37:
1890:
2026:
1880:
2191:
The anarchism espoused by these students was not that of the JAF, however. The 'Council of United
Struggle' at the university declared that they were "aristocratic anarchists", struggling not on behalf of the worker but for themselves, attempting to deny their own aristocratic attributes by engaging
2125:
presence. Land reform instituted after the war also effectively eliminated the class of tenant farmers that had formed the core base of the pre-war anarchist movement. The anarchists within the JAF were also divided over their political strategy, quarrelling amongst themselves frequently. Idealism,
2175:
union and others staged strikes of around 4 to 6 million workers. Nonetheless, the treaty was accepted by the government. Disillusionment with constitutional politics led the 'Mainstream' faction of the
Zengakuren student movement to join with the JAF in calling for political violence as a form of
2105:
Following the war, and the subsequent occupation of Japan by
American forces, anarchists coalesced into a new Japanese Anarchist Federation in May 1946. Both anarcho-communists and anarcho-syndicalists joined, conscious of trying to mend their pre-war division. Many of the leading figures were the
2200:
The separation of the
Japanese Anarchist Federation from the contemporary political protests demonstrated the weakness of the organisation. In 1968, the organisation was finally disbanded. It resolved "creatively to dissolve" in an attempt to formulate new forms of organisation, and announced its
2187:
Out of this disillusionment, anarchism gained ground within the protest movement, including the
Zenkyoto student power movement created during anti-Vietnam War protests. The rise of protest groups encouraged the Japanese Anarchist Federation to declare 'The Opening of the Era of Direct Action' in
2183:
that the government's action was an 'outrage', but that this had happened repeatedly - and that each time a 'threat to parliamentary democracy' was talked about by journalists, two camps of party politicians furiously decried the other's action, but then proceeded to make a truce and ignore the
2079:
espoused by
Kropotkin. Their focus, and rejection of ideas they perceived to be antithetical to anarchism, led to anarcho-syndicalists giving their ideology the label of 'pure anarchism'. 'Pure anarchists' sharply criticised syndicalist methods and argued that - even if unions seized power, the
2161:
began to rise to prominence. He advocated a more gradual revolution, focusing on the social and cultural rather than the political. His ideas were controversial, decried by some as 'revisionist', but he firmly established a more reformist strand within the anarchist movement.
2170:
As an anarchist movement, the
Federation supported direct action on multiple occasions through its lifespan. One of the most significant of these was the national opposition to the Japan-US Security Treaty in 1960. Huge demonstrations swept major cities, and the
2106:
same as before the war, with both
Sanshirō Ishikawa and Sakutarō Iwasa participating. Iwasa was elected chairman of the National Committee of the Federation, a chiefly organisational role. In June 1946, they began to publish a journal, named
2087:
In 1928, there was a split in the anarchist movement between these two factions, cementing their divide. As the
Japanese state became more militaristic, repression of political movements such as anarchism intensified, particularly after the
2192:
in political struggle. Ōsawa, for example, approved of the use of violent tactics, but feared that it was too separated from the masses, claiming that "it would come to a new
Stalinism" even if it did succeed.
902:
892:
2113:
The organisation nonetheless failed to gain much support from the general public, due to a number of factors. Anarchists were discriminated against due to a policy of anti-communism pursued by the
2000:
2208:
Its anarcho-communist rival, the Japan Anarchist Club, remained active until March 1980. Another group calling itself the Japanese Anarchist Federation was formed in October 1988.
1972:. These divisions culminated in its dissolution in October 1950. By 1956, anarcho-syndicalists reconstituted the Anarchist Federation, while anarcho-communists formed their own
2149:
By 1956, the Japanese Anarchist Federation had been reformed, albeit without reuniting with the communist faction. In that year, the JAF started publishing a new journal,
2014:
student groups during the 1960s, the Japanese Anarchist Federation remained a small organisation with little direct influence, and resolved to dissolve itself in 1968.
2133:
Tensions between the 'pure' and syndicalist anarchists resurfaced due to their lack of success. In May 1950, a splitting organisation, the 'Anarcho-Syndicalist Group'
1973:
2158:
2137:
formed. By October 1950, the organisation had firmly split, and was dissolved. In June 1951 the anarcho-communists created a 'Japan Anarchist Club'
2604:
917:
820:
2071:, who had learned syndicalist organising methods from French unions while in Europe. In contrast, advocates of anarcho-communism such as
1919:
1014:
2594:
1815:
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2114:
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867:
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949:
68:
2141:. Significantly, Sakutarō Iwasa followed the communists in joining the Club, depriving the Federation of a central figure.
1733:
1088:
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in 1931, and organised anarchist activism essentially became impossible until the end of the Second World War in 1945.
939:
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to translate his works into Japanese, which helped to steer the nascent anarchist movement in a communist direction.
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A similar protest broke out in 1965 against the treaty with South Korea, with a similar result. Ōsawa commented in
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1968. This culminated in the occupation of Tokyo University by anarchist students for several months in 1968.
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36:
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has a long history, arguably having roots in the egalitarian structure of some communal villages during the
2520:
Crump, John (1996), "Anarchist Communism and Leadership: the case of Iwasa Sakutarō", in Neary, Ian (ed.),
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fundamentally exploitative nature of capitalism would remain, as they argued had happened in the
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Others in the anarchist movement gravitated towards anarcho-syndicalism. Amongst these was
1969:
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in the early 20th century. He gained the permission of anarcho-communist writer
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2157:('Libertarian Federation'). Within the latter, a new anarchist theorist named
2126:
rather than the practical considerations of the populace, became the focus of
2017:
Another group calling itself the Anarchist Federation formed in October 1988.
2588:
1992:
1980:
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2007:
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472:
442:
337:
230:
2493:
Bowen Raddeker, Hélène (2009). "Anarchism, Japan". In Ness, I. (ed.).
2046:. Its modern form, however, originated in the political activities of
1954:
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1810:
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28:
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were strongly focused on the principles of communal solidarity and
2011:
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2130:, and this hindered their capacity to muster public support.
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1983:
in numerous forms, including anti-war agitation against the
2447:
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2229:
2495:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
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1957:
organisation that existed in Japan from 1946 to 1968.
2348:
2321:
2262:
2250:
2309:
2286:
2471:
2556:Tsuzuki, Chushichi (1970). "Anarchism in Japan".
2586:
2549:Demanding the Impossible: a History of Anarchism
2117:, and anarchists also faced opposition from the
1944:
2492:
2244:
1938:
1913:
2497:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–3.
2532:The Anarchist Movement in Japan, 1906-1996
2006:While anarchism gained support within the
1964:, the JAF was plagued by disputes between
1960:Formed in May 1946, shortly following the
1920:
1906:
1816:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
2551:. London: Fontana Press (published 1992).
2546:
2441:
2378:
2153:('Black Flag'), which was later renamed
2024:
2555:
2465:
2453:
2426:
2414:
2402:
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868:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
2519:
2342:
2315:
2303:
2280:
2100:
2605:Organizations disestablished in 1968
2115:American-led Allied occupation force
13:
2570:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1970.tb00513.x
14:
2621:
2595:Organizations established in 1946
2542:– via The Anarchist Library
2524:, Japan Library, pp. 155–174
2600:Anarchist organizations in Japan
2503:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0062
2165:
2110:after Kōtoku Shūsui's magazine.
1888:
1878:
903:International Conference of Rome
893:International Conference of Rome
35:
2522:Leaders and Leadership in Japan
2135:(Anaruko Sanjikarisuto Gurūpu)
2050:, an anarchist who edited the
1015:Australian Anarchist Centenary
940:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
2486:
2144:
1934:Japanese Anarchist Federation
1202:Decentralized planned economy
2035:newspaper (13 November 1904)
428:Proletarian internationalism
7:
2211:
1945:
950:1919 United States bombings
10:
2626:
2095:
2029:A clip from the socialist
2020:
1856:Situationist International
1160:Self-managed social center
975:Spanish Revolution of 1936
2558:Government and Opposition
2205:on the 1st January 1969.
2195:
1939:
1030:Really Really Free Market
1025:1999 Seattle WTO protests
493:Temporary autonomous zone
418:Permanent autonomous zone
353:Consensus decision-making
2547:Marshall, Peter (1993).
2223:
2201:dissolution formally in
2139:(Nihon Anakisuto Kurabu)
2119:Japanese Communist Party
2001:Japan-South Korea Treaty
1997:Japan-US Security Treaty
1979:The JAF was involved in
1257:Workers' self-management
1155:Radical environmentalism
1104:Independent Media Center
1020:Carnival Against Capital
945:Bavarian Soviet Republic
934:Manifesto of the Sixteen
333:Autonomous social center
1197:Cost the limit of price
2036:
1946:Nihon Anakisuto Renmei
1344:Bosnia and Herzegovina
433:Propaganda of the deed
423:Prefigurative politics
413:Participatory politics
358:Conscientious objector
2610:Anarchist Federations
2052:libertarian-socialist
2028:
1846:Libertarian socialism
1010:Kate Sharpley Library
985:Red inverted triangle
928:High Treason Incident
918:Congress of Amsterdam
503:Voluntary association
313:Anti-authoritarianism
303:Anarchist criminology
298:Anarchist Black Cross
1974:Japan Anarchist Club
1970:anarcho-syndicalists
1729:Fictional characters
1150:Radical cheerleading
2456:, pp. 519–520.
2429:, pp. 516–517.
2417:, pp. 512–513.
2345:, pp. 169–170.
2283:, pp. 164–166.
2245:Bowen Raddeker 2009
2090:Manchurian Incident
1836:Left-libertarianism
1132:No gods, no masters
960:Kronstadt rebellion
898:Trial of the Thirty
863:Revolutions of 1848
2218:Anarchism in Japan
2101:Founding and split
2040:Anarchism in Japan
2037:
1966:anarcho-communists
1786:Anti-globalization
1719:Anarcho-punk bands
1404:Dominican Republic
1144:Property is theft!
1110:The Internationale
1064:Anarchist bookfair
990:Labadie Collection
980:Barcelona May Days
883:Cantonal rebellion
210:Without adjectives
69:Schools of thought
2529:— (1996a),
2069:Sanshirō Ishikawa
1995:against the 1960
1930:
1929:
1866:Spontaneous order
1796:Anti-war movement
1739:Jewish anarchists
1138:Popular education
858:French Revolution
483:Spontaneous order
343:Classless society
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226:Counter-economics
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1884:Anarchism portal
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1776:Anti-consumerism
1771:Anti-corporatism
1247:Social ownership
1232:Market socialism
1207:Free association
1116:Jewish anarchism
1058:A las Barricadas
970:Amakasu Incident
913:Strandza Commune
888:Haymarket affair
508:Workers' council
498:Union of egoists
458:Security culture
368:Decentralization
363:Critique of work
101:Total liberation
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2159:Ōsawa Masamichi
2147:
2121:and its strong
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2098:
2062:Peter Kropotkin
2023:
1949:
1936:
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1894:Politics portal
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1826:Labour movement
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908:Ferrer movement
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2564:(4): 501–522.
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2535:, Pirate Press
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2468:, p. 501.
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2073:Sakutarō Iwasa
2057:Heimin Shinbun
2032:Heimin Shinbun
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468:Social ecology
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463:Self-ownership
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393:Horizontalidad
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348:Class struggle
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32:
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2512:9781405198073
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2500:
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2442:Marshall 1993
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2379:Marshall 1993
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2216:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2185:
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2177:
2174:
2166:Direct action
2163:
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2131:
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2078:
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2059:
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2053:
2049:
2048:Kōtoku Shūsui
2045:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1999:and the 1965
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:direct action
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
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1895:
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1684:United States
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1444:French Guiana
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1242:Mutual credit
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1187:Communization
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955:Biennio Rosso
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873:Paris Commune
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398:Individualism
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138:
136:
133:
129:
128:Philosophical
126:
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108:Individualist
106:
102:
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30:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2537:, retrieved
2531:
2521:
2494:
2473:
2466:Tsuzuki 1970
2461:
2454:Tsuzuki 1970
2449:
2427:Tsuzuki 1970
2422:
2415:Tsuzuki 1970
2410:
2403:Tsuzuki 1970
2398:
2391:Tsuzuki 1970
2386:
2374:
2367:Tsuzuki 1970
2362:
2355:Tsuzuki 1970
2350:
2338:
2331:Tsuzuki 1970
2311:
2276:
2269:Tsuzuki 1970
2264:
2257:Tsuzuki 1970
2252:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2086:
2082:Soviet Union
2066:
2055:
2044:Tokugawa era
2038:
2030:
2016:
2005:
1978:
1959:
1933:
1931:
1791:Anti-statism
1781:Anti-fascism
1634:South Africa
1252:Wage slavery
1217:Gift economy
1108:
1069:Anarcho-punk
1056:
932:
821:Love and sex
709:Pi i Margall
373:Deep ecology
308:Anationalism
251:Relationship
184:Collectivist
140:Postcolonial
2478:Crump 1996a
2123:trade union
1989:Vietnam War
1749:Periodicals
1649:Switzerland
1609:Puerto Rico
1594:Philippines
1559:New Zealand
1554:Netherlands
1424:El Salvador
1237:Mutual bank
1192:Cooperative
1121:Lifestylism
923:Tragic Week
826:Nationalism
478:Somatherapy
388:Freethought
256:Syndicalist
246:Platformism
218:Methodology
91:Primitivist
2589:Categories
2539:2021-07-25
2487:References
2343:Crump 1996
2316:Crump 1996
2304:Crump 1996
2281:Crump 1996
2203:Jiyu-Rengo
2181:Jiyu-Rengo
2155:Jiyu-Rengo
2145:Refounding
2077:mutual aid
2054:newspaper
2008:Zengakuren
1985:Korean War
1821:Dual Power
1806:Autonomism
1801:Autarchism
1409:East Timor
1379:Costa Rica
1324:Bangladesh
1319:Azerbaijan
1094:Freeganism
811:Capitalism
604:Feyerabend
473:Sociocracy
443:Revolution
408:Mutual aid
338:Black bloc
231:Illegalism
2578:144716648
2184:problem.
2176:protest.
1955:anarchist
1940:日本アナキスト連盟
1861:Socialism
1811:Communism
1744:Musicians
1694:Venezuela
1629:Singapore
1564:Nicaragua
1489:Indonesia
1469:Hong Kong
1464:Guatemala
1309:Australia
1299:Argentina
1271:By region
1179:Economics
1165:Symbolism
1079:DIY ethic
816:Education
734:Santillán
684:Malatesta
654:Kropotkin
634:Guillaume
488:Squatting
448:Rewilding
383:Free love
261:Synthesis
196:Communist
167:Christian
162:Religious
135:Mutualism
29:Anarchism
2212:See also
2151:Kurohata
2012:Zenkyoto
1993:protests
1604:Portugal
1584:Paraguay
1544:Mongolia
1529:Malaysia
1374:Colombia
1354:Bulgaria
1099:Infoshop
1000:May 1968
836:Violence
831:Religion
719:Proudhon
679:Maksimov
659:Landauer
609:Giovanni
559:Bookchin
453:Sabotage
285:Practice
241:Pacifist
201:Magonism
123:Naturist
81:Feminist
47:Glossary
21:a series
19:Part of
2096:History
2021:Context
1953:was an
1851:Marxism
1699:Vietnam
1689:Uruguay
1674:Ukraine
1664:Tunisia
1614:Romania
1569:Nigeria
1549:Morocco
1499:Ireland
1479:Iceland
1474:Hungary
1454:Germany
1449:Georgia
1434:Finland
1429:Estonia
1414:Ecuador
1399:Denmark
1384:Croatia
1339:Bolivia
1334:Belgium
1329:Belarus
1314:Austria
1304:Armenia
1294:Andorra
1289:Algeria
1284:Albania
1126:May Day
1049:Culture
850:History
779:Yarchuk
754:Tolstoy
749:Thoreau
744:Stirner
739:Spooner
704:Parsons
629:Graeber
619:Goldman
579:Durruti
564:Chomsky
554:Bonanno
549:Berkman
544:Bakunin
293:Anarchy
189:Parecon
145:African
57:Outline
52:History
2576:
2509:
2196:Legacy
1991:, and
1669:Turkey
1659:Taiwan
1644:Sweden
1624:Serbia
1619:Russia
1599:Poland
1579:Panama
1574:Norway
1539:Monaco
1534:Mexico
1524:Latvia
1504:Israel
1459:Greece
1439:France
1359:Canada
1349:Brazil
1279:Africa
798:Issues
784:Zerzan
774:Warren
759:Tucker
729:Rocker
724:Reclus
714:Pouget
694:Michel
674:Makhno
649:Kōtoku
639:He-Yin
614:Godwin
599:Ferrer
569:Cleyre
534:Armand
529:Alston
521:People
281:Theory
179:Social
172:Jewish
118:Market
113:Egoist
2574:S2CID
2224:Notes
2173:Sōhyō
1734:Films
1724:Books
1712:Lists
1654:Syria
1639:Spain
1519:Korea
1514:Japan
1509:Italy
1484:India
1419:Egypt
1369:China
1364:Chile
1089:Films
995:Provo
764:Volin
669:Magón
644:Kanno
594:Faure
589:Ervin
584:Ellul
157:Queer
150:Black
86:Green
2507:ISBN
2010:and
1987:and
1968:and
1932:The
1589:Peru
1494:Iran
1389:Cuba
1074:Arts
769:Ward
699:Most
689:Mett
2566:doi
2499:doi
1005:LIP
664:Liu
574:Day
403:Law
2591::
2572:.
2560:.
2505:.
2434:^
2323:^
2288:^
2231:^
2084:.
2003:.
1976:.
1943:,
539:Ba
23:on
2580:.
2568::
2562:5
2515:.
2501::
2480:.
2247:.
1950:)
1937:(
1921:e
1914:t
1907:v
1146:"
1142:"
1134:"
1130:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
