760:, was saved by a woman called Eusebia just after the saint's death. A chronicle of Naples written in 1382 describes the cult of Saint Januarius in detail, but mentions neither the relic nor the miracle. The first certain date is 1389, when it was found to have melted. Then, over the following two and a half centuries official reports began to appear declaring that the blood spontaneously melted, at first once a year, then twice, and finally three times a year. While the report of the very first incidence of liquefaction did not make any explicit reference to the skull of the saint, soon afterwards assertions began to appear that this relic was activating the melting process, as if the blood, recognizing a part of the body to which it belonged, "were impatient while waiting for its resurrection". This explanation was definitively abandoned only in the eighteenth century.
621:
638:
938:—having the same characteristics of the blood of St. Januarius. Prof. Geraci showed that the Camaldoli relic also contains blood that can change its solid-liquid phase by shaking. He further reproduced the phenomenon with his own blood stored in the same conditions as the Camaldoli relic. He stated that, "There is no univocal scientific fact that explains why these changes take place. It is not enough to attribute to the movement the ability to dissolve the blood, the liquid contained in the Treasure case changes state for reasons still to be identified." He ultimately argued that "there's blood, no miracle".
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49:
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The
Treasure of St. Januarius is a collection of magnificent works and donations collected in seven centuries from popes, kings, emperors, famous and ordinary people. According to studies done by a pool of experts who have analyzed all the pieces in the collection, the Treasure of St. Januarius is of
986:
had a secret recipe for manufacturing this type of relic. A team of three
Italian chemists managed to create a liquid that reproduces all the characteristics and behavior of the liquid in the vial, using only local materials and techniques that were known to medieval workers. Jordan Lancaster leaves
763:
Thousands of people assemble to witness this event in Naples
Cathedral three times a year: on 19 September (Saint Januarius's Day, commemorating his martyrdom), on 16 December (celebrating his patronage of Naples and its archdiocese), and on the Saturday before the first Sunday of May (commemorating
885:
While the
Catholic Church has always supported the celebrations, it has never formulated an official statement on the phenomenon and maintains a neutral stance about scientific investigations. It does not permit the vials to be opened, for fear that doing so may cause irreparable damage. This makes
503:
appeared to
Paulinus three days before the latter's death in 431. About Januarius, the account says only that he was "bishop as well as martyr, an illustrious member of the Neapolitan church". The Acta Bononensia says that "At Pozzuoli in Campania of the holy martyrs Januarius, Bishop of
876:
The liquifaction sometimes takes place almost immediately, but can take hours or even days. Records kept at the Duomo tell that on rare occasions the contents fail to liquify, are found already liquified when the ampoules are taken from the safe, or liquify outside the usual dates.
471:-year-long persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian, he hid his fellow Christians and prevented them from being caught. Unfortunately, while visiting Sossius in jail, he too was arrested. He and his colleagues were condemned to be thrown to wild bears in the
890:. A later analysis, with similar conclusions, was carried out by a team in 1989. However, the reliability of these observations has been questioned. While clotted blood can be liquefied by mechanical stirring, the resulting suspension cannot solidify again.
865:), the content of the larger vial typically appears to liquify. The archbishop then holds up the vial and tilts it again to demonstrate that liquefaction has taken place. The announcement of the liquifaction is greeted with at the 13th-century
893:
Measurements made in 1900 and 1904 claimed that the ampoules' weight increased by up to 28 grams during liquefaction. However, later measurements with a precision balance, performed over five years, failed to detect any variation.
860:
holds up the reliquary and tilts it to show that the contents are solid, then places it on the high altar next to the saint's other relics. After intense prayers by the faithful, including the so-called "relatives of Saint
Januarius"
1026:. The Treasure is a unique collection of art masterpieces, kept untouched thanks to the Deputation of the Chapel of St Januarius, an ancient secular institution founded in 1527 by a vote of the city of Naples, still existing.
1893:
919:, FeO(OH), which reproduces the color and behavior of the 'blood' in the ampoule. The suspension can be prepared from simple chemicals that would have been easily available locally since antiquity.
1916:
1033:, whose entrance is located on the right side of the Dome of Naples, under the arcades. By visiting the museum, the Chapel of San Gennaro is accessible even when the cathedral is closed.
829:
between two round glass plates about 12 cm wide. The smaller, cylindrical ampoule contains only a few reddish spots on its walls, the bulk having allegedly been removed and taken to
905:, or has a low melting point. However, these explanations run into technical difficulties, such as the variability of the phenomenon and its lack of correlation to ambient temperature.
1274:
2241:
1920:
869:. The ampoules remain exposed on the altar for eight days, while the priests move or turn them periodically to show that the contents remain liquid. Sir
483:
crater near
Pozzuoli. Other legends state either that the wild beasts refused to eat them, or that he was thrown into a furnace but came out unscathed.
915:, In such a substance viscosity increases if left unstirred and decreases if stirred or moved. Researchers have proposed specifically a suspension of
886:
close analysis impossible. Nevertheless, a spectroscopic analysis performed in 1902 by
Gennaro Sperindeo claimed that the spectrum was consistent with
417:
1599:
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1796:
1404:
1058:
1867:
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2118:
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1557:
de Ceglia
Francesco Paolo, "Thinking with the Saint: The Miracle of Saint Januarius of Naples and Science in Early Modern Europe" in
841:, is about 60% filled with a dark reddish substance. Separate reliquaries hold bone fragments believed to belong to Saint Januarius.
978:
and virtually nowhere else. The blood cults of the other saints have been discontinued since the 16th century, which noted skeptic
1744:
844:
For most of the time, the ampoules are kept in a bank vault, whose keys are held by a commission of local notables, including the
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1004:
335:
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1214:
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under the main altar of Naples
Cathedral. On feast days, all these relics are taken in procession from the cathedral to the
2221:
1473:
395:
Little is known of the life of Januarius, and what follows is mostly derived from later Christian sources, such as the
2067:
1988:
1961:
1804:
1314:
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296:
155:
1162:
702:
472:
974:. In all, the church has recognized claims of miraculous liquefying blood for seven or about twenty saints from
620:
1205:
802:
then declared that "The blood has half liquefied, which shows that Saint Januarius loves our pope and Naples."
1572:
441:. At a young age of 15, he became local priest of his parish in Benevento, which at the time was relatively
2020:
954:), legends of blood liquefaction are not a unique phenomenon. Other examples include vials of the blood of
31:
926:, conducted an experiment on a vial containing old blood—a relic dating back to the 18th century from the
2236:
2211:
479:, but the sentence was changed due to fear of public disturbances, and they were instead beheaded at the
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20:
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132:
1813:
1692:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the VI centenary of the first liquefaction of the blood (1389–1989),
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27:
1775:
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Various suggestions for the content's composition have been advanced, such as a material that is
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351:
159:
128:
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1978:
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1079:
853:
630:
1894:"Geraci, la rivelazione 11 anni fa al Corriere "Il sangue c'è e l'ho visto, il miracolo no""
1431:
Norman, Diana (1986), "The Succorpo in the Cathedral of Naples: 'Empress of All Chapels'",
1042:
834:
814:
Drawing of the reliquary containing the two ampoules said to hold Januarius' blood, c. 1860
694:
560:
546:
528:, Eutyches, and Acutius, who after chains and imprisonment were beheaded under the emperor
521:
450:
187:
177:
567:
of the Catholic Church. In the Eastern Church, it is celebrated on 21 April. The city of
8:
2216:
1112:
In the 1498 Roman martyrology, his martyrdom took place on the thirteenth day before the
963:
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In 2010, Giuseppe Geraci, a professor in the Department of Molecular Biology at Naples's
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317:
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1984:
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1310:
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701:, with the head remaining in Naples. Subsequently, during the turmoil at the time of
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The blood is also said to spontaneously liquefy at certain other times, such as
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992:
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492:
309:
218:
1950:(2002). "The Liquefying 'Blood' of St. Januarius". In Shermer, Michael (ed.).
2205:
1917:"Miracolo di San Gennaro, un test dimostra che nell'ampolla c'è sangue umano"
1485:
740:
was finished in 1506 and is considered one of the prominent monuments of the
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579:
513:
454:
426:
354:. While no contemporary sources on his life are preserved, later sources and
163:
1619:
1364:
1099:
Ianuarius, episcopus simul et martyr, Neapolitanae urbis illustrat ecclesiam
491:
The earliest extant mention of him is contained in a 432 letter by Uranius,
411:
2195:
2145:
1139:
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gives a detailed description of the May 1819 ritual in his travel journal.
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780:
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225:
93:
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A recent hypothesis by Garlaschelli & al. is that the vial contains a
1947:
1705:
Des sciences occultes ou essai sur la magie, les prodiges et les miracles
1200:
1196:
979:
902:
654:
595:
1797:"Better Blood Through Chemistry: A Laboratory Replication of a Miracle"
909:
887:
857:
838:
787:
591:
529:
363:
230:
55:
1600:"Pope Francis Performs 'Miracle' In Naples; Turns Dry Blood to Liquid"
1166:
381:
of what is claimed to be a sample of his blood kept in a sealed glass
1844:
987:
open the possibility that the practice was a Christian survival of a
983:
826:
686:
430:
81:
2111:
1238:
1125:
Hagiographies of St Januarius are compiled in the 6th volume of the
2178:
975:
476:
438:
114:
110:
89:
1585:"Blood of St. Januarius liquefies during Francis' visit to Naples"
48:
2082:
1113:
971:
935:
837:. The larger, almond-shaped ampoule, with a capacity of about 60
819:
517:
434:
382:
1471:
1267:
931:
823:
717:
582:, the Feast of San Gennaro is also a highlight of the year for
568:
509:
505:
370:
273:
234:
141:
85:
26:"Gennaro" and "San Gennaro" redirect here. For other uses, see
2024:(Excerpt from an article that appeared in March 1996 issue of
1868:"San Gennaro, spunta una seconda ampolla con dentro il sangue"
1138:
A condensed account of the removals of the relics is given by
991:
intended to protect the locals from unexpected eruptions from
279:
1633:"Sir Francis Ronalds' Travel Journal: Naples and the Miracle"
849:
845:
830:
753:
752:
Saint Januarius is famous for the annual liquefaction of his
725:
658:
442:
343:
210:
151:
606:
1656:"Sangue di San Gennaro liquefatto prima della processione"
768:
285:
282:
214:
206:
1309:"Martyrologium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001
1045:, as held annually in New York, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas
998:
433:
to a rich patrician family that traced its descent to the
258:
912:
403:(BHL 4115, 9th century), and from later folk traditions.
270:
261:
1682:
F. D'Onofrio; P. L. Baima Bollone; M. Cannas; quoted by
1472:
Garlaschelli, L.; Ramaccini, F.; Della Sala, S. (1994).
1694:
December 1989, Napoli, Torre del Greco (Napoli), p. 10.
499:, where it is stated that the ghosts of Januarius and
2155:
818:
The blood is stored in two hermetically sealed small
297:
288:
264:
255:
685:). In the early ninth century the body was moved to
575:, although its principal patron is Saint Januarius.
457:
whom he met during his priestly studies. During the
1794:
771:visits. It supposedly liquefied in the presence of
276:
2242:Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian
2032:Hidden Mysteries: Religion's Frauds, Lies, Control
736:to house the reunited body and head properly. The
418:Saint Januarius Emerges Unscathed from the Furnace
373:, where the faithful gather three times a year in
1747:. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from
1669:Gennaro, Sperindeo and Raffaele Januario (1901),
946:Although Naples became known as "City of Blood" (
399:(BHL 4132, not earlier than 6th century) and the
54:Copy taken from a portrait of Saint Januarius by
2203:
1892:Piedimonte, Antonio Emanuele (5 February 2010).
1597:
1236:
1163:"Star Quest Production Network: Saint Januarius"
1077:For further details on these locations, see the
1795:Epstein, Michael; Garlaschelli, Luigi (1992).
1774:. La Chimica e l'Industria., 84 (6), p.67-70
1526:, ed. Giuseppe De Blasiis, Naples, 1887, p. 85
716:, his body was finally transferred in 1497 to
1887:
1885:
1840:"Naples blood boils at miracle's 'debunking'"
1209:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
705:, his body was moved again, this time to the
2122:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 155.
1983:, University Press of Kentucky, p. 46,
1720:(1985); ed. ext., Paris, Seuil, 1989, p. 109
2051:
1976:
1742:
1097:
948:
679:
267:
1891:
1882:
1403:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1870:. Naples: Metropolis Web. 5 February 2010
1733:, Buffalo, Prometheus Books, 1993, p 159.
1385:
1344:Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1298:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
982:takes as evidence that local artisans or
724:. Carafa commissioned a richly decorated
2106:
2001:
1999:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1914:
1743:Christopher, Kevin (22 September 2000).
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1500:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1206:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
1029:Today, the Treasure is exhibited in the
809:
636:
619:
605:
550:
410:
2012:
1919:. Naples: Positano News. Archived from
1031:Museum of the Treasure of St. Januarius
1005:Museum of the Treasure of St. Januarius
999:Museum of the Treasure of St. Januarius
594:statue carried through the middle of a
2204:
1896:. Naples: RCS Corriere del Mezzogiorno
1745:"The Miracle Blood of Saint Januarius"
1573:Chiesa di San Gennaro - Duomo (Napoli)
1430:
1258:
1256:
1223:
1054:Museum of the Treasure of St Januarius
805:
555:San Gennaro procession in Naples, 1631
192:Monday after second Sunday of Advent (
1996:
1953:Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
1946:
1935:
1915:De Lucia, Michele (5 February 2010).
1831:
1785:accessed on 2009-06-20. (In Italian).
1673:, 3rd ed., Naples, D'Auria, p. 67-72.
1606:
1591:
1452:
1187:
1059:Saint Januarius, patron saint archive
880:
563:is celebrated on 19 September in the
1837:
1249:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2127:CICAP: "The Blood of St. Januarius"
2018:
1838:Owen, Richard (20 September 2005).
1788:
1736:
1272:Epistola "De Obitu Sancti Paulini"
1253:
848:of Naples; the bones are kept in a
822:, held since the 17th century in a
709:where it was rediscovered in 1480.
495:, on the death of his mentor Saint
445:. When Januarius was 20, he became
16:Bishop of Benevento; Catholic saint
13:
1637:Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family
1598:Benge Nsenduluka (23 March 2015).
1508:Croniche de Inclyta Cità de Napole
790:the dried blood during a visit to
764:the reunification of his relics).
14:
2253:
2100:
2062:, Prometheus Books, p. 541,
1805:Journal of Scientific Exploration
1587:. Catholic Herald. 21 March 2015.
1433:Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte,
707:Territorial Abbey of Montevergine
369:Januarius is the patron saint of
156:Church of the Most Precious Blood
2189:
2177:
2165:
2059:The new encyclopedia of unbelief
1243:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
941:
251:
47:
2137:New York's Feast of San Gennaro
2075:
2045:
1970:
1908:
1860:
1764:
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1710:
1697:
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1663:
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1625:
1577:
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1538:
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1517:
1443:
1424:
1415:
1379:
1357:
1346:(Oxford University Press, 2005
1337:
1264:De Vita et Obitu Paulini Nolani
1132:
1119:
1106:
1086:s article on "Saint Januarius".
1010:higher value than the crown of
712:At the instigation of Cardinal
540:
1956:. Abc-Clio. pp. 371–372.
1848:. London: Times Newspapers Ltd
1729:Joe Nickell, John F. Fischer,
1620:San Gennaro: Vescovo e martire
1367:. Santi e Beati. 19 April 2002
1320:
1303:
1280:
1181:
1155:
1089:
1071:
358:claim that he died during the
1:
2232:4th-century Christian martyrs
1149:
661:were transferred by order of
626:The Martyrdom of St Januarius
571:has more than fifty official
103:
73:
1548:, Rome 1594, vol. 2, p. 803.
1510:In Altamura, Antonio (ed.),
1474:"The Blood of St. Januarius"
1300:edited William Smith (1870).
783:in 2007. On March 21, 2015,
611:Martyrdom of Saint Januarius
32:San Gennaro (disambiguation)
7:
2222:4th-century Italian bishops
1770:Luigi Garlaschelli (2002),
1388:Acta Sanctorum Septembris,
1386:Carnandet, J., ed. (1867),
1116:of October or 19 September.
1036:
10:
2258:
2021:"Examining Miracle Claims"
1559:Early Science and Medicine
1002:
544:
486:
25:
21:Januarius (disambiguation)
18:
2007:In the shadow of Vesuvius
1812:: 233–246. Archived from
1707:, Paris, Baillière, 1826.
1684:Michele Cardinal Giordano
1671:Il Miracolo di S. Gennaro
1535:Norman 1993:332 and note.
1393:, Paris, pp. 761–892
1365:"Sant' Aspreno di Napoli"
1237:Herbert Thurston (1913).
1127:Acta Sanctorum Septembris
854:Monastery of Santa Chiara
775:in 1848, but not that of
720:, where he is the city's
643:Cattedrale di San Gennaro
601:
535:
406:
224:
200:
194:Armenian Apostolic Church
170:
138:
133:Armenian Apostolic Church
120:
99:
68:
63:
46:
39:
1484:(2): 123. Archived from
1435:Vol. 49, No. 3
1262:Uranius Nolanius (432),
1064:
798:over it and kissing it.
747:
516:deacon of the church of
429:, Januarius was born in
331:Januarius I of Benevento
28:Gennaro (disambiguation)
2119:Encyclopædia Britannica
1277:accessed on 2009-06-20.
924:Frederick II University
598:stretching for blocks.
504:Beneventum, Festus his
390:
352:Eastern Orthodox Church
160:Little Italy, Manhattan
129:Eastern Orthodox Church
107: 19 September 305
1098:
1049:Order of St. Januarius
949:
863:parenti di San Gennaro
815:
756:, which, according to
680:
653:According to an early
650:
634:
617:
565:General Roman Calendar
556:
422:
366:'s retirement in 305.
325:
313:
2142:The Blood Still Boils
2113:"Januarius, St"
1561:19 (2014), p. 133-173
1546:Annales Ecclesiastici
1421:Norman (1986), p. 331
1246:Catholic Encyclopedia
1240:"St. Januarius"
1080:Catholic Encyclopedia
813:
640:
631:Artemisia Gentileschi
623:
609:
554:
425:According to various
414:
2052:Joe Nickell (2007),
1980:Relics of the Christ
1977:Joe Nickell (2007),
1512:Cronaca di Partenope
1478:Chemistry in Britain
1449:Norman 1986:323-355.
1043:Feast of San Gennaro
962:in the monastery of
703:Frederick Barbarossa
671:Neapolitan catacombs
561:Feast of San Gennaro
547:Feast of San Gennaro
473:Flavian Amphitheater
451:Juliana of Nicomedia
188:Eastern Christianity
178:Feast of San Gennaro
19:For other uses, see
2108:Delehaye, Hippolyte
2089:, Museo San Gennaro
1326:J. O'Connell, "The
964:San Gregorio Armeno
917:hydrated iron oxide
806:Ritual liquefaction
590:, with the saint's
362:, which ended with
336:Bishop of Benevento
77: 21 April 272
2237:3rd-century Romans
2212:3rd-century births
2005:Jordan Lancaster,
1923:on 7 February 2010
1781:2011-01-08 at the
1751:on 6 February 2007
1660:, 4 May 1997, p.15
1658:Corriere dell Sera
1438:, pp. 323–355
1292:2009-11-06 at the
1012:Queen Elizabeth II
928:Eremo di Camaldoli
881:Scientific studies
816:
651:
635:
618:
557:
423:
421:, Naples Cathedral
239:volcanic eruptions
2227:Bishops of Naples
1772:Sangue Prodigioso
1731:Mysterious Realms
1703:Eusèbe Salverte,
1602:. Christian Post.
1524:Chronicon Siculum
1352:978-0-19-280290-3
1328:Roman Martyrology
1216:978-0-521-15255-6
675:outside the walls
641:The spire of the
508:, and Desiderius
360:Great Persecution
328:), also known as
244:
243:
121:Venerated in
64:Bishop and Martyr
2249:
2194:
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2192:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2169:
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2123:
2115:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2085:Official website
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2016:
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2003:
1994:
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1544:Cesare Baronio,
1542:
1536:
1533:
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1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1488:on 26 April 2017
1469:
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1085:
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742:High Renaissance
683:
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647:Naples Cathedral
512:, together with
497:Paulinus of Nola
470:
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375:Naples Cathedral
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41:Saint Januarius
35:
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2101:External links
2099:
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2019:Nickell, Joe.
2011:
2009:, Tauris, 2005
1995:
1989:
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1003:Main article:
1000:
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993:Mount Vesuvius
956:Saint Patricia
950:urbs sanguinum
943:
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899:photosensitive
882:
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732:, beneath the
657:, Januarius's
615:Girolamo Pesce
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545:Main article:
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437:tribe of the
436:
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428:
427:hagiographies
420:
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2031:
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1927:23 September
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1921:the original
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1900:23 September
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1197:Setter, Jane
1193:Roach, Peter
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896:
892:
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875:
867:Castel Nuovo
862:
856:, where the
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781:Benedict XVI
777:John Paul II
773:Pope Pius IX
766:
762:
751:
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722:patron saint
711:
681:extra moenia
678:
652:
642:
624:
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588:Little Italy
577:
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541:Celebrations
524:, deacon of
501:Saint Martin
490:
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387:
379:liquefaction
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2184:Catholicism
2152:, July 2006
2132:San Gennaro
1642:11 February
980:James Randi
910:thixotropic
903:hygroscopic
835:Charles III
779:in 1979 or
655:hagiography
596:street fair
231:blood banks
2217:305 deaths
2206:Categories
1688:Prolusione
1411:(in Latin)
1150:References
984:alchemists
958:and Saint
888:hemoglobin
858:archbishop
687:Beneventum
592:polychrome
530:Diocletian
364:Diocletian
318:Neapolitan
202:Attributes
186:21 April (
56:Caravaggio
2172:Biography
2054:Tom Flynn
1845:The Times
1371:29 August
1287:"Uranius"
966:, and of
827:reliquary
788:venerated
734:cathedral
699:Benevento
669:, to the
481:Solfatara
431:Benevento
338:and is a
314:Ianuarius
247:Januarius
226:Patronage
82:Benevento
2110:(1911).
1779:Archived
1686:(1990),
1399:citation
1290:Archived
1203:(eds.).
1191:(2011).
1173:13 April
1037:See also
1018:and the
976:Campania
820:ampoules
738:Succorpo
730:Succorpo
584:New York
526:Pozzuoli
522:Proculus
477:Pozzuoli
439:Samnites
415:Ribera,
350:and the
154:and the
115:Campania
111:Pozzuoli
90:Campania
2158:Portals
2056:(ed.),
2037:2 March
1852:2 March
1823:2 March
1755:2 March
1506:(1382)
1492:28 July
1390:Vol. VI
1114:kalends
1095:Latin:
1014:of the
972:Ravello
936:Tuscany
578:In the
518:Misenum
514:Sossius
487:History
466:⁄
435:Caudini
383:ampoule
356:legends
346:of the
326:Gennaro
322:Italian
2066:
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1987:
1960:
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1268:Surius
1213:
1140:Norman
1024:Russia
932:Arezzo
824:silver
758:legend
728:, the
718:Naples
695:prince
659:relics
633:(1636)
602:Relics
569:Naples
536:Legacy
510:lector
506:deacon
407:Legend
371:Naples
340:martyr
334:, was
305:-ee-əs
235:Naples
142:shrine
140:Major
131:, and
86:Naples
2196:Italy
1817:(PDF)
1800:(PDF)
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1065:Notes
930:near
850:crypt
846:mayor
831:Spain
769:papal
754:blood
748:Blood
726:crypt
629:, by
443:pagan
344:saint
310:Latin
301:-yoo-
215:palms
211:blood
207:vials
172:Feast
152:Italy
2150:Fate
2064:ISBN
2039:2007
1985:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1929:2013
1902:2013
1876:2013
1854:2007
1825:2007
1757:2007
1644:2018
1494:2009
1405:link
1373:2008
1348:ISBN
1332:s.v.
1311:ISBN
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1175:2008
1020:Tsar
691:Sico
559:The
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