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such by a scholar of
Japanese garden history, Wybe Kuitert in 1988. This was well before scholars jumped on the bandwagon in the 1990s to deconstruct the promotion and reception of Zen. The critique comes down to the fact that Buddhist priests were not trying to express Zen in gardens. A review of the quotes of Buddhist priests that are taken to "prove" Zen for the garden are actually phrases copied from Chinese treatises on landscape painting. Secondary writers on the Japanese garden like Keane and Nitschke, who were associating with Kuitert when he was working on his research at the Kyoto University joined the Zen garden critique, like Kendall H. Brown, who took a similar distance from the Zen garden. In Japan the critique was taken over by Yamada Shouji who took a critical stance to the understanding of all Japanese culture, including gardens, under the nominator of Zen. Christian Tagsold summarized the discussion by placing perceptions of the Japanese garden in the context of an interdisciplinary comparison of cultures of Japan and the West.
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268:, built in the late 15th century where for the first time the Zen garden became purely abstract. The garden is a rectangle of 340 square meters. Placed within it are fifteen stones of different sizes, carefully composed in five groups; one group of five stones, two groups of three, and two groups of two stones. The stones are surrounded by white gravel, which is carefully raked each day by the monks. The only vegetation in the garden is some moss around the stones. The garden is meant to be viewed from a seated position on the veranda of the
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1901:*The Sakuteiki is a garden book with notes on garden making that dates back to the late seventeenth century. Its oldest title is Senzai Hishõ, "Secret Extracts on Gardens", and was written nearly 1000 years ago, making it the oldest work on Japanese gardening. It is assumed that this was written in the 11th century by a noble man named Tachibana no Tichitsuna. In this text lies the first mention of the karesansui in literature. Only recently we saw an English modern translation of this gardening classic.
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848:, has an aesthetic function. Zen priests practice this raking also to help their concentration. Achieving perfection of lines is not easy. Rakes are according to the patterns of ridges as desired and limited to some of the stone objects situated within the gravel area. Nonetheless, often the patterns are not static. Developing variations in patterns is a creative and inspiring challenge. There are typically four raking patterns, line, wave, scroll, and check.
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852:"Shirakawa-sand") which is known for its rather muted colour palette. This type of muted black-speckled granite is a mix of three main minerals, white feldspar, grey quartz, and black mica which matches the aesthetic for most Zen gardens. Shirakawa-suna also has an eroded texture that alternates between jagged and smooth and is prized for its ability to hold raked grooves, with patterns that last weeks unless weather, animals or humans intervene.
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designed to stimulate meditation. "Nature, if you made it expressive by reducing it to its abstract forms, could transmit the most profound thoughts by its simple presence", Michel
Baridon wrote. "The compositions of stone, already common in China, became in Japan, veritable petrified landscapes, which seemed suspended in time, as in certain moments of Noh theater, which dates to the same period."
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a tall vertical rock with a reclining rock; a short vertical rock and a flat rock; and a triad of a tall vertical rock, a reclining rock and a flat rock. Other important principles are to choose rocks which vary in color, shape and size, to avoid rocks with bright colors which might distract the viewer, and make certain that the grains of rocks run in the same direction.
290:(died 1525) greatly simplified their views of nature, showing only the most essential aspects of nature, leaving great areas of white around the black and gray drawings. Soami is said to have been personally involved in the design of two of the most famous Zen gardens in Kyoto, Ryōan-ji and Daisen-in, though his involvement has never been documented with certainty.
767:; literally, the "act of setting stones upright." It laid out very specific rules for choice and the placement of stones, and warned that if the rules were not followed the owner of the garden would suffer misfortune. In Japanese gardening, rocks are classified as either tall vertical, low vertical, arching, reclining, or flat.
242:, which feature mountains rising in the mist, and a suggestion of great depth and height. The garden at Tenryū-ji has a real pond with water and a dry waterfall of rocks looking like a Chinese landscape. Saihō-ji and Tenryū-ji show the transition from the Heian style garden toward a more abstract and stylized view of nature.
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Zen priests quote from
Chinese treatises on landscape painting indicating that the Japanese rock garden, and its karesansui garden scenery was and still is inspired by or based on first Chinese and later also Japanese landscape painting. Landscape painting and landscape gardening were closely related
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Since the banning of extraction from the
Shirakawa River the gravel used for both maintenance of existing gardens and the creation of new ones is sourced from quarried mountain granite of similar composition that is crushed and sieved. However the process of manufacturing creates rounded particles of
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Make sure that all the stones, right down to the front of the arrangement, are placed with their best sides showing. If a stone has an ugly-looking top you should place it so as to give prominence to its side. Even if this means it has to lean at a considerable angle, no one will notice. There should
863:. However, since the late 1950s the river has been a protected waterway and extraction of gravel from the river has been illegal. Over time the gravel becomes weather-beaten and becomes finer, forcing gardeners to occasionally replenish it in order for the gravel to retain the patterns made in them.
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As of 2018 in Kyoto alone there are 341 areas spread over 166 temples covering a surface area of over 29,000 m which have used "Shirakawa-suna". Gravel is used in the entrance, main garden, and corridor area and takes four forms, spread gravel, gravel terrace, gravel pile, and garden path. Typically
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Rocks are rarely if ever placed in straight lines or in symmetrical patterns. The most common arrangement is one or more groups of three rocks. One common triad arrangement has a tall vertical rock flanked by two smaller rocks, representing Buddha and his two attendants. Other basic combinations are
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class and war lords, who admired its doctrine of self-discipline. The gardens of the early Zen temples in Japan resembled
Chinese gardens of the time, with lakes and islands. But in Kyoto in the 14th and 15th century, a new kind of garden appeared at the important Zen temples. These Zen gardens were
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temple in Kyoto, one of the oldest temples in the city, were destroyed by a fire. In 1940, the temple commissioned the landscape historian and architect
Shigemori Mirei to recreate the gardens. He created four different gardens, one for each face of the main temple building. He made one garden with
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transformed a
Buddhist temple into a Zen monastery in 1334, and built the gardens. The lower garden of Saihō-ji is in the traditional Heian period style; a pond with several rock compositions representing islands. The upper garden is a dry rock garden which features three rock "islands". The first,
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landscape through carefully composed arrangements of rocks, water features, moss, pruned trees and bushes, and uses gravel or sand that is raked to represent ripples in water. Zen gardens are commonly found at temples or monasteries. A Zen garden is usually relatively small, surrounded by a wall or
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In Japan, the garden has the same status as a work of art. Though each garden is different in its composition, they mostly use rock groupings and shrubs to represent a classic scene of mountains, valleys and waterfalls taken from
Chinese landscape painting. In some cases it might be as abstract as
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Sometimes, when mountains are weak, they are without fail destroyed by water. It is, in other words, as if subjects had attacked their emperor. A mountain is weak if it does not have stones for support. An emperor is weak if he does not have counselors. That is why it is said that it is because of
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Chinese landscape painting was one of the many
Chinese arts that came to Japan with Zen Buddhism in the fourteenth century. That the Buddhism of Zen influenced garden design was first suggested not in Japan, but in the West by a Hawaiian garden journalist Loraine Kuck in the 1930s and disputed as
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rocks are used for the borders of gravel "rivers" or "seashores." In
Chinese gardens of the Song dynasty, individual rocks which looked like animals or had other unusual features were often the star attraction of the garden. In Japanese gardens, individual rocks rarely play the starring role; the
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or dry landscape". This kind of garden featured either rocks placed upright like mountains, or laid out in a miniature landscape of hills and ravines, with few plants. He described several other styles of rock garden, which usually included a stream or pond, including the great river style, the
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The gravel used in Japanese gardens is known as "suna" (sand) despite the individual particles being much bigger than those of what is regarded as normal sand. These vary from 2 mm to up to even 30 to 50 mm in size. Gardens in Kyoto have historically used "Shirakawa-suna", (白川砂利,
279:(1509–1513) took a more literary approach than Ryōan-ji. There a "river" of white gravel represents a metaphorical journey through life; beginning with a dry waterfall in the mountains, passing through rapids and rocks, and ending in a tranquil sea of white gravel, with two gravel mountains.
231:, a dry "waterfall" composed of a stairway of flat granite rocks. The moss which now surrounds the rocks and represents water, was not part of the original garden plan; it grew several centuries later when the garden was left untended, but now is the most famous feature of the garden.
249:, also known as the Silver Pavilion, are also attributed to Muso Kokushi. This temple garden included a traditional pond garden, but it had a new feature for a Japanese garden; an area of raked white gravel with a perfectly shaped mountain of white gravel, resembling
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442:, the large promenade garden became the dominant style of Japanese garden, but Zen gardens continued to exist at Zen temples. A few small new rock gardens were built, usually as part of a garden where a real stream or pond was not practical.
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164:, it was used to symbolize purity, and was used around shrines, temples, and palaces. In Zen gardens, it represents water, or, like the white space in Japanese paintings, emptiness and distance. They are places of meditation.
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Ono Kenkichi and Walter Edwards: "Bilingual (English and Japanese) Dictionary of Japanese Garden Terms (Karesansui. p. 20) from Kansai Main Pageocess, Nara 2001 The Karesansui definition was extracted with permission from
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and practiced by intellectuals, the literati inspired by Chinese culture. A primary design principle was the creation of a landscape based on, or at least greatly influenced by, the three-dimensional monochrome ink (
800:, "discarded" or "nameless" rocks, placed in seemingly random places to add spontaneity to the garden. Other important principles of rock arrangement include balancing the number of vertical and horizontal rocks.
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stones that a mountain is sure, and thanks to his subjects that an emperor is secure. It is for this reason that, when you construct a landscape, you must at all cost place rocks around the mountain.
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Gravel is usually used in Zen gardens, rather than sand, because it is less disturbed by rain and wind. The act of raking the gravel into a pattern recalling waves or rippling water, known as
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in areas covering less than 100 m, the gravel is 20 to 50 mm deep and has a particle size of 9 mm. Among the gardens which used Shirakawa-suna have been Ryōan-ji and Daitoku-ji.
90:, the residence of the chief monk of the temple or monastery. Many, with gravel rather than grass, are only stepped into for maintenance. Classical Zen gardens were created at temples of
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always be more horizontal than vertical stones. If there are "running away" stones there must be "chasing" stones. If there are "leaning" stones, there must be "supporting" stones.
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Stone arrangements and other miniature elements are used to represent mountains and natural water elements and scenes, islands, rivers and waterfalls. Stone and shaped shrubs (
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The garden of Ginkaku-ji features a replica of Mount Fuji made of gravel, in a gravel sea. it was the model for similar miniature mountains in Japanese gardens for centuries.
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in Europe, was characterized by political rivalries which frequently led to wars, but also by an extraordinary flourishing of Japanese culture. It saw the beginning of
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mountain river style, and the marsh style. The ocean style featured rocks that appeared to have been eroded by waves, surrounded by a bank of white sand, like a beach.
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261:, or small mountain facing the Moon, and similar small Mount Fuji made of sand or earth covered with grass appeared in Japanese gardens for centuries afterwards.
125:("Records of Garden Keeping"), written at the end of the 11th century by Tachibana no Toshitsuna (1028–1094). They adapted the Chinese garden philosophy of the
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five artificial hills covered with grass, symbolizing the five great ancient temples of Kyoto; a modern rock garden, with vertical rocks, symbolizing Mount
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in Taoist mythology); or they can be boats or a living creature (usually a turtle, or a carp). In a group, they might be a waterfall or a crane in flight.
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The selection and placement of rocks is the most important part of making a Japanese rock garden. In the first known manual of Japanese gardening, the
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the same size, lacking the pattern holding characteristics of true "Shirakawa-suna", which have corners and are not uniform in size. For instance the
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just a few islands in a sea. Any Japanese garden may also incorporate existing scenery outside its confinement, e.g. the hills behind, as "
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mind is sensitive to a subtle association between the rocks. They suggest this may be responsible for the calming effect of the garden.
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The invention of the Zen garden was closely connected with developments in Japanese ink landscape paintings. Japanese painters such as
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In the earliest rock gardens of the Heian period, the rocks in a garden sometimes had a political message. As the Sakutei-ki wrote:
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showed that Japan had carried the art of gardens to the highest degree of intellectual refinement that it was possible to attain."
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buildings, and is usually meant to be seen while seated from a single viewpoint outside the garden, such as the porch of the
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The Moss Garden, an early Zen garden from the mid-14th century. The moss arrived much later, when the garden was not tended.
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102:. They were intended to imitate the essence of nature, not its actual appearance, and to serve as an aid for meditation.
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was introduced into Japan at the end of the 12th century, and quickly achieved a wide following, particularly among the
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Kuitert, Wybe (March 2013). "Composition of Scenery in Japanese Pre-Modern Gardens and the Three Distances of Guo Xi".
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experimented with granite chips sourced from Canadian quarries to compensate for the loss of access to Shirakawa-suna.
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topiary) are used interchangeably. In most gardens moss is used as a ground cover to create "land" covered by forest.
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Grotenhuis, Elizabeth ten (2003). "Reviewed work: Themes in the History of Japanese Garden Art, Wybe Kuitert".
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In Zuiho-in garden – some of the rocks are said to form a cross. The garden was built by the daimyō
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emphasis is upon the harmony of the composition. For arranging rocks, there are many rules in the
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Nitschke, Le jardin Japonais," p. 92. Translation of this citation from French by D.R. Siefkin.
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The first garden to begin the transition to the new style is considered by many experts to be
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The garden of Tōfuku-ji (1940). The five hills symbolize the five great Zen temples of Kyoto.
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152:"In a place where there is neither a lake or a stream, one can put in place what is called a
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Landscape Ecological Applications in Man-Influenced Areas: Linking Man and Nature Systems
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Maintenance of the gravel in Japan is typically undertaken two to three times per month.
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119:(794–1185). These early gardens were described in the first manual of Japanese gardens,
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1469:"Kyoto as a garden city – A landscape ecological perception of Japanese garden design"
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The white gravel "ocean" of the garden of Daisen-ji, to which the gravel river flows.
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volcanic rocks, rugged mountain rocks with sharp edges, are used. Smooth, rounded
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Part of the modern Zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940). The "islands" of the immortals.
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1928:"Stanford University article on the history and meaning of some Japanese gardens"
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In the last century, Zen gardens have appeared in many countries outside Japan.
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The Muromachi period in Japan, which took place at roughly the same time as the
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1471:. In Hong, Sun-Kee; Nakagoshi, Nobukazu; Fu, Bojie; Morimoto, Yukihiro (eds.).
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In the Japanese rock garden, rocks sometimes symbolize mountains (particularly
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Zhang, Pingxing; Fukamachi, Katsue; Shibata, Shozo; Amasaki, Hiromasa (2015).
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The Garden of the Blissful Mountain at Zuiho-in, a sub-temple of Daitoku-ji.
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1613:, pp. 150–60, Japonica Neerlandica Volume 3, Gieben Publishers, Amsterdam
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White sand and gravel had long been a feature of Japanese gardens. In the
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described exactly how rocks should be placed. In one passage, he wrote:
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At the end of the Edo period, a new principle was invented: the use of
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1399:"The Use and Maintenance of Shirakawa-suna in Temples of Kyoto City"
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1409:(5). Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture: 497–500.
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in the Zen garden of the temple Kosan Ryumonji. Kosan Ryumon-Ji in
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1320:, p. 474. Translation of this excerpt from French by D.R. Siefkin.
340:(late 15th century), the most abstract of all Japanese Zen gardens
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763:("Records of Garden Making"), is expressed as "setting stones",
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Themes, Scenes, and Taste in the History of Japanese Garden Art
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Themes, Scenes, and Taste in the History of Japanese Garden Art
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210:, "The Temple of the Perfumes of the West", popularly known as
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1960:– A virtual tour of the karesansui garden in The Netherlands
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4739:
4669:
3475:
2692:
2307:
1688:
Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes
1551:
1403:
Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
1041:
930:
859:"Shirakawa-suna" was sourced from the upper reaches of the
595:
493:
A Zen garden in a checkboard pattern, at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
3534:
2620:
1632:
722:
685:
Japanese Garden at Hamilton Gardens, Waikato, New Zealand
558:
Japanese Tea Garden of Golden Gate Park, in San Francisco
178:
1762:
1552:
van Tonder, Gert; Lyons, Michael J. (September 2005).
3782:
1475:. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. p. 377.
1260:
1258:
741:
293:
Michel Baridon wrote, "The famous Zen gardens of the
1968:
karesansui gardens of Traditional Samurai Residences
1878:
Spaces in Translation: Japanese Gardens and the West
1674:
Spaces in Translation: Japanese Gardens and the West
1119:
192:
style of Japanese architecture, and the Zen garden.
1917:
Virtual tour of the Zen Gardens in and around Kyoto
1837:
1784:Le jardin japonais: Angle droit et forme naturelle
1554:"Visual Perception in Japanese Rock Garden Design"
1255:
1189:The on-line "living" guide to realize a Zen garden
709:Japanese Rock Garden (Phase 2), Chandigarh (India)
697:Japanese Rock Garden (Phase 1), Chandigarh (India)
529:Part of the modern Zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
115:Stone gardens existed in Japan at least since the
1875:
168:Zen Buddhism and the Muromachi period (1336–1573)
5070:
1964:Study into the karesansui gardens of the Edo era
1856:
1781:
834:
817:
272:, the residence of the abbot of the monastery.
264:The most famous of all Zen gardens in Kyoto is
58:
2025:
941:Landscape painting and the Zen garden critique
841:
824:
110:
52:
3768:
3131:
3117:
2011:
1818:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1215:Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jardinieres, Poetes
980:List of shrines and temples with rock gardens
129:(960–1279), where groups of rocks symbolized
38:A mountain, waterfall, and gravel "river" at
2887:List of organic gardening and farming topics
1922:Geometrical concepts of Japanese rock garden
1803:Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jardiniers, Poetes
1746:Themes in the History of Japanese Garden Art
1743:
1724:
1462:
1460:
1458:
234:Muso Kokushi built another temple garden at
133:, the legendary mountain-island home of the
1661:Shots in the Dark, Japan, Zen, and the West
505:A courtyard Zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
352:Classic triad rock composition at Ryōan-ji.
3775:
3761:
3124:
3110:
2018:
2004:
1979:Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden
1973:Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden
1423:
913:A recent suggestion by Gert van Tonder of
481:The modern Zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
1572:
1455:
1436:
1414:
1392:
1390:
1388:
812:Gravel replica of Mount Fuji (Ginkaku-ji)
30:, Japan, a famous example of a Zen garden
1763:David Young; Michiko Young (July 2005).
1676:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017
1466:
1441:. London: Francis Lincoln. p. 198.
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
807:
33:
18:
3655:Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō)
1800:
1685:
1663:, The University of Chicago Press, 2009
253:, in the center. The scene was called
5071:
1503:
1385:
3756:
3105:
1999:
1912:Photo Gallery of Japanese Zen Gardens
1659:Yamada Shoji, (Earl Hartman transl.)
1349:
571:Sand and stone garden located in the
433:
3072:
1880:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
984:
392:, who was a convert to Christianity.
3084:
1987:Criticisms of the term "Zen Garden"
13:
1807:, Éditions Robert Lafont, Paris, (
770:For creating "mountains", usually
742:Selection and arrangement of rocks
14:
5120:
1905:
1838:Danielle Elisseeff (2010-09-23).
902:Some classical Zen gardens, like
5079:Buddhism in the Muromachi period
4934:Architectural Institute of Japan
4041:
3083:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3047:
1122:
714:
702:
690:
678:
666:
654:
635:
623:
611:
580:
564:
549:
534:
522:
510:
498:
486:
474:
462:
424:
415:
406:
397:
381:
369:
357:
345:
329:
317:
302:
4964:Groups of Traditional Buildings
1718:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1626:
1603:
1545:
1536:
1523:
1497:
1369:
1336:
1323:
1310:
1297:
3495:Schools and objects of worship
3141:Japanese Buddhist architecture
1857:Virginie Klecka (2011-04-15).
1765:The Art of the Japanese Garden
1364:The Art of the Japanese Garden
1284:
1271:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1194:
1180:
1:
4939:Japan Institute of Architects
3718:Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
1173:
1842:. Nouvelles éditions Scala.
1700:10.1080/02666286.2012.753189
1252:Baridon, Les Jardins p. 472.
972:" (using a technique called
933:. The researchers claim the
886:, the legendary home of the
877:
673:Jissō-in, in Kyoto (Iwakura)
77:, is a distinctive style of
7:
5089:Japanese style of gardening
2918:Index of pesticide articles
1748:. Hawaii University Press.
1635:Journal of Japanese Studies
1467:Morimoto, Yukihiro (2007).
1115:
835:
818:
111:Early Japanese rock gardens
59:
10:
5125:
4039:
3723:Japanese Buddhist pantheon
2062:Climate-friendly gardening
1876:Christian Tagsold (2017).
445:In 1880, the buildings of
105:
81:. It creates a miniature
5024:
4959:
4952:
4926:
4878:
4832:
4749:
4640:
4582:
4478:
4304:
4267:
4187:
4120:
4113:
4062:
4055:
3985:
3891:
3884:
3798:
3791:
3700:
3679:
3672:
3605:
3562:
3533:
3502:
3493:
3468:
3422:
3374:
3316:
3266:
3148:
3139:
3133:Buddhist temples in Japan
3041:
2963:
2938:Plant disease forecasting
2900:
2892:Vegan organic agriculture
2867:
2742:Genetically modified tree
2629:
2172:
2037:
1823:. LGF/Le Livre de Poche.
1583:10.1007/s10516-004-5448-8
842:
825:
803:
573:Portland Japanese Gardens
53:
1975:(Requires subscription)
1801:Baridon, Michel (1998).
1782:Günter Nitschke (2007).
1481:10.1007/1-4020-5488-2_22
1437:Kawaguchi, Yoko (2014).
869:Portland Japanese Garden
1991:Japanese Garden Journal
1895:
141:, known in Japanese as
26:(late 16th century) in
16:Type of Japanese garden
4305:Structural and spatial
3460:Ōbaku Zen architecture
3149:Architectonic elements
2877:Biodynamic agriculture
2814:Postharvest physiology
2762:Landscape architecture
2459:Indonesian home garden
1819:Miyeko Murase (1996).
1138:Adelaide Himeji Garden
954:) landscape painting,
919:Ritsumeikan University
900:
813:
790:
556:A small garden in the
336:Part of the garden at
43:
31:
3785:Japanese architecture
3650:Shitennō (Four Kings)
2124:Historic conservation
1744:Wybe Kuitert (2002).
1725:Wybe Kuitert (1988).
921:is that the rocks of
917:and Michael Lyons of
895:
811:
785:
184:Japanese tea ceremony
37:
22:
3841:Imperial Crown Style
3054:Gardening portal
2953:Aquamog weed remover
2928:List of insecticides
1729:. Gieben Amsterdam.
1439:Japanese Zen Gardens
1149:List of garden types
630:Adachi Museum of Art
71:Japanese rock garden
5104:Zen art and culture
4944:Metabolist Movement
3223:Niō or Kongōrikishi
1672:Christian Tagsold,
1416:10.5632/jila.78.497
765:ishi wo tateru koto
48:Japanese dry garden
5026:National Treasures
4841:Chōzuya (Temizuya)
3607:Objects of worship
2923:List of fungicides
2688:Companion planting
1567:(3): 353–71 (19).
1504:Funderburg, Lise.
1331:Le jardin Japonais
1305:Le Jardin Japonais
1292:Le Jardin Japonais
1279:Le jardin japonais
1266:le jardin japonais
1241:le jardin japonais
1202:Le Jardin japonais
814:
434:Later rock gardens
44:
32:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
4400:Nightingale floor
4324:Disordered piling
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4056:Types of building
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3687:kei (ritual gong)
3668:
3667:
3489:
3488:
3099:
3098:
2971:Community orchard
2797:drought tolerance
1902:
1887:978-0-8122-4674-2
1868:978-2-8153-0052-0
1849:978-2-35988-029-8
1830:978-2-253-13054-3
1793:978-3-8228-3034-5
1774:978-0-8048-3598-5
1755:978-0-8248-2312-2
1736:978-90-5063-021-4
1448:978-0-7112-3447-5
1362:Young and Young,
1200:Gunter Nitschke,
1154:Higashiyama Bunka
1112:
1111:
1054:Harima Ankokuji (
139:Chinese mythology
73:, often called a
5116:
5094:Rock art in Asia
5054:Other structures
4957:
4956:
4118:
4117:
4060:
4059:
4045:
3889:
3888:
3796:
3795:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3677:
3676:
3500:
3499:
3376:Japanese pagodas
3329:chōzuya/temizuya
3146:
3145:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3028:Plant collecting
2964:Related articles
2901:Plant protection
2082:French intensive
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1933:. Archived from
1932:
1900:
1891:
1872:
1859:Jardins Japonais
1853:
1840:Jardins japonais
1834:
1806:
1797:
1778:
1759:
1740:
1712:
1711:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1624:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1576:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1464:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1394:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1347:
1342:Michel Baridon,
1340:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1316:Michel Baridon,
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1226:Michel Baridon,
1224:
1218:
1213:Michel Baridon,
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1191:by P.M. Patings.
1184:
1158:Muromachi period
1132:
1127:
1126:
1047:Bingo-Ankokuji (
985:
970:borrowed scenery
915:Kyoto University
847:
845:
844:
838:
832:
830:
829:
821:
727:Taisen Deshimaru
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
639:
627:
615:
584:
568:
553:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
428:
419:
410:
401:
385:
373:
361:
349:
333:
321:
306:
295:Muromachi period
286:(1420–1506) and
100:Muromachi period
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5084:Types of garden
5069:
5068:
5067:
5058:
5020:
4976:Japanese garden
4948:
4922:
4874:
4833:Outdoor objects
4828:
4745:
4636:
4578:
4488:
4474:
4300:
4255:
4183:
4109:
4051:
4046:
4029:
3981:
3880:
3787:
3781:
3751:
3742:
3696:
3664:
3625:Dainichi Nyorai
3601:
3558:
3529:
3485:
3464:
3418:
3370:
3361:kyōzō or kyō-dō
3312:
3262:
3191:kentozuka: see
3170:kaerumata: see
3135:
3130:
3100:
3095:
3046:
3037:
3033:Turf management
3018:Lists of plants
3013:List of gardens
2959:
2896:
2863:
2625:
2175:
2168:
2033:
2024:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1869:
1850:
1831:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1737:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1631:
1627:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1424:
1405:(in Japanese).
1395:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1144:Japanese garden
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1036:Outside Kyoto:
982:
943:
888:Eight Immortals
880:
861:Shirakawa River
839:
822:
806:
783:, for example:
744:
737:
719:
710:
707:
698:
695:
686:
683:
674:
671:
662:
659:
650:
640:
631:
628:
619:
618:Rosan-ji garden
616:
607:
585:
576:
569:
560:
554:
545:
539:
530:
527:
518:
515:
506:
503:
494:
491:
482:
479:
470:
467:
436:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
386:
377:
374:
365:
362:
353:
350:
341:
334:
325:
322:
313:
307:
245:The gardens of
170:
162:Shinto religion
135:Eight Immortals
113:
108:
79:Japanese garden
65:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4973:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4953:Related topics
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4344:Irimoya-zukuri
4340:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4312:Burdock piling
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4236:Shichidō garan
4232:
4227:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4124:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3895:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3800:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3673:Other elements
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3660:Yakushi Nyorai
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:shichidō garan
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Garden tourism
3005:
3000:
2998:Groundskeeping
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
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1906:External links
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1861:. Rustica éd.
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1767:. Tuttle Pub.
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1641:(2): 429–432.
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1609:Wybe Kuitert,
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1574:10.1.1.125.463
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1506:"Set in Stone"
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5013:
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4880:Measurements
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3783:Elements of
3645:Shaka Nyorai
3615:Amida Nyōrai
3445:Shoin-zukuri
3348:
3344:
3340:
3267:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3045:
2948:Weed control
2837:horticulture
2767:Olericulture
2747:Hydroculture
2737:Fruticulture
2715:Floriculture
2644:Permaculture
2631:Horticulture
2027:Horticulture
1990:
1967:
1956:
1942:. Retrieved
1935:the original
1899:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1820:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1745:
1726:
1719:Bibliography
1691:
1687:
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1668:
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1634:
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1610:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1564:
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1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1509:
1499:
1472:
1438:
1406:
1402:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1343:
1338:
1333:, pp. 217–18
1330:
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935:subconscious
912:
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544:Honbō garden
456:
444:
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292:
281:
274:
269:
263:
258:
254:
244:
240:Song dynasty
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:Musō Kokushi
205:
196:Zen Buddhism
194:
187:
177:
171:
159:
154:kare-sansui,
153:
151:
146:
127:Song dynasty
120:
117:Heian period
114:
92:Zen Buddhism
87:
74:
70:
60:
47:
45:
5109:Zen gardens
4641:Furnishings
4268:Roof styles
3708:bussokuseki
3640:Marishi-ten
3339:main hall (
3269:Mon (gates)
3156:hidden roof
3090:WikiProject
2859:Monoculture
2854:Viticulture
2832:agriculture
2792:propagation
2732:Hügelkultur
2654:sustainable
2639:Agriculture
2581:Therapeutic
2561:Shakespeare
2372:Renaissance
2164:Xeriscaping
2159:Sustainable
2154:Square foot
2144:Proplifting
2109:Garden tool
2077:Foodscaping
1786:. Taschen.
1694:(1): 1–15.
1531:Les Jardins
1344:Les Jardins
1318:Les Jardins
1228:Les Jardins
1163:Rock garden
1087:Kōmyōzen-ji
929:image of a
776:sedimentary
752:hako-zukuri
661:KōmyōZen-ji
542:Shitennō-ji
438:During the
390:Ōtomo Sōrin
284:Sesshū Tōyō
174:Renaissance
98:during the
42:(1509–1513)
5073:Categories
5039:Residences
4980:rock (Zen)
4751:Partitions
4485:Approaches
3996:Daibutsuyō
3934:Ishi-no-ma
3738:saisenbako
3680:Implements
3430:Daibutsuyō
3187:karesansui
2752:Indigenous
2649:stock-free
2621:Zoological
2501:Pollinator
2394:Greenhouse
2337:Sharawadgi
2325:Vietnamese
2286:East Asian
2194:Australian
2149:Raised bed
2114:Green wall
1944:2006-01-06
1596:2007-01-08
1561:Axiomathes
1329:Nitschke,
1303:Nitschke,
1290:Nitschke,
1277:Nitschke,
1264:Nitschke,
1239:Nitschke,
1174:References
1097:Shitennoji
1075:Kinbyōzan
1040:An'yō-in (
962:suiboku-ga
927:subliminal
649:, in Kyoto
647:Myōshin-ji
590:Garden of
440:Edo period
259:kogetsudai
255:ginshanada
251:Mount Fuji
247:Ginkaku-ji
225:Zazen-seki
75:Zen garden
61:karesansui
5008:Wabi-sabi
4855:Ishigantō
4663:Emakimono
4598:Daidokoro
4591:Chashitsu
4572:Mihashira
4406:Onigawara
4386:Nakazonae
4225:Main Hall
4212:Hōkyōintō
4114:Religious
4076:Chashitsu
4047:Model of
4003:Ōbaku Zen
3969:Sumiyoshi
3916:Hiyoshi (
3885:Religious
3620:Benzaiten
3450:Shin-Wayō
3389:hōkyōintō
3324:Chinjusha
3317:Buildings
3258:onigawara
3218:nakazonae
3193:nakazonae
3172:nakazonae
3023:Perennial
2986:Floristry
2933:Pesticide
2913:Herbicide
2908:Fungicide
2802:hardiness
2566:Shrubbery
2546:Sculpture
2367:landscape
2296:Cantonese
2271:Container
2266:Community
2234:Byzantine
2229:Butterfly
2219:Botanical
2119:Guerrilla
2067:Community
2057:Butterfly
2052:Arboretum
2047:Allotment
2039:Gardening
2031:gardening
1708:163624117
1591:121488942
1569:CiteSeerX
1533:, p. 492.
1529:Baridon,
1243:, p. 67.
1168:Wabi-sabi
1014:Myoshinji
1003:Daisen-in
998:Daitokuji
925:form the
904:Daisen-in
878:Symbolism
781:Sakuteiki
760:Sakuteiki
592:Taisan-ji
447:Tōfuku-ji
277:Daisen-in
236:Tenryū-ji
229:kare-taki
221:Kameshima
212:Koke-dera
147:Sakuteiki
122:Sakuteiki
40:Daisen-in
4823:Tsuitate
4712:Mitamaya
4698:Kamidana
4684:Getabako
4656:Chabudai
4649:Butsudan
4631:Washitsu
4462:Tsumairi
4448:Tokonoma
4427:Tamagaki
4365:Katsuogi
4358:Katōmado
4288:Karahafu
4198:Butsuden
4189:Buddhist
4024:Zenshūyō
4010:Setchūyō
3987:Buddhist
3909:Hachiman
3733:miyadera
3728:jingū-ji
3713:butsudan
3515:Nichiren
3455:Zenshūyō
3440:Setchūyō
3399:kasatōba
3349:butsuden
3203:katōmado
3182:karahafu
3066:Category
2976:Features
2882:Grafting
2842:forestry
2824:Tropical
2809:Pomology
2782:cuttings
2777:breeding
2611:Wildlife
2591:Tropical
2541:Scottish
2491:Pleasure
2479:Paradise
2474:Charbagh
2444:Monastic
2439:Medieval
2349:Floating
2303:Japanese
2254:Communal
2244:Colonial
2209:Biblical
2174:Types of
2139:Parterre
1981:(Mirror)
1957:Tsubo-en
1647:25064424
1380:samon 砂紋
1366:. p. 22.
1307:, p. 90.
1281:, p. 86.
1230:, p. 488
1204:, p. 65.
1116:See also
1081:Kamakura
1077:Zuisenji
1070:Kamakura
1066:Jōmyō-ji
1049:Fukuyama
1029:Tofukuji
1019:Rozan-ji
1010:Jisso-in
923:Ryōan-ji
908:Ryōan-ji
798:suteishi
748:karikomi
643:Taizō-in
588:An'yō-in
338:Ryōan-ji
310:Saihō-ji
266:Ryōan-ji
208:Saihō-ji
83:stylized
24:Ryōan-ji
5049:Temples
5044:Shrines
5034:Castles
4978: (
4862:Komainu
4848:Giboshi
4805: (
4795:Shitomi
4774:Jinmaku
4733:Zabuton
4719:Oshiire
4705:Kotatsu
4625:Toilets
4569: (
4524:Nijūmon
4510:Karamon
4337:Hisashi
4295:Mokoshi
4281:Irimoya
4090:Machiya
4063:Secular
3962:Shinmei
3948:Kibitsu
3927:Irimoya
3902:Azekura
3861:Shinden
3835:Hirairi
3807:Azekura
3799:Secular
3692:mokugyō
3572:Jōjitsu
3537:schools
3520:Shingon
3384:gorintō
3283:nijūmon
3278:karamon
3208:mokoshi
3198:komainu
3166:irimoya
3161:hisashi
3078:Commons
2991:Ikebana
2943:Pruning
2869:Organic
2819:Roguing
2705:Cutting
2596:Victory
2571:Spanish
2551:Sensory
2496:Prairie
2464:Persian
2454:Orchard
2419:Kitchen
2414:Keyhole
2409:Italian
2404:Islamic
2399:Hanging
2358:French
2344:Fernery
2332:English
2291:Chinese
2276:Cottage
2204:Baroque
2176:gardens
2129:History
1376:JAANUS,
1091:Fukuoka
1024:Ryoanji
1007:Jishoji
974:Shakkei
772:igneous
219:called
200:Samurai
106:History
4994:Ryokan
4987:Kumiko
4816:Sudare
4767:Fusuma
4691:Kamado
4605:Mizuya
4552:Sanmon
4531:Niōmon
4496:Genkan
4441:Tenshu
4434:Tatami
4393:Namako
4372:Kuruwa
4330:Engawa
4275:Hidden
4250:Tahōtō
4230:Pagoda
4152:Honden
4145:Hokora
4138:Heiden
4131:Haiden
4122:Shinto
4104:Yagura
4070:Castle
3976:Taisha
3955:Nagare
3941:Kasuga
3893:Shinto
3875:Sukiya
3847:Jutaku
3828:Giyōfū
3821:Gassho
3792:Styles
3701:Others
3635:Kannon
3597:Sanron
3554:Rinzai
3525:Tendai
3469:Others
3423:Styles
3414:tahōtō
3409:muhōtō
3404:sotōba
3345:hon-dō
3341:kon-dō
3298:sanmon
3288:niōmon
2828:Urban
2725:Taiwan
2720:Canada
2683:Botany
2676:Saikei
2671:Bonsai
2616:Winter
2601:Walled
2536:School
2531:Sacred
2486:Physic
2449:Mughal
2429:Market
2384:German
2362:formal
2354:Flower
2320:Korean
2239:Cactus
2224:Bottle
2184:Alpine
2134:Native
2087:Garden
2072:Forest
1949:
1884:
1865:
1846:
1827:
1811:
1790:
1771:
1752:
1733:
1706:
1645:
1617:
1589:
1571:
1515:11 May
1487:
1445:
1107:
957:sumi-e
836:hōkime
804:Gravel
735:France
725:master
186:, the
145:. The
5001:Sentō
4910:Shaku
4808:washi
4802:Shōji
4788:Noren
4781:Kichō
4760:Byōbu
4726:Tansu
4677:Futon
4619:Shoin
4612:Nando
4583:Rooms
4566:Torii
4559:Sōmon
4545:Sandō
4538:Rōmon
4503:Kairō
4482:Gates
4469:Shibi
4455:Tokyō
4420:Sōrin
4413:Ranma
4351:Irori
4318:Chigi
4243:Shōrō
4219:Kyōzō
4178:Torii
4159:Kofun
4097:Minka
3868:Shoin
3854:Omoya
3592:Ritsu
3587:Kegon
3582:Kusha
3577:Hossō
3549:Ōbaku
3366:shoin
3308:torii
3303:sōmon
3293:rōmon
3248:tokyō
3243:sōrin
3238:shōrō
3228:sandō
3177:kairō
2772:Plant
2710:Flora
2659:urban
2606:Water
2586:Trial
2556:Shade
2516:Roman
2389:Greek
2379:Front
2281:Dutch
2249:Color
1989:- in
1938:(PDF)
1931:(PDF)
1704:S2CID
1643:JSTOR
1587:S2CID
1557:(PDF)
1101:Osaka
1060:Hyogo
991:Kyoto
884:Horai
819:samon
604:Japan
600:Hyogo
452:Horai
288:Soami
189:shoin
143:Horai
96:Kyoto
28:Kyoto
5015:Yabo
4896:Koku
4869:Tōrō
4740:Zafu
4670:Furo
4395:wall
4379:Moya
4083:Kura
4017:Wayō
3814:Buke
3630:Jizō
3544:Sōtō
3510:Jōdo
3476:A-un
3435:Wayō
3394:hōtō
3356:kuri
3253:tōrō
3213:moya
2693:Crop
2526:Rose
2521:Roof
2511:Rock
2506:Rain
2469:Bāgh
2434:Mary
2424:Knot
2308:Roji
2199:Back
2029:and
1896:Note
1882:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1517:2017
1485:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1056:Kato
1042:Kobe
952:sumi
931:tree
596:Kobe
270:hōjō
88:hojo
46:The
4970:Iki
4917:Sun
4889:Ken
4517:Mon
3918:Hie
3535:Zen
3481:ken
3334:-dō
2576:Tea
2313:Zen
2214:Bog
1696:doi
1579:doi
1477:doi
1411:doi
1156:in
989:In
976:).
964:.
960:or
833:or
733:in
723:Zen
594:in
179:Noh
137:in
94:in
69:or
54:枯山水
5075::
4903:Ri
4205:Dō
3347:,
3343:,
1966:–
1702:.
1692:33
1690:.
1639:29
1637:.
1585:.
1577:.
1565:15
1563:.
1559:.
1508:.
1483:.
1457:^
1425:^
1407:78
1401:.
1387:^
1351:^
1257:^
1058:,
993::
843:箒目
827:砂紋
750:,
645:,
602:,
598:,
57:,
4982:)
4811:)
4575:)
3920:)
3776:e
3769:t
3762:v
3351:)
3125:e
3118:t
3111:v
2019:e
2012:t
2005:v
1947:.
1890:.
1871:.
1852:.
1833:.
1815:)
1805:.
1796:.
1777:.
1758:.
1739:.
1710:.
1698::
1649:.
1599:.
1581::
1519:.
1493:.
1479::
1451:.
1419:.
1413::
1382:"
1378:"
1103:)
1099:(
1093:)
1089:(
1083:)
1079:(
1072:)
1068:(
1062:)
1051:)
1044:)
846:)
840:(
831:)
823:(
606:.
575:.
66:)
51:(
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