586:Chinantec
3497:Ukrainian
3468:Norwegian
3428:Hungarian
3416:Mennonite
3386:Bulgarian
3291:Uruguayan
3251:Dominican
3236:Colombian
3221:Brazilian
3211:Argentine
3055:Japantown
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2267:Home page
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129:Languages
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1390:Archived
1083:19 April
1024:Archived
948:See also
940:A novel
886:, is in
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2217:Archive
2196:Archive
1986:July 5,
1902:value (
1809:July 5,
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280:samurai
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262:to the
238:History
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215:or the
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